





V 1 6 /, 



/ 



.^-^•' 

4^^ 



o„ 



■^ r^X 






\^ 



O.O. 



^*= .nC^ -Kl 



y 



x\^^ 



^ ,^' ; ^' 



,-^<>^ 



<S^"^^.. 1 






o . 













.1 



nO 






.1 




^ ^' j^:^[^^ "^ .-^^ ^Mi 



x'^ 



i:^ '^c^. 



.^-'^■' 



\^//)i 



^VH*^ 









''a 


v*^ 




^ 






v^ 


=<^ 


^%^ 


•y ^ 


■% 




'C 


/ 






■>^ 












,~\ 


■r,. 





o 0' 






,-l\^ V-- 






</y, ^ov^'^' 



/.-: 



■^, "■ 



■^^.^^^ .^ 



^ \^^ Digitized by the Internet Arciiive 
in 2011 with funding from 
||\; i; Th6>^i|3rary of Congress 



-/'V.'Cv 



1^ <■ ^o 



o 



.^^ 









/^^^' 






r^ c,*^' 



-^- 



'^ "V 



O' ., \ • 8 * ^V?' 




,•0' 



'OO' 









q. 



. ^'. N ^ .^^ 






^■-.o:^ 



* , o. 



I) 



-0' 



^* v!^ ^ 












\>>' 'J 



o"^^' . http://www.archive.org/details/dictjo"haryofghrpOO 



over 



<^, o^ 



^ 

•/I 



V O ffs >S^ 



#-^^^» 



THE DICTIONARY 



C 



HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL REGISTER. 



COMPILED AND EDJifED BY 



EM 



WEI 



WILLIAM HENRY 'OVERALL, F.S.A 



LIBRARIAN TO THE CORPORATION OF THE CITY OF LONDON. 



#^^s%, 




LONDON: WILLIAM TEGG. 
. 1870. 



\^\ 



JOHN CHII.DS AND SON, PRINTERS. 



^t• / 



TO THE READER. 



In submitting this work in its present form to the pubhc, my 
apology (if any be necessary) may be thus briefly stated. Having 
been requested by the pubUsher of the well-known and popular work 
entitled " Tegg's Chronology " (the first edition of which was pubhshed 
in 1822), to revise and modernize it for a new edition, I at once en- 
tered upon the work, but, finding therein so much that was unnecessary 
to the present generation, and so many additional particulars requisite 
to bring the work down to the present time, I have, with his consent, 
attempted a reconstruction of the work. No exertions have been spared 
to afford correct information on all subjects, the original authorities 
having been consulted where possible. Considerable care has also 
been taken with the History of London, and the London Companies, 
&c., &c. The lists of names having been alphabetically arranged, will, 
it is hoped, facilitate reference. 

Craving the indulgence of my readers for the errors which must 
inevitably have found their way into a work of this magnitude, and 
compiled from so many sources, and their assistance in pointing them 
out for correction in any future edition, 

I beg to subscribe myself. 
Most respectfully, 

THE COMPILER. 



DICTIONARY 



CHRONOLOGY, 



AALBORG ABBEYS 

AALBORG, Jutland, taken by the Swedes in 1658 ; and at the peace of Roskild 
restored, Feb. 25, 1658 ; the Prussians occupied the town during tire late cam- 
paign, 1864. 

AARHUS, Denmark. The Prussian army defeated here by the Danes, May 31, 

1849. 
ABANC AY Battles. The Spaniards under Almagno defeated those under Alva- 

rado, during the Civil War, July 12, 1527. The forces of Pizarro defeated the 

Peruvians here in 1533. 

ABATTOIR. The first erected in Paris, 1818. In Edinburgh, 1851. In London, 
at the New Cattle Market, Copenhagen Fields, Islington, June 13, 1855. 

ABBAYE PRISON. After the revolt of the regiment of Gardes Fran^aises, some 
of the mutineers being imprisoned there, they were rescued by the mob, who 
broke into the prison, 1789. The Revolutionists under Robespierre, Billaud, 
and the other leaders, broke into this prison and murdered 24 Priests, Sept. 2, 
1792 ; a Mock Tribunal, with Maillard as president, tried the Swiss soldiers and 
other prisoners, who were afterwards given up to the bloodthirsty mob to be 
murdered. 

ABBEOKUTA, Guinea, ' Under Stone.'' The king of Dahomey defeated in an 
attack upon this town, March 3, 1851 ; he renewed attack with an army of 
10,000, many of them being his celebrated Amazons, but tliey were defeated with 
great slaughter, nearly 1000 being killed, March 16, 1864. 

ABBEVILLE, France. The town nearly destroyed by an explosion of gun- 
powder, 150 persons perished, Nov., 1773- 
ABBEYS, religious communities presided over by an Abbot or Abbess ; the most 
splendid was that of Fulda in Franconia, founded, 784 ; the Great Abbeys were the 
repositories of the laws, edicts of kings, and acts of Parliament. The first estab- 
lished in Britain, 560. They were pillaged by William L, 1069 ; compelled by 
him to alter their tenures, 1070. In the 49th Henry HI., 1265, 64 abbots and 
36 priors had seats in parliament ; this number was reduced to about 30 abbots 
and 2 priors by Edward III. The following is a list of the mitred abbeys in Eng- 
land ; those distinguished by * are priories. 

Abingdon, Berks *Canterbury, Christ Church, Kent 

St Albans, Herts Cii-encester, Gloucester 

Bardney, Lincoln Croyland, Lincoln 

Battle, Sussex *Durham, Durham 

Bury St Edmonds, Suffolk Evesham, Worcester 

Canterbury, St Augustine's, Kent Glastonbury, Somerset 



2 ABBOT ABERDEEN 

Gloucester, Gloucester Shrewsbuiy, Salop 

Hulme, Norfolk Tavistock, Devon 

Hyde, Hants Thorney, Cambridge 

Malmesbury, Wilts Waltham, Essex 

Peterborough Westminster, Middlesex 

Ramsey, Hants Winchcomb, Gloucester 

Reading, Berks *Worcester 

Selby, York York, St Mary's 

On July 29, 1539, 31 Henry VIII., a statute passed for the seizure of the abbeys, 
which brought a revenue to the king of ^100,000 per annum, besides plate and 
jewels. The number suppressed in England and Wales was— 1643 monasteries, 
90 colleges, 2374 churches and free chapels, and no hospitals. The revenues of 
193 dissolved at this time, reached ^^2, 653, 000. 

ABBOT. In the Greek Church the abbot is called archimandrite, or chief monk. 
Some are mitred, others croziered abbots. In early times secular persons were 
frequently denominated "field abbots," and "abbot counts," upon whom the sove- 
reign had bestowed certain abbeys. The number of abbots allowed by Parliament 
was 25, 20 Rich. II., 1396. 

ABBOTSBURY, Dorset. The Monastery of St Peter's, founded by Orcus, 
steward of Canute, 1044. 

ABBOTSFORD CLUB, founded in 1835, in honour of Sir Walter Scott, from 
whose residence its name is taken. Its object is the printing of pieces illustrat- 
ive of history, literature, and antiquities. 

ABDICATION. Baliol, king of Scotland, 1306 ; Bonaparte, Jerome, king of 
Westphalia, 1813 ; Bonaparte, Joseph, of Naples, to become king of Spain, 1808 ; 
the same of the crown of Spain, 1808 ; Bonaparte, Louis, king of Holland, 1810 ; 
Casimir of Poland, 1669 ; Charles V. of Spain, 1556 ; Charles, king of Naples, 
1759; Charles IV. of Spain, 1808; Charles X. of France, 1830 ; Charles of 
Bavaria, 1848 ; Charles Albert of Sardinia, 1849 ; Charles Emanuel II., 1802 ; 
Christina of Sweden, 1654; Christina of Spain, 1840; Don Miguel of Portugal, 
flying the kingdom, 1834 ; Don Pedro of Portugal, 1826; Eric IV., king of Den- 
mark, 1439 ; Eric XIII. of Sweden, 1441 ; Ferdinand I. of Austria, 1848 ; 
Francis II. of Germany, becoming Emperor of Austria alone, 1804 ; Frederic 
Augustus II. of Poland, 1704; James II. of England, 1688; Louis Charles 
of Bavaria, 1848 ; Loiiis Philippe of France, 1848 ; Leopold 2nd Grand Duke 
of Tuscany, 1859 ; Napoleon, Emperor of France, 1814 ; Otho of Hungary, 
1309 ; Pedro of Brazil, 1831 ; Philip V. of Spain, 1724 ; Stanislaus of Poland, 
1795 ; Victor Amadeus I. of Sardinia, 1730 ; Victor Emanuel of Sardinia, 1821 ; 
William I. of Holland, 1840. 

ABELARD and HELOISE, their amour, 1118 ; he died, 1142 ; she, 1163. 

ABERCONWAY, North Wales. Castle built by Edward I., 1284; suspension 
bridge constructed, 300 feet span, 1824. The tubular iron bridge across the 
Menai Straits is near this place. 

ABERCROMBY, ROBINSON, and WATERLOO transports, lost at the Cape of 
Good Hope, with 189 souls, 1842. 

ABERDEEN (OLD), Scotland, is a place of great antiquity. The bishopric was 
founded in 1004, by Malcolm II., at Mortlach, in Banffshire, and translated to 
Old Aberdeen, and in 1153 a new charter was granted by Malcolm IV. Its 
cathedral was called St Machar's. King's College was founded in 1494, by 
William Elphinston, bishop of this place. 

ABERDEEN (NEW), Scotland. In 1333 and 1336 the town was burnt by the 



ABERDEEN ABRAHAMITES 3 

fleet of Edward III. ; when rebuilt it was called New Aberdeen. The college 
called Marischal College was founded by George Keith, earl marshal, 1593; 
the bridge over the river built by Bishop Dunbar, in 1500 ; a statue by Marochetti, 
to the ate Prince Albert, inaugurated by the Queen, Oct. 13, 1863 ; a statue to 
the Queen inaugurated by the Prince of Wales, Sept. 20, 1866 ; the water- works 
for supplying the city, opened by Her Majesty, Oct. 16, 1866. 

ABERDEEN MINISTRY, formed upon the resignation of Lord Derby's ministry, 
Dec. 17, 1852 ; resigned, Feb. i, 1855. 

ABERDEEN PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY, instituted, Jan., 1840, for the 
discussion of subjects on natural history, physiology, mental sciences, &c. 

ABERRATIONS of the fixed stars discovered by Dr Bradley, 1727. 

ABERYSTWITH, Wales. The town incorporated by Edward I. The castle 
founded 1109; burnt down, 1208; rebuilt, 1211. 

ABHORRERS, a political party in the reign of Charles II., who denounced the 
system of petitioning pursued by Shaftesbury and his friends to importune the 
king to re-assemble Parliament. An address from the grand jury and justices of 
Essex declared an abliorreiice of these petitions : hence they were stigmatized as 
the Abhorrers. Petitioners and Abhorrers, in 1680, divided the nation, which a 
few weeks later received the name of Whigs and Tories. 

ABINGDON, Berkshire, is supposed to be the Cloveshoo of the Saxon annals. Its 
monastery was founded in 686, destroyed by the Danes in the reign of Alfred, 
871. It was rebuilt in the tenth century, and was a mitred abbey, and at its dis- 
solution its yearly rental was ;i^i876 \os. gd. Eldred, grandson of Alfred, laid 
the first stone of the New Abbey, 955. William I. celebrated his Easter at this 
town, being entertained by Robert D'Oilly, 1084. The town incorporated, 
1557. It was the head-quarters of Charles I. in the civil wars. Captured by the 
Parliamentarians under Earl of Essex, May 25, 1644, who here placed a garrison 
for the Parliament, of which General Browne was governor. A cruel custom is 
said to have prevailed within this garrison of hanging all the Irish prisoners with- 
out a trial, a practice so notorious that " Abingdon Law" became proverbial. 

ABJURATION, Oath of, against Popeiy. First required, 25 Charles II. c. 2, 
1672 ; against the Pope and the Pretender, 13 William III. c. 3, 1701 ; a Bill 
introduced by Mr C. W. W. Wynn to repeal the Acts requiring members 
to take this oath, altered, 21 & 22 Vict. c. 48, July 23, 1858 ; power to modify 
form for Jews in Parliament, 21 & 22 Vict. c. 49, July 23, 1858 ; amended, 23 
& 24 Vict. c. 63, Aug. 6, i860; form of af&nnation, 22 Vict. c. 10, April 8, 1859. 

ABNEY PARK CEMETERY, Stoke Newington, London, opened May 20, 1840. 

ABO, Finland. The city was founded by Eric II., king of Sweden, 1152 ; cap- 
tured by the Russians, 1713 ; ceded to the latter power, Sept. 17, 1809; treaty 
of, 1743 ; the town nearly destroyed by fire, Aug. 22, 1775 ; again, in 1827; the 
University founded, 1640 ; burnt, Sept. 4, 1827. 

ABOUKIR, Egypt, castle and bay ; near the former was fought a battle between the 
French under Napoleon I. and the Turks, when the latter were defeated, July 25, 
1799 ; the battle of the Nile fought Aug. i, 1798 ; on shore, the battle of 
Alexandria, March 21, 1801, in which General Abercrombie was wounded, he 
died on the 29th ; the castle surrendered to the British, March 20, 1801. 

ABRAHAM, Era of, so called from the patriarch. It was used by Eusebius in 
313, and began Oct. i, 2016 B.C. To reduce this era to the Christian era subtract 
2015 years and 3 months. — Nicolas. 

ABRAHAMITES, a religious sect, suppressed by a patriarch of Antioch ; it 
reappeared between 800 and 900, but was annihilated for worshipping images. 



4 ABSENTEE-TAX ACADIA 

ABSENTEE-TAX, levied in Ireland, 1634, on the profits, fees, emoluments, and 
pensions of absentees, 1715 ; it ceased, 1753; reimposed, 1800, but repealed the 
next year. 

ABSTINENTS, a mild sect of religionists, who appeared in France and Spain 
about the year 300, and repudiated wine, flesh, meat, and marriage. 

ABYSSINIA, Africa. The Abyssinians imder King Elesbaan, defeated and de- 
stroyed the Homerites, A.D. 522 ; the natives were subsequently expelled their 
country. The kingdom was restored in 1268. The Portuguese sent several mission- 
aries into the country, and they converted to the Romish Faith even the Emperor 
Lusneius, in the I5tli century, but they obtained religious liberty in 1631. Major 
Harris was sent on a political mission to the country, 1841. The Church Mis- 
sionary Society sent out two missionaries in 1829, but on account of the op- 
position of the native priests, they were compelled to return, 1838. Mr Plowden, 
the English Consul, killed, i860; he was succeeded by Captain Cameron, 1861 ; 
who with several other English subjects were taken prisoners by the Emperor 
Theodorus, 1863. The English Government determined to send out an expedition 
to obtain their release, Aug. 1867. 

ABYSSINIAN ERA is reckoned from the Creation, which they place in the 
5493rd year before the Christian era, on the 29th of August, old style ; and their 
dates will consequently exceed ours by 5492 years and 125 days. They have 12 
months of 30 days each, and 5 days added at the end. To reduce Abyssinian to 
the Julian year, subtract 5492 years and 125 days. 

ACACIA brought from North America, 1640. 

ACADEMY, an association of learned men, and so called from the groves of 
Academus, in the neighbourhood of Athens. In the 15th century the term 
Academy was revived in Italy, the first century in which literary and scientific 
academies were established in the modern form. The popular use of the word is 
sometimes perplexing ; hence in the voluminous catalogues of the British Museum, 
all acts, memoirs, transactions, journals, minutes, &c., of academies, institutes, 
associations, and societies, learned, scientific, or literary, are entei-ed under the 
general name Acadeniies, according to the county or town at which the society is 
held. The following are the principal Academies in Europe : — Aniweip : 
Academy of Arts, founded, July 6, 1663; enlarged,, June 17, 1796. Austiia: 
Academia Naturae Curiosorum, at Vienna, 1652 ; but in 1687 called Academia 
C^sareo Leopoldena ; Arts and Sciences of Vienna, 1705; Surgical, 1783. 
Frajice: Academic Franjaise, 1635 ; Academic Royale des Inscriptions et Belles 
Lettres, 1663 ; Sciences, 1666 ; National Institute, 1795 ; Celtique, 1807. There 
are likewise academies in many of the provincial capitals of France. Getinany : 
Royal Society of Gottingen, 1 733 ; Electoral Academy of Science at Munich, 
1760. Italy: Academy della Crusca, at Florence, 1582; but afterwards 
called the Royal Florentine : Sciences and Belles Lettres, at Naples, 1779 ; 
Herculanean, at Naples, 1755 ; Etruscan Antiquities, at Cortona, 1726 ; Royal 
Academy of Turin, 1757. Portugal: at Lisbon are three — History, 1720; 
Science and -Arts, 1779; Geographical, 1799. Prussia: Science and Belles 
Lettres of Berlin, 1700; Arts, 1798; Science, at Erfurt, 1754. Pussia and. 
Poland: Imperial, at Petersburg, 1725; Royal, at Warsaw, 1753. Spain: at 
Madrid are two— the Royal Academy of Spain, 1714; and Historical, 1730. 
There is also one of History and Geography at Valladolid, 1753; a Literaiy 
Academy at Seville, 1753. Sweden: at Stockholm are two — Scientific, 1739; 
Belles Lettres, 1753. Copenhagen, Sciences, 1742. Those in the Unitecl 
Kingdom are described under their names. 

ACADIA, America. Discovered by John Cabot, the Spanish Navigator, in 1497- 
The French first made a settlement here in 1604. See Nova Scotia. 



ACAPULCO ACTON BURNEL 5 

ACAPULCO, Mexico. A Spanish galleon, Nostra Seigniora de Cabadonga, inter- 
cepted by Gen. Anson in the Straits of Manilla, June 20, O. S. 1743. It was 
manned by 600 sailors, and laden with treasure to the value of ;^3i3,ooo, and 
reached Spithead June 15, 1744. The town bombarded by the troops of Gen. 
Santa Anna, April 22, 1854; defeated by Gen. Alvarez, May 5, 1854. A 
severe shock of an earthquake at, the ground opened in the principal square and 
threw out volumes of smoke, Dec. 4, 1852. 

ACCLIMATISATION SOCIETY, established in London, June, i860; branch 
societies have since been established in several countries. 

ACH.^AN LEAGUE, a confederacy began B.C. 284, by the inhabitants of 
Patrae, Dyme, and Pharse, which continued for 130 years, till at last they were 
attacked by the Romans, and the league totally destroyed, B.C. 147. 

ACHALZIE, battle between the Russians and Turks, Aug. 24, 1828. 

ACHONRY BISHOPRIC, founded by St Finian, 530, and continued a separate 
see till 1585. It is now united with Tuam and Killala. 

ACHROMATIC TELESCOPES, first invented by Mr John Dollond, optician, of 
London, in 1758. 

ACOUSTICS. The doctrine of the different sounds of vibrating strings of different 
lengths, and the communication of sounds to the ear by the vibration of the at- 
mosphere, probably first explained by Pythagoras, about B. C. 500 ; and mentioned 
by Aristotle, about B. C. 300. The conjecture of Aristotle first explained by Galileo, 
A. D. 1600; investigated by Newton, 1700. Galileo's theorem of the harmonic 
curve demonstrated by Dr Brooke Taylor, 1714, and further perfected by 
D'Alembert, Euler, Bernoulli, and La Grange in the i8th century. 

ACRE (ST JEAN D'), a town of Syria, anciently called Ptolemais. In the crusades 
it was taken by Richard I. and Philip Augustus of France, after a siege of two years, 
July 12, 1 191. Taken by Edward I., June 17, 1271. At this place his wife 
Eleanora gave birth to a Princess, named Joanna of Acre. In 1 291 the Sultan 
Khalil marched against the town at the head of 60,000 horse, and 140,000 foot. 
After a siege of 33 days the Mamalukes made a general assault, the city was 
stormed and taken, and 60,000 Christians were put to death or sold into slavery ; 
the churches and fortifications were destroyed. In the i8th century, Sheik Daher 
fortified the town ; and his successor, Jezzar Pasha, built a new mosque. It was 
besieged but not taken by Bonaparte in 1799 ; and on July 2, 1832, was taken by 
Ibrahim Pasha. It was stormed by Admiral Sir R. Stopford, in the Phoenix 
steamer, Nov. 2, 1840, taken on the 3rd, and is memorable for being the first 
occasion of the use of steam in battle. Mr Burford, 1841, exhibited a panoramic 
view of St Jean d'Acre under bombardment by the British fleet. 

ACROPOLIS of Athens, built and fortified, B.C. 1057 ; partially destroyed, A.D. 
1687; taken from the Turks by the Greeks, June 21, 1822; retaken by them, 
May 17, 1827. 

ACS, battle between the Austrians, Russians, and the Hungarians, the latter 
defeated, July 2, 1849. 

ACTIATIC ERA, founded on the battle of Actium, which rendered Augustus 
master of the Roman Empire. This event took place on Sept. i, 30 B.C. The 
Romans commenced this era on ist Jan. a.u.c. 724, and in the i6th of the Julian 
era. — Nicolas. 

ACTIVE, Indiaman, lost in Margate Roads, 1803. 

ACTON BURNEL, or Shrewsbury, a parliament held at, Oct. 2, when an act was 
passed, called the "Statute Merchant," against debtors, Oct. 12, 1283. 



6 ACTRESSES ADMINISTRATIONS 

ACTRESSES first appeared at the Vere Street Theatre, Dec. 8, 1660. A few days 
after Pepys has the following entry m Yivs, Diary : "Jan. 3, 1 660-1. To the 
Theatre [Lincoln's Inn Fields], where was acted ' Beggar's Bush,' it being very 
well done ; and here the first time that ever I saw women come upon the stage." 
In 1656, indeed, Mrs Coleman, wife to Mr Edw. Coleman, represented 'lanthe' 
in the first part of the ' Siege of Rhodes ; ' but the little she had to say was 
spoken in recitative. Sir W. Davenant's patent, 1662, contained a clause per- 
mitting all women's parts to be acted by females. 

ACTS OF PARLIAMENT. See Statutes. The ancient ceremonial of giving the 
royal assent to acts was more graceful and significant than the modern practice. 
It was called " Sceptring the Act;" the sovereign extended the scepti-e and 
touched the Act immediately before the proclamation of " La reine le veult," " the 
king (or queen) wills it." This practice throws a light on the ancient use of the 
sceptre. 

ACTS OF THE APOSTLES, being a continuation of St Luke's Gospel, and 
supposed to have been written by that evangelist at Rome, before 64 or 65. 

ACTUARIES. The British Institute of, first established, 1848; in Scotland, 1856. 

ADAMITES, a sect that arose in 130, and met naked, in imitation of Adam before 
the fall ; Prodicus was their leader. This sect was introduced into Germany 
in 1416, revived in Poland in the 15th century. 

ADDINGTON ADMINISTRATION. On March 17, 1801, Mr Pitt having 
resigned, was succeeded by the Right Hon. Henry Addington, late Speaker of the 
Commons, as First Lord of the Treasury and Chancellor of the Exchequer. 
Terminated May 12, 1804, when Mr Pitt resumed those offices. Mr Addington 
made a Peer, under the title of Lord Sidmouth. 

ADDISCOMBE, MILITARY SEMINARY, near Croydon, Surrey, for cadets 
intended for the East India Company's Service established, 1809 ; extended to 
candidates for the Infantry, 1829 ; the presentation of pupils by patronage was 
abolished by 16 & 17 Vic. c. xcv., Aug. 20, 1853. 

ADELAIDE, South Australia. First founded by the early settlers in 1836; 
officially selected by the Government Surveyor, Colonel Light, 1837. The town 
extended to 1000 acres in 1843. Copper ore discovered, 1844. 'I'he Bishopric 
founded, 1847. 

ADELPHI (The), built by the brothers Adam, architects, 1768. 

ADELPHI THEATRE, built by John Scott, and opened Nov. 27, 1806, as the 
'''■ Swns Pareil ;'''' first called Adelphi, 1825 ; present building constructed from the 
designs of T. H. Wyatt, opened Dec. 27, 1858. 

ADEN, Arabia. An extensive trade with the East was carried on here in the 1 3th 
and 14th centuries. The Portugi;ese obtained possession of the town and held it 
until they were expelled by the Turks, in 1538. In the following year the Turks 
retired, and the Arabians gained possession. The merchant ship Vesta was 
captured, and the crew ill treated by the natives, at Point Clara, Dec. 28, 1836 ; 
remonstrances being made in vain, the combined Naval and Military Force, imder 
the command of Capt. H. Smith, arrived off the town, on Jan. 16, 1839, and 
captured it on the 19th. 

ADMINISTRATIONS OF ENGLAND since the Restoration. In the reign of 
Charles II. 7 changes, James II. 2, William and Mary 2, Anne 3, George I. 
5, George II. 5, George III. 16, George IV. 4. 

The following are the names and the duration of the various Administrations 
since the passing of the Refoi^m Act of 1 832. The Ministry of the late Earl Grey 
held office from Nov., 1830, to Aug., 1834. It was instrumental in carrying the bill 
for the reform of the representative system. On the resignation of Earl Grey, in 



ADMINISTRATIONS ADMIRALTY COURT 7 

Aug., 1834, the Whig Mmistry was modified, and Viscount Melbourne was made 
First Lord of tlie Treasury. This Ministry was dissolved by William IV. , in 
Nov., 1834, when Sir Robert Peel foi'meda new Government on moderate Con- 
servative principles. Sir Robert's tenure of office, however, was brief, for, in the 
following April (1835), the right hon. baronet was defeated on the famous " Ap- 
propriation Clause" of the Irish Tithe Bill, and Lord Melbourne once more resumed 
the reins of Government. This, the second Melbourne Ministry, endured from 
April, 1835, to Aug., 1841, or lapwards of six years, exclusive of the week's 
interregnmn in 1839, when Lord Melbourne temporarily resigned, and was 
reinstated on the refusal of Sir R. Peel to take office. In the summer of 1841 the 
Whigs were defeated in two Parliaments elected under their own auspices, and 
Sir R. Peel formed the Administration which carried the principle of Free Trade, 
and was eventually upset in 1846 by the secession of its "Protectionist" sup- 
porters. Lord John Russell's Administration, which succeeded, lasted from June, 
1846, to Feb., 1852, when a defeat on the Militia Bill induced his Lordship to 
resign office. Then came the brief Administration of the Earl of Derby and the 
" country party, " which last-ed about nine months. It was disolved just before 
Christmas, 1852, and the Earl of Aberdeen succeeded as the head of a Coalition 
Ministry, but on account of the inefficient way in which they had conducted the 
Crimean war, were defeated, Feb. I, 1855. On Feb. 7, 1855, Lord Palmerston 
was appointed First Lord of the Treasury (in other respects the chief departments 
of thelate administration remained undisturbed), but was defeated in 1858 ; followed 
by Lord Derby, who was in 1859 defeated by Lord Palmerston ; upon whose 
death Earl Russell once more formed a Cabinet, Nov., 1865 ; but being in a 
minority upon the Reform Bill, resigned, June 26, 1866, when Lord Derby formed 
the present Ministry. It will be seen that the second Ministry of Viscount Mel- 
bourne held office for upwards of six years, that of Sir Robert Peel (the second 
Ministry) nearly five years, and that of Lord John Russell nearly six years. During 
the period in question, viz. from 1834 to 1854, three appeals were made by exist- 
ing Ministries to the public opinion of the nation, by the usual course of a general 
election : thus, Sir Robert Peel dissolved Parliament in December, 1834, and 
the result was a considerable, but .not adequate, accession of Parliamentary sup- 
port ; Lord Melbourne dissolved in 1841, but the country returned a majority of 
100 against him ; and the Earl of Derby's appeal to the people, in 1852, was 
similarly unsuccessful. 

ADMINISTRATIVE REFORM SOCIETY, held their first meeting at the Lon- 
don Tavern and Guildhall, May 5, 1855. A branch meeting held at Norwich, 
May 16; at Gloucester, May 18; at Yarmouth, May 17; at Finsbury, London, 
May 22 ; at Birmingham, May 21 ; and their last at Drury Lane Theatre, June 
13> 1855- 

ADMIRAL. Before the term Admiral was used, there was an officer designated 
Custos Maris, or Guardian of the Seas. The title of Admiral of the English Seas 
was first given to William de Leybourne, 1297, by Edward I. That of Lord 
High Admiral, 1387, by Richard 11. The office was executed by commission 
from 1708 to 1827, when it was conferred on the Duke of Clarence, who resigned 
in 1828, when it returned to a commission. Admiral of the Fleet receives ;!^5 
per day. The Lord High Admiral of Scotland discontinued, 1703. Henry VIII. 

. appointed James Butler Lord High Admiral of Ireland, 1534. The present 
Admiralty office dates its origin from 1512. 

ADMIRALTY COURT, instituted by Edward IIL and usually held at Doctors' 
Commons. It consists of the Insta7ice Court, which has a criminal and civil 
jurisdiction : those of piracy are tried at the Old Bailey : also of the Prize Court, 
a tribunal for naval captures in war. By 2 & 3 Will. IV. an appeal lies 
from this court to the king in coiuicil. Provision is made for the judge, 



8 ADMIRAL ISLANDS ^DILES 

registrar, and marshal of this Court by 3 & 4 Vict. c. 66, Aug. 7, 1840. Judge of 
Probate Court to be judge of the Admii-alty Court on the next vacancy, 20 & 21 
Vict. c. 77, s. 10, Aug. 25, 1857. Tire judge of Admiralty and Probate Court 
may sit for each other, 21 & 22 Vict. c. 95, s. i, Aug. 2, 1858. Barristers and 
Attorneys permitted to practise in, 22 & 23 Vict. c. 6, Aug. 8, 1859. The juris- 
diction extended, and the practice improved, 24 & 25 Vict. c. 10, May 17, 1861. 

ADMIRAL ISLANDS, Pacific, discovered by the Dutch, 1616 ; visited by Capt. 
Carteret, 1760; by Morello, tlie Spanish navigator, 1781 ; and by Entrecasteaux, 
1793- 

ADRIANOPLE, battles by which Constantine won the empire, July 3, 323. 
Taken by Amurath I., the Turkish sultan, from the Greeks, 1360. The seat of the 
Ottoman empire removed thence to Constantinople, 1453. Mahomet II. born 
here, 1430. Enos, its chief port, was taken by the Russians, Aug. 20, 1829, but 
restored at the close of the war in 1830. 

ADRIAN'S MOLE at Rome, constructed, 120. 

ADRIATIC SEA first wedded by the Doge of Venice upon Ascension-Day, 1173 ; 
discontinued, 1797- 

ADULTERATION OF WINE, prohibition of, at Nuremberg, 1409 ; in Swabia, 
Franconia, and Alsace, 1487 ; at Worms, 1495 ; at Freyberg, 1498 ; at Augsburg, 
1500, 1548 ; Holland and Zealand, 1327 ; Brussels, 1384 ; Paris, 1371 and 1696. 

ADULTERY has been punished by most nations, though with different degrees of 
severity : among the Jews, with death ; by the Athenian law, the husband might 
kill the adulterer, if detected in the act. Homer speaks of adulterers being stoned 
to death ; but among the rich Greeks they were allowed to redeem themselves by 
a pecuniary fine. In Spain it is punished by castration. In England, Canute 
banished the man, and cut off the nose and ears of the woman. Alfred, however, 
modified the punishment, for he made the following humorous enactment : "To 
handle the neck of a ceorl's wife, a fine of ^s. ; to throw her down without 
further consequences, los. ; but for a subsequent commission of the crime, 6oj-." 
During the Commonwealth it was made capital felony ; but this law was repealed 
at the Restoration. At present, adultery comes under the cognizance of the 
temporal courts in England as a private injury to the husband. The present 
Divorce and Matrimonial Court was established 20 & 21 Vict. c. 85, Aug. 28, 
1857. Sir Cresswell Cressweli appointed the first judge. 

ADVENT, instituted by the Council of Tours in the sixth century, including four 
Sundays ; the first is always that nearest to St Andrew's day, Nov. 30th. 

ADVENTURE BAY, Van Diemen's Land, so named by Captain Furneaux, who 
visited it in 1773 ; called so from his vessel. 

ADVERTISEMENTS in newspapers first became general, as now used, in the 
beginning of the eighteenth century. The duty on them reduced to is. 6d. in 
England, and is. in Ireland, in 1833 ; finally repealed, 16 & 17 Vict. c. 63, Aug. 
4, 1853. The use of advertising vehicles prohibited 16 & 17 Vict. c. 33, s. 16, 
June 28, 1853. 

ADVOCATE, the King's, an office instituted by Heniy III., in Scotland, 1253; 
in England, 1532. 

ADVOCATES' LIBRARY, Edinburgh, established, 1680. 

ADVOCATES' COLLEGE, Doctors' Commons, chartered, 1768, for doctors of 

civil law. 
yEDILES, overseers or Magistrates appointed by the Romans to examine weights 

and measures, repair roads, and watch the erection of all public buildings. The 



^LFRIC SOCIETY AFRICA - 9 

first two chosen from the Plebeians, B. c. 494 ; two elected from the Patricians, 
B.C. 365 ; and B.C. 45 Julius Csesar appointed two to regulate the sale of corn. 

^LFRIC SOCIETY, established in London, in 1843, for the illustration of Anglo- 
Saxon and Early English History and Philology. Discontinued in 1856. 

.iEOLIAN HARP, invented by John James Schnell, musical instrument-maker to 
the Countess of Artois. The sounding of a harp, hung by accident, in a breezy 
passage, suggested the idea of that instrument, and in 1 789 he first exposed it for 
sale by the name Anemo Chorde. 

AERONAUTICAL SOCIETY established in London, Jan. 12, 1866. All the 
specifications relating to Aeronautics from 161 7 to the present time, presented to 
the society by the commissioners of patents, Feb. 12. 

AERONAUTICS. See Balloon. 

AFGHANISTAN, Asia, founded B.C., governed by a Tartar, Prince Sebuc- 
taghi, A.D. 997. The Afghan threw off the Persian yoke in 1720, but the whole 
country was subdued by the former power, 1737. 

AFGHANISTAN WAR. Lord Auckland declared war in favour of Shah Shuja, 
Oct. I, 1838. Kandahar taken, April 20, 1839 ; Ghuznee, July 23 ; Cabul, Aug. 7. 
Dost Mahomed surrendered himself prisoner. Sir Alexander Burnes and several 
British officers were massacred at Cabul, Nov. 2, 1841, by the Afghans, 
headed by the son of Dost Mahomed. Sir W. H. McNaughten murdered in 
December. The British army evacuated Cabul, and, under promise of protection, 
directed their march to Jellalabad, but out of an army of 4500 soldiers only one 
ever reached there alive (Dr Bryden), the whole being murdered on the way, Jan., 
1842. An avenging army, under General Pollock and Sale, after forcing their way 
through the Khyber Pass, took Cabul, Sept. 16, 1842, the fort and fortification 
being destroyed. The British evacuated the town and the country, Oct., 1842. 

AFFINITY. The table of kindred and affinity at the end of the Common Prayer 
Book is founded on Leviticus xviii., and several previous statutes, and was first 
published in 1563. By canon 99 this table is ordered to be set up in every 
church. By 5 & 6 Will. IV. c. 54 (1835), all marriages within prohibited degrees 
to be void. 

AFFIRMATION is a solemn asseveration instead of an oath, made by Quakers and 
Moravians. First granted by 7 & 8 Will. III. c. 34, 1696 ; explained and 
extended by 8 Geo. I. c. 6, 1721, and 22 Geo. II. c. 46, 1749. These Acts 
excepted criminal cases, but this was removed by 9 Geo. IV. c. 32, June 27, 1828 ; 
amended by I & 2 Vict. c. 77, Aug. 10, 1838, and 18 & 19 Vict. c. 25, May 
25, 1855- 

AFRICA was given to the posterity of Ham, the youngest son of Noah, and by 
them alone was this great division of our globe originally peopled. It was known 
to the Greeks and Romans by the name of Libya. The ancients divided the 
aboriginal tribes of Africa into two distinct classes, the Libyans and the Ethio- 
pians. In 600 B. C. Pharaoh Necho circumnavigated Africa, having sailed through 
the Straits of Babelmandel, returned in the third year through the Straits of 
Gibraltar. In 1300 B.C. Sesostris, king of Egypt, sent a great militaiy expedition 
into the interior of Africa. In A.D. 616, Chosroes II., king of Persia, invaded 
it ; and in 960, Matz-ad-Din, fourth Fatimate Khalif, subdued the whole of it. 
Explored by Sieur-Brue, 1697-8; by M. Compagnon, 1714; by Park, 1795-6, 
and again 1805; Hornemann, 1799; Capt. Tucker, 1816; I3owdich, 1817 ; 
Ritchie and Lyon, 1819 ; Major Denham and Lieut. Clapperton, 1822 ; Major 
Laing, 1826; Richard Lander, 1831-2. Mr Livingstone and Oswell reached the 
Lake Ngami 1849, and again in 1850 and in 1855 ; discovered the Falls on the 
Zambesi River, which he called Victoria ; he received the gold medal for his dis- 



10 AFRICA AGNUS DEI 

coveries from the Geographical Society, Dec. 15, 1856, and the freedom of the 
city of London, May 21, 1857. Dr Earth and Dr Vogel travelled over part of 
Africa in 1853-5 ; Dr Earth died at Menade, near Sakatee, July 18, 1854. 
Equatorial Africa visited by M. Paul B. du Chaillu, 1856-9. Capt. Burton visited 
the lakes in 1857-8. Capt. Speke discovered the lake which he called Victoria 
Nyanza, 1858, and in 1862, the source of the Nile, 1863-4. Mr and Mrs Baker 
discovered the Murchison Falls and the Albert N'Yanza, March 14, 1864. Dr 
Livingstone again started for the Zambesi River, 1865 ; rumours of his death reached 
England, June 9, 1867. An expedition sent by the government in search of him, 
commanded by Mr Young, left Southampton, and on the 15th July arrived at the 
Cape. The British settlements are, Cape Colony, taken from the Dutch, 1806 ; 
the Mauritius, taken from the French, 1810 ; the islets of St Helena and Ascen- 
sion, Fernando Po, Sierra Leone, and Cape Coast. A project was set on foot for 
exploring and evangelizing Central Africa by means of native agents, in 1855, 

AFRICAN ASSOCIATION, formed in London, June 9, 1788, by Sir Joseph 
Banks, to explore the interior of Africa, and to promote its civilization. It sent out 
Ledyard, Lucas, Major Houghton, Mungo Park, and two Germans, Hornemann 
and Burckhardt. It merged into the Royal Geographical Society, July 23, 1831. 

AFRICAN COMPANY, a charter granted by Queen Elizabeth, 1588 ; to a 
second, 1618 ; a third, 1631 ; a fourth, 1662, by Charles II. ; and a fifth by 
letters patent, Sept. 27, 1672 ; remodelled, 1695 ; trade settled, 1698. It would 
appear that the Government of Charles II. owed this Company ^i 1,686,800, and 
their divided capital was ;!fi 0,780,00x3. By 23 Geo. II., 1750, the settlements 
and factories of the Royal African Company became invested in the present Com- 
pany. The trade thrown open in 1821. 

AFRICAN INSTITUTION, founded in 1807 for the civilization of Africa, which 
established schools at Sierra Leone. 

AGAPEMONE and AGAPEMONIANS, a modern sect, alleged to be founded 
on brotherly love, and a fancied communion with God. The disciples live in a 
species of community, and no harm appears to result from the indulgence of this 
new fancy in creed. One establishment, situated near Bridgewater, in Somerset, 
founded in 1845, was first brought before the public notice in consequence of 
Chancery proceedings against Brother Prince, in May, 1850 ; and in the case 
Nottidge V. Prince, July 25, i860. 

AGE, THE MIDDLE. This portion of history has been divided into five great 
periods, denoted by the vast changes which took place in the course of that time : 
viz. — 

A.r>. A.D. A.D. A.D. 

400 to 800, First Period. 1066 to 1300, Fourth Period, 

800 to 964, Second Period. 1300 to 1500, Fifth Period. 

964 to 1066, Third Period. 
AGHRIM, battle. The French defeated at this place in Ireland, by William 

of Orange, July 12, 1691. 
AGINCOURT, a village in the province of Ai'tois, France, and memorable for the 
victory obtained by Henry V. over a French army, vastly superior in numbers, on 
Oct. 25, 1415. The loss of the French was about 10,000, including the constable, 
3 dukes, 5 counts, and 90 barons. The English lost 1200, including the Duke of 
York and Earl of Suffolk. 

AGNACOBITES, a sect that first appeared in 701. 

AGNUS DEI, a cake of wax used in the Roman Church, stamped \vith the figure 

of a lamb supporting the banner of a cross ; first used as an amulet in the 7th 

century. 



AGRA AIX-LA-CHAPELLE ii 

AGRA, Hindustan, the seat of the Mogul government until 1647, when Delhi 
became the capital. The city contains many public baths, caravansaries, and 
mosques ; also a superb mausoleum, which cost ;^75o,ooo. It was captured by 
Lord Lake, Oct. 17, 1803. Insurrection amongst the native troops, and the 
principal building destroyed, 1857. The troops disarmed on the 1st of June; the 
rebels defeated by Gen. Greathed, Oct. 10. 

AGRARIAN LAW. The first Agrarian law in Rome for a general and equal 
distribution of conquered lands, after the conquest of the Hernici by Spurius 
Cassius, 486 B.C. Renewed 123 B.C., but evaded by a repeal of the law pro- 
hibiting the transfer of lands already divided, and by stopping all further 
divisions. 

AGRICOLA, the Roman general, born A. D. 37. He commanded the army in 
England, and erected a rampart and chain of forts between the Clyde and Forth 
to keep out the northern barbarians, 81 ; circumnavigated Great Britain, 85 ; 
poisoned by Domitian, 86. 

AGRICULTURAL HALL, Islington. Company formed, April, i860. The 
Hall built from the design of Fredeinck Peek, architect. The first stone laid by 
Lord Berners, Nov. 5, 1861. First dog show held, June 24, 1862 ; first cattle 
show, Dec. 8, 1862 ; first horse show, July i, 1864. See Smithfield Club. 

AGRICULTURAL LABOURERS in Great Britain in 1841, 1,499,278; in 
1851, 1,077,627. 

AGRICULTURAL SOCIETIES instituted in Scotland, 1723; in Ireland, 1747 
and 1841 ; in England, at Bath, 1777 ; Highland of Scotland, 1784 ; the London 
Board of Agriculture, 1793; Royal Agricultural Society of England, 1838. 

AHMED ABAD, Hindustan. The handsomest city in the world. It was founded 
in 1412, by Ahmed Shah ; subjugated by Akbar, 1572 ; governed by various 
chiefs until 1 780, when it was stormed and captured by the British ; it was after- 
wards restored to the Mahrattas ; taken again by the English, 1818. 

AHMEDNUGGER, Hindustan. Fortified by Ahmud Nizam Shah, 1494 ; 
annexed to Delhi in 1634 ; English factory established, 161 2 ; the king of 
Beejapoor defeated Nizam Shah, 1546 ; the Mahrattas captured it, 1707; taken 
by Wellington, Aug. 12, 1803 ; annexed to the Anglo-Indian Empire, June 13, 
1817. 

AGYNIANI, a sect about 694, who condemned all use of flesh and marriage. 
Their tenets coincide with those of Abelians and Gnostics. 

AIR. The ancients thought that air constituted one of the four elements from 
which all things originate; and this doctrine continued prevalent till 1774, when 
Dr Priestley discovered oxygen gas, and showed it to be a constituent of air. 
Scheele about the same time found that it consisted of two distinct elastic 
fluids, oxygen and azote. In 1646, Torricelli produced the first vacuum; but 
Otto Von Guericke made the first air-pump, 1654, which has since been im- 
proved by Boyle, Hawksbee, and in 1830 by Perkins. Leopold, a German, first 
applied the air-chamber to fire-engines, 1720. 

AIRE, France, captured by the Spaniards in 1641 ; and ceded by the treaty of 
Utrecht, March 31, 1713. The town captured by the British army under Lord 
Hill, March 2, 1814. 

AIX, France. Founded by the Roman Consul, C. Sextius Calvinus, B.C. 124. 

AIX ROADS, naval battle. Lord Cochrane attacked and partially destroyed 
the French fleet here, April 11, 1809. 

AIX-LA-CHAPELLE, a city of Rhenish Prussia, founded 125. Charlemagne, in 



12 AJZNADIN ALBANS 

768, built a Palace and founded the Catliedral ; ravaged by the Normans, 882. 
It is celebrated for concluding the following treaties : that of 1668 (O.S. May 2), 
between France and Spain, which terminated the war respecting the possession 
of the Spanish Netherlands (now Belgium), by which France gained Lille, Armen- 
tieres, &c. The second was that of Oct. 18, 1748, between England, France, 
Holland, Austria, Spain, Sardinia, and Modena, and terminated the war respect- 
ing the succession of Maria Theresa to the empire. The Congress of 1 81 8 regu- 
lated the affairs of Europe, after the restoration of the Bourbons in France : as- 
sembled, Sept. 29 ; separated, Nov. 21. 

AJZNADIN, battle. The Saracens defeated the Turks here with great loss, 
July 30, 634. 

AKERMANN, Bessarabia. This town was captured by the Russians, 1770; after- 
wards restored ; taken a second time, in 178S ; ceded to Russia, by treaty, 1812. 

AKHALZIKH, a fortress in Turkish Georgia. Captured by the Russians, Aug. 
27, 1828; was ceded to that power, Sept. 14, 1829; but on Nov. 25, 1853, a 
desperate conflict took place here between the Russians, commanded by Gen. 
Andronckoff, and the Turks, the latter leaving 4000 dead on the field. 

ALABAMA, N. America. Made a separate State, 1798; joined the Union, March 
3, 1819. The capital destroyed by lire, 1849 ; rebuilt, 1851. Became one of the 
Southern Confederacy in 1861 ; returned to its allegiance, 1865. 

ALABAMA, Confederate steam sloop of war, commanded by Captain Semmes, 
left Liverpool, July 29, 1862, and for two years was the terror and destroyer of 
the Federal Merchant Service, of which she captured over 60. She engaged the 
United States ship of war Kearsage, at Cherbourg, June 19, 1864, when, after a 
brave defence, she sunk. The loss in killed, wounded, and drowned was 47 ; 
the captain and part of the crew were bravely rescued by Mr Lancaster, in his 
yacht, the Deerhound, and landed at Southampton the following day. 

ALAND ISLES. Aland means couniiy of rivers, and these islands became 
memorable in the late war, and are very important, in a political and military 
point of view, to Russia. They consist of seven islands, which lie across the 
mouth of the Gulf of Bothnia, at the extremity of the Baltic, and close to the 
Gulf of Finland. In the 14th century this group of islands is mentioned as an 
earldom belonging to Sweden. In 1742 and 1808, the Russians took possession 
of these islands, but in the latter year the Alanders surprised the Russian com- 
mander, Major Neidhart, and took him prisoner. In 1809 they were retaken by 
Russia, and since then remained in its possession. The allied army landed on 
them, August 8, 1854, and destroyed the fortifications. Restored to Russia by 
treaty, April 27, 1856, but not to be re-fortified. 

ALANS, or ALANI, a people like the Huns, who overran the whole of 
Europe in A. d. 130. They established themselves upon the banks of the 
Danube in 406 ; they crossed the Rhine and settled in Spain, 41 1 ; war 
was their chief occupation. 

ALBA - LONGA, a powerful wealthy state, which became in after-times the 
mother city of Rome, and supposed to have been founded by Ascanius, 400 
years before the foundation of Rome itself. It was destroyed, and its in- 
habitants brought to Rome, 642 B.C. 

ALBANIA, Turkey. This place was known to Ptolemy. Included in the great 
Bulgarian kingdom in the loth century. The Turks defeated them in 1388, 
and again in 1478. Ali Pasha made this state almost independent ; he defeated 
the Pashas of Berat and Delvino in 1811-12; subdued by the Turks, 1822; 
insurrection in 1843; the inhabitants revolted against the Turks, Jan. 10, 1854. 

ALBANS (ST), the ancient Verulam, and the site of the martyrdom of St Alban. 



ALBANS ■ ALBION 



13 



A synod held here by Germanus, 429. Li 1250 a great earthquake was felt in this 
town. In 1553 it obtained a charter of incorporation from Edward VI. ; but 
was disfranchised for bribery, by 15 Vict. c. 9, May 23, 1851. 

ALBANS (ST) ABBEY, founded by Offa, king of Mercia, 793; and as an entire 
structure, is the most ancient in England. As the saint of this church was the 
first martyr in England, its abbot had a superiority over all others. Its revenues 
at the dissolution were estimated at ;/!^2ioo ; but the townsmen preserved the 
abbey from ruin by a purchase of ;i^400. The site of the abbot's dwelling and of 
the domiciles of the monks is noAV occupied by the Abbey Grammar School, en- 
dowed by Edward VI., 1549. In 1257 was dug up this old inscription : — 'In this 
mausoleum was found the venerable corpse of St Alban, the protomartyr of 
Britain ; ' it was in lead, and supposed to have been laid in King Offa's 
time. 'The Golden Book of St Albans,' in the British Museum (Cotton. MS., 
Nero, D. vii. ), is a conventual album, in which are entered the portraits of all 
the benefactors of the abbey, with an abstract of their donations. ' The Book of 
St Albans ' is another literary curiosity, and was so called because printed in that 
monastery, soon after the introduction of printing into England, i486. It is at- 
tributed to Dame Julian Barnes, prioress of Sopewall Convent, in Hertfordshire. 

ALBANS, ST, battles. The first battle between the houses of York and Lan- 
caster fought May 23, I455) in which the Yorkists were successful ; the Duke of 
Somerset being slain and Henry VI. wounded and taken prisoner. The second 
battle was fought on Shrove Tuesday, Feb. 17, 1461, when the Yorkists were de- 
feated by the Lancastrians under Queen Margaret, and Henry VI. was rescued. 

ALBERT MEDAL for saving life from shipwreck, instituted by Her Majesty, March 
7, 1866. 

ALBERT, PRINCE. Francis-Albert-Augustus-Charles-Emanuel, Duke of Sax- 
ony, Prince of Coburg and Gotha, was the second son of Ernest-Frederick- 
Anthony-Charles-Louis, late reigning Diike of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. Prince 
Albert was born Aug. 26, 1819, and married to Queen Victoria at the Chapel 
Royal, St James's Palace, Feb. 10, 1840. H.R. H. was naturalized 3 & 4 Vict, 
c. I & 2, and by c. 3, received an annuity of ;rf 30,000. Made Prince Consort, 
June 25, 1857 ; died at Windsor, aged 43, Dec. 14, 1861 ; buried in St George's 
Chapel, Dec. 23. The first stone of a Mausoleum in Frogmore Gai'dens to re- 
ceive the remains of, laid by the Queen, March 15, 1862 ; remains removed to, 
Dec. 18. 

ALBERT MEMORIAL. (On the site of the Great Exhibition of 185 r. ) A meeting 
of merchants and citizens was called by Cubitt, Lord Mayor of London, at the 
Mansion House, when it v/as determined to erect a memorial to commemorate the 
services Prince Albert had rendered to this country, Jan. 14, 1862. The sum of 
^12,000 was subscribed at the first meeting, and a committee appointed to carry 
out the same. The erection begun in 1864. 

ALBIGENSES, a name formerly given indiscriminately to all the Cathari, ox pure ; 
but in a more extended sense applied in the 1 2th century to a sect in the south 
of France charged with holding Manicheism. In 1209 Pope Innocent HI. pro- 
claimed a crasade against them, and against Raymond VI., Count of Toulouse, 
who supported them. The war began in 1209, and lasted many years. Raymond 
VI. died in 1222 ; but the war was resumed by his son, whose successes so alarmed 
Honorius III. that the pontiif induced Louis VIII. to take the field ; and Ray- 
mond VII., pressed on all sides, made peace with the king, April, 1229. This 
was a mortal blow to the Albigenses. 

ALBION, the name by which Great Britain was known to the Greeks and 
Romans. The earliest notice of the word occurs in a work attributed to Aristotle, 
De Muitdo, sec. 3, who wrote, B.C. 340, 'beyond the Pillars of Hercules is the 



14 ALBION ALCHEMY 

ocean which flows round the earth. In it are two very large islands, called 
Britannic ; these are Albion and lerne.' Ctesar's name for England is Britannia : 
he does not use the word Albion. Pliny says (lib. iv. c. i6), ' the name of the 
island was Albion ; the whole set of islands being called Britannic' 

ALBION, NEW, a name given by Sir Francis Drake to the province of California 
and part of the north-west coast of America, which he visited June, 1 5 79. Explored 
by Vancouver, in April, 1792. Cook stopped here during his third voyage, 
1778. 

ALBUERA, Spain, a village situated on the main road from Seville to Badajoz, and 
the scene of a severe conflict on May 16, 181 1. Marshal Soult, advancing to the 
relief of Badajoz, besieged by the British troops, made a vigorous attack on the 
allied army of British, Portuguese, and Spanish, under Marshal Beresford ; but 
after a severe contest he was repulsed with great slaughter. Soult retreated to- 
wards Seville. 

ALBUFERA, battle. The French under Marshal Suchet, afterwards Duke of 
Albufera, and the Spaniards, who were defeated Jan. 4, 1812. 

ALBUM. The earliest notice of this friendly memorial book is to be traced to the 
registers of the deceased formerly kept in every church and monastery, called the 
albmn, i.e. the blank book, in which the names of the benefactors to the church 
or monastery were recorded, that they might be prayed for at their decease, and 
on their anniversaries. The earliest writer who uses the word is the Venerable 
Bede, who in his preface to his prose life of St Cuthbert, 721, reminds Bishop 
Eadfrith that his name was registered in the album at Lindisfarne, ' in albo 
vestrae sanctse congregationis.' {Bedce Opera Mhtora, p. 47, ed. Stevenson.) 
Elsewhere Bede calls this book 'theannal' (Hist. Eccles.,\\h. iv. c. 14). At a 
later period it was called, both in England and abroad, the Liber Vitce, or Book 0/ 
Life, a name borrowed from St Paul (Philippians iv. 3). A beautiful specimen 
of an English album may be seen in the British Museum, Cotton. MS. D. vil. : 
it is the Album, or Book of Life, of the monastery of Durham. Izaak Walton 
tells us that Sir Henry Wotton, when ambassador at Venice, wrote in the album 
of Christopher Flecamore, a Latin sentence to the effect that ' an ambassador is 
an honest man sent to lie abroad for the good of his country.' 

ALCANTARA, Spain, founded in 1156 ; taken from the Moors by Alphonso IX., 
king of Castile, 1214 ; given to the knights of Calatrava ; captured by the Portvi- 
guese, April, 1706. The French burnt the bridge over the Tagus, built by Trajan, 
1836. The town takenby the English, April 25, 1706. 

ALCANTARA, Order of, a company of knights founded to protect Spain against the 
Moors, 1 1 56-7, raised by Pope Alexander III. to a knightly order, 1 1 77 ; confirmed 
by Pope Lucius, 1183; the grand mastership vested in the Crown, 1495; the 
knights obtained the privilege of marriage, I540' 

ALCHEMY, the pretended art of making gold and silver by means of the philoso- 
pher's stone. It is sometimes called the Hermetic philosophy, from Hermes 
Trismegistus, one of the earliest alchemists. The first writer who speaks of 
making gold is Zosimus, the panapolite, A.D. 412, who has left a treatise in MS. 
of the divine art of making gold and silver. Among the early celebrated 
alchemists were Albert Groot, called Albertus Magnus, a German, bom in 1282 ; 
Raymond Lully, 131 5 ; Roger Bacon, 1285 ; Amoldus de Villa Nova, 1313. 
Edward III. personally interested himself [1329] in the experiments of Rouse and 
Dalby, two professors of the philosopher's stone. Henry IV. made the multipli- 
cation of metals felony ; yet Henry VI. not only encouraged John Cobb, by 
licence, to transubstantiate metals into gold, but granted commissions [1/]/^^] for 
the promotion of an art that promised to replenish the royal coffers, in which he 
was followed by Edward IV., 1476. Queen Elizabeth was not a whit behind her 



ALCOCK ALE 15 

predecessors in credulity, by patronizing Dr Dee. In later times, Peter Woulfe, 
who died 1805, is said to have been a believer in alchemy ; and Dr Price, of 
Guildford, professed to convert mercury into gold and silver. At the present 
time, some of the disciples of Jacob Bohme are still searching for the substance 
capable of transmuting the baser metals ; although the majority are more content 
to seek their vs^ealth by the humbler means of commerce and industry. 

ALCOCK, Mr, and Mr Colclough, fought a duel ; the latter killed, and the former 
lost his reason, June 21, 1807. 

ALCORAN, the divine booh, as pretended, of the Mahometans, and the standard 
of the Arabic language. It was composed by Mahomet about the year 610 : the 
prophet was said to have had assistants in the labour. 

ALDERMAN, from the Saxon eoldertnan, a general term for any civil dignity. The 
alderman of the hundred was elected by the people, and was inferior to the king's 
alderman, who presided in the County Court. There were also aldermen of 
guilds, hospitals, &c. Ralph Brooke, York Herald, states that King John first 
ordained the aldermen of London ; and Fabyan thus notices their first appoint- 
ment as justices : 'This year [1242] were aldermen first chosen, which then had 
the rule of the city and the wards, and were then yearly changed, as now the 
sheriffs be changed.' But by 17 Richard II., 1394, each of the 26 wards elects 
one alderman for life, or during good behaviour. In some cases the wards were 
the aldermen's heritable property, such as Farringdon, bought by Nicholas 
de Farndone, 1279. 

ALDERNEY, an island in the English Channel, and celebrated for a dangerous 
strait, called the 'Race of Alderney.' Here, Nov. 26, 1120, was wrecked the 
'Blanche Nef,' the finest vessel in the Norman navy, having on board Prince 
William, eldest son of Plenry I. , and his young bride ; and of the 300 persons 
who embarked in 'the white ship,' but one escaped to tell the dismal tale. In 
1692 the remnant of the French fleet escaped through the 'Race of Alderney' 
after the defeat of Tourville by the combined navies under Admiral Russell ; and 
in July, 1774, the 'Victory,' of no guns, was lost here, with iioo men. 

ALDERSGATE, one of the four gates in the city wall. The old gate was improved 
by Daye the printer, in the reign of Ehzabeth, but was taken down in 1616, and 
rebuilt 161 7. It stood near to the church of St Botolph, and was destroyed in 
1761. 

ALDERSHOTT, Farnham. A camp formed here, 1854. The troops reviewed 
by the Queen after the Crimean War, July 7, 1856. 

ALDGATE, or Old Gate, another of the London gates, first noticed in the reign of 
Edgar, 963. In 1606 it was taken down, and rebuilt by Martin Bond. After 
this gate was taken down in 1760, Sir Walter Blackett, of Wallington, North- 
umberland, obtained some of the ornamental stones (part of the city arms, heads 
and wings of dragons, apparently cut in Portland stone, and probably set up 
when the gate was rebuilt, 1606), and used them in decorating Rothley Castle. 
ALE. Hei-odotus (b.c. 440) tells us that the Egyptians used a liquor made of 
barley, and attributes the first discovery of the art of brewing it to Isis, the wife 
of Osiris. Ale was also the favourite liquor of the Anglo-Saxons and Danes, so 
much so, that St Dunstan introduced an ingenious custom of pegging their cups 
at certain distances ; hence the origin of peg-tankards, or drinking to pegs. In 
1266, 51 Henry III., a graduated scale was established for the price of ale ; but 
in 1531, 23 Henry VIII. c. 4, the members of the Cooper's Company were ap- 
pointed to gauge and mark all ale barrels and to fix its price. In the city of 
London ale-conners were appointed in the reign of Henry I. ; Chaucer described 
them in 1348. The old ale-gallon abolished by 5 Geo. IV. c. 74, June 17, 1824 j 
an alteration made in the duties by i Will. IV. c. 51, July 16, 1830. 



i6 ALE ALEXANDRA THEATRE 

ALE. Festive meetings of the country were fomierly called ales ; as leet-ale, 
lamb-ale, Wliitsun-ale, clerk-ale, bride-ale, churcli-ale, Scot-ale, Midsummer-ale, 
&c. At all these feasts ale was the predominant liquor. 

ALE HOUSES. These houses are mentioned in the laws of Ina, a.d. 728, and 
have been under legislative regulations for the last 400 years. In 1490 no one was 
permitted to brew ale as long as any church ale remained unsold ; and, in 1494, 
II Henry VIL, an act was passed to stop the common selling of ale. In 1589 all 
persons selling ale had both to. hang out a sign (an ale stake), and to get a license. 
In 1590 they had to enter into a bond for £,\o, and give surety for ^^5, to keep 
order in their houses. It was further restrained in 1604, by 2 James I. c. 9 ; 4 
James I. c. 4, 5 ; I Car. I. c. 4 ; 26 Geo. II. c. 31, 1753 ; 48 Geo. III. c. 143, 
July 2, 1808 ; and the hours fixed for selling it on Sundays, by 18 & 19 Vict. c. 
118, Aug. 14, 1855. 

ALEMANNI, a people of Germany, descended from the Suevi, who inhabited the 
countiy between the Neckar and the upper Rhine. This name, Alemanni, or 
Ale-man, signifies a multitude of men, indicating the various tribes of which they 
were composed. They are first mentioned in the reign of Caracalla, A.D. 214, 
who was named Alemannicus, from a victory obtained over them. Gallienus at 
the head of only 10,000 Romans vanquished 300,000 of this warlike people near 
Milan ; after which he formed an alliance with the Alemanni. In after-times 
they made frequent inroads upon Gaul and Italy, and at last finally submitted to 
the Franks, and with them consolidated into a dukedom, called the Duchy of 
Alemannia. 

ALEPPO, more correctly Haleb, the capital of a pashalik of Asiatic Turkey, 
and one of the five pashaliks of Syria. The Arabian writers trace the origin of 
this city to the' migration of Abraham into Canaan, who rested on the hill where 
the castle of Aleppo now stands. In 638 it was conquered by the Arabs ; in 1260 
plundered by the Moguls, and again in 1401 by Timur. It was conquered 
by Selim I. and became subject to the sultans of Constantinople, Aug. 24, 
1516. Almost destroyed by an earthquake, Aug., 1822. On Oct. 14, 1850, the 
Mahometans destroyed three Christian churches ; but the rebels received a severe 
chastisement on Nov. 7, when Kerim Pasha, at the head of 4000 imperial troops, 
charged 10,000 of them : the combat was desperate, and lasted 24 hours, the loss 
to the rebels was 1800. Massacre of the Christians at, Oct. 16, 1850. 

ALERT, Dublin Packet, lost with all on board, March 26, 1803. 

ALESSANDRIA, a town and fortress in Piedmont, built, 1168 ; in 11 74 besieged 
by Frederic Barbarossa. Captured by the French under Bonaparte, 1796. On 
July 21, 1799, General Suwarroff defeated the French under General Moreau 
near to this town ; ceded to the French, June, 1800 ; fortified by them, 1803-5 > 
surrendered by the treaty of Paris, May 30, 1814 ; taken by the Austrians, April 
19, 1821. 

ALEUTIAN ISLANDS in the North Pacific ; discovered by Behring, 1728 ; 
surveyed by two Russian officers, 1768; fortifications built by Russian adven- 
turers, 1785. Capt. Cook in his third voyage visited them. 

ALEXANDRA, PRINCESS. Treaty between Her Majesty and the King of 
Denmark for the marriage of, to the Prince of Wales, Jan. 15, 1863. Royal pro- 
cession through the city of London on her arinval, March 7, 1863. The corpora- 
tion of London presented to her a diamond necklace and earrings valued at 
_;!^io,ooo, March 8. Married at the Chapel Royal, Windsor, March 10. En- 
tertained by the corporation at the Guildhall, June 8. 

ALEXANDRA THEATRE, Highbury Barn Tavern, Highbury, built by M. Gio- 
vannelli, and opened May 20, 1865. 



ALEXANDRIA ALGERIA 17 

ALEXANDRIA, ANCIENT, owes its origin to Alexander the Great, B.C. 332 ; 
besieged by Antiochus IV., B.C. 169 ; sustained some damage in Csesai-'s cam- 
paigns, B. C. 48 ; captured by Amru, A. D. 640. Before the discovery of the 
passage round Africa by the Cape of Good Hope, Alexandria was the great mart 
for all the merchandise between Europe and the East Indies, which was trans- 
ported from thence to Suez, and so to India. — The modern Alexandria stands on 
an artificial neck of land, which joins the peninsula of Pharos. Taken by Bona- 
parte, July 4, 1798, who killed about 300 Arabs and Mamalukes. On March 
21, 1801, the British army was attacked here by General Menou, but repulsed 
with great slaughter; near 4000 French were killed and wounded. General 
Abercrombie received a mortal wound, and was succeeded by General Hutchin- 
son. Taken by the English from the French, when an immense quantity of arms 
and stores was captured, Sept. 2, 1801. Alexandria surrendered again to the 
British troops, commanded by Major Fraser, March 21, 1807. Some singular 
objects of stone found in excavations at Alexandria were submitted to the 
Archaeological Institute, Nov. 7, 185 1. Visited by the Sultan, April 7, 1863. 

ALEXANDRIAN CODEX. A MS. of the Old and New Testament in Greek, 
preserved in the British Museum. It was sent by Cyrellus Lucaris, patriarch of 
Constantinople, to Charles I., 1628, who placed it in the Royal library. 

ALEXANDRIAN ERA. This fixed the creation of the world B.C. 5502; so 
that the year of our Lord I corresponded with the Alexandrian year of the creation 
5503. This computation was continued until A.D. 284, or of the Alexandrian 
era 5786; but in A.D. 285, or A. Alex. 5787, ten years were subtracted, and that 
year was called 5777. To reduce the Alex, to the Christian era, 5502 must be 
subtracted from the Alex, era until A. Alex. 5786, and after that year by sub- 
tracting 5429. To ascertain the year of the Alexandrian era of any year of our 
Lord after A. D. 285, 5492 must be added to the year of Christ, and if before A. D. 
285, 5502 must be added. — Sir H. Nicolas. 

ALEXANDRIAN LIBRARY, formed by the first Ptolemy, king of Egypt, B.C. 
284. In the siege of Csesar, B.C. 48, the library, which was at Bnichion, was 
burnt by a fire which spread from the shipping to the town, and 400,000 volumes 
perished. The library was subsequently re-established, and this place continued 
one of the chief seats of literature till conqviered by the Arabs, under Omar I., 
A.D. Dec. 22, 640, which dispersed, if not destroyed, its literary treasures. 

ALFORD, battle. The Marquess of Montrose defeated the Covenanters, July 
2, 1645. 

ALFRED THE GREAT, born, 849 ; ascended the throne, 872 ; defeated 300 
Danish pirates, with ten galleys, on the coast of Dorset, 897 ; died, Oct. 28, 
904. 

ALFRED CLUB, established 1808, was held at 23, Albemarle Street. It pos- 
sessed in its day many celebrated members, such as Byron, Peel, and Ward 
Lord Dudley. In 1854 it coalesced with the Oriental Club. 

ALGEBRA. The earliest woi"k on algebra is that of Diophantus, an Alexandrine 
Greek, who lived about the middle of the 2nd century. The Persians and Arabs 
derived their knowledge of it from the Hindoos ; introduced into Italy by Leo- 
nardo Bonacci, of Pisa, about 1203. In the middle of the i6th century it was 
made known in France, England, and Germany, by Paletarius, Robert Recorde, 
and Stefelius. Vieta, a Frenchman, who died 1603, first used symbols for 
quantities; and in England, Harriot, who died 1621, extended his discoveries, 
and compiled a complete theory of equations. Newton invented the method of 
series and fluxions, 1665; indefinite division and quotients, by Mercator, 1666. 

ALGERIA, Africa, taken by the French, June 14, 1830; treaty concluded, 
ceding the town to the French, July 4 ; insurrection under Abd-el-Kader, 1833 ; 

2 



i8 ALGESIRAS ALIENS 

upwards of 500 Arabs, with their wives and children, suffocated in a cavern by 
the French troops under PeHssier, June 20, 1845 5 Abd-el-Kader surrendered 
himself to the French, Dec. 22, 1847 ; the town of Lahou taken, Dec. 4, 1852 ; 
the emperor and empress visited the colony, i860; insurrection in 1864; second 
visit of the Emperor Napoleon in May, 1865. 

ALGESIRAS, Spain, 6r OLD GIBRALTAR, a maritime city of Spain. By 
this city the Moors entered Spain in 713 ; from whom it was not recovered till 
1344, after a long siege, memorable for the first use of cannon. On July 6, 1 801, 
Sir James Saumarez, with six sail of the line, attacked three French line of battle 
ships and a frigate ; and on the 13th of the same month, Sir James, with a 
British squadron, attacked the French and Spanish fleets on their return to Cadiz ; 
two Spanish ships of 112 guns each were burnt, and the St Antonio, 74 guns, 
struck her colours. 

ALGIERS, Africa. This territory includes the divisions of the ancient Numidia, 
and was conquered successively by the Romans, Vandals, Byzantine Greeks, and 
by the Arabs in the 8th century. The city of Algiers was built about 935, by an 
Arabian chief, Jussuf Zeri. In the llth century was founded the empire of the 
Morabites. In 1516, Aroodje-Barbarossa was proclaimed sultan of Algiers, and 
in 1533 it finally submitted to the Turks. In 1541 Charles V. was baffled in his 
ill-fated armament against it. In April, 1654, Admiral Blake taught the Al- 
gerines to respect the English flag. In 1682-3 it was bombarded by Du Quesne ; 
and again in 1688 by d'lstrees. In 1774 Charles III. made an unsuccessful 
attack, as did France in 1783-4. Lord Exmouth bombarded it, and abolished 
slavery, Aug. 27, 1 81 6. On the 4th of July, 1830, it surrendered to a French 
army of 30,000, imder Bourmont. On May 20, 1834, the French government, 
having determined to retain Algiers, was, after some opposition, sanctioned by 
the Chamber of Deputies. On Nov. 22, 1836, the French arms, imder General 
Clausel, sustained a serious defeat here, by the loss of 5500 men. On Oct. 13, 
1837, General Damremont successfully assaulted it, but was killed by a cannon- 
ball. The celebrated prince Abd-el-Kader surrendered to the Duke d'Aumale, 
Dec. 22, 1847 ; he left Amboise for Brusa, in Asia Minor, Dec. 11, 1852. On 
July 5, 1854, was concluded the French campaign against the Kabyles, after the 
severe engagements of the previous month. On Nov. 20, 1854, an engagement 
took place at Meggarin between Com. Marmier and the unsubdued Arabs ; and 
on Dec. 2 the Arabs abandoned Tuggart, and was taken by the French. 

ALI, sect of Mahometans, so called from this chief, the son-in-law of Mahomet, 642. 

He was assassinated in 660. 
ALIEN PRIORIES, seized by the crown in 1414. 

ALIENS. An alien is a person born out of the jurisdiction of a country. In 
France a residence of ten years gives to the alien all the rights of a citizen. In the 
United States an alien must have resided five years, and two years before he is 
naturalized he must abjure all allegiance to other powers. In England the Alien 
Act, 33 Geo. III. c. 4, 1793, arose from the influx of strangers at the French 
revolution. In 1827, May 26, 7 Geo. IV. c. 54, an act was passed for their 
registration; but this was repealed by 6 & 7 Will. IV. c. Ii, May 19, 1836, 
when new provisions were introduced. Persons born abroad of a mother being 
a natural-born subject, may hold real or personal property, certificate of Natural- 
ization to be obtained from a Secretary of State, 7 & 8 Vict. c. 66, Aug. 6, 1844 ; 
legalizing act of colonial legislature, 10 & 11 Vict. c. 83, July 22, 1847. A 
denizen is in a kind of middle state between an alien and a natural-born subject, 
and must obtain letters patent to make him an English subject. Naturalization 
can only be obtained by Act of Parliament. 



ALIWAL ALMANACS 19 

ALIWAL, battle, between the Sikhs and English, Jan. 28, 1846. The loss 
of the Sikhs was estimated at 6000 killed, wounded, and drowned in the Sutlej. 

ALLEGIANCE. There are several statutes requiring the oath of allegiance and 
supremacy, i Eliz. c. i, 1558 ; i Will, and Mary, c. i, 8, 1689 ; and i Anne, 
Stat. I, c. 22, 1 701 ; substituting one oath for the oath of allegiance, supremacy, 
and abjuration, 21 & 22 Vict. c. 48, July 23, 1858 ; power to modify the oath to 
enable Jews to sit in Parliament, 21 & 22 Vict. c. 49, July 23, 1858 ; a,mended by 
23 & 24 Vict. c. 63, Aug. 6, i860 ; form of affirmation in lieu of oath, 22 
Vict. c. 10, April 8, 1859. 

ALLER MOOR, co. Somerset ; battle between the Royalists and Parliament- 
arians, 1645. 

ALLIANCE. The Grand Alliance, May 12, 1689, signed at Vienna between 
England, the Emperor, and the States-General, to which Spain and the Duke of 
Savoy acceded. — The Second Grand Alliance signed at the Hague against the 
power of France, Sept., 1701. — The i/^/j/ y^/Z/awfi?, concluded at Paris, Sept. 26, 
1815, between the Emperors of Russia and Austria, and the King of Prussia. — 
The Quadruple Alliance, guaranteeing the succession of the crowns of France and 
Spain, according to the terms of the treaty of Utrecht, Aug. 2, 17 18. — The 
Triple Alliance, ratified Jan. 28, 1668, between the States- General and England 
against France, for the protection of the Spanish Netherlands ; Sweden also joined 
the league. 

ALL SAINTS, or ALL HALLOWS, instituted 607. In 835, Gregory IV. 
altered this feast from May i to Nov. i, as at present. In Great Britain there 
are 33 churches dedicated to All Saints, and 13 to All Hallows. 

ALL SOULS, a festival observed in the Roman Church, Nov. 2 ; introduced into 
England, 816 ; the Council of Oxford declared it a holy day, 1222 ; abolished by 
the English Church at the Reformation. All Souls', Marylebone, is the only 
church in England with this dedication. 

ALL SOULS' COLLEGE, Oxford, founded by Henry Chicheley, Archbishop of 
Canterbury, 1437. The first stone laid by the founder, Feb. 10, 1438. The first 
stone of the library was laid, June 20, 1 720. 

ALL-SPICE, introduced into England from Carolina, 1726. 

ALLYGHUR, Hindustan, the fort of, taken by the English under Lieut. -Col. 
Monson after the French under M. Perron had bravely defended it, Sept. 24, 
1803. A medal struck to commemorate the victory in 1851. The Sepoys 
mutinied. May 20, 1857. The town recaptured by the English, Oct. 5, 1857. 

ALMA, battle of the, in the Crimea, between the Allied Forces and the Russians, 
Sept. 20, 1854, when the former gained a decisive victory. The British loss was 
353 killed, 1612 wounded, the French loss about the same number, and the Rus- 
sians had about 5000 killed and wounded. 

ALMACKS' ASSEMBLY ROOMS, King Street, St James's, built from the 
designs of Mr Mylne, and opened Feb. 12, 1765. 

ALMANACS. The earliest are those called Clog Almanacs, or Runic calendars, 
in use during Canute's reign. It was a square piece of wood, containing three 
months on each of the four edges. The days are expressed by notches, and 
every seventh day by a larger notch. On the left hand are symbols for the 
golden number, or cycle of the moon. The festivals are marked by symbols of the 
saints. There are many splendid MS. almanacs of the 14th century in the British 
Museum : among others, the Calendar of John Somers, 1380; another in Cottonian 
MS. 1450. In Lambeth library is an English calendar, 1460. At Oxford is one 
by Peter de Dacia, 1300. The earliest printed almanac in England is the 
' Sheapeheard's Kalendar,' by Pynson, 1497; then followed Mayster John Thy- 



20 ALMANZA ALPHABET 

bault's, 1533; Nostrodamus's, 1566; Mounslowe's, 1579; Lilly's Ephemeris, 
1644; Poor Robin's, 1652; Lady's Diary, 1705; Moore's, 1713 ; Gentleman's 
Diary, 1741 ; Partridge's, 1705 ; the Nautical, edited for 48 years hy Dr Maske- 
lyne, first appeared 1767. The first printed in Ireland, 1587; in Scotland, 1677. 
In 1600 a licence was granted to Richard Vv^atkins and James Roberts, wardens 
of the Stationers' Company, to print almanacs ; but this exclusive right was 
abolished, June 2, 1775. Stamp duties repealed by 3 & 4 Will. IV., 1834. 

ALMANZA, battle, April 25, 1707, when the French and Spaniards, under the 
command of James Fitz-James, Duke of Berwick, entirely defeated the confeder- 
ates, commanded by the Marquis das Minas and the Earl of Galway. 

ALMARANTE, a Swedish order of knighthood, instituted 1653. 

ALMAREZ, Spain. The Tagus is crossed at this place by a bridge built by 
Charles V., in 1552. The French were surprised and defeated with great loss 
by the English under Lord Hill, at this town. May 19, 1812. 

ALMEIDA, Portugal, celebrated in the Peninsular War. In Aug., 1810, it was 
invested by Massena and Col. Cox, the English governor ; surrendered on the 
27th; but on May 10, 181 1, it was evacuated by the French, and taken by the 
British. 

ALMERIA, Spain, taken from the Moors by the Emperor of Spain, Don Alonso, 
Oct. 16, 1 147. The cathedral built, 1524. 

ALMONDS came from the East, and were introduced into England, 1570. 

ALMONER, in its primitive sense, denoted an officer in religious houses, who dis- 
tributed the alms. By an ancient canon all bishops are i^equired to keep an 
almoner. The almoner of France (la grand aTivionier) was the highest ecclesi- 
astical dignity there before the revolution. In 1 804 Napoleon restored the office, 
which was continued till the time of Charles X. The Lord High Almoner of 
England was instituted as early, if not before, the time of Edvi'ard I., and was 
long held by the Archbishop of York ; at present the Bishop of Oxford holds it, 
and has under him a sub-almoner, a yeoman, and two grooms. 

ALMORA, Hindustan. Taken by the Ghorkhas, 1790; captured by the British 
under Colonel Nicolls, April 25, 1815. 

ALMORAVIDES, a family of Mahometan princes. They reigned in Spain and 
Africa. Abdallah, the most renowned of all the princes over the whole of Spain 
and the shores of the Mediterranean, died 1058. 

ALMSHOUSES. The earliest was founded by Lady Margaret, mother of Henry 
VII., at Westminster, and taken down in 1800. Red Lion Almshouses, York- 
street, Westminster, founded, 1577 ; Emmanuel, James-street, 1601. 

ALNEY, combat of, between Edmund Ironside and Canute the Great, in sight of 
the hostile armies, in which Canute was wounded, 1016. In 1017, the following 
year, Edmund being murdered at Oxford, Canute became lord of the whole 
kingdom. 

ALNWICK, a town in Northumberland, celebrated for its stately castle, the seat of 
the Percies. It was a strong fortress in the time of the Saxons. Malcolm III. 
besieged it in 1093, and was killed. In 1 135, captured by David I. In 11 74 
William the Lion again besieged it, and was taken prisoner. The present castle was 
erected between 1140 and 1180. It was sold to Henry de Percy, 1310. In 1411, 
Alnwick was a walled town, and a gateway called Bondgate was built. Alnwick 
v/as an abbey of Premonstratensian canons, the revenue at the dissolution was 

ALPHABET. According to Astle, the Phoenicians have the best claim to the in- 
vention of an alphabet, and from them descended the Pelasgian, whence the Greek, 



ALPINE CLUB AMARYLLIS 21 

Etruscan, Latin, &c. The Hebrew, Samaritan, and Syriac alphabets have 22 
letters ; English, 26 ; Arabic, 28 ; Persian and Egyptian or Coptic, 32 ; the present 
Russian, 41 ; Sanscrit, 50 ; the Cashmirian and Malabaric are still more inmrer- 
ous. 

ALPINE CLUB, formed in London for the encouragement of information of the 
various Alps, 1858 ; first work upon the Glaciers published by members of 
the club, and edited by the president, 1859. 

ALPS. The Carthaginian forces under Hannibal crossed, B.C. 218 ; the French 
army under Napoleon I., May 20, 1800. 

ALSATIA, a name given to the precinct of Whitefriars, near the Temple, London : 
it was called Alsatia the higher, to distinguish it from the Mint in Southwark, 
which was called Alsatia the lower. Both these places obtained certain privileges, 
particularly arrest from civil process, and in consequence became the resort of the 
profligate and abandoned of both sexes. By an act, 8 & 9 Will. HI. c. 27, 
1697, these and several other privileged places were put down. Shadwell has 
dramatized the manners and language of the Alsatians, in a satirical comedy called 
The Squire of Alsatia, acted in 1688. 

ALSEN, Denmark. The Prussians attacked the fortifications, which were defended 
by the Danes, June 26, 1864 ; who surrendered on the 29th. 

ALTAR. The eucharist in the early Church was commonly celebrated on tables of 
wood. Stone altars probably began to be erected about the time of Constantine. 
The council of Epone, A.D. 517, ordained that none but stone altars should be 
consecrated (Can. 26). Even the wooden table was however generally called an 
altar, and the word Table, according to Wheatly, was introduced into our rubrics 
in consequence of an order from Edward VI. in council. After the third century 
both names (altar and table) came to be promiscuously used ; the one having re- 
spect to the oblation of the eucharist, the other to \h.% paiiicipation. The Fathers 
seldom call it Table without some distinctive epithet, as ' The Lord's Table,' the 
'Mystical,' 'Holy,' &c. 

ALTORF UNIVERSITY, founded 1581. 

ALT-RANSTADT, peace of, between Charles XII. of Sweden and the king of 
Poland, signed Sept. 24, 1706. Another between Louis XIV. and Charles VI. 
was signed here, March 17, 17 14. 

ALUM is noticed by Pliny, xxxv. 15 ; the best was obtained from Egypt and the 
island of Melos. In the middle ages it was manufactured in Roccha, whence 
comes the name Rock alum, and also at La Tolfa. Sir Thomas Chaloner, the 
younger, in 1595, discovered at Whitby, in Yorkshire, the first alum mines known 
in England. In 1625 Charles I. prohibited the importation of it. At Hurlett, 
near Paisley, and Campsie, near Glasgow, are alum mines. In 1828 Mr Strachan 
took out a patent for improving it. 

ALUMBAGH, Lucknow, captured by the British army under Generals Havelock 
and Outram, Sept. 23, 1857 ; twice attacked by the Sepoys in revolts, but each 
time defeated them, Jan. 12 and Feb. 21, 1858. 

ALUMINIUM. This metal was discovered by Sir H. Davy in 1808 ; Oersted 
endeavoured to get the metal in a detached form a few years afterwards ; M. 
Wohler discovered it in clay, 1828- 1846. The first bar of this metal was made 
by M. St Clair Deville in France, in the Emperor's laboratory, and presented by 
Napoleon to Mr Pepper, 1855. 

AMALIA steam-packet lost on the same day as the "London," the crew and 
passengers saved, Jan. 12, 1866. 

AMARYLLIS FORMOSISSIMA, brought f\-om South America, 1593. 



22 AMAZON AMERICA 

AMAZON, South America, river and country of, discovered by Orellana, 1541. 

AMAZON, Mail Steamship, burnt in the Bay of Biscay ; upwards of 100 passengers 
vi^ere lost, Jan. 4, 1852. 

AMBASSADORS, amongst the Romans, were sent to foreign nations, and received 
by them (Livy vi. 17). In England in the time of the Tudors, it became the 
custom to have resident ambassadors, or liegers, as they were named, at the differ- 
ent courts, in order to obtain correct information of the state of affairs in them. 
Baron de Forquevaux de Pavie was sent to Spain as ambassador to the court of 
Philip II. by Charles IX. of France, 1565. In later times they are distinguished 
as ordinary or extraordinary : an ordinary is one who constantly resides at a foreign 
court ; an extraordinary is sent on a special occasion. By 7 Anne, c. 12, 1708, 
an ambassador cannot be arrested, nor his goods distrained. There are four 
classes in England : i. Ambassadors ; 2. Envoys, or Ministers Plenipotentiary ; 
3. Resident Ministers ; 4. Charges d'affaires, whose salaries are regulated by 2 & 
3 Will. IV. c. 116, Aug. 16, 1832. Power given to administer oaths, 18 & 19 
Vict. c. 42, July 2, 1855. 

AMBER. The origin of amber has baffled poets and chemists from the days of 
ancient Greece to the present. Its property, when rubbed, to attract light sub- 
stances was first observed by Thales, B.C. 660, who attributed a certain life to 
it. By some it is held to be a vegetable resin or gum ; others consider it a mineral 
oil. It is mostly found in the southern coasts of the Baltic Sea, where it is 
thrown up between Konigsberg and Memel. It is now used for ornamental pur- 
poses, such as necklaces, snuff-boxes, &c. 

AMBERLEY CASTLE, Sussex, built 1374. 

AMBERSBURY NUNNERY, founded 976. 

AMBOYNA, one of the Molucca or Spice Islands, first visited by the Portuguese, 
151 1, and claimed by them, 1521. Early in the 17th century it was taken by the 
Dutch. In 1604 the ships of the East India Company traded here ; and in 1612 
they formed a settlement at Cambello, but were expelled in Jime, 1614. In Feb., 
1 623, was the memorable massacre of the English by the Dutch, on an accusation 
of a conspiracy to expel them from the island, where the two nations resided in 
pursuance of the treaty of 1 6 19. In 1796 it was captured by the British under 
Adm. Rainier; but was restored, 1801 ; taken again by the British, Feb. 17, 1810, 
and again given up to Holland in 1814. 

AMBROSIAN LIBRARY at Milan, founded by Card. Borromeo, 1602; opened, 
1609. It contains 40,000 printed volumes, and 15,000 MSS. 

AMERICA, named from Amerigo Vespucci, a Florentine gentleman ; first dis- 
covered by Columbus, who landed at San Salvador, Oct. 12, 1492, where he left 
a few men as the ground-work of a colony. In 1497 the two Cabots explored the 
North American coast ; and in 1498 Sebastian Cabot visited Newfoundland. 
South America was not discovered by Columbus until May 30, 1498. In 1500, 
Gaspar Cortereal, a Portuguese, touched at Labrador. In 1 501, Bastidas, a 
Spaniard, visited Cape de Vela to the Gulf of Darien. Yucatan discovered by 
Diaz de Solis and Penzon, 1508 ; and Florida by Ponce de Leon, 15 12. The 
Pacific, or Southern Ocean, discovered by Balboa, 1513. See California. Sir 
Humphrey Gilbert first attempted colonization at Newfoundland, 1583, which was 
finally effected in 1607, and in New England, 1620. The west coast explored 
by Capt. Cook, 1773, and by Capt. Colnett, 1789. The Duke of Clarence, 
afterwards William tV., the first prince of the blood-royal that ever landed on 
that continent, 1781. (For other discoveries see the respective places. ) Sept. 5, 
1774, was a general congress of 13 provinces, and the great war of American in- 
dependence declared. The revolutionary war commenced at Lexington, April 



AMERICA AMIENS 23 

19, 1775. The colonies agreed to unite and confederate, May 20, I77S- Wash- 
ington appointed commander-in-cliief, June 16, I775- ^^ July 4, 1776, the 
United States of North America declared independent. In 1778, alliance 
between France and the United States. Their independence acknowledged 
by England, Nov. 30, 1782. John Adams received as ambassador at St 
James's, June 2, 1785. The first English ambassador sent to the United 
States, 1 79 1. In 1794, American minister received at Paris. In 1806, British 
manufactures prohibited. In 181 2, war between England and North America. 
On March 8, 1822, the United States of North America acknowledge the inde- 
pendence of those of South America. Oct. 30, 1823, England sends consuls to 
the new states of South America. Virginia first settled by the English, 1607 ; 
New York first settled by the Dutch, 1614 ; Massachusetts first settled by the 
Puritans, 1620; New Hampshire settled by Puritans, 1623; New Jersey settled 
by the Dutch, 1624 ; Delaware settled by Swedes and Fins, 1627 ; Maryland 
settled by Irish Catholics, 1635 ; Connecticut settled by the Puritans, 1635 ; R. 
Island settled by Roger Williams, 1636 ; North Carolina settled by the English, 
1650 ; South Carolina settled by Huguenots, 1670 ; Pennsylvania settled by Wm. 
Penn, 1682; Georgia settled by General Oglethorpe, 1733. Vermont admitted into 
the Union, 1791 ; Kentucky, 1722; Tennessee, 1796; Ohio, 1802; Louisiana, 
1811 ; Indiana, 1816 ; Mississippi, 1819 ; Illinois, 1818 ; Alabama, 1819 ; 
Maine, 1820 ; Missouri, 1821 ; Michigan, 1836 ; Arkansas, 1836 ; Florida, 1845; 
Texas, 1845; Iowa, 1 846 ; Wisconsin, 1848; and California, 1 850. 6";?^? United 
States. 

AMERICA, BRITISH NORTH. Meeting of Delegates at Quebec to discuss 

the union of, Oct. 10, 1864 ; agreed to by a congress, Oct. 30, 1864 ; an act of 

Parliament passed for the confederation, March 29, 1867. The senate appointed 

by proclamation. May 22, 1867. 
AMERICA. The Pony Express over the Rocky Mountains invented and carried 

out by Messrs Russell & Co., April 9, i860. 
AMERICAN COMPANY, the Russian, estabhshed, 1785. 
AMERICAN CONGRESS first assembled at Philadelphia, Sept. 5, 1774; again 

met and passed the Act of Independence, July 4, 1776 ; met at Baltimore, 1776 ; 

at New York, 1789 ; Philadelphia, 1790 ; and transferred to Washington, 1800. 

See United States. 
AMERICAN PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY instituted, Jan. 2, 1762. 
AMERICAN RAILWAYS. In 1848, only 5565 miles were open, at a cost of 

;^6ooo per mile ; profits, 7,| per cent. Open, 1852, I3,3i5miles; 12,029 contracted 

for: total, 25,344 miles. Of these — 2501 were opened in 1852 ; at work, Jan. 

I, 1852, 10,814 miles. 

AMERICAN TELEGRAPH. The first line was constructed between Washington 
and Baltimore, 1844. 

AMETHYST, a gem of a violet colour, the ninth in order upon the high-priest's 
breast-plate, Ex. xxviii. I9;xxxix. 12. Pliny says it resists drunkenness, which 
Plutarch rejects. It is found in the East and West Indies, and in several parts of 
Europe. De Boot (Hist. Geimnarum) mentions an amethyst, rendered colour- 
less, estimated at 200 rix-dollars, which being cut to the same pattern as a diamond 
of the value of 18,000 gold crowns, so equalled it in lustre, that he could not tell 
the difference. They are frequently counterfeited by spars and crystals tinged red 
and yellow. Discovered at Kerry in Ireland, 1755. 

AMICABLE SOCIETY, Sergeants' Inn, incorporated by Queen Anne, 1706. 

AMIENS, France. A congress held here, when Louis annulled the provisions of 
Oxford against the barons, 1264. The preliminary treaty of, between England, 



24 AMONTILLADO WINE - AMULETS 

Holland, France, and Spain, signed, Oct. i, iSoi, and definitive treaty, March 
28, 1802. 

AMONTILLADO WINE, first imported into England in 1811. It is called 
Amontillado sheriy, from the grape being grown on the mountains. It has a 
peculiar flavour, slightly aromatic, and answers admirably to the improved taste 
of the present age. 

AMORIUM WAR (a. d. 838) between Theophilus and Motassem, the latter suc- 
cessful. Sosopetra, the native place of Motassem, having been razed by The- 
ophilus, Motassem in revenge attacked Amorium, the birth-place of Theophilus, 
and destroyed it. These wars, between the Christians and Arabs, v/ere conducted 
with the most savage spirit. 

AMOY, China. A trade with this town permitted in 1676. The fort destroyed 
by the English, July, 1840. The town captured, Aug. 26, 1841. The port 
opened for trade by treaty, Aug. 26, 1842. The town fell under the assault of 
the insurgents, 1853 ; but was retaken the same year. 

AMPHICTYONIC COUNCIL, instituted in Greece, B.C. 1000, as a federative 
tribunal for settling the disputes of the Greek states with one another. It usually 
sat twice a year : in spring at the temple of Apollo, at Delphi ; and autumn at the 
temple of Demeter (Ceres), at Thermopylae. The decisions of this council were 
held as final and sacred. 

AMPHION frigate blown up at Plymouth, when 250 persons perished, Sept. 22, 
1796. 

AMPHITHEATRE, or two theatres joined together for seeing sights. The 
stadium of the Greeks was the ancestor of the Roman amphitheatre. In B. c. 60, 
M. ^milius Scaurus built an amphitheatre of wood, at Rome, to hold 30,000 
spectators ; it was supported by 360 columns of marble, of 38 feet high, and 
adorned with 3000 brazen statues. The first stone one was built by Pompey the 
Great — the present palace of Ursini at Rome stands upon its ruins — it held 40,000 
spectators. The naumachia of Csesar, an enlarged circus, B.C. 39. The colosseum 
of Vespasian, now one of the greatest ruins of Europe, A. D. 69. The amphi- 
theatre at Verona, ascribed to Domitian (A.D.82), held 22,000 men. 

AMPHITRITE, a convict ship, wrecked on Boulogne sands, v/ith 103 female 
convicts, 12 children, and a crew of 16 persons, all except three drowned, Aug. 
31, 1833. 

AMPLI, battle, between the Greeks and Turks, in which the former were 
victors, 1 82 1. 

AMSTERDAM, Holland. In 1204 on its site was nothing but a small castle called 
Amstel. In the 14th centuiy it rose into a commercial town, and in 1490 was 
surroimded with a brick wall. In 1525 an Anabaptist leader, with 600 of his fol- 
lowers, took possession of the tov/n-house ; and ten years afterwards these fanatics 
ran about the streets naked ! It was attacked by the Hollanders, 1578, and sub- 
mitted after a siege of ten months. The House of Correction built, 1595; and its 
Bank erected, 1609. Hotel de Ville built by Van Cam.pen, 1646. In 1787 it 
surrendered to the Prussians, and Jan. 20, 1795? received the French with open 
arms, and was the capital of the Batavian republic. In 1806 it v/as the seat of 
government under Louis Bonaparte, and incorporated into the French empire, 
July, 1810. On Nov. 18, 1813, a provisional government was formed, and in 
May, 1815, William Fredei"ic, Prince of Nassau and Orange, was declared 
sovereign prince. 

AMULETS. Most nations believed in the efficacy of amulets as charms or pre- 
servatives against witchcraft and infection. The Egyptians had a great variety, 
and the Jews early used them, Deut. xviii. 10 ; Jer. viii. 17 ; and in later times 



ANABAPTISTS ANCHORETS 25 

their phylacteries. The superstitious use of them still sur-ives in the anodyne 
necklace to assist infants in their teething, the child's caul on board of ship, &c. 
ANABAPTISTS, or those who baptize a second time. This sect sprung up in 
1521, at Wittenberg in Saxony, under Storck, Stubner, and Cellarius. In 1532 
a mob of these fanatics, led by John Matthias, attacked Munster, which they 
called Mount Zion. Several laws were enacted against them from 1525 to 1534, 
in Saxony, Switzerland, and other parts of Germany. They held the nullity of 
infant baptism ; that the church stood in no need of ministers, nor the state of 
civil magistrates ; and that God revealed his will by dreams and visions to chosen 
individuals. 

ANACREONTIC VERSE, a kind of measure adopted by Anacreon, the Greek 
poet, B. C. 52S> whose poetry, for the most part, was in praise of wine. In this 
verse the accent is placed on the first, third, and fifth syllables. 

ANAGRAM, the transposition of the letters of words so as to form other words of 
a different meaning. The Roman anagram was confined to the dividing one word 
into two or more, retaining their original order ; but the moderns transpose the 
entire of the letters in any way to answer their purpose. The appointment of 
anagrammatist to Louis XIII. was worth 12,000 livres per annum ; and the art, 
as now practised, was introduced into Fra.nce in the reign of Charles IX., and into 
England soon after. Randle Holme, a quaint writer on heraldry, was addressed 
in this complimentary anagram, ' Lo, Men's Herald ! ' and ' Horatio Nelson,' 
the immortal hero of the Nile, is aptly converted into ' Honor est a Nilo. ' 

ANASTATIC Printing, invented 1841. This process depends mainly on the an- 
tagonism of oil and water. A printed sheet of paper is moistened with diluted 
phosphoric acid, and is pressed on a clean surface of zinc ; and by this contact 
the acid of the imprinted part etches the zinc beneath, while the printed part sets 
off on the zinc ; thus producing a reverse copy of the printing on the zinc. The 
plate is washed with an acid solution of gum, and is then inked ; the affinities in 
some instances, and the repulsions in others, cause the lines of the device (what- 
ever it may be) to take the ink, but the other parts of the plate to remain clean ; 
and the printing then follows. — Dodd. 

ANATOMY, or dissection, first practised by Hippocrates, B.C. 400; cultivated in 
Alexandria by Erasistratus and Herophilus, B.C. 296; Galen, A.D. 161. Mon- 
dinius, a professor in Bologna, was the first person who publicly dissected, 1315, 
and published anatomical plates of the human body ; but Vesahus was the first 
great anatomist, 1540 ; he published several anatomical works. Dr Harvey, his 
researches, 1616 ; Assellius on lacteals, 1627; and Picquet's discoveries, 165 1. 
Laws to regulate, enacted, 1540 ; new statute respecting, 3 Will. IV. c. 75, 
1832. Malefactors to be dissected, by 9 Geo. IV. c. 31, s. 5, June 27, 1828 ; this 
was repealed by 2 & 3 Will. IV. c. 75, Aug. i. 1832, entitled ' An Act for 
regulating Schools of Anatomy.' Anatomy of plants discovered, 1680. Modern 
comparative anatomy founded by John Hunter, 1793. Medical diplomas to 
candidates were first given at Salerno. 

ANCHOR. The invention of it is ascribed by Pliny to the Tuscans, and by 
Pausanias to Midas, who built Ancyra. The most ancient were of stone, some- 
times of wood inlaid with lead, and had a fluke on one side only. Eupalamus 
first made them fluked both ways. Sir Samuel Morland, 1661, invented the drum 
capstan. In 1809 Mr Hemman, of Chatham, invented the mooring anchor. 
Trotman patented his anchors in 1852, which were afterwards approved of by 
the Government. Hunter, in 1856, made several improvements. 

ANCHORETS, or ANCHORITES, who lived in caves and cells, originated with 
Paul, Antony, and Hilarion, in the third century. 



26 ANCONA ANGEL 

ANCONA, Italy; the Romans established a colony here, B.C. 170. The Lombards 
established themselves in this town about 590. Taken by the Saracens in 839. 
The Germans obtained possession in 1 1 74, but were expelled a few years after- 
wards. In 1532 Clement VII. took possession of it, and it remained under the 
dominion of the popes, until the French captured it in 1796. Revolts from Rome, 
1797 ; taken by the Russians, Nov. 13, 1799 ; restored to the papal power, 1802. 
Taken again by the French, Feb. 23, 1832, and made a free port. The Austrians 
took it, June 14, 1849 ; the Sardinians, Sept. 29, i860. 

ANDAMAN ISLANDS, Bengal, first explored circa 1607 ; became a refuge for 
shipwrecked mariners in 1 791. They were surveyed by Capt. Blair and Col. 
Colebrooke for the East India Company in June, 1789 ; Capt. Blair sailed from 
Calcutta to erect a convict settlement upon the island called Port Comwallis and 
Chatham Island, Sept., 1789; convicts arrived, Nov. 22, 1794; the settlement 
was visited by Col. Symes in 1795; abandoned in 1796; the Fleet assembled 
here in the Burmese war, 1824. The troop ships the Briton and Runnymede 
were driven upon these islands in 1844. The islands visited by Dr Mouat, Dec, 
xZ^T.—Dr Moiiat. 

ANDERSONIAN Institution, Glasgow, founded, 1795, for popular and scientific 

lectures in natural philosophy. 
ANDREANOSSY Isles, between Asia and America, discovered, 1760. 

ANDREW (ST), the son of Jonas of Bethsaida ; exercised his apostolic office in 
Scythia ; martyred, Nov. 30, 69 ; festival instituted, 359. 

ANDREW'S (ST), bishopric, founded 370, by St Regulus, called St Rule, at 
Abemethy. In 972 Kenneth III. translated the see to St Andrew's ; and it was 
erected into an archbishopi-ic in 1470. Arthur Ross was bishop in 1688, when 
this see was deprived of its temporalities, j It is at present united with the sees of 
Dunkeld and Dunblane. Its cathedral was nearly 160 years in building (1161 — 
1318), and was demolished, June, 1559, by the followers of John Knox. 

ANDREW'S (ST), Cross. In 819 there was a battle between Athelstan, king of 
England, and Hungus, king of the Picts, when a bright cross, like St Andrew's 
(X), appeared to Hungus, who, having obtained the victory, ever after bore that 
figure. 

ANDREW'S (ST), Order, founded by the emperor of Russia, Peter I., Dec. 20, 
1698, and is second in rank of the Russian orders. The English order, founded 
by James V. of Scotland, 1540 ; it having fallen in disuse, was revived by James 
II. of England, May 29, 1687, and by Queen Anne, Dec. 31, 1703. 

ANDREW'S (ST), University, Scotland, founded, 141 1 ; St Salvator's College, 
founded by James Kennedy, Bishop of St Andrew's, 1455 > St Leonard's College, 
founded by Alex. Stuart, Abp of St Andrew's, and John Hepburn, prior, 15 12 ; 
St Mary's College, founded by James Beaton, Abp of St Andrew's, 1537 ; St 
Salvator's and St Leonard's united, 1747- ^'^ annual grant of ;^ioo9 19^. a^d. is 
voted for the professors, &c., in this university. 

ANEMOMETER, or wind-measurer, invented by Wolf, 1709. See Dr Lind's in- 
genious method in Philosophical Trans, vol. Ixxv. 

ANGEL, a coin first issued in France, 1340; in England, with its subdivisions, by 
Edward IV., 1465 ; its value then 6^^. Zd., but at the latter end of Henry VIII. 's 
reign it was raised to 8j., and by Mary to \os. In 1476 its value in Ireland was 
8j. ifd. Angelet, a half-angel, current for 3J. i^d. in the reign of Henry VIII. 
Queen Elizabeth issued a proclamation cautioning the people against foreign 
coin like angels, but worth only 9^. 3^'., June i, 1565. She also contracted for 
coining angels, half-angels, and three-quarter angels, 1 600-1. 



ANGELICS ANHALT 27 

ANGELICS, an order of knights instituted, 1191, by Isaac Angelus Comnenus. 
The order was revived by Cliarles V. 

ANGELICS, an order of nuns founded at Milan, 1534, by Louisa Torelli, Countess 
of Guastalla. 

ANGERS, France. The Roman Juho-magus. It was taken from the Romans, A. D. 
464 ; fortified, circa 859 — 60 ; the castle was completed by Louis IX. ; talcen by 
the Huguenots, 1585 ; the church of St Serge built, 1050 ; tlie hospice of St 
Jean, founded by Henry II. of England, begun, 11 77; finished, 1184. It was 
burnt by King John, 1206 ; attacked by the Vendean army of 90,000 men in 
1793 ; the suspension bridge near the castle gave, way whilst some soldiers were 
marching over it, when 250 were drowned, 1849. 

ANGERSTEIN COLLECTION OF PICTURES, purchased by the Govern- 
ment for ^57,000, March 26, 1824; first exhibited at 100, Pall Mall, May 10, 
1824 ; and are now in the National Gallery. 

ANGLESEY (Afona), called by the Saxons Anglisey, Englishman's Island. It 
was the chief seat of the Druids, and conquered by Paulinus, A. D. 61 ; again by 
Agricola, 78 ; by Egbert, 829 ; annexed to England, 1284 ; and finally subdued 
by Edward I., 1295. The suspension bridge completed over the Menai Straits, 
Jan., 1826. The Tubular railway bridge opened, March 6, 1850. 

ANGLING. The antiquity of this quiet recreation is curiously traced by honest 
Izaak Walton, 'to Seth, one of the sons of Adam, who taught it to his sons ;' 
and that Moses, in the Book of Job, also mentions fish-hooks, ' which must imply 
anglers at that time. ' The earliest work on angling was written by Dame Juliana 
Barnes, prioress of the nunnery of Sopewell, near St Alban's, entitled ' The 
Treatyse of Fysshinge with an Angle,' printed by Wynkyn de Worde, 1496. 
The first five editions of Walton's Complete Angler were published in 1653, 1655, 
1664, 1668, 1676, and these sold in 1854 for ^40. There have been numerous 
statutes for regulating angling : the first occurred in the reign of Edward I. 

ANGLO-SAXONS. The Angli, the aUies of the Saxons, inhabited the western 
extremity of the Vandal territory, part of Mecklenburg and Hanover. The Saxon 
confederacy was divided into three branches : i. The Ostphali ; 2. The West- 
phali, one at the east and the other at the west of the Elbe ; and 3. The Angarii, 
who were situated between the first two divisions. They first settled in Britain, 
A.D. 449 ; their conversion by St Augustine and the clergy of lona commenced 
596. 

ANGLO-SAXON STEAMSHIP, wrecked off Cape Race, when 300 of her 
passengers perished, April 25, 1863. 

ANGORA, Turkey. The chief town of the Tectosages in Galatia, B.C. 277 ; sub- 
dued by Manlius, B.C. 189; made a Roman province, B.C. 25. The earliest 
Christian church was said to have been founded by the Apostle Paid. Captured 
by Tamerlane, 1402 ; recovered by the Turks under Mahomet I., 141 5. 

ANGORA, battle. The Tartars under Tamerlane defeated the Turks under 
Bajazet, with great slaughter, July 28, 1402. 

ANHALT, House of, an ancient German family, which claim their origin from 
Berenthobaldus, who made war upon the Thuringians in the sixth century. 
Joachim Ernest, who died 1586, left five sons, who divided the principality 
among them, and thus gave rise to the five branches of the family of Anhalt. 
These branches eventually submitted to the eldest, Anhalt-Dessau. At the 
establishment of the Germanic Confederation in 1815 there were three reigning 
dukes, Anhalt-Cothen, Anhalt-Bernburg, and Anhalt-Dessau ; the first line 
became extinct in 1847, and the second, Aug. 19, 1863 ; the heir of the third, 
Leopold, succeeded to the title of the Duke of, Aug. 9, 1817. A new consti- 
tution proclaimed, Sept. 17, 1859. 



28 ANHALT ANNO DOMINI 

ANHALT, or Anholt, island of, taken by the English, May i8, 1809 ; attempt to 
recapture it by 4000 Danes, who were repulsed by the garrison of 150 men, 
March 27, 181 1. 

ANILINE DYE, the fashionable colour Mauve, &c., extracted from coal by 
W. H. Perkins, formerly a scholar of the City of London School, who patented 
it in 1856. 

ANIMALCULES. The discovery of animalcules in the semen of animals is 
claimed by Mr Lewenhoek and Nicholas Hartsoeker, who both say they pub- 
lished it about 1677-8. 

ANIMALS. A society for the prevention of cruelty to animals was formed in 
London, 1824. An act, 5 & 6 Will. IV. c. 59, to consolidate and amend the 
laws relating to the treatment of animals was passed, Sept. 9, 1835 ; the same 
extended to Ireland, 7 Will. IV., and i Vict. c. 66, July 15, 1837. These acts re- 
pealed and the law amended, 12 & 13 Vict. c. 92, Aug. i, 1849 ; amended by 
17 & 18 Vict. c. 60, July 31, 1854. See Dogs. 

ANJAR, fortress of, in Cutch, East Indies, taken by the English, Feb. 14, 1816 ; 
a severe earthquake seriously damaged the town in 1819 ; and again transferred to 
the Rajah of Cutch in 1822. 

ANJOU, a French province before the revolution, now the present departments of 
Maine and Loire. The Dukes and Counts of Anjou were amongst the earliest 
noblesse of France. Fulke, Earl of Anjou, became King of Jerusalem, and his 
son Geoffrey married, in 1127, Matilda, daughter of Henry I., and was the first 
who bore the name of Plantagenet. Charles of Anjou, King of Naples, was the 
founder of another line of Anjou, 1265. It was conquered by Edward III., who 
relinquished his claim to it, 1360. It was subsequently united to France, 1474-5. 

ANJOU, or Bauge, battle between the French and English, in which the latter 
were defeated, with the loss of the Duke of Clarence and 1500 men, March 22, 
1421. 

ANNAPOLIS, Nova Scotia, settled by the French, 1604; taken by the English 
in 1614, and again in 1710. Under the name of Nova Scotia it was ceded to 
England by France, 1713- 

ANNATES, or First-Fruits, began to be enacted by Boniface IX., 1392 ; sup- 
pressed in France by the edict of Charles VI. in 1406, 1417, and 1418 ; by Louis 
XL in 1463 and 1464; prohibited in England by Henry IV. In 1534 the par- 
liament gave them to the crown, 26 Henry VIII. c. 3 ; but Queen Anne applied 
them to the augmentation of poor livings, 2 & 3 Anne, c. II, 1703. 

ANNE'S (QUEEN) BOUNTY. This fund was incorporated by 2 & 3 Anne, c. 
II, 1703, when the queen remitted the first-fruits for the benefit of poor livings. 
Co-operation estabhshed, Feb. 6, 1704. The office consolidated with the office 
of First-Fruits, I & 2 Vict. c. 20, April 11, 1838; altered and amended by 4 & 
5 Vict. c. 39, s. 4, June 21, 1841. At the end of the last century its annual 
income amounted to ;^i 1,000 per annum. The annual returns for the year 1853 
amounted to ^212,341. 

ANNE (ST), a Russian order of knighthood instituted by the Duke of Holstein 
Gottorp in 1738. 

ANNIVERSARY DAYS. The observance of Nov. 5, Gunpowder Plot, and 
May 29, the Restoration of Charles II., abolished, 22 Vict. c. 2, March 25, 1859. 

ANNO DOMINI, or A.D. [the year of Our Lord), prefixed to a number to dis- 
tinguish it from other eras. When we count from the birth of Our Saviour back- 
ward, we either put B.C., ' before Christ,' or Anno ante Christum., A.A.C. Events 
are sometimes dated from the creation of the world, and the term Anno Mundi, 
A.U., that is, ' year of the world,' prefixed to the date. 



ANNUAL REGISTERS ANTIGUA 29 

ANNUAL REGISTERS. The first which lays claim to this name is Chamber- 
layne's Anglice Notitia, 1668; Historical Register, 1716 ; Dodsley's, first pub- 
lished, Jmie, 1759 ; the New Amiual Register, 1781 ; the Edinburgh, 1808 ; the 
Annual Asiatic, 1799; the Baptist Annual, 1797; the Historical and Political, 
1770 ; and the Imperial and County, 1810. 

ANNUITIES. The annuities of the South Sea Company originated, 1711 ; bank 
annuities, 1726; 3 per cent, and reduced 3 per cent., 1751 ; 2/4 per cent., 1830; 
new 5 per cent., 1830; long annuities, 1780 ; annuities for terms of years created 
under 59 Geo. III. c. 34 ; 10 Geo. IV. c. 24 ; and 3 Will. IV. c. 14 ; hfe 
annuities under 48 Geo. HI. c. 142 ; 10 Geo. IV. c. 24 ; and 2 & 3 Will. IV. 
c. 59. I & 2 Vict. c. 49, July 27, 1838, to enable depositors in Savings Banks 
to purchase annuities through the medium of Savings Banks, consolidated and 
amended, 16 & 17 Vict. c. 45, Aug. 4, 1853. Dead weight annuity, 181 5. The 
prices of annuities published at the National Debt office are calculated according 
to the rate of interest paid by the 3 per cents., according to their market value. 

ANN UNCI AD A, a society founded at Rome, 1460, by Cardinal John Turrecre- 

mata, for the marrying of poor maids. 
ANNUNCIATION, or Lady-day (March 25). This festival has been observed 

since the 5th century, from the connection between the circumstance commemor- 
ated and the incarnation. 
ANNUNCIATION, order of, founded in 1434, by Amadeus VIII., Duke of 

Savoy, in Sardinia. New statutes promulgated by Charles III. of Savoy, Sept. 

II, 1518; farther modified, Oct. 18, 1577. 
ANOINTING originated with the Jews, Exod. xxix. 7 ; and is still used at 

coronations. 
ANSON, ship of war, v/recked on the Loebar, near the Lizard, in Momit's Bay, 

when the captain, Lydyard, and most of the crew perished, Jan. 7, 1S08. 

ANTARCTIC land discovered by Capt. Biscoe in Feb., 1831, and named Ender- 

ly's Land ; and on Jan. 9, 1840, no less than 1700 miles in extent, from east to 

west, by Capt. D'Urville. 
ANTHEMS, first composed by Hilary, Bishop of Poitiers, and others, about 350 ; 

introduced into the church, 386 ; and into the reformed churches, fe^ip. Elizabeth, 

1565. 
ANTHOLOGY, the Greek, first printed at Florence, 1494, edited by Lascaris ; 

translations by Bland and Merivale, 1806, 1813, and 1833. 
ANTHONY, ST, the first institutor of monastic life, born in Upper Egypt, 251 ; 

died, 356. Order of, founded in France, 1095. 
ANTHROPOLOGICAL SOCIETY, founded by Dr Hunt in 1863 ; first annual 

meeting held Jan. 5, 1864. 
ANTHROPOPHAGIST, or cannibal woman, of Milan, broken on the wheel, 

and burned, for killing children, salting, and eating them, 15 19. 
ANTIETAM, battle. Gen. Lee attacked the Federals under Gen. McClellan, 

and after a sanguinary struggle, the Confederates retreated ; the Federals lost 

14,700 men, Sept. 16, 1862. 
ANTI-FEDERALIST. The word came up about 1788, to denote one that 

opposed the adoption of the Constitution of the United States, then known by 

the name of the Federal Constitution. 
ANTIGUA, island of, discovered by Columbus, 1493 ; colonized by England, 

1632 ; granted by Charles 11. to Lord Willoughby, 1666 ; slavery abolished in, 

1832. 



30 ANTINOMIANS ANTWERP 

ANTINOMIANS, which signifies 'against the law.' The name first applied to 
John Agricola, a contemporary of Luther, bom at Isleben, in Saxony. The 
assembly of divines in 1643 condemned several works which appeared Antinomian. 

ANTIOCH, Syria, built by Seleucus, B.C. 301; captured by Sapor, 261 ; burned, 
and 100,000 citizens slain, by the Jews, B.C. 145; captured, 533, 540, 614, and 
746. 250,000 persons perished by an earthquake here. May 20, 526 ; recovered 
lay the Saracens, 961 ; captured by the Turks under Soliman, 1074, when 17,000 
of the inhabitants were massacred, and upwards of 100,000 were sold into slavery ; 
taken by the Crusaders, logS ; by the Mamalukes, May 29, 1268; by Ibrahim 
Pacha, 1832. 

ANTIOCH, battle. This decided the fate of the city ; the Saracens being de- 
feated, the Crusaders took the city, June 28, 1098. 

ANTIOCHIAN ERA considered the creation to be 5492 years before Christ, so 
that the year a.d. 285 was 5777. 

ANTIPODES are those who live diametrically opposite to each other, and con- 
sequently walk feet to feet. Antipodes Island, S. E. of New Zealand, is anti- 
podal of London. In 748, Virgilius, a priest, was condemned for believing in 
the existence of Antipodes. 

ANTIQUARIES' SOCIETY, first founded, 1572; dissolved by James L ; failure 
to re-form, 1617 ; society constituted anew, and held their first meeting under the 
presidency of Peter Le Neve, Norroy King at Arms, at the Bear Tavern, Strand, 
Nov. 5, 1707; removed to the Young Devil Tavern, Fleet-street, Feb., 1707-8; 
to the Fountain Tavern, Chancery-lane, 1709 ; to the Mitre Tavern, Fleet- 
street, 1718 ; minutes kept, 1718 ; met in Gray's Inn, 1727 ; in 1728 met at the 
Mitre Tavern, Fleet-street ; in 1 750 removed to a house in Chancery-lane, and 
petitioned for a charter of incorporation, which was granted, Nov. 2, 1751 ; 
two secretaries appointed, 1754 ; in 1780 the society removed to Somerset 
House. Admission fee, ;rf 5 5^- ^'^'^ £^ ^j. annually, or an additional sum of 25 
guineas to the admission fee, to be constituted a member for life. The initials 
of the fellows are F. S.A. 

ANTIQUARIES' SOCIETY OF SCOTLAND, founded, 1780. Fellows pay 
on admission ^£2 2s., and others ;i^i is. annually, or ^^15 i5j-. for life compo- 
sition. 

ANTOINE, ST, battle, between the Prince of Conde and the Royalists under 
Turenne, when the latter were defeated, July 2, 1652. 

ANTONINE COLUMN, erected at Rome about the year a.d. 161, to Marcus 
Aurelius Antoninus ; the column of Antoninus Pius, during 138 ; in their re- 
spective reigns. The former emperor died, 180; the latter, 161. 

ANTONINES, a religious sect that first appeared in 329. 

ANTONINUS' WALL, the third rampart built to check the inroads of the 
northern barbarians into England, in A.D. 140, by Lollius Urbicus. 

ANTONY, an Austrian military order founded by Albert Duke of Bavaria, 1382. 

ANTWERP, Belgivun, in the i ith century was a small republic. The city was built 
by the Duke of Alva, 1568; pillaged by the Spaniards, 1576; taken by the 
Prince of Parma, Aug. 17, 1585; evacuated by the French, 1793; but retaken, 
July 23, 1794; capture of the citadel by the French, Dec. 23,1832. The Cathe- 
dral built, 1422; the Exchange, 1531 ; the Academy of Arts founded by Philip 
IV. King of Spain, July 6, 1663; extended, June 17, 179^; a triumphal arch 
erected 1853 on the Place de Meir, on occasion of a visit of the King of the 
Belgians; visited by Queen Victoria, 1852; the Exchange burnt, Aug. i, 1858; 
the entrepot and other large buildings destroyed by fire and 12 persons killed, 
Dec. 2, 1 86 1. 



APOCALYPSE APOTHECARIES 31 

APOCALYPSE means uncovering, and is applied to the Revelation of St John, 
written about A. d. 96. Its canonicity has been questioned in all ages ; but there 
is no doubt that Irenseus, who died Bishop of Lyons, 202, believed it to have 
been written by St John ; and, moreover, most of the writers in the 4th and 5th 
centuries quote it as a canonical book. Erasmus doubted, and Luther altogether 
rejected it; Calvin and Beza seem to be more in favour of its canonicity. Dr 
Leonhard Twells', in his ' Critical Examination,' 1732, is the most able defence 
of it. 

APOCALYPTIC KNIGHT, a secret society founded by Agostino Gabrino, 1693, 
for the defence of the Roman Church against antichrist ; suppressed by the In- 
quisition, 1694. 

APOCRYPHA, books appended to the sacred writings of doubtful authority. 
The Church of England permits them to be read ' for example, and instruction 
of manners,' Art. VI. At the 4th session of the Trent Council, 1545, the Roman 
Church admitted them to be of equal authority with Scripture. Since 1826 these 
books have not been circulated by the British and Foreign Bible Society. 

APOLLINARISTS, a sect named from Apollinaris, who taught (a.D. 371) that 
the Divine Logos occupied in the person of Christ the place of the human soul. 
His doctrine was condemned at a Roman synod, 375. This sect is also called 
Vitalians and Dimoerites. 

APOLLO, frigate, and forty sail of outward-bound Indiamen, lost on the coast of 
Portugal, with numerous lives, April 2, 1804. 

APOLLO, the Grecian deity of archery, prophecy, and music. Plis principal 
temples were at Delos, Delphi, Tenedos, Patara, Claros, &c. 

APOLLO BELVEDERE. This famed statue, placed in the Vatican at Rome by 
Julius II., 15 1 1, was brought from the ruins of Antium, 1503. The French, 
during their occupation of Rome, transported it to France, 1797, but it was re- 
stored to its former position in 1815. 

APOLLONICON, or chamber organ, invented by Flight and Robson, of St Mar- 
lin's-lane, 181 7. 

APOSTASY, law enacted against, 9 & 10 Will. III. c. 32, 1697. 

APOSTLES' CREED. This primitive symbol of the Christian faith has long 
been used by the Church of England in nearly the same position it now occupies. 
Before the reformation under Edward VI. it followed the Lord's Prayer amongst 
those prayers which it now precedes. 

APOSTOLICI, a sect in the 3rd century Vv'ho condemned marriage as unlawful. In 
the middle ages they were called Cathari. Another sect of this name was founded 
by Gerhard Segarelli of Parma, 1260. The synod of Lavaur, 1368, notices them 
for the last time. 

APOTHECARIES anciently dealt in sweetmeats, spices, and confectionery; they 
first obtained their legal establishment as dispensers of drugs by edict of Frederick 
II. in the 13th century. John Falcourt, of Lucca, in Italy, was the first apothecary 
in England, 1362. In 1511 they were hcensed by the Bishop of London or the 
Dean of St Paul's. The apothecaries of London were incorporated by James I., 
1606, and united with the grocers; incorporated as a separate company by James 
II., Dec. 6, 1615. This charter and the privilege of examining and licensing 
apothecaries vested in them by 55 Geo. HI. c. 194, July 12, 1815; upwards of 
400 are annually examined. Extensive laboratories were built in 1671 ; Sir Hans 
Sloane conveyed to them his Botanical Gardens at Chelsea by indenture, Feb. 
20, 1721-2. Their hall in Water-lane built, and a dispensary founded, in 1623; 
destroyed in the fire of 1666, and rebuilt, 1670-6; arms granted to, 161 7. Dub- 
lin company incorporated, 1791; Liverpool company, 1837; hall erected, 1838. 



32 APPARITORS AQUEDUCT 

APPARITORS, officers in a spiritual court, recognized by tlie I38tli English 
canon; first instituted, 1234. 

APPEAL of murder, the last, Ashford v. Thornton, April 16, i8i8j act to repeal 
the old law, in consequence, 59 George III. c. 46, June 22, 1819. 

APPEALS to Rome. Tlie custom of direct and indiscriminate appeals to Rome 
was introduced by the false decretals. In 1532 it was enacted that all causes 
concerning wills, divorces, and tithes, should be determined witliin the realm of 
England; and in 1533, 24 Henry VIII. c. 12, it was ordered tliat no manner of 
appeals should be made to the Bishop of Rome ; repealed by I & 2 Phil, and 
Mai-y, c. 8, 1554; re-enacted by i Eliz. c. i, 1559. 

APPLE. This fruit is noticed by Homer as cultivated in the gardens of Alcinous 
and of Laertes ; it was also a favourite fruit of the Romans, who had many 
varieties. The apple-tree brought from Syria into Italy, B.C. 10. In 1629 it was 
cultivated in Massachusetts, the seed having been imported from England. The 
famous Baldwin apple originated in that portion of the State known as Sonier- 
ville. 

APPRAISERS, as valuers of property, are noticed in 11 Edward I., 1283; first re- 
quired to take out a license by 46 Geo. III. c. 43, 1806. The duty upon, fixed 
at loj'., 55 Geo. III. c. 184, July 11, 1815 ; increased to £2, 8 & 9 Vict. c. 76, 
Aug. 4, 1845. 

APPRENTICES, first incidentally noticed in 12 Rich. IL c. S, 1388; by 7 Hen. IV. 
c. 17, 1405-6, no one could bind his son or daughter apprentice unless he have 
land or rent to the value of 20s. per year. By 5 Eliz. c. 4, 1563, any person under 
21, is compellable to be bound apprentice if so required by any householder using 
half a plough of land in tillage ; the same act provides that the binding must be 
by indenture. Tliese restrictions were felt to be so injurious that they were re- 
pealed by 54 Geo. III. c. 96, July 18, 1S14. Better regulations passed by the 
legislature for their protection, 14 & 15 Vict. c. ii. May 20, 185 1 ; repealed, 
but again re-enacted, Aug. 6, 1861. The London apprentices were often a for- 
midable body; thus the fatal riot on 'Evil May-day,' 1517, again in 1595 and 
1668, caused several to be punished. 

APRICOT. Columella, in the first century, mentions tlie apricot as cultivated in 
Italy. Martial, in an epigram, speaks of tlie apricot as inferior to the peacli, and 
as a stock on which the peach was grafted. Some writers state it was brought 
from Italy to England by Wolf, the king's gardener, 1524; others, that it was in- 
troduced 1562. 

APRIL-FOOL. The origin of this joke has puzzled antiquaries, but the most 
probable conjecture is, that All, or Old, Fools' Day, is derived from the Feast of 
Fools, a mockery of the Druids, and the Hull Festival of India in celebration of 
the vernal equinox. In Scotland, the sending any one on a nonsensical errand is 
called 'Hunting the gowk' — gowk being synonymous with a cuckoo, one of the 
most silly of the feathered tribe ; v/hereas, in France, the butt of ridicule is styled 
' Un Foisson d" Avril,^ an 'April Fish,' the mackerel being a fish easily caught by 
deception. 

AQUATINT A Engraving discovered by Le Prince, who was born at Metz, in 1723. 

AQUA TOFFANA, a liquid poison discovered by an Italian woman named 
Toffana, 1659, and used with deadly effect upon 600 persons in a few years. 

AQUEDUCT. The first Roman aqueduct by the censor Appius, B.C. 312 ; the 
aqueduct of the Emperor Claudius, A.D. 50, of which a considerable portion is 
still standing. Sixtus V., 1586, repaired the Roman aqueducts. Louis XIV. built 
one near Maintenon, 7000 fathoms in length, and containing 242 arcades. The 



AQUITAINE ARCHBISHOP 33 

stupendous aqueduct upon the Ellesmere canal was opened Nov. 26, 1805, and is 
1007 feet in length, and 126 feet high. 

AQUITAINE, France, one of the ancient divisions of ancient Gaul. Julius Csesar 
calls the south of Gaul, Aquitaine ; and the poetical population of this district 
adopted the name for their dukedom from the classics. It was conquered by the 
Franks, A.D. 506 ; and became a separate state under its own dukes, 700. By the 
marriage of Henry II. with Eleanora of Aquitaine, 1152, the district belonged to 
the English crown ; but was recovered by Charles VII., 145 1-2. 

ARABIA, Asia, consists of three divisions : i. Arabia Deserta, which comprehends 
the Syrian desert, as far as the Euphrates, where we find Palmyra. 2. Arabia 
Petma, between the Red and the Dead Sea, bordering upon Palestine sjid Egypt. 
3. Arabia Felix, to the south of the Deserta, bounded on the east by the Persian 
Gulf, on the south by the ocean, and on the west by the Red Sea. Mahomet 
opened a new era on the day of his flight from Mecca to Medina, July 16, 622. See 
Hegira. 

ARABICI, a sect that sprung up in Arabia about A.D. 207, whose distinguishing 
tenet was, that the soul died with the body, and also rose again with it. 

ARABLE land restrained, and pasture enforced, 1534. 

ARAGON, Spain, colonized by the Carthaginians, B.C. 300 ; they were expelled 
by the Romans. Ramiro I. elected the first king, a.d. 1035 ; united to Castile, 
1479. 

ARAM, Eugene, tried for the murder of Daniel Clark, Aug. 3, 1759, committed 
14 years before, in Yorkshire, and executed Aug. 6. 

ARANJUEZ, Spain. During tlie Peninsula War this place suffered severely from 
the French. The treaty between France and Spain against England concluded 
here, 1772. The insurrection which led to the abdication of Charles IV. in favour 
of his son Ferdinand broke out, March 18, 1808 ; railway opened at, Dec. 12, 
1850. 

ARBUTUS tree brought to England from the Levant, 1724. 

ARCADES. The principal of these covered passages in London are : i. Tlie 
Piazza or Arcade of Covent Garden, built by Inigo Jones, about 1633 ; 2. 
Burlington Arcade, built by Samuel Ware, 1819 ; 3. Lowther Arcade, designed 
by Witherden Young, 1829-30. Royal Arcade, Dublin, 1820 ; burned down, 
1837- 

ARCH, Marble, at Cumberland Gate, modelled on that of Constantine, 1828, and 
set up first in St James's Park ; removed in 1851. The Corinthian, at Hyde Park 
corner, built by Burton, 1828 ; the colossal statue of the Duke of Wellington 
placed upon it, Sept. 30, 1846. 

ARCH/EOLOGICAL, The British, Association, established Dec. 5, 1843. The 
first number of the Journal published in March, 1844. 

ARCH^OLOGICAL INSTITUTE, separated from the Association and took the 
name of Institute, Sept. 9, 1845. 

ARCHANGEL, Russia, the passage to, by sea, discovered by the English, 1553 ; 
the town founded in 1584 ; the only Russian sea-port until 1 703 ; a fire doing much 
damage broke out here, Oct. 17, 1762 ; a serious fire happened which destroyed 
3000 hoiises, Jime 26, 1793 ; blockaded by the English fleet, 1854. 

ARCHBISHOP, a dignity conferred upon the clergy ; first established in the East, 
320, and a century later at Rome. St Augustine appointed Abp of Canterbury, 
597 5 York made an Archbishopric, 625 ; St Andrew and Glasgow, 1476 ; four 
constituted in Ireland, 1151 ; reduced to two by the statute 3 & 4 Will. IV. 
c. 37, s. 46, Aug. 14, 1833. 

3 



34 ARCHCHAMBERLAINSHIP ARCOT 

ARCHCHAMBERLAINSHIP of the German empire conferred on the Elector of 
Brandenburg, by a gold bull of Charles IV., 1356. 

ARCHDEACONS appointed in the 4th century. The first English archdeacon 
was appointed by Stephen Langton, Abp of Canterbury, in 1075. The number 
increased and their jurisdiction fixed by statute 6 & 7 Will. IV. c. 77, Aug. 13, 
1836 ; subsequently increased. 

ARCHERY. The use of the bow is said by Verstegan to be of Saxon origin ; it 
was, however, discontinued. Wilham the Conqueror re-introduced the use of 
the arrow at the battle of Hastings, Oct. 14, 1066 ; its use was forbidden by the 
2nd Lateran Council, 1139 ; revived by Richard I. in France. By the statute of 
Winton, persons having 4.0s. in land, might keep a sword, bow and arrows, and a 
dagger, 13 Edward I. c. 6, 1285. A body of English archers, 4000 strong, was in 
the army of Edward III., 1327, and a force of 2000 fought in the battle of Cayent, 
1337 ; the city of London provided 500 archers in the French wars, 1355 ; 
Edward III., in an epistle to the sheriffs of London, sets forth how the citizens 
shall exercise themselves in shooting whh arrows, June 12, 1349 ; in the battles of 
Poictiers, 1356, and Agincourt, 1417, the English archers destroyed the French 
cavah-y. In the reign of Edward IV. it was enacted that every Englishman should 
own a bow his own height and keep it ready for use, and it further directed that 
he should train his sons to the same art from the age of seven years ; butts were 
also provided. Henry VIII., who was himself a good archer, made one of his 
attendants (/ii; Duke of Shoreditch, for his knowledge in the use of the bow ; 
established the Artillery Company by charter, Aug. 25, 1537 ; 3000 archers met at 
Hoxton to shoot for prizes, Sept. 17, 1583 ; the citizens formed a corps of archers, 
1538 ; they were afterv/ards incorporated ; Queen Elizabeth passed a statute to 
protect this arm of her service, 13 Elizabeth, c. 14, 157° ; crossbov/s were in use 
as late as 1627 ; Charles I. & II. ordered the long bow to be especially practised ; 
the latter monarch reviewed the Finsbury Archers in 1682 ; the Toxopholite 
Society formed at Leicester House, London, in 1781. 

ARCHES Court. The name of this court is derived from the Arches below St Mary 
le Bow Church, Cheapside ; all ecclesiastical suits were held here until the removal 
of the court to Doctors' Commoiis in the middle of the l6th century, but occasional 
courts were held at Bow Church down to the year 1825. 

ARCHITECTURE Styles. The duration of the Early English was from 1200 to 
1300, comprehending the reigns of John, Henry III., and Edward I. It was suc- 
ceeded by the Ornamented EngHsh, which continued from 1300 to 1460, compre- 
hending part of the reign of Edward I., and the reign of Edward II., Edward III., 
Richard II., Henry IV., Henry V. and VI. Then followed the Florid English, 
which prevailed from 1460 to 1537, comprehending the reigns of Edward IV. and 
v., Richard HI., Henry VII. and VIII. 

ARCHON. The title of the highest magistrates at Athens. The first elected was 
Medon, B.C. iioo. The number of years of office hmited to 10, B.C. 752. 

ARCHONTICS, a sect of Christian heretics, who pretended that God engendered 
the devil, who begot Abel and Cain of Eve, and that woman was the work of 
Satan ; arose into notice, 203. 

ARCIS SUR AUBE, battle. In this fiercely-contested battle Napoleon was de- 
feated by the allies, March 20, 1814. 

ARCOLE, battle. The Austrian army, under Marshal Alvinzi, defeated by the 
French, commanded by Napoleon. After a series of struggles almost unequalled, 
the Austrians lost 18,000 men, Nov. 14, 15, 17, 1796. 

ARCOS, Spain, evacuated by the French, Aug. 28, 1812. 

ARCOT, Hindustan, founded in 1716 ; taken by Colonel Clive, Aug. 31, 1751 ; re- 



ARCTIC ARGONAUTIC EXPEDITION 35 

taken by the French, 1758; surrendered to Colonel Coote, Feb. 10, 1760 ; be- 
sieged by Hyder Ali, and taken Oct. 31, 1780; ceded to the East India Com- 
pany, 1 80 1. 

ARCTIC Regions. Several attempts have been made from time to time by the 
voyagers of different nations to discover the north-west passage, but with indif- 
ferent success. . A settlement was formed at Greenland as early as the loth 
century. The following are some of the principal expeditions : — Sir Hugh Wil- 
loughby set out May 20, 1553, returned the following year ; Martin Frobisher, 1576 ; 
Captain Davis made three voyages, 1585-6-7 ; Barentsz, 1594-5 ; Weymouth and 
Knight, 1602 ; Hudson made four attempts during the years 1607-10 ; Bylot and 
Baffin, 1616 ; Fox's expedition, 1631 ; Middleton's, 1742; Moore and Smith's, 
1746 ; Hearne's land expedition, 1769 ; Commodore Phipps', 1773 ; Capt. Cook, 
1776; Mackenzie's, 1789; Capt. Duncan's, 1790; Vancouver, 1795; Lieut. 
Kotzebue's, 1815 ; Capt. Buchan and Lieut. Franklin, 1818 ; Capt. Ross and 
Lieut. Parry, 1818 ; Lieuts Parry and liddon, 1819 ; return of, 1820; Capts 
Parry and Lyon, 1821 ; Capts Franklin and Lyon, by land, 1825 ; Capt. Parry, 
in the Hecla, 1827, March 25, return Oct. 6 ; Capt. Ross' return, after four years' 
absence, Oct. 18, 1833 ; Capt. Back's arctic land expedition to the Polar Sea, 
return Sept. 8, 1835 ; Capt. Back sailed to Wager River, June 21, 1836 ; Sir 
John Franklin and Capt. Crozier sailed in the Erebus and Terror, May 23, 
1845 ; not returning for seven years, various expeditions sent in pursuit, but un- 
successfully ; the last sailed in 1852 : — one was commanded by Sir J. Ross, who 
returned Nov. 3, 1849 ; the Enterprise and Investigator sailed Jan. 10, 1850, 
and returned unsuccessfully ; in 1850, ;^20,ooo was offered to any vessel that 
afforded them efficient assistance ; Capt. Collinson returned in the Enterprise, 
May 5, 1855 ; Dr Kane's expedition, returned to America after an ineffectual search 
for Sir John Franklin, Oct., 1855 ; Dr Rae and his companions received tlie 
Government reward of ;^I0,000 for first ascertaining the fate of Sir John Franklin 
and his companions, July 26, 1856 ; arrival of the Resolute discovery ship, which 
had been abandoned in the ice and discovered by an American ship and restored 
by that Government to Great Britain, Dec. 12, 1856. The Fox Screw .Steamer, 
fitted out by Lady Franklin, and commanded by Capt. MacClintock, sailed in 
search of the remains of the Franklin Expedition, July i, 1857 ; returned, Sept. 
18, 1857, bringing intelligence of Sir John Franklin's death, which took place 
June II, 1847. 

ARGAND Lamps invented by M. Argand, a native of Geneva, 1785 ; greatly ini- 
l^roved by M. Carcel of Paris, 1800; introduced in London, 1801. 

ARGAUM, battle, the Mahrattas defeated by Wellington, Nov. 29, 1803. 

ARGENTARIA, battle, between the Alemanni and the Romans, 378 ; the former 
defeated, with the loss of 32,000 men, near Alsace. 

ARGENTEUS CODEX, or the silver book of the Gothic Gospels, discovered in 
Westphalia in 1597; first printed, 1665 ; at Stockholm, 1672; at Oxford, 1750; 
and at Weissenfels, 1805. 

ARGENTINE CONFEDERATION. Repubhc established, 1816; the cities of 
San Juan, San Louis, and Mendoza, destroyed by an earthquake, 15,000 persons 
crushed to death, March 20, 1861 ; Don Bartolome Mitre elected president, Oct. - 
5, 1862 ; constitution agreed to. May 15, 1853. See Buenos Ayres. 

ARGO, the first long ship built by the Greeks to carry the Argonauts, B.C. 1263. 

ARGONAUTIC EXPEDITION, B.C. 1263, 48 years before the taking of Troy. 
The Golden Fleece means the treasure of the king of Colchis, pillaged by the 
Argonauts, the Syriac word Gaza meaning fleece ; but it is more generally ad- 
mitted that Argo was the name of the first ship that was built (except the ark), 
and that it was therefore made a sign in the heavens ; that the fable of the Fleece 



36 ARGONAUTS ARMADA 

originated in the fleeces sunk in the river Xanthus, to collect the alluvial gold 

Vi^ashed into that river from the adjacent mines. 
ARGONAUTS, of St Nicholas, the order of knighthood instituted at Naples, 

by Charles III., 1382. 
ARGOS, Greece, made the first state in the Peloponnesus, B.C. 747 ; the Argeians 

defeated at Mantinea, B.C. 418; Pyri-hus made an unsuccessful attempt to take 

the town, B.C. 272 ; several battles subsequently took place here, in the last the 

Ambraciots were defeated by Demosthenes, B.C. 426. 

ARGURI, Armenia. The village with the monastery and chapel of St James and 
all the inhabitants destroyed by an eruption of Mount Ararat, July 2, 1840. 

ARGYLE, Scotland. In the middle ages the territories of Argyle were subject to 
powerful and independent Thanes. The McDonalds rose in insurrection against 
the Argylists, but were defeated in 16 14. Made a bishopric in 1200 ; abolished, 
1688; restored in 1847. 

ARGYLE, Marquis of, beheaded. May 27, 1661 ; Duke of, executed at Edinburgh, 
June 17, 1685. 

ARIANS, the followers of Arius, who deny the Divinity of Christ, arose, 320 ; con- 
demned by the Council of Nice, July 14— Sept. 9, 325 ; ordered by Constantine 
to be re-admitted, 332. Servetus supported the doctrine, 1531. Arius poisoned, 
336 ; Servetus was burned, at Calvin's instigation, 1553. 

ARITHMETIC brought from Arabia to Europe, in the nth century ; Jordanus 
wrote his work upon, 1 200 ; used in England soon after ; the invention of deci- 
mals, by Regiomontanus, 1464. 

ARKADI, The. This celebrated Greek blockade-runner, engaged in the Cretan 
insurrection, on making her 24th voyage was attacked by the Turkish steam 
yacht Izeddin, commanded by Hassan Bey, and running aground, was destroyed 
by fire, Aug. 19, 1867. 

ARKANSAS, America. A colony formed here by the French, 1685 ; ceded to 
Spain, 1763; restored to France, 1800; purchased by the United States, 1803; 
admitted into the Union, 1836 ; seceded. May 6, 1861. 

ARKLOW, battle, between the English and Irish, June 10, 1 798. 

ARLES, France. A Roman colony formed here by Augustus, in the reign of Con- 
stantine ; it was partly destroyed, 270. Constantine II. was born in this town. 
A council held, in which three British Bishops took part, 314. Subsequently plun- 
dered by the Saracens, 850; annexed to France, 1487; Hotel de Ville built, 
1673- 

ARMADA, the Spanish, or the Invincible. The Fleet consisted of 136 vessels, some 
of immense size, and with crews numbering in all over 10,000 men, under the 
command of Duke Medina Sidonia ; and 20,000 soldiers under the Duke of Parma, 
quitted Lisbon, May 30, 1588. The English Fleet under Lord Howard, Admiral 
Drake, Sir John Hawkins, and Frobisher, consisted of small ships and lesser 
crews, and was only half the tonnage of the Spaniards, and with half the number 
of guns. A storm off Cape Finisterre did the Spanish ships so much damage that 
they were forced to put into Corunna to refit, from whence they sailed on July 12, 
1588, and arrived off the Lizard on the 19th. Howard put off from Plymouth with 
67 vessels to meet the Armada, and came up with them on the 21st, and kept up a 
nmning fight until they reached the Isle of Wight on the 25 th. The Armada 
anchored in Calais roads on the 27th. Fire ships were sent by the English into the 
midst of the fleet, which caused such confusion and loss that the Armada begim to 
retreat towards Dunkirk. Howard pursued them till Aug. 22, and inflicted upon 



ARMADA ARMOURERS 37 

them a severe defeat, and a storm coming on, many of them were lost on the coast 
of Norway. 80 vessels and 20,000 men were lost before they reached Spain. 
ARMADA, Spanish (so called), defeated by the Dutch off Dunkirk, 1630. 

ARMAGH, Ireland, celebrated in the 5th and following centuries as a seat of 
learning; made the metropolitan see of Ireland by Cardinal Paparon, 1 152; 
suffered from the incursions of the Danes, who destroyed the city in 852 ; the 
town burnt by the O'Neils, 1564; the cathedral founded, 450 ; destroyed, 1564; 
afterwards rebuilt, and again destroyed, 1642. 

ARMED NEUTRALITY, a confederacy of the northern powers against England, 
commenced by Russia, 1780; its objects defeated, 1781 ; renewed, Dec. 16, 
1800; dissolved after Nelson's victory at Copenhagen, Dec. 16, 1801. 

ARMENIA, Asia. It is stated by native historians that the city was founded B.C. 
1800. The country early submitted to the Romans, and became a Roman pro- 
vince under Trajan. Alphabet invented by Masdoty, 466. The inhabitants em- 
braced Christianity in the 4th century, and separated from the Greek Church, 536. 
Sapor, king of Persia, attempted its subjugation in vain, and it remained free 
until 650, when it was conquered by the Arabians ; taken by Selim II. from the 
Persians, 1552, and remained under the Turkish rule until the country submitted 
to the Persians, 1604 ; the Russians overran Armenia, 1828, and Erzeroum sub- 
mitted to them, 1829. 

ARMENIAN ERA commenced, Tuesday, July 9, 552; the ecclesiastical year, Aug. 
II. To reduce to present time, add 551 years and 222 days, and in leap year sub- 
tract one day from March i to Aug. 10. 

ARMENIAN MONKS, the order of St Basil, first established, 11 73. 

ARMINIAN sect founded, 1591, by James Arminius, of Holland, who died, 1609 ; 
the doctrine condemned at the Synod of Dort, 1619 ; taught, too, by Vorstius, the 
disciple of Arminius, 161 1. 

ARMORIAL BEARINGS. The use of them can be traced, as hereditary in 
England, as far back as the time of King Stephen, for in that reign Robert Eudo 
sealed with his coat of arms. This Robert was the son of Hugh, and grandson 
of Eudo, a Norman noble, to whom William the Conqueror gave, for his good 
services, the lordship of Tattershall in Lincolnshire, and many other estates. 
Robert used his seal when he granted a formal charter to the monks of Kirkstead 
Abbey, in the reign of King Stephen, ' to which charter (bearing his arms, 
"chequy or and gules, a chief ermine") are witnesses, William Fitz Hugh and 
William de Dentume, his brothers. ' First worn upon the surcoat and banners of 
the Crusaders to distinguish the leaders in battle ; assumed a definite character 
during the reign of Henry III., 1216 to 1272. During the war of the Roses 
armorial bearings maintained their reputation. The citizens granted arms, circa 
1371 ; visits of heralds to families to sanction the legitiinacy of their arms ceased, 
1609 ; arms given since 1609, of no moment in considering ancestry or gentle 
blood; taxed, 1708 and 1808. 

ARMOUR. Gen. iv. 22 calls Tubal-cain the father or instructor of every artificer 
in brass and iron. The helmet and breastplate were always the principal 
pieces of armour amongst the Greeks and Romans. Herodotus describes the 
battles of the ancient Egyptians as having been fought in armour. Our Anglo- 
Saxon ancestors fully appreciated the important labours of the smithery. This 
important branch of art had reached a high degree of excellence in the reign of 
William II., and flourished in its maturity under the auspices of Edward the 
Black Prince. 

ARMOURERS AND BRAZIERS' ALMSHOUSES, founded by Lady Eliza- 
beth Morrice, 15S4. 



38 ARMOURERS ARRAS 

ARMOURERS AND BRAZIERS' COMPANY. The Armourers' incorporated, 
31 Henry VI., May 8, 1452; confirmed, 17 James I., Sept. 29, 1619 ; miited 
with the Braziers', 7 Anne, Jmie 17, 1708; arms granted to, Oct. 15, 1556 ; a 
new coat granted upon their uniting, 1708. Hall, site of, purchased, Nov. 25, 
1428 ; built, circa 1430 ; rebuilt by J. H. Good, 1840-2. 
ARMOUR PLATES. The first rolled plates used for plating Iron-clads, 1858 ; 
the largest plate rolled at the Atlas Works, Sheffield (20 feet long, 4 feet broad, 
and 15 inches thick), Sept. 6, 1867. 
ARMS of England and France claimed and quartered by Edward III., 1330 ; dis- 
continued at the Irish Union, Jan. I. 1801 ; crowns of England and Hanover 
separated in 1837; the lions now in the arms were originally leopards, according 
to a record of 1252. 
ARMSTRONG gun first introduced into the artillery service of Great Britain, Feb. 

26, 1859. 
ARMY. Stipendiary troops were raised and commanded by the Bishop of Nor- 
wich, 6 Richard II., 1382 ; the first standing army maintained by France, under 
Charles VII., 1445 ; introduced into England by Charles I., 1638; two regiments 
of Guards raised by Charles II. in 1660, one of horse and one of foot, formed 
the commencement of our present army ; in 1684 the number of troops was 8000 ; 
in 1717, 16,000; in 1840, 84,362; in 1859, 229,557; and in 1867, 138,117. An 
act passed, limiting the period of service, &c., 30 Vict. c. 34, June 20, 1867. The 
royal warrant for increasing the pay of the, signed, June 29, 1867. Armies of 
Europe : Capt. Petrie, in 186 1, stated that the total number of troops in the 
following countries were — 

Austria 738,344 men, 1088 guns France 626,482 men, 1000 guns 

Prussia 719,092 — 1444 — Great Britain 534,527 — 672 — 

Russia 850,000 — 1 160 — 

ARMY AND NAVY CLUB, Pall Mall, designed by Messrs Paniell and Smith, 
and opened, Feb., 185 1 ; cost of the gi-ound, ^52,000, and the building, ;^35,ooo. 
ARNHEM, Holland, taken by the Spaniards in 1585 ; Sir Philip Sydney died 
here of wounds received in the battle of Zutphen, Oct. 17, 1586; fortified by 
Coehorn, 1702; captured by the French, 1795; retaken by the Prussians, com- 
manded by Gen. Bulow, Nov. 30, 1813. 
ARQUES, battle. Here the royal army under Henry IV. sustained a series of 
vigorous attacks by a superior force under the Duke of Mayenne, who was de- 
feated, Sept. 13 to 28, 1589. 
ARRAGON, Spain, kingdom of, separated from Navarre, 1035, under King Rameiro ; 
succeeded hy Sancho, 1063 ; the last by Pedro, 1094 ; Alonzo, brother of Pedro, 
1 104 ; Rameiro II., 1 134 ; Petronilla, daughter of Rameiro II., when Arragon 
and Catalonia were united, 1137 ; Alfonso II., 1162 ; Pedro II., 1196 ; Jayme, 
1213; Pedro III., 1276; Alfonso III., 1285; Jayme II., 1291 ; Alonzo IV., 1327; 
Pedro IV., 1336; Juan, 1387 ; Martin, brother of Juan, 1395 ; Fernando, 1412 ; 
Alfonso v., 1416; Juan II., 1458; Fernando II., married Isabella of Castile, and 
united Arragon and Castile under one sceptre, 1479. 
ARRAS, France. The Franks seized this town but were driven out by the Romans. 
The Vandals ravaged it, 407 ; the Northmen, 880 ; afterwards deserted for 30 
years ; fortified, 1353. Louis XI. took possession of, 1477. The Bui-gun- 
dians revolted against the king, besieged the town, and under Conde took it by 
assault. The Spaniards held the town until 1640, when the French again be- 
came masters of it ; again besieged by Conde, but the French under Turenne de- 
feated the Spanish army, taking all their guns, Aug. 25, 1654 ; ceded to the 
latter country soon afterwards. An ancient Bishopric, the first appointment dating 
from 390. 



ARRAS, ARTILLERY 39 

ARRAS, treaty of, between France and Burgundy, Sept. 21, 1435 ; a second, when 
Burgundy and Artois were given to the Dauphin, Dec. 23, 1482. 

ARRAY for raising the militia first commissioned, 1422. 

ARREST for debt, peers and members of parliament protected ; also, clergymen 
performing divine service, 1375 ; seamen privileged under £10, 1756; vexatious 
arrests prevented, May 17, 1733 ; for less than ;^io forbidden, 1779 ; for less than 
£zo, 1827; for less than £10 on mesne process forbidden in Ireland, 1829; 
abolished altogether on mesne process in civil actions, except it be shown that 
the defendant intends leaving the country, i & 2 Vict. c. no, Aug. 16, 1838; 
further provisions made 24 & 25 Vict. c. 134, Aug. 6, 1861 ; arrest of ab- 
sconding debtors, 14 & 15 Vict. c. 52, Aug. i, 185 1. 

ARRETIUM, Italy, made a Roman colony ; attacked by the Senones, B.C. 285 ; 
sold to Florence, 1384 ; made part of Tuscany, 1581 ; occupied by the French, 
Oct. 19, 1800. 

ARSON punished with death by the Saxon laws, and continued until the reign of 
Edward VI., 1547 ; made felony in 1827, and 1853 ; penal servitude or 3 years' 
imprisonment, 24 & 25 Vict. c. 97, Aug. 6, 1861. 

ART. An act passed for the facilitating the public exhibition of works of, 29 & 
30 Vict. c. 16, April 30, 1866. 

ARTESIAN WELLS, long known in the province of Artois in France, from 
whence they derive the name ; one sunk at Sheerness, 1781 ; two at Portsmouth 
Docks in 1828-29; the first in London, 1794; the deepest was sunk at Kis- 
singen, 1S52 ; a new method of boring invented by a Frenchman in 1867. 

ARTHUR, king of Britain, born in Cornwall ; first mentioned in history, 467 ; de- 
feated the Saxons, 493 ; besieged York, 497 ; defeated the Saxons again, 504 ; 
again, near Bath, 511 ; assumed the purple, 528; wounded in battle, near Camel- 
ford, and died ; buried at Glastonbury, 535. 

ARTICHOKE, native of Italy, brought to England in the i6th century. 

ARTICLES of Religion and of the Clergy. A statute made in the reign of Edward 
II. for settling ecclesiastical disputes, 13 16. This statute pleaded in favour of 
the Bishop of Hereford when accused of high treason, and admitted, 1324. A 
book compiled by Henry VIII. with the help of the theologians, and presented 
to the convocation by Cromwell, 1536. The six articles upon the Eucharist 
brought before parliament, May 18, 1539 ; 42 published without the consent of 
parliament, 1552 ; Cranmer ordered to prepare articles, 1562 ; reduced to 39, and 
agreed to by convocation, Jan. 12, 1562 ; received the royal assent, 1571 ; 104 
drawn up for Ireland by Abp Usher, 1614 ; established, 1634 ; the 39 adopted 
upon the Union, Jan. i, 1801. 

ARTIFICERS. The Roman artificers had many peculiar privileges ; they were held 
to be one degree lower than merchants. By the English laws no person could keep 
more than two strangers, but as many English as he wished ; these were not per- 
mitted to leave the kingdom, 1470. 

ARTILLERY. The earliest military engines seem hinted at in Deut. xx. 20 ; 
but the earliest precise mention of artillery is in 2 Chron. xxvi. 15. The 
Romans employed artilleiy in many attacks ; used in India in the 12th century!; by 
the Moors, in 11 18 ; used against Cordova, 1306. Edward HI. first used it in his 
Scotch campaign, 1327. The French first made use of this weapon, at the 
siege of Puy Guillaume, in 1338 ; at the siege of Crecy and Calais in 1346. First 
used at sea in 1377, by the Venetians. Brass guns cast in England, 1521 ; iron, 
1547; mortars invented, 1543; howitzers, 1697; rifles, 1850. 

ARTILLERY Company of London, established in 1585, formed from the city 
trained bands ; discontinued a few years afterwards ; a patent granted to, by James 



40 ARTISTS ASHANTEE 

I., Feb. I, 1606; removed from Bisliopsgate to Finsbury Fields, 1610; new 
armoury built, and 500 sets of arms furnished, 1622; chartered by Charles I., 
Dec. 20, 1633 ; the present grounds provided for, 1640 ; a new armoury erected, 
1674; improved, 1859; the Prince of Wales appointed Colonel, July 7, 1863 ; 
presented with new colours by, June 29, 1864. 

ARTISTS, Society of, Great Britain. First exhibition, April 21, 1 760 ; incorporated, 
Jan. 26, 1765; exhibited its paintings at Somerset House, 1783; removed to 
Trafalgar Square, 1838. 

ARTISTS, Society of British, instituted. May 21, 1823; its first exhibition, April 
19, 1824. 

ARTISTS' ANNUITY FUND established, March 22, 1810. 

ARTISTS' BENEVOLENT FUND estabHshed, Aug. 2, 1827. 

ARTS, the Society of, established, March 29, 1754; first public exhibition held, 
1760; first exhibition of useful inventions held, 1761 ; removed to the Adelphi, 
1774; incorporated, 1847 ; the Prince of Wales elected president, Oct. 22, 1863. 
The Royal Scottish Society instituted, 1821 ; incorporated, 1841. 

ARTS AND SCIENCES, HALL OF, Kensington, the first stone of, laid by her 
Majesty Victoria, May 20, 1867. 

ARTS AND SCIENCES, New York, U. S., Society of, established, 1765. 

ART UNION of London, established for the promotion of the Fine Arts, Feb. 14, 
1837; incorporated 9 & 10 Vict. c. 48, Dec. i, 1846; established in Ireland, 
1858. 

ARUNDEL, Sussex. The castle built by the Saxons in 800 ; bequeathed by Alfred to 
his nephew Athelm ; rebuilt by Roger de Montgomery after the Conquest ; be- 
sieged in Heniy I.'s reign by his son Robert de Belesme ; a conspiracy to de- 
throne Richard II. and to murder the Lords of the Council, held here, 1397 ; in the 
Parliamentary struggle it was fortified by Sir R. Hopton, 1644; retaken two 
months afterwards by Sir Wm. Waller. Town incorporated by Queen Elizabeth. 

ARUNDELIAN MARBLES. These marbles, in their perfect state, contained a 
chronological detail of the principal events of Greece during a period of 1318 years, 
extending from the commencement of the reign of Cecrops, B.C. 1582, to the close 
of the Archonate of Diognetus, B.C. 264 ; but the last 90 years are lost, so that it 
terminates B.C. 354. These valuable and ancient relics were purchased in Asia 
Minor, Greece, and the islands of the Archipelago, by W. Petty in 1624, for 
Thomas Earl of Arundel (whence their name) ; they were brought to Anmdel 
House, London, in 1627 ; after they had suffered considerable damage they were 
presented by the Hon. Henry Howard to the University of Oxford, 1667 ; the 
Greek characters translated by Selden, 1628 ; by Prideaux, 1676. 

ASAPH, ST, North Wales, a church built at, 560 ; rebuilt, 1402 ; cathedral, 1469, 
of Gothic order, 1 79 feet long, 68 broad ; choir rebuilt, 1 780. 

ASBESTOS, cloth and paper made of it, a.d. 74 ; spun at Venice, 1500. 

ASCALON, Syria, besieged and taken by Baldwin III., 1157 ; retaken by Saladin, 
1 187 ; and the fortifications destroyed by Richard I. after a series of battles ex- 
tending over eleven days, 119 1 ; the ramparts restored the next year. 

ASCENSION DAY, so called in commemoration of our Saviour's ascension, 
sometimes called Holy Thursday, commemorated in the first century. 

ASCENSION ISLAND, so called from being discovered on Holy Thursday by 
the Portuguese, May 20, 1501 ; made a military station by the English, 1815. 

ASHANTEE, or ASIENTE, Africa. The English defeated in 1807 and 1816, 
and again in 1824; the natives were defeated by the English with great loss, 



ASHBURNIIAM HOUSE ASPERN 41 

Aug. 7, 1826 ; an expedition 1200 strong met with a series of disasters, and lost 
half their number by fever, Feb. 12, 1864. 

ASHBURNHAM HOUSE, Westminster, built by Inigo Jones. Here the Cotton- 
ian library was deposited. A fire broke out which destroyed some of the MSS., 
Oct. 23, 1 73 1. 

ASHBURTON TREATY, settling the boundary line between the English posses- 
sions and the American, concluded, Aug. 9, 1842. 

ASHBY-DE-LA-ZOUCH, Leicester. This old Saxon town was in the possession 
of the family of La Zouch to the close of the 14th centuiy. William Hastings 
built the castle in the reign of Edward IV. Mary, Queen of Scots, was confined 
in this fortress. Anne, consort of James I., entertained here in 1603. In the 
Parliamentary contest this town took the side of the king, and the castle sustained 
a siege of several months ; capitulated to Col. Needham, Feb., 1646. The castle 
destroyed by order of the Commons, 1649 ; the town partially destroyed by fire, 
1753- 

ASHDOWN, battle. The Danes, imder Canute, defeated the forces of Edmund 
Ironside, who was betrayed by Edric, 1016. 

ASHDOWN CHURCH, built by Canute the Great, on the spot where he had 
fought Edmund Ironside, 1020. 

ASHMOLEAN LIBRARY, Oxford, founded by John Tradescant (Museum 
Tradescantianum), was the most curious show of the day, 1650 ; left by his son 
to Elias Ashmole, who presented it to the University, March 20, 16S2 ; he died 
at Lambeth, May 18, 1692. The Ashmolean Society established, 1828. 

ASH WEDNESDAY, instituted by Popes Felix III., 487, and Gregory the Great, 
600. 

ASIA. The early history of this country is the history of the world. The Romans 
held it to the period of the Mahometan conquest, 638. The Crusades carried 
civilization into this kingdom. Two Venetian gentlemen visited Asia, 1250, 
Nicolo and Maffio Polo ; Vasco de Gama made a voyage to, 1498 ; the Portuguese 
formed several settlements, 1509 — 151 1 ; the Dutch formed a few settlements, 
1640 ; the Russians extended their sway in the North as far as the mouth of the 
Amoor, 1648; the East India Company established the British power in the East, 
1600, and during the wars with the French settlers, gradually extended their 
territories; Bengal added, 1757. 

ASIATIC SOCIETIES. The first founded at Calcutta by Sir William Jones in 
1784; one formed in Paris in 1822; the Royal Asiatic Society established in 
London in 1823 ; incorporated, 1824; one formed at Ceylon, 1845. 

ASKE'S HOSPITAL, founded by Robert Aske, Jan. 18, 1688 ; incorporated, 
Dec. 20, 1690; erected by the Haberdashers' Company, 1692, from designs by 
Robert Hooke. 

ASKE REBELLION. The insurgents, to the number of 40,000, commanded by 
Aske, calling their enterprise the Pilgrimage of Grace, captured both Hull and 
York as well as Pomfret Castle, 1536 ; they were at length defeated by the royal 
forces commanded by the Duke of Norfolk, Feb., 1537, and the leaders executed. 

ASKEW, Anne, burned for heresy, 1546. 

ASPARAGUS first produced in England, 1608. 

ASPERN, battle, between Napoleon Bonaparte and the Archduke Charles, in 
which the former was repulsed, owing to the loss of a bridge, May 21, 22, and 
23, 1809 ; 30,000 men killed and wounded on the side of the French, and 20,000 
Austrians ; the French retreated ; Marshal Launes received a mortal wound, 
from which he died. 



42 ASPROMONTE ASSIZE 

ASPROMONTE, Engagement at. The Sardinian forces under Gen. Pallavicino 
captured Garibaldi, who witli his son Menotti were wounded, Aug. 29, 1862. 

ASSAM conquered by the East India Company, and annexed to their territory, 
1825 ; the tea-plant discovered there, by Mr Bruce, 1823 ; a superintendent of 
tea appointed in 1836 ; tea first sent to England, 1838 ; a company established in 
1839 ; and a considerable quantity consumed in England, 1841 ; several com- 
panies established since. 

ASSASSINATION plot against William III. of England, discovered by Pender- 
grass, Feb. 25, 1696. 

ASSASSINS, a military or religious order of Mahometans established in Persia, 
1090 ; they assassinated the Marquis of Tyre and Montferrat, in the market-place 
of Tyre, 1 192; Lewis of Bavaria, 1213 ; the Khan of Tartary, 1254; conquered, 
1257; exterminated by the Tartars, 1272. 

ASSAY of gold and silver established in England, 1248 ; the privilege of assay- 
ing granted to the Goldsmiths' Company, 1300 ; regulated, 1700 and 1705 ; assay 
masters appointed at Sheffield and Birmingham, 1773 ; the laws of, amended by 
18 & 19 Vict. c. 60, July 23, 1855. 

ASSAYE, battle, between the English under Gen. Wellesley, and the Mahrattas 
under Scindiah, Sept. 23, 1803 ; the latter were ten times the number of the 
English. 

ASSES, Feast of, in France, held in honour of Balaam's ass, when the clergy walked 
in procession at Christmas, dressed to represent prophets ; it was suppressed be- 
fore 1445. 

ASSESSED TAXES date as early as 991, according to some ; others, to Henry 
VIII. , 1522 ; William III., 1689. By George III. they were much advanced, in 
1797 and in 1801, and reduced in 1816, 1823, and 1834; amended by 19 & 20 
Vict. c. 80, July 29, 1856. 

ASSIENTO, a disgraceful contract between Spain and other powers, to furnish her 
dominions with negro slaves, begun in 1530 ; it was vested here in the South Sea 
Company, May, 1713 ; they were to furnish annually 4800 slaves to the Spanish 
colonies. The contract was given up to Spain, Oct. 5, 1750. 

ASSIGN ATS, a paper cun-ency made to support the credit of the French republic, 
April, 1 790 ; forged in England, 1 793, to send into France ; abandoned, and 
the plates broken up, March, 1 796. This led to a general bankruptcy. 

ASSIZE COURTS appointed and regulated by 12 art. of Magna Charta, 1215, 
and confirmed by Henry HI., 1225 ; at present, by the statute of Westminster, 
13 Edward I., 1284 ; no lord or other person to sit on the bench with justices of 
assizes, 20 Rich. II., 1396. 

ASSIZE OF BREAD AND ALE, established in England, 51 Henry HL, 1266, 
St. I & 6, and 2 & 3 Edw. VI. c. 15. The Assisa Fatiis Temp., Edward I., 
now kept at Guildhall, gives in detail the whole assize, and the punishment. 
Additional regulations made by 31 Geo. II. c. 29, 1758 ; and 45 Geo. III. c. 23, 
1804; repeal of the assize, 55 Geo. III. c. 99, June 22, 1815 ; regulated in 
Ireland by statutes of 1832 and 1836; made the same as England, 1838; the 
several acts repealed and other regulations provided, 6 & 7 Will. IV. c. 37, July 
28, 1836; Bakers' Company incorporated by Edward II. , 1307. 

ASSIZE OF WOOD AND COAL. The coal trade was originally in the hands 
of the Woodmongers' Company, but power was given to the Lord Mayor to 
hold the Assize of Fuel, 7 Edw. VI. c. 7, 1553, and 43 Eliz. c. 14, 1601. The 
Fuel Assize altered, so far as concerned the Billet. The size fixed, 9 Anne, c. 



ASSOCIATION ASTRONOMY 43 

15,1710; repealed by 5 Geo. IV. c. 74, June 17, 1824. The sale of coal regulated 

by I & 2 Will. IV. c. 76, Oct. 5, 1831. 
ASSOCIATION, ship of war, with the Eagle, of Romney, wrecked on the Scilly 

Islands, and Sir Cloudesley Shovel, with all their crews, lost, Oct. 22, 1707. 
ASSUMPTION OF THE VIRGIN, festival of her being taken up into heaven, 

Aug. 15, 45 A.D., in her 75th year, instituted, 813. 
ASSURANCES of vessels, regulations respecting, in the Lex Oleron, generally 

known in Europe, 1 194; first statute to prevent frauds, 43 Eliz. c. 12, 1601. 
ASSURANCE, Royal Exchange, first established to assure ships and goods at sea, 

6 Geo. I. c. 18, 1719 ; and by charter, June 22, 1720. See Insurance. 
ASSYRIA, Asia. This country is very early mentioned in Scripture history ; it 

was evidently known to Moses (Gen. ii. 14, xxv. 18 ; its downfall prophesied by 

Isaiah, x. 5 — 19) ; but it does not appear in Jewish history until 770 B.C. Heze- 

kiah rebelled against Sennacherib, who was defeated, and slain by his own sons, 

B.C. 709- The empire became a province of Media, B.C. 606. 
ASTLEY'S THEATRE, Lambeth, erected by Philip Astley, 1773; destroyed by 

fire, 1794; rebuilt, 1795; again destroyed, 1803; rebuilt, 1804, and burnt, June 

8, 1841 ; rebuilt and opened, April 17, 1843. 
ASTORGA, Spain, Bishopric founded, 747; the cathedral built, 147 1 ; taken by 

the French, April 22, 1810; evacuated, June 12, 181 1 ; capitulated to the 

Spaniards, Aug. 18, 1812. 
ASTRACAN, Russia, taken from the Tartars by the Russians, 1554 ; besieged by 

the Turks unsuccessfully, 1569; made a province of Asiatic Russia, 1580 ; almost 

destroyed by fire, 1718 ; and in 1830 by cholera. 

ASTROLOGY, Judiciary. The Assyrians and Persians, and later the Chaldeans 
and Egyptians, endeavoured to make this study a branch of science. The 
Romans became so infatuated with it, that it maintained its ground in spite of the 
edicts of the emperors. Tiberius, a.d. 4, founded his hopes of the empire upon 
this science ; the Emperor Domitian banished it from Rome, 83 ; encouraged in 
France by Catherine de Medicis, 1533, and in the reigns of Henry III. and IV. 
of France ; Lord Burleigh and Dr Dee were noted in the reign of Elizabeth as 
astrologers ; Lilly consulted by Charles I. about his escape from Carisbrook, 1647. 
A society of Astrologers estalDlished previous to 1649 '> E>r Robert Gell preached 
a sermon before, at St Mary Aldermanbury, Aug. i, 1649, and on Aug. 8, 1650. 

ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY of London founded, 1820; incorporated, March 
7, 1831. 

ASTRONOMY. The Chaldeans, Egyptians, Phoenicians, and Chinese are said to 
be the founders of this science. It is stated that B.C. 2608, Hoangti caused an 
observatory to be erected in China. Thales founded the Grecian system, B.C. 
640. Ptolemy, A.D. 130, discovered several planets, and their distances. Coper- 
nicus, the founder of the present system, born at Thorn, in Prussia, 1472 ; died, 
1543 ; his system published shortly before his death ; he was followed by Tycho 
Brahe, one of the most indefatigable workers the science can boast of; 1560 he 
commenced his studies, and died 1601. Kepler discovered the planetary mo- 
tions, 1619; died, 1631. Galileo made many new discoveries : the moons of 
Jupiter, the spots upon the disc of the sun, the vibrations of the pendulum, and the 
law of the acceleration of falling bodies. Horrox discovered the transit of Venus, 
1639 ; aberration of the fixed stars discovered by Horrebrow, 1659 ; Helvelius 
mapped the moon, 1670 ; the sun's motion on its axis proved by Halley, 1676 ; 
discoveries of Huygens, 1 686 ; Newton's Principia published, and the present 
system established, 1687 ; Flamstead catalogued the stars, 1688 ; satelhtes of 
Saturn discovered by Cassini, 1701 ; celestial irregularities explained by Lagrange ; 



44 



ASTURIAS ATMOSPHERE 



Uranus and its satellites discovered by Herschel, March 13, 1781 ; separation of 
the milky way into stars, 1795 ; Ceres, an asteroid, discovered by Piazzi, Jan. i, 
1 801 ; La Place published his Mecanique Celeste, 1796 ; Pallas discovered by Dr 
Olbers, March 28, 1802; Juno, by Mr Harding, Sept. 2, 1804; Vesta, by Dr 
Olbers, March 29, 1807 ; Neptune discovered by Adams, 1846, and by Le Verrier 
the same year ; Lord Rosse observed the Nebulse, 1850 ; eclipse of the sun visible 
in England, 1858 ; DonaWs comet appeared, at Florence, June 2, 1858, to Jan. 
1859 ; a great comet appeared July 2, 1861, and one Aug. 23-4, 1862, with a 
considerable nucleus. 
ASTURIAS, Spain. Pelayo, a Visi-Gothic nobleman, with a band of fugitives, 
founded this kingdom, 718 ; he was succeeded by his son, who, like himself, 
received the title of king, 737. Austrias gives the title of prince to the heir- 
apparent of the Spanish throne. An insurrection broke out here, 1808, against 
the French. 
ASYLUM. Places of refuge for criminals are several times spoken of in the Bible, and 
sanctuary existed down to a late period. For debtors, generally abolished in Lon- 
don, 1697 ; but that of the Mint not wholly until the reign of George II. 
ATHANASIAN CREED, written about 326 ; great controversies having arisen on 
the subject of the Divinity of Christ, between 333 and 351. This creed asserted by 
some to be the work of an African bishop in the 5th century, and not of St 
Athanasius, bishop of Alexandria, who died, 373. 
ATHEN^UM CLUB, London, formed, 1823; the club-house erected, 1829- 

30, from the designs of Decimus Burton. Liverpool Athenseum opened, Jan. i, 

1799 ; the Manchester Athenaeum, Oct. 3, 1844. 
ATHENS, Greece, founded by Cecrops, B.C. 1556 ; Court of Justice instituted at, 

1272 ; Solon remodels the constitution, and gives his code of laws, 594 ; Xerxes 

took Athens, and burnt the city, 480 ; the city rebuilt by Themistocles, 478 ; 
the Persians defeated by the Athenians, 449 ; ravaged by a plague, 430 ; taken 
by Lysander, 404, the end of the Peloponnesian war. Athens joins other states 

against Philip ; subdued by the Romans, 146 ; captured by Sylla, March i, 88 ; 

taken by the Venetians, A.D. 1466 ; afterwards restored to the Turks ; retaken by 

the Venetians, 1687 ; besieged and taken by the Greeks, 1822 ; retaken by the 

Turks, May 6, 1827 ; made the capital of Modern Greece, 1834, under Otho I. ; 

occupied by the allied forces of France and England in 1854 ; withdrawn, 1856. 

See Gi'eece. 
ATHERTON MOOR, battle ; the Parliamentary army, under the Earl of Essex, 

defeated by the Royalists, June 30, 1643. 

ATHLONE, Ireland. The castle built by King John ; the town was fortified dur- 
ing the Civil War ; the castle stood a long siege, 1641 and 1642 ; taken by Sir 
Charles Coote for the Parliament, 1651 ; besieged by William III. in 1690, but 
vmsuccessfully ; the English under General Ginkell, afterwards Earl of Athlone, 
took the castle and town, July i, 1691. 

ATLANTA, Georgia. The Confederates under General Hood attacked the 
Federals under General Sherman, July 20, 1864 ; the Confederates, under General 
Hood, evacuated the city, blowing up the fortifications, Sept. 2 ; occupied by the 
Federals, Sept. 3 ; all white people ordered to leave the town, Sept. 6 ; 
abandoned by Sherman, Nov. 13, and occupied by the Confederates. 

ATLANTIC TELEGRAPH, ^-^-t? Telegraphs. 

ATMOSPHERE. M. Monnier first observed the electric matter in the clouds 
when charged with a thunder-storm, 1752 ; afterwards by Mazeas, 1753. Re- 
fraction and reflection, Alhazen gave the first account of, 1 100. The heat of, 
discovered, 1767- 



ATMOSPHERIC AUGSBURG 45 

ATMOSPHERIC Railway tried first, June 30, 1840 ; one successfully completed in 
Ireland, between Dalkey and Killinny, Sept., 1843. 

ATTAGUIA, in Syria, destroyed by an earthquake, May 5, 1796, when 3000 per- 
sons perished. 

ATTAINDER, acts of, passed, 1644-5 ; of Lord Russell, July 21, 1683 (reversed, 
1689) ; acts of, under James II., publicly burned, Oct. 2, 1695 ; against the 
Scotch rebels passed. May 15, 1746 ; that of Lord Edward Fitzgerald, July I, 
1819, who was implicated in acts of rebellion in Ireland, but never tried, in 1798. 

ATTILA of the Huns, called the Scourge of God, ravaged Europe in 44.7, at the 
head of 500,000 Huns, penetrating the Roman empire; he died on his nuptial 
night, oppressed with wine, about 453. 

ATTORNEYS were first recognized by the statute of Merton, 20 Hen. III., 1235 ; 
by an ordinance of parliament, 20 Edw. I. , De Attornatis et Apprenticiis, were 
ordered to be provided for ; in this reign the number of Attorneys was fixed at 
140 ; the number reduced again in the next reign ; limited to 400 in the reign of 
• Edw. III. They were not mentioned as solicitors till 3 James I. ; taxed in 1785 ; 
acts relating to, repealed and consolidated, 6 & 7 Vict. c. 73, Aug. 22, 1843 ; 
amended, 23 & 24 Vict. c. 127, Aug. 28, i860. The laws for the regulation of, 
in Ireland assimilated to the English, 29 & 30 Vict. c. 84, Aug. 6, 1866. 

ATTORNEY-GENERAL. This office was created in the reign of Edw. L ; 
William Bonneville and William de Giselham were the fiirst appointed, 12 78. 

ATTRACTION, believed in by Anaxagoras, B.C. 500 ; described by Copernicus in 
1520 ; by Newton, as the power which restores lost motion, drawing bodies to- 
wards each other, 1705. 

AUBURN, Wilts, 72 houses burned at, Sept. 12, 1760. 

AUCKLAND, New Zealand, founded, Sept. 19, 1840. The seat of Government 
removed to Wellington, Dec, 1864. 

AUCTION MART, London, built by Walters, and opened in 1810 ; pulled down 
in 1865 ; removed to Token-house Yard, and opened, Aug. i, 1866. The first 
sales by auction in England in 1700 ; taxed in 1777 ; tax repealed, May 8, 1845, 
and a ;^io license imposed. 

AUDIT OFFICE, established at Somerset House, 1785 ; further regulations made, 
1832 ; Act for consolidating the office of Comptroller-General of the Exchequer 
and the chairman of the commissioners of, 28 & 29 Vict. c. 93, July 5, 1865. 

AUERSTADT, battle, the French under Marshal Davoust defeated the Prussian 
armies, taking 200 pieces of cannon, 30 standards, and 28,000 prisoners, Oct. 14, 
1806. 

AUGMENTATION of the revenue. A court erected by act of Parliament, 1535, 
o secure the plunder of the monasteries for the crown, by 27 Hen. VIII. c. 18 ; 
new, of poor livings office, 1 704. 

AUGSBURG, Bavaria, destroyed by Charlemagne, 788 ; restored to a free city, 
1276; captured by the French, Sept. 8, 1703 ; retaken by the Duke of Marl- 
borough in 1704; taken again by the French, Oct, 10, 1805 ; restored to the 
Bavarian Government the next year. 

AUGSBURG Confession of Faith, drawn up by Melancthon, and by him and 
Luther presented to the Emperor Charles V., June 25, 1530. 

AUGSBURG, battle, between the French, under Moreau, and the Austrians, 
Aug. 29, 1795, and won by the former, when the cities of Augsburg and Munich 
opened their gates to them. 

AUGSBURG, treaty of, between Holland and the other European powers, for 
causing the treaties of Munster and Nimeguen to be repealed, July 9, 1686. 



46 AUGSBURG AUSTRALASIA 

AUGSBURG Council, for confirming the celibacy of the priesthood, held 952. 

AUGUSTINE (ST), the father of the Latin Church, born in Numidia, a.d. 354 ; 
died, Aug., 430 ; also the name of the first Abp of Canterbury, sometimes 
called St Austin, landed in the Isle of Thanet, 597 ; baptized King Ethelbert, 
June 2, 597; died, Aug. 23, 607. 

AUGUSTINE (ST), abbey of, Canterbury, built about 605. 

AULIC COUNCIL, the sovereign court of Austria, established by Maximilian I., 
Emperor of Germany, in 1512 ; it is divided into two courts, one of which is 
called the Imperial Chamber ; subsequently modified in 1609 ; abolished, 1806. 

AURICULA imported into England from the Alps, 1509. 

AURICULAR confession first enjoined, 1215. 

AURIFLAMME, or Oriflamme, the holy banner mentioned so often in French 
history: it belonged to the abbey of St Denis, being suspended over the tomb of 
that saint in 1 140. Louis le Gros took it with him to battle ; and it appeared for 
the last time on the field of Agincourt, 141 5 ; though some assert it re-appeared 
under Louis, 1465. 

AURORA frigate never heard of after leaving the shore of England in 1771 ; many 
persons of note were on board, and among them was Falconer, the sailor poet. 

AURORA BOREALIS. The first was seen in London, on Jan. 30, 1560; the 
next, according to Stow, was on Oct. 7, 1564 ; it was seen on Nov. 14, 15, 1574; 
one was seen in Brabant, on Feb. 13, and Sept. 28, 1575 ; one of great brilliancy 
appeared and attracted much attention in March, 1716. One of these meteors 
appeared on Jan. 7, 1831. Electricity of, discovered at Jena in 1789. 

AUSTERLITZ, battle, in Moravia, fought Dec. 2, 1805, between the emperors 
of Russia and Austria, and Napoleon, who became the conqueror ; the killed and 
wounded on the side of the allies were 30,000, besides the capture of 40 standards, 
150 pieces of cannon, and 20,000 prisoners : it led to the peace of Presburg. 

AUSTIN-FRIARS Church, founded by Humphrey Bohun, 1243 ; surrendered to 
Henry VIII. , Nov. 12, 1539; given at the dissolution to William Paulet, first 
Marquis of Winchester, and Sir Thomas Wriothesley, 1540; the church was 
given by Edward VI. to the Dutch in London, June 29, 1550 ; burnt, Nov. 22, 
1862 ; rebuilt and opened, Sept., 1865. 

AUSTRALASIA, or Australia, includes New Holland, New Guinea, New Zealand, 
New Britain, and Van Diemen's Land. First discovered by the Dutch, 1606 ; 
further discoveries were made by the Spaniards under the command of Pedro 
Fernandez, 1607. Hartog explored a part of the west coast, 1618 ; he dis- 
covered and named Van Diemen's Land in 1618. The Gulf of Carpentaria was 
first explored, 1628. Abel Jansen Tasman completed the exploration of Van 
Diemen's Land and that part now called Tasmania. The first Englishman who 
explored part of the coast of this continent was Capt. Dampier, 1686 ; Capt. Cook 
discovered the eastern coast from Cape Howe to Cape York, which he called 
New South Wales, 1770 ; Bass and Flinders discovered the strait separating Van 
Diemen's Land from the continent, 1798 ; colonized by English convicts, Jan., 
1788; the first governor, Capt. Philip, founded Sydney, Jan. 26, 1788; subse- 
quently divided into West and South Australia and Van Diemen's Land, 1829, 
1834, and 1842, by acts of the British legislature. The salaries of the governors 
are as under : — New South Wales, ^7000 ; Victoria, ;!^io,ooo ; Tasmania, 
^6500; South Australia, ;!^4000; Western Australia, ;/'i8oo; and New Zealand, 
;if3500. Gold was first discovered at Bathurst, by Mr E. Hargreaves, April 
12, 1851 ; the gold fever raged for two or three years, immense quantities of gold 



AUSTRALIA AUSTRIA 47 

being found. The South Australian constitution decreed, Oct. 27, 1856; the 
Victoria Parliament opened at Melbourne, Jan. 17,1867. 
AUSTRALIA, THE EXPLORATION OF. At a public meeting at Melbourne, 
a sum of ;^30oo was raised for this purpose, Sept., 1858 ; the Government after- 
wards increased the sum to ;,fio,ooo; an expedition commanded by Robert 
O'Hara Burke and W. J. Wills, started Aug. 20, i860 ; they reached Cooper's 
Creek, Nov. 20 ; Burke and Wills set out to cross the great Sahara Desert, Dec. 
16; they reached the Gulf of Carpentaria, Feb. 11, 1861 ; they returned to 
Cooper's Ci"eek, April 21, just seven hours after Brahe and his party started 
for Menindie ; Burke and Wills died in June, 1861, King only escaping death 
through the kindness of a party of natives ; he was rescued by the relieving party 
under Mr Alfred Howett, Sept., 1861. 

AUSTRALIA, SOUTH. Capt. Hindmarsh, the first governor of South Australia, 
arrived with a staff of officers and a few immigrants in Holdfast Bay, and pro- 
claimed the colony, Dec. 28, 1836 ; he had been preceded by Col. Light, 
Surveyor-General, who had reported favourably of this port. Adelaide was laid 
out, 1838; Capt. Gawler succeeded to the Governorship, 1838, and was succeeded 
by Capt. (now Sir Geo.) Grey, May, 1841 ; the Legislative Council first met, 
Jime 20, 1843 ; the revenue of the colony was only ;!f 30,000 a year, while the ex- 
penditure was ^150,000; the Great Burra Burra copper mines discovered, Aug. 
16, 1845 ; Col. Rohe was the next governor, Oct., 1845, and afterwards Sir Heniy 
Young, 1851 ; the Legislative Council elected by 13 & 14 Vict. c. 59, Aug. 5, 1850; 
a Parliament granted and proclaimed, Oct., 1856 ; the elections took place in 
March, 1857 ; the Constitution proclaimed, Oct. 27, 1856; Sir Richard MacDon- 
nell appointed governor, June, 1855 ; the telegraph established, 1855 ; communi- 
cation made between Adelaide and Melbourne, about 700 miles, July, 1857 ; the 
post-office, 1850 ; the institute opened, Jan., 1861 ; the parliament-house built by 
Mr Hays, 1855 ; the custom-house, 1861 ; Governor Daly appointed, Nov., 
i86r. 

AUSTRIA. Charlemagne erected the German empire in the 9th century, after he 
had subdued the inhabitants of the south bank of the Danube to the east of the 
river Ens, and successfully repelled the incursions of the Huns and other barbar- 
ous nations. It was then called Ost-reich, or the East Country. Upper and 
Lower Austria were joined together in the 12th century, and the title of Margrave 
merged into that of Duke. The House of Bamberg became extinct, 1273, and the 
House of Hapsburg began to reign ; Albert II. of this house was made emperor, 
1430 ; the Hungarians invaded the country, 1446 ; Hungary and Bohemia united 
to Austria, 1526 ; the 30 Years' War commenced, 1618 ; ended, 1648 ; Mantua 
ceded to Austria, 1708; Milan, Naples, and the Netherlands added to these 
dominions, 171S j the male line of Hapsburg became extinct, 1740, succeeded 
by Maria Theresa ; Venice annexed to France, 1801 ; Francis II. assumed the 
title of Kaiser, Emperor of Austria, Aug. ii, 1804; Napoleon entered Vienna, 
Nov. 14, 1805; congress of Vienna, 1814; treaty of, 1815 ; the Emperor declared 
head of the Germanic Confederation, 1815 ; the Austrians driven out of Milan, 
1848; abdication of Ferdinand, Dec. 2, 1848; peace concluded, 1849; made a 
Constitutional Monarchy, 1849 ; first constitution granted, March 4, 1849 ; re- 
pealed, Dec. 31, 1851, and a more absolute form of government adopted ; re- 
established, Feb. 26, 1861 ; 920 miles of railways opened, 1850; attempt upon 
the life of the Emperor by a Hungarian, Libeny, Feb. 18, 1853 ; Concordat pro- 
claimed, Aug. 18, 1855; Napoleon joins Sardinia against Austria, 1859; war 
declared. May 3 ; battle of Montebello, May 20 ; Palestro, May 30 ; Magenta, 
June 4 ; Malegnano, the Austrians being defeated, June 7 ; Solferino, the Aus- 
trians suffering another defeat, June 24 ; Treaty of Villafranca, July 1 1 ; constitu- 
tion granted, Oct. 20, i860; the meeting and power of the Reichsrath confirmed, 



48 AUSTRIA AUSTRIAN-PRUSSIAN WAR 

Feb. 26, 1861 ; opened by the Emperor at Vienna, May i ; campaign in Den- 
mark, 1864; Gastein Convention signed, Aug. 14, 1865; the Emperor crowned 
King of Hungary, June 18 ; the Order of the Garter conferred upon the Emperor, 
July 25, 1867 ; the Council decided not to be bound by the Concordat, July 26 ; 
the Sultan visited the Emperor at Vienna, July 27, departed the 31 ; treaty with 
France relating to the coinage, July 31 ; meeting of the Emperor with the Em- 
peror Napoleon at Salzburg, Aug. 18. See Austrian- Prussian War, Denmark, 
and Hungary. 

EMPERORS OF AUSTRIA : — 
HOUSE OF HAPSBURG. Rudolph III., 1 5 76 

Rudolph I., 1273 Matthias, 161 1 

Albert I., 1291 Ferdinand II., 1619 

Frederick the Handsome, 1308 Ferdinand III., 1637 

Albert II., 1330 Leopold I., 1657 

Rudolph II., 1358 Joseph!, 1705 

Albert III., 1365 Charles II., 171 1 

Albert IV., 1395 Maria Theresa, 1740 

Albert V., 1404 house of hapsburg-lorrmne. 

Frederick II. , 1439 Joseph II., 1780 

Maximilian I., 1493 Leopold II., 1790 

Charles I., 1 5 19 Francis I., 1792 

Ferdinand I., 1556 Ferdinand, 1835 

Maximilian II., 1564 Francis Joseph I., Dec. 2, 1848 

AUSTRIA, steam ship, destroyed by fire, upwards 01450 persons being lost, Sept. 

13, 1858. 
AUSTRIAN-PRUSSIAN WAR. The Gastein Convention agreed to by the 
Emperor of Austria and the King of Prussia for the government of the Elbe 
Duchies, Aug. 14, 1865. The Prussian government complained to Austria of their 
management, and of their permitting large political meetings to assemble in Hol- 
stein, Jan. 30, 1866 ; this was replied to by the Austrian minister, refusing to be 
dictated to by Count Bismark, Feb. 9, 1866. A council of war was held by the 
King of Prussia, Feb. 28, 1866. A council of war was held at Vienna, March 
10. Count Bismark sent a despatch to Vienna, directing them to disarm, April 
15. Austria proposed to submit the question of the Duchies to the Germanic 
Confederation, April 26. Prussia declined, May 7. The Prussian army mobil- 
ized. May 7. The Austrian army concentrated in Bohemia, May 13. Benedek 
made the commander-in-chief, May 18. The Estates of Holstein summoned by 
the Austrian commissioner, Gen. Von Gablenz, to meet at Itzehoe, June 11. 
Prussia protested against these proceedings, and occupied the Duchies, June 8, 
and prevented the meeting of the Holstein Estates by taking military possession 
of the town. Gen. Gablenz, assailed by superior forces, retired to Hamburg, 
June 12, from whence they went by train to Bohemia. At an Extraordinary 
Assembly of the Diet, the question of the breaking of the Gastein Convention 
was brought forward by Austria, June 11, and carried on the 14th, when the 
representative of Prussia retired from the assembly, and so broke up the Germanic 
Confederation in consequence. Prussia sent summonses to Hanover, Saxony, and 
Hesse, to reduce their armies to a peace footing, Jime 14. These States making 
no reply, Prussia declared v/ar against them, June 15. The Austrian war mani- 
festo published, June 17; the Prussian on the 18th, and Italy on the 20th. 
Prussian troops occupied Hanover, June 17. Hesse-Cassel occupied, June 19. 
Jerome, king of Westphalia, taken prisoner, June 22. Saxony occupied, June 18. 
The first Prussian army, commanded by Prince Frederick Charles, crossed the 
Elbe into Bohemia, June 23. Combat at Liebenau, June 25. Action of Podoll, 
the Austrians defeated, June 26-27. Miinchengratz taken, June 28 ; Gitschin, 



AUTO-DA-FE AUTUN 49 

Prince. The second army, under the Crown Prince, crossed the river Metau, and 
occupied the town of Naclrod, June 26. Severe action atTrautenau, the Prussian 
division compelled to retreat, June 27. The Austrians, under Gen. Gablenz, de- 
feated with a loss of 3 standards, 10 guns, and 5000 prisoners ; the Prussians lost 
1 100 men in killed and wounded, at Soor, June 28. Koniginhof was captured 
on the 29th. The left column of the second army, commanded by Gen. Stein- 
metz, defeated the Austrians under Gen. Ramming : in this action the Prussian 
cavalry inflicted a severe defeat upon the flower of the Austrian cavalry; the 
Austrians lost 900 men in killed and wounded, 2000 prisoners, five guns, and four 
sets of colours, June 27. The Austrians v/ere again defeated at Skalitz, June 28, 
and Schweinschadel. On the 29th of June the King of Prussia left Berlin, and on 
the 1st of July arrived at Gitschin, when he assumed command of the army. The 
united army, under the king, totally defeated the Austrians under Field-Marshal 
Benedek, with great loss, at Koniggratz ; the conquerors took 174 guns, 20,000 
prisoners, and 11 standards, while their killed and wounded numbered 40,000; 
the Prussians lost 10,000 men, July 3. On the 4th of July Field-Marshal Gablenz 
visited the Prussian head-quarters at Horitz, to treat for an armistice, but without 
success. The Prussian army advanced towards Briinn, July 5. The Austrian 
cavalry defeated at Saar, July 10. The Saxon prisoners released by the Prussians, 
July 10. Another cavalry skirmish at Tischnowitz, July 11. The advance guard 
reached Biiinn, July 12. 18 guns, 7 waggons, 68 horses, and 170 prisoners were 
captured by the 5th Cuirassiers, under Col. Bredow, at Tobitschau, July 15. 
Advance to the Danube, a severe action fought at Blumenau, July 22. Armistice 
agreed to, July 22. On the Maine, the Prussian army, under Gen. Von Falcken- 
stein, was defeated at Langensalza by the Hanoverians, June 27 ; but they were 
surrounded by the Prussians, and the whole army compelled to surrender, June 
29. The Bavarians, under Prince Charles of Hesse, defeated at Kissingen, July 
10, and at Aschaffenburg, July 14. The Archives of the Bund removed to Augs- 
burg, July 13. Frankfort occupied, July 16. Lieut. -Gen. Von Manteuffel as- 
sumed the command, and Wiesbaden was occupied on the l8th ; the Tauber 
passed, July 24 ; and the Bavarians defeated before Neubrunn, July 25. The 
city of Niirnberg occupied, July 31. An armistice concluded, Aug. 2. Baden 
declared, as no longer belonging to the late Confederation, July 31. An armistice 
concluded with Wiirtemberg, Aug. I ; with Hesse-Darmstadt, Aug. i ; and Baden, 
Aug. 3. The last sitting of the Germanic Confederation, Aug. 4. Treaty of Peace 
with Austria signed at Prague, Aug. 23 ; with Bavaria, at Berlin, Aug. 22 ; with 
"Wiirtemberg, Aug. 13 ; and with Saxony, Oct. 21. The Prussian army began to 
withdraw from Austria, July 29. The first corps of the Prussian army reviewed 
by the king, on the Marchfield, 15 miles only from Vienna, July 31. The Prus- 
sians liberated, on the 27th of August, 523 Austrian officers, and 35,036 non- 
commissioned officers and men ; 13,000 wounded still remained in the hos- 
pitals. The Austrians released 450 Prussians, and 120 wounded remained. 

AUTO-DA-FE, the public punishment of heretics, established, 1203. Upwards 
of 100,000 persons have been sacrificed in Spain, Portugal, and other countries. 
In 1 787, 20 persons were burned at Goa in the East Indies, under the sentence 
of this infamous tribunal. 

AUTOMATON FIGURES, called also Androides. The first was a flying dove, 
reported to be made by Archytas, B.C. 408. Friar Bacon made a brazen head 
that could speak, 1264. Vaucanson made an artificial duck, that ate, drank, and 
quacked, and also a flute-player, 1738. M. Kempelen's Chess-player finished, 
Oct. 10, 1796. M. Koppen's Mechanical Orchestra (The Componium) exhibited 
at Paris, 1829. 

AUTUN, France. This is one of the most ancient cities in Fi'ance, it having been 
in existence before the Roman Conquest ; it was known under the name of 

4 



50 AUXONNE AZOF 

Birack. It suffered very much in the 3rcl century from war ; Constantine after- 
wards repaired the town ; the town was burnt by tlie Saracens, 731. 

AUXONNE, bridge of, constructed by Margaret of Bavaria, 1405. 

AVA, Asia, made the capital of Burmah in 1822 ; visited by an earthqual<.e, wliich 
destroyed part of the city, March, 1839. 

AVALANCHE, fall of one on the village of Ruerns, 1749, when, out of 100 per- 
sons, 60 were dug alive out of the snow ; another fell, 1806. In 1820, 64 persons 
were killed by one at Fettars ; and in the same year, 84 persons and 400 head of 
cattle, in Obergestelen. The village of Briel covered with one, 1827. 

AVEBURY, Wiltshire. This village is built upon a hill called Abury, supposed 
to have been constructed by the Britons ; it consists of an extensive ditch and 
rampart, including double circles of large unhewn stones, either Celtic or Druid- 
ical. Dr Stukeley examined these remains in 1720, and Sir Richard Hoare in 
1812. 

AVEIyLINO, a city of Naples, destroyed by an earthquake, Nov. 29, 1732. 

AVIGNON, France, founded by the Greeks. It was captured by the Saracens, 
A. D. 730, but in 737 Chaiies Martel wrested it from them ; besieged by the royal 
army, but defended with determined bravery by Count Raymond, it was taken, 
Sept. 12, 1226 ; ceded to the pope, 1271. The popes resided here for 70 years. 
University of, founded, 1388 ; taken from the pope by France, 1769; restored on 
the suppression of the Jesuits, 1773 ; claimed by the French national assembly, 
1 791 ; ceded to France, 1797. Numerous councils have been held here. 

AVIS, order of, instituted by Alfonso I. of Portugal, 1 142 ; confirmed by Innocent 
III., 1204. 

AVRANCHES, Normandy. The ancient name of this province was Ingena or 
Abrincatui ; it formed one of the bulwarks of Normandy against the Bretons, 
who took it, 1203, and destroyed the castle ; Louis IX. of France restored it soon 
afterwards ; Henry II. did penance, and received absolution from the pope's 
legate for the murder of Thos. a Becket here, 1172 ; it fell under the dominion of 
England, 1415 ; retaken by France, 1450 ; the town was taken and pillaged by 
the Huguenots, 1520. 

AXMINSTER, Sir R. Cholmondley killed at, in an action during the civil war, 
1644. 

AYACHUCHO, battle of, in South America, Dec. 9, 1824, in which the Royalists 
were routed, with the loss of 1400 killed, 700 woimded, and their whole army 
prisoners. 

AYAMONTE, Spain, conquered by the Moorish king of Grenada, 1406. 

AYLESBURY, Bucks. This town was strongly fortified by the ancient Biilons, 
from whom it was taken, 571, by Catwulph, brother of Ceawlin, king of the West 
Saxons ; a monastery was founded here, and dedicated to St Osyth, 600 , gar- 
risoned for the parliament, 1644-5 ? ol^ house of grey friars at, founded, 1387 ; 
dilapidated in the civil war of Chaides I. 

AYLESFORD, Kent, battle between the Saxons and Britons, the latter being 

defeated, Horsa was slain, 455. 
AYLMOUTH CASTLE, Northumberland, built, 559. 

AYRSHIRE, invaded by the Norwegians, who were driven to their vessels, 1263. 
AZOF, in Russia, built by the Genoese, 1261 ; taken by Tamerlane, 1392 ; possessed 

by Turkey, 1471 ; the fortifications demolished, 1739; ceded to Russia, 1774; 

operation against, during the Crimean war; Kertch taken, May 25, 1855; the 

Russians destroying their stores and several vessels ; and Yenikale occupied. 



AZORES ISLANDS BACKGAMMON 51 

AZORES ISLANDS, discovered by the Flemish merchant, Vander Berg, 1439 ; 
settled, 1459 ; taken by Spain, 1580; Sir Walter Raleigh attacked the fleet of 
Spanish galleons off here, 15S6 ; Sir Francis Drake captured an East India 
carack off" here, 1587 ; the Earl of Cumberland took several prizes at this island, 
1589-90. An earthquake in these islands for 12 days, 1591 ; another, 1557. A 
volcano destroyed the town of Ursulina, May, 1808 ; in 181 1, a volcano appeared 
in the sea near St Michaels, where the water was 80 fathoms deep, and an island 
arose called Sabrina, which gradually disappeared, Dec, 1812. 

AZTECS. This tribe migrated from Aztlau to Tula, 1 196; they afterwards founded 
their capital at Mexico, but were defeated and dispersed by the Spaniards, under 
the command of Cortes, 15 19. 



B 



BAALBEC, or Heliopolis ^gypte, called by Macrobius the city of the Sun, an im- 
portant city in the time of Csesar. A garrison was stationed here by Augustus, 
A.D. 138. The population in 1751 amounted to 5000; in 1835 the number had 
fallen to 200. Destroyed by an earthquake, Dec. 5, 1759. 

BABEL, tower of, built by Noah's posterity in the plain of Shinar, B. C. 2247 ; 
described in Gen. xi. i — 9. Although its exact, situation has been much doubted, 
it is now generally believed that ancient Babylon was erected on its ruins. 
— Rees. 

BABBAGE'S statement of difference of prices in 1812 and 1832, thus — anvils 
costing 25^'. in 1812, cost only 14J. in 1832; locks, 16^-. at the former period, only 
is. bd. at the latter, or 85 per cent, less; trace-chains of iron, 46J. ^Yzd. in 1812, 
in 1832, 15^-., and so with other goods. 

BABE, a dwarf kept by the king of Poland, only 33 inches high, aged 23, died 
1764. 

BABEUF, Fraii9ois Noel, an active agent in the French Revolution, entered into 

a conspiracy against the Directory ; 65 of the conspirators were seized, Babeuf and 

Darthe were sentenced to death. May 25, 1797. 
BABINGTON, Anthony, ofDethick, Derby, conspiracy of, formed by, against the 

life and crown of Queen Elizabeth, in favour of Mary, 1586 ; betrayed, Sept. 20 ; 

executed the same year ; 13 of his accomplices suffered the same fate, Feb. 7, 

1587, in St Giles's Fields, where they used to meet. 
BABYLON. According to the Greek traditions, this city was built, B.C. 2230 ; 

became the seat of government, B. C. 1 700 ; captured by Cyrus by diverting the 

course of the river Euphrates, B.C. 538; taken by Alexander, B.C. 331 ; described 

by Herodotus, destroyed B.C. 300. 

BACHELORS first taxed m England, May i, 1695 ; tax increased upon their serv- 
ants, 1785. 

BACK, Captain Sir George, an arctic explorer, first went out with Sir J. Franklin, 
1818. He set out in search of Capt. Ross, overland, 1833 ; reached Liverpool with 
his companions, Sept. 8, 1835. — Gentlemeii s Magazine. Sailed from Chatham 
in the Terror to explore the Alayne River, June 21, 1836. Knighted, 1838. 

BACK River, Hudson's Bay, discovered by Capt. Back, 1834. 

BACKGAMMON, said by Henry to have been invented in Wales before the 
year 1000, but it is of much greater antiquity. 



52 BADAJOS • BAIL 

BADAJOS, Spain, a fortified city of the capital of Estremadura, only a few miles 
from the Portuguese frontier ; taken from the Moors by Alonso IX., 1235 ; be- 
sieged by the Portuguese in 1660 and 1705 ; Kellerman and Victor failed to cap- 
ture it, 1808-9 ; betrayed by Jose Imaz, to the French, under Soult, March 10, 
1810 ; invested by the English under Wellington, March 16 ; and stormed by 
them with great loss, April 6, aad taken April 7, 1812. Treaty between Spain 
and Portugal, signed June 6, 1801. Cathedral erected, 1248. Bridge built, 1596. 
BADEN, house of, descended from the Ziihringen family, Berthold I. being the 
founder in the middle of the nth century. Charles Frederick united the line 
with Baden-Durlach, 1771; received the title of Grand-Duke, 1806; occupies the 
seventh rank in the Germanic confederation ; treaty signed between France and 
the Emperor, Sept. 7, 1714. 
BADEN, Germany, the Aurelia Aquensis of the Romans. The castle built in 
1471 ; burnt by the French, 1689 ; since rebuilt. Formerly a province of the 
Germanic Empire ; well known for its baths in 1769; erected into a Grand-Duchy 
at the Congress of Vienna, March 23, 1815 _; the hospital of the Virgin erected, 
1816 ; the ruins of a Roman vapour bath discovered here in 1847. Insurrection 
at. National Committee established. May 14, 1849, succeeded by a Provisional 
Government, June I ; insurgents defeated near Etthngen, June 29 ; Frederick I. 
ascended the throne, April 24, 1852 ; assumed the title of Grand-Duke, Sept. 5, 
1856 ; the constitution of the Protestant Church agreed to, June, 1861 ; the Diet 
opened, Sept. 5, 1867 ; the new church of All Saints opened, Sept. 14. 
BAFFIN'S BAY, so designated from its foimder, William Baffin, first explored, 

1616. 
BAG, THE GREEN, containing charges against the Queen Caroline, opened by 

a secret committee, Jtine 28, 1820 ; committee reported, July 4th. 
BAGGS, the notorious Major, fought eleven duels ; won p^i 7,000 by throvi'ing the 
dice fourteen mains in succession ; fought the notorious duellist Fitzgerald, and 
wounded him ; went to India overland to play ; ruined more than forty persons ; 
at one time he was worth ^100,000; died in the Round-house, Jan., 1792, 
aged 70. 
BAGHDAD, Asia, established by Al Mansour, 763, and continued under this race for 
500 years ; captured by Tartars under Hulaka, 1259, who held it until defeated 
by Tamerlane, 1393 ; taken by the Turks under Sultan Murad IV., 1638, and it 
has been in subjection to the Turks since. 
BAGNIGGE WELLS TEA GARDENS, Clerkenwell, opened April, 1759 ; 

noted for chalybeate and purging waters ; pulled down, 1840. 
BAGPIPE, a musical instrument of high antiquity, well known to the Romans. 
Court Pipers in England are mentioned in 1310, 4 Edward II. Known in Ire- 
land iir the 6th century. 
BAHAMAS ISLANDS, first discovered by Columbus, Oct. 12, 1492; became 
known to the English, 1629 ; expelled by the Spaniards in 1641 ; colonized again 
by the English, 1666 ; became a rendezvous for pirates until 1 718, when a colonial 
administration was established ; surrendered to the Spaniards in 1781 ; restored 
to the English by treaty, 1783. 
BAHIA, Brazil, revolution at, February 10, 1 821. The Federal ship of war 
* Wachusetts' captured in this neutral port the Confederate vessel the ' Florida,' 
Oct. 6, 1S64. 
BAIL, allowable by ancient law for all crimes, murder excepted. In cases of 
treason and certain felonies, 3 Edward I., 1275 ; subsequently regulated, 23 
Henry VI. ; i & 2 Philip and Mary ; 1 1 Geo. IV. and i Will. IV. c. 70, July 23, 
1830 ; etc. Where a magistrate refuses, a judge may bail, except for treason. 



BAILEY BALLIOL COLLEGE 53 

Further regulations made by 11 & 12 Vict. c. 43, Aug. 14, 1848. Special court 
appointed, 57 Geo. IIL c. 11, March 17, 1817. 

BAILEY (or Old Bailey) Court, for the trial of criminals in London and Middlesex. 
The sessions are held monthly ; the court-house was built, 1773 ; destroyed in the 
riots of 1780; rebuilt and enlarged in 1809. In May, 1750, the judges, lord mayor, 
and alderman, and many of the spectators, caught the jail fever and died ; the 
disease broke out again 1772, and proved fatal to many. In front of this building, 
at the execution of the murderers of Mr Steele, Feb. 22, 1807, 28 persons were 
trampled to death, and many wounded. 

BAILIFFS, or SHERIFFS, appointed for the city of London, 1189. Name 
changed to Sheriff in the reign of Edward I. ; extended to the counties, 1354. 

BAIZE, manufacture of, introduced into England by the Dutch at Colchester, 156S, 
10 Elizabeth ; protection granted to, Sept. 20, 1660. 

BAKERS. This trade is of great antiquity, established in Italy, B. c. 173; there 
existed a brotherhood of this craft m England, 1155. See Assize of Bread. 

BAKERS' COMPANY, incorporated i Henry VIIL, July 22, 1509. The white 
and brown bread bakers united, 11 Elizabeth, May 26, 1569; the brown bread 
bakers made a separate company by James I., June 6, 162 1 ; again united by 
James II., 1686 ; their powers takeir away by Act of Parliament, i & 2 Geo. IV. 
c. 50, June 8, 1821. Hall rebuilt after the fire of 1666 ; repaired by J. Elmes. 

BALAKLAVA, Crimea, arrival of the British forces at, Sept. 26, 1854; death of 
Marshal St Arnaud at, Sept. 29 ; battle and charge of the light cavalry, Oct. 25 ; 
the first six miles of raihvay completed, Feb. 6, 1855 ; the first telegraphic mes- 
sage transmitted from, to London, April 25, 1855. 

BALAMBANGEN, the English driven from, by the natives of the Islands of 
Sooloo, Feb. 24, 1775. 

BALKAN PASS, crossed by the Russian army under General Diebitsch, July 21, 
1829; the treaty of Adrianople followed in consequence, Sept. 14, 1829. 

BALL, Mr, the gold medal of the Society of Arts awarded to, for the cultivation 
of rhubarb, 1788. 

BALLARAT, Victoria, Australia. Gold discovered at, Sept. 8, 1850 ; refusal of 
the diggers to pay the license tax, 1854 ; riot at, several of the ringleaders taken, 
Dec. 3, 1854 ; commission appointed to inquire into, 1855 ; the bank of, broken 
into, and ^14,300 and 200 ounces of gold dust stolen, Oct. 8, 1854. 

BALLESTEROS, General, attacked the French corps, composed of 3500 men, 
between Albuque and Vellamartin, and completely routed them, with the loss of 
2000 men, Feb. 22, 1812 ; defeated by them at Castaiiia, in Spain, 1812; being 
pursued by them he made a skilful retreat under the cannons of Gibraltar ; he 
was made minister of war by Ferdinand VII. ; yielding to superior forces, con- 
cluded a convention with the French, Aug. 4, 1823. 

BALLET, introduced by the Greeks into their comedies. The Romans were the 
first that introduced the ballet d'action, in which the performer is both actor and 
dancer. Juvenal wrote a satire upon this subject (vi. 63). Revived in Italy, at 
the marriage of Geleas, Duke of Milan. The first appearance of females in 
these entertainments was at the French Opera, Jan. 21, 1681. 

BALLINAMUCK, Ireland. A body of French troops landed at Killala, and took 
the town, Aug. 22, 1798. They were defeated and taken prisoners at Cloone, 
by Lieutenant-Colonel Crawford, Sept. 8. 

BALLIOL, king of Scotland, on being summoned by Edward I., appeared and 
pleaded his own cause in Westminster Hall, Oct., 1293. 

BALLIOL COLLEGE, Oxford, founded in 1263, by John de Baliol, who died, 



54 BALLOONS BALLOT 

1269 ; the building was completed about 1282 ; rebuilt, 1490 ; hall built, 1432. 
The chapel, from the design of Mr Butterworth, 1856-7, cost ;!^8ooo. 

BALLOONS, said to have been invented firstly by a Jesuit, in 1631, but effectively by 
the Brothers Montgolfier, paper-makers, June 5, 1783. First ascent made in Paris, 
Aug. 27, 1783. Pilatre de Rozier and the Marquis d'Arlandes, Nov. 21, 1783. 
Pilatre de Rozier and M. Romain perished in attempting to pass from Boulogne to 
England, their balloon taking fire, June 15, 1785- Count Zambeccari first intro- 
duced one to the English public at the Artillery Grounds, Moorfields, Nov. 25, 1783. 
Lunardi, hiscountryman, first ascended from thesame place, Sept. 21, 1784. Messrs 
Blanchard and Jeffries crossed from Dover to Calais, Jan. 7, 1785. Mrs Sage, the 
first Englishwoman aeronaut, June 29, 1785, used to reconnoitre at the battle of 
Fleurus, June 17, 1794. M. Ganierin rose to 4000 feet, and descended by a 
parachute, Sept. 2, 1802, near St Pancras church. M. Gay Lussac ascended to 
23,000 feet, Sept. 15, 1804. Major Money fell into the sea, having ascended from 
Norwich, and was saved by a revenue cutter. Sadler, after many ascents, fell 
into the sea, near the Isle of Man, and was picked up by a vessel, Oct. 4, 1812. 
Madame Blanchard, in Paris, fell and was killed, the balloon having caught fire, 
July 8, 1819. The first balloon inflated with coal gas, July 19, 1821. Mr Sad- 
ler, jun., was killed by a fall from a balloon, in 1825. Mrs Graham and the 
Duke of Brunswick ascended from Bayswater ; Mrs Graham fell out in the de- 
scent, and sustained some severe injuries, Aug. 22, 1836. Mr Cocking killed by 
the collapsing of his parachute, June 24, 1837. The most remarkable voyage 
ever made with a balloon was that of the Great Nassau, which took three 
passengers from Vauxhall Gardens to Wielburg, in the Duchy of Nassau, in 17 
hours, Nov. 7, 1836. Mr Green (not the celebrated aeronaut) ascended at Car- 
diff, July II, 1849; his body was found in the Bristol Channel the next morning. 
Lieut. Gale dashed to pieces through the people letting go the ropes of his balloon 
prematurely, at Bordeaux, Sept. 8, 1850. Mr H. Bell used a screw to steer with. 
May 24, 1850. After several accidents happening to persons through ascending 
upon animals, Madame Poitevin ascended on a bull ; this practice was effectually put 
an end to under an Act of Parliament passed to prevent cruelty to animals, Aug. 
I, 1849. Mr Green attained the highest altitude ever attained up to that time, 
27,146 feet. Messrs Glaisher and Coxwell ascended from Wolverhampton, and 
reached a height of six miles, when the former gentleman became insensible, and 
the latter nearly so, Sept. 5, 1862. The first scientific ascent made imder the 
auspices of the British Association, by Mr Welsh and Mr Nicklin, Aug. 17, 
1852. The second, in Mr Coxwell's Great Nassau, accompanied by Mr Glaisher, 
July 17, 1862; the 3rd, July 30; the 4th, Aug. 18; the 5th, Sept. I; the 6th, 
Sept. 5; the 12th, July 11, 1863. Fatal accident to Mr Chambers at Notting- 
ham, by the collapsing of the balloon, Aug. 24, 1863. Mr Coxwell's balloon 
destroyed by a mob on the occasion of the Foresters' Fete, on the Leicester race- 
course, July II, 1864. The Research, with Mr Coxwell and several gentlemen 
in it, in descending the valve line broke, when the former gentleman, with some 
of his companions, jumped out ; the machine ascended with two gentlemen in the 
car, who were much hurt in jumping from the car ; the balloon itself was lost, 
July 3, 1865. Several night ascents for scientific purposes were made by Mr 
Glaisher in 1865. Mr Coxwell with one supply of gas ascended and descended 
three times, July 31, 1867. Used for reconnoitring by the French in the Italian 
campaign, and by the Federals during the Civil Wars in America. 

BALLOT, vote by, carried out in Scotland in the reign of Charles II. ; in France, 
in the Chamber of Deputies, from 1840 to 1845 ; secret, adopted by Napoleon 
III. at the coup d'etat, Dec. I, 1S51 ; an act passed in Victoria, Australia, author- 
izing elections by, Dec. 18, 1855 ; Mr Berkeley's motion for, negatived by a 
majority of the House of Commons, July 17, 1867. 



BALMERINO BAND 55 

BALMERINO, LORD, beheaded on Tower Hill, Aug. 18, 1746. 

BALMORAL CASTLE, Scotland, formerly the property of the Farquharsons of 
Inverey, from whom it was purchased by the Earl of Fife ; Sir Robert Gordon 
held it in 1836. The estate is 7 miles by 5, 22,400 acres. It was purchased by 
Prince Albert in 1848, who erected the present castle, 1856. 

BALOW, Russia, 458 houses and the town nearly destroyed by fire, 1803. 

BALTIC expedition, under Admirals Parker and Nelson, April 2, 1801, when Nelson 
fought the battle of Copenhagen ; a second under Admiral Gambier and Lord 
Cathcart, bombarded Copenhagen, Sept. 2, 1807, and brought away the Danish 
fleet, Oct. 26. The British fleet, commanded by Admiral Napier, after being 
reviewed by the Queen, sailed for the Baltic, March 11, 1854 ; entered that sea 
March 20, with a part of the French fleet. The fleet under the command of 
Rear-Admiral Dtmdas, with mortar vessels, sailed from Spithead, April 4, 1855 ; 
the blockade commenced April 17, being joined by the French fleet June i. 
Sweaborg bombarded by the allied fleets, July 8, continued until the nth, the 
town being destroyed with all its stores. 

BALTIMORE, United States, founded, 1729, by an act of the proprietary govern- 
ment of Maryland ; nearly destroyed by fii'e, Dec. 4, 1796 ; St Mary's College 
founded, 1791 ; the University incorporated, 1812 ; battle of, between the English 
and American forces, when the latter were repulsed with great loss, the English 
losing their leader. General Ross, Sept. 12, 1814. 

BALTIMORE HOUSE, Southampton-row, built, 1759. 

BAMBERG, Bavaria, founded, 1004; nearly destroyed by fire, 1106; rebuilt, 
mo ; taken by the Prussians, May 16, 1759 ; again in 1763 ; made a bishopric, 
1007. 

BAMBOROUGH, Northmnberland, built by Ida, 550. Castle built about 1088 ; 
taken by Wilham II. from his barons, 1096 ; besieged by Edward IV., and taken 
Dec. 24, 1493. 

BAMBRIDGE, the Warden of the Fleet Prison, punished for extortion and 
cruelty, June 7, 1 729. 

BAMEEAN, battle. Dost Mahomed Khan and his allies, under the command 
of the Walee of Khoolom, were defeated here by the British under Brigadier 
Dennie, Sept. 18, 1840. 

BAN or BANNING, an edict or denunciation against certain offenders in the reign of 
Henry HI., in Westminster Hall, May 3, 1253 ; also used by parish priests in 
cases of theft, by cursing the stealer publicly. The Dean of St Paul's cursed all 
persons who searched for gold in the church of St Martin's-in-the-Fields, at St 
Paul's Ci-oss, 1299. 

BANBURY, battle, between the West Saxons and Britons, 556; castle erected at, 
1 125, by the bishop of Lincoln ; a second battle, 1469, between Edward IV. and 
the Earl of Pembroke ; it surrendered, after the battle of Edgehill, to the king, 
1642 ; twice besieged, 1644 and 1646 ; church and tower at, fell down, Dec. 16, 
1790. 

BANC A, an island of the Indian Ocean, tin mines discovered, 1710 ; a large trade 
carried on in that article, ceded to the East India Company, 1812 ; made over 
to the king of the Netherlands, Dec. 2, 1816. 

BANCROFT'S Hospital, Mile End, established, 1735; opened, Aug. i, 1737. 

BAND of gentleman pensioners instituted by Heniy VIII., 1509. 

BAND, an order of knighthood instituted by Alphonso XL at Burgos, in Spain, 
1330; revived by Philip V., 1700. 



56 BANDA BANK OF ENGLAND 

BANDA Islands discovered and taken possession of by the Portuguese, 151 1 ; ex- 
pelled by the Dutch, 1603. Pulo Roon and Pulo Way annexed to the English 
dominions, 1620 ; afterwards expelled by the Dutch, but the firmness of Crom- 
well compelled them to restore Pulo Roon, 1654; retaken by the Dutch, 1664 ; 
captured by the English, 1 796 ; an earthquake almost annihilated the nutmeg 
trees, 1778 ; the island restored to the Dutch, 1800 ; taken again by the English, 
181 1 ; restored, 1816. 

BANDES NOIRES, a body of German foot-soldiers which carried black ensigns, 
1526 ; the French regiment of Piedmont took the same name after the death of its 
colonel, Brisac, 1569. 

BANDON Island founded by the Earl of Cork, 16 10. 

BANDON, Ireland, founded in the reign of James I., who granted it a charter, 
1614. Provincial Bank opened, 1834; railway opened, Aug., 1849 — 51. Nu- 
merous persons injured at the P.oman CathoHc church, by an alarm that the 
gallery was falling, Dec. 25, 1815. 

BANDS worn first by lawyers, 1615, under Judge Finck ; by the clergy, 1652. 

BANGALORE, East Indies, taken by Lord Cornwallis, March 21, 1791 ; restored 
by the treaty of March 19, 1792. 

BANGOR cathedral founded by St Deiniol ; destroyed by the Saxons, 1071 ; re- 
built, 1 102 ; the bishop taken prisoner by the king, while officiating, 1212 ; in- 
jured in the wars between the Welsh and Henry III., 1247 ; destroyed by fire, 
1402 ; choir rebuilt, 1496, 214 feet long, 60 wide, in Gothic work ; tower and 
nave erected by Bishop Skevyngton, 1532 ; its property alienated by Bishop 
Bulkeley, 1547, selling even the^ bells. 

BANGOR, or Benchor, Abbey, Ireland, founded by St Comgall in the 6th century; 
Cormac, king of Leinster, died there, 567; restored by St Malachy, 1 120. 

BANGOR COLLEGE, United States, founded, 1833. 

BANGORIAN CONTROVERSY begun, March 31, 171 7. 

BANISLIMENT of Ovid to Tomos, a.d. 8. 

BANISHMENT of mathematicians and astronomers from Rome, A.D. 89. 

BANJARMASSIN, Borneo, first settlement, 1803; afterwards abandoned; gar- 
risoned by the English, i8ii;made a settlement, 1817; the Dutch settled here, 
1848. Coal mines have since been discovered. 

BANK (the term) is derived from Banco or Bench, on which moneys were ex- 
changed, in the market-places, in the time of Charles I. The merchants de- 
posited their cash and securities at the Mint, then kept in the Tower ; but as that 
monarch appropriated them to his own purposes in 1638, the Goldsmiths' Com- 
pany in Lombai-d Street were obliged to keep places of security for their own 
valuable goods. At home, those merchants and dealers were liable to be robbed 
by their apprentices, who foimd impunity and security with the army. The gold- 
smiths paid 4d. per cent, per day for the moneys thus lodged, and lent it out at 
higher interest. Thus they became the first London bankers, 1645. The bankers 
deposited their balances in the Exchequer, which was closed by Charles II., Jan. 
2, 1672, plundering the bankers of three million pounds. By the 12 & 13 Will. 
HI. c. xii. s. 15, 1700, interest was granted upon the whole at 3 per cent., and 
the principal made redeemable in payment of half its amount. The first regular 
London Banker was Sir Francis Child, near Temple Bar, 1668. 

BANK OF ENGLAND, projected by William Paterson, a Scotchman, incorporated 
for 12 years, by Royal Charter, July 27, 1694, in consideration of ;^ 1,200, 000 lent 
to the State at 8 per cent. , and ^^4000 for management, that being its capital ; active 
operations begun at Grocers' Hall, Jan. i, 1695. Exchequer Bills first issued 



BANK OF ENGLAND 57 

by direction of the Government, 1708. The bank obtained permission to double 
their stock ; it was all subscribed for in one day, Feb. 16, 1709. Bank Post 
Bills first issued, Dec. 14, 1738; notes were under par down to 1745, having 
been at 20 per cent, discount at first ; bank bills paid in silver, July 2, 1751-52 ; 
government borrowed ^1,000,000, at 3 per cent, 1745 ; notes for ;^io and ;,^I5 
issued, March 31, 1759 ; cash payments discontinued, Feb. 25, 1797, and notes 
of £1 and £2 issued; silver tokens issued, value 4^-. <}d., March 9, 1798, and 
value raised to ^s. 6d., 181 1 ; these were Spanish dollars, with the head of George 
III. stamped on the neck of Charles IV. of Spain ; silver tokens for the value of 
y. and is. 6d. issued, 181 1 ; payment in specie suspended, Feb., 1797; cash 
payments partially resumed, Sept. 22, 181 7 ; in 1819 Peel's Bank Restriction Act 
passed, and May i, 1823, was assigned to repay in specie, but the bank resumed 
cash payments. May I, 1821 ; the restrictions ceased, May i, 1821 j the current 
gold coin of the realm was demanded and paid ; 1832, a committee of secresy was 
formed to inquire into the propriety of renewing the bank charter ; an act passed 
for the renewal of the charter, 3 & 4 Will. IV. c. 98, Aug. 29, 1833. Bank notes 
made a legal tender for sums above £^ after Aug. i, 1834 ; the issue of, regulated 
by parliament, July 19, 1844, and accounts of the state of the bullion and securities 
were ordered to be published at stated^ periods. In 1694 the bank proprietors 
divided 8 per cent. ; increased to 9 the subsequent year ; from 1729, between 5^^ 
and 9, for i8years;in 1747, interest fell to 5 per cent.; in 1753, to 4^ ; from 1 767 
to 1806, it increased to 7 per cent. ; from 1807 to 1822, to 10 per cent. ; in 1823, and 
subsequent years, to 8 per cent. Besides this interest, 57/^ per cent, has been re- 
ceived upon the subscribed capital to 1852. The bank charter was extended for five 
years, 1706, beyond the original period, in consideration of circulating exchequer 
bills to the government, to the extent of ;^i, 500,000. The total debt clue to the 
bank from the government is ;!f 14,686,800, bearing 3 per cent, interest. The 5 
per cents, reduced to 4, March, 1 822. The capital stock of the company is 
p^ll, 642,400, on which the annual dividend is paid to the proprietors. The aug- 
mentation of the capital of the bank has been permitted from time to time, as 
parliament has seen fit, upon the renewal of the charter. The firm is styled, the 
Governor and Company of the Bank of England. The average amomrt of the 
public money in the hands of the bank is about 5/^ or 6 millions. The profit of 
the bank (at 3 per cent. , the rate at which the government pays for the capital 
borrowed of it, nearly ^15,000,000 in amount) remunerates the bank in its 
capacity of banker to the public service. From the report of the secret committee 
of 1797, to investigate the affairs of the bank, it appeared that, on the 25th of 
Feb., there was a balance of ;!f 3, 826, 890, and on the nth of Nov., a balance of 
^^3, 839, 550 in favour of the company. These profits increased afterwards; and, 
at Lady-day, 1807, they raised their dividend, as ah^eady seen, and their profits in- 
creased still more. Stocks or annuities, upon which the public dividends are paid, 
amount to over ;!^774)00°;0°'^ j yearly payments in dividends about ;^25,ooo,ooo. 
The dividends have reached 21 per cent., and they have been as low as 4/^. 
Power given to extend its issues, irrespective of the provisions of the bank charter 
act of 1844 ; this measure abated the commercial panic, and restored confidence, 
Nov. 12, 1857, and in 1866. The rate of discount raised to 10 per cent., Nov. 
9, 1857. The charter was renewed at the following periods : 1697, 1708, 1713, 
1742, 1764, 1781, 1800, 1833, 1844. The first ran occurred in 1707; second, 
1745 ; the last, upon an alarm of invasion, Feb. 26, 1797- The first forgery 
of bank notes in 1758, by R. W. Vaughan. Fauntleroy's forgeries amounted 
to ;if36o,ooo, 1824. The largest amount of gold known at one time in the bank 
cellars was in Dec, 1857, ;^i 7,413, 564. The Bank Buildings, in Thread- 
needle Street, first stone laid, Aug. 3, 1732; opened, June 5, 1734; enlarged, 
1771 ; again, 1796 ; partly rebuilt, 1824; attacked in Lord George Gordon's riots, 
1780 ; prepared to resist a state of siege in the political tumult of 1830 ; again at 



S8 BANK OF HANOVER BANK STOCK 

the Chartists' demonstration of April lo, 1848, the roof being fortified by the 
Sappers and Miners. Area of, 124,000 square feet. 

BANK OF HANOVER, ;^400,ooo in dollars removed to the Bank of England 
from, on the French invasion, May 29, 1806. 

BANK OF IRELAND, Act of Parhament passed for the better establishing of, 
21 & 22 Geo. HI. c. 16, 1781 ; incorporated, Jmie i, 1783, at St Mary's 
Abbey ; the charter renewed in 1791 ; the business removed to the old houses of 
parliament, 1808 ; capital increased, and charter extended to the, Jan. i, 1837 ; 
now regulated by Act of Parliament, 8 & 9 Vict. c. 37, July 21, 1S45 ; amend- 
ed, 28 & 29 Vict. c. 16, April 7, 1865 ; branch banks formed since 1S28 ; eleven 
stopped payment, June 21, 1820. 

BANK OF SCOTLAND incorporated by an Act of Scotch Parhament, 1695 ; a 
second, the Royal Bank of Scotland, by a royal charter, July 8, 1727 ; and a 
third, the British Union Company, 1746. The Bank of Scotland has a capital 
which has reached ;/^i, 000,000. It established branches in 1696, and issued ^l 
notes in 1704. It early received deposits, and in 1729 granted credits on cash 
accounts. This bank has a governor, deputy, and twenty-four directors. The 
Royal Bank of Scotland has a capital of ^2,000,000, and with the third, or 
Union Company's Bank, does business in the same way as the Bank of Scotland. 
The Bank of Edinburgh, on the approach of the Pretender, removed with a;ll 
their valuables into the Castle; they recommenced business, Nov. 20, 1745. 
The issue of notes regulated by 8 & 9 Vict. c. 38, July 21, 1845. Glasgow Bank 
established, 1750 ; Commercial Bank, 1810; National Bank, 1825. Suspension 
of the Western Bank of Scotland, Nov. 9, 1857 ; Glasgow Bank, Nov. 9, 1857. 
Two other banks in Glasgow stopped payment, Nov. 9. 

BANK MILL, Manchester, burned, ;^30,ooo damage, Oct. 31, 1813. 

BANKS, Joint Stock, established under a statute 7 George IV., 1826. Suspension 
of the Wolverhampton and Staffordshire, liabilities about a million sterling, Nov. 
18, 1857. The Northumberland and Durham District Bank, Newcastle-on-Tyne, 
Nov. 26, 1857. The Royal British Bank stopped payment, Sept. 4, 1856. Trial 
of the directors commenced, Feb. 13, 1858. An act passed for the management 
of Banking Companies, 20 & 21 Vict. c. 49, Aug. 17, 1857. The bank of /v-aw,:;? 
ceased to pay in specie, March 14, 1848. The American banks stopped payment, 
Oct. 14, 1839 ; the United States Bank, Feb. 4, 1841 ; several in London in 
the panic of 1866. 

BANKS of Savings suggested by Bentham, 1797; first at Tottenham, by Mrs P. 
Wakefield, 1803; the first in Edinburgh, 1814; several in England, 1816. 
Post-office Savings' Banks opened throughout Great Britain, Sept. 16, 1861. 
See Savings' Banks. 

BANKS, establishment of :— 

America, 1 791 France, 1716 

Amsterdam, 1609 Geneva, 1345 

Assignation, 1609 Genoa, 1407 

Barcelona, 1844 Hamburg, 1619 

Batavia, 1827 Milhon, 1695 

Berlin, 1765 Petersburg, 1786 

Caisse d'Escompte, France, 1776 Philadelphia, 1787 

Copenhagen, 1736 Rotterdam, 1635 

East Indies, 1787 Stockholm, 1688 

England Branch Banks, 1828 Venice, 1157 

BANK STOCK, 3 per cents., created, 1726; 3 per cent, consols, 1731 ; 3 per 
cent, reduced, 17465 3 per cent, ann., payable at the South Sea House, 1751 ; 



BANKRUPTS BARBADOES 59 

3/4 per cent, ann., 1758 ; long ann., 1761 ; 4 per cent, consols, 1762 ; new 3/^ 
per cent, consuls, 1830. 

BANKRUPTS in England, early laws regarding, 34 & 35 Hen. VIII. c. 4, 
1543; 13 Eliz. c. 7, 1570; I Jac. I. c. 15, 1604; 21 Jac. I. c. 19, 1623; 13 & 
14 Car. II. c. 24, 1662; 10 Anne, c. 15, 1711. Several in the reigns of the 
Georges. Consolidated, 6 Geo. IV. c. 16, May 2, 1825 ; amended and con- 
solidated, 12 & 13 Vict. c. 106, Aug. I, 1849 ; again amended, 15 & 16 Vict. c. 
77, June 30, 1852, and consolidated 17 & 18 Vict. c. 119, Aug. 11, 1854; again 
amended, 24 & 25 Vict. c. 134, Aug. 6, 1861. Court of, established, i & 2 Will. 
IV. c. 56, Oct. 20, 1831. The Right Hon. Thomas Erskine, K.C., appointed 
first Judge, and the court opened 1st day of Hilary term, 1832. Ireland : The 
act of consolidation for, 6 & 7 Will. IV. c. 14, May 20, 1836 ; amended, 20 
& 21 Vict. c. 60, Aug. 25, 1857 ; again, 28 & 29 Vict. c. 21, May 9, 1865. For 
Scotland, 19 & 20 Vict. c. 79, July 29, 1856 ; amended, 20 & 21 Vict. c. 19, Aug. 
10, 1857. 

BANNER. The famous ' J^aven ' taken by Alfred from the Danes, 879. The 
banner of St Edmund, King of the West Saxons, was azure 3 crowns gold. Ed- 
ward I. used one in his army, 1298 ; and at the siege of Caerlaverock, June, 1300. 
St Cuthbert's, the celebrated banner of history, made, 1346. The English banner 
was a red cross on a -white ground^ to which was afterwards added the Cross of 
St Andrew and St Patrick, 1800. The French banner bore St Martin's Cap and 
the 0)'ijlamme, circa iioo. 

BANNERET. This dignity is generally conferred upon the battle-field. Ed- 
mondsoii mentions the first creation in 736. Seldon asserts the first creation to 
have been 34 Edward I., 1368. It afterwards fell into disuse, but was revived by 
Henry VII., 1485 ; discontinued after 1642 ; renewed by George II. ; and George 
HI. conferred it upon Sir William Erskine, 1764. 

BANNOCKBURN, battle between the Scotch army, under Robert Bruce, king 
of Scotland, and the English, under Edward II. of England, in which the latter 
was defeated, June 25, 1314 ; the English lost 154 lords and knights, 700 gentle- 
men, and 10,000 soldiers ; the Scotch lost 4000. 

BANNS of marriage is said to have been instituted by Pope Innocent III., circa 
1215. Publication established, 2 & 3 Edward VI., c. 21. Originally a feudal 
law, meaning a solemn proclamation of anything. See Marriages. 

BANQUETING HOUSE, Whitehall, built, 1619. Destroyed by fire the same 
year. Rebuilt by Inigo Jones, 1620. Finished, 1622. 

BANTAM, a city of Java. The Portuguese visited and settled here, 151 1 ; ex- 
pelled by the Dutch, 1595; a factory established by the English, under Capt. 
Lancaster, 1602 ; a treaty to divide the pepper trade with the Dutch was agreed 
to, but never carried out, 1619 ; the English shortly after expelled; the town 
surrendered to the English, 181 1 ; restored to the Dutch, 1816, agreeably to the 
treaty of 1 814. A fire in 181 7 destroyed most of the houses, and they have not 
been rebuilt. The Dutch removed to Cerani. 

BANTRY BAY, on the south-west coast of Ireland, a naval engagement off, 
between the French ships which had accompanied James II., and the English 
ships, commanded by Admiral Herbert. The French forces landed in 1796. 
Mutiny of the squadron of Admiral Mitchell at, 1801-2, 17 mutineers con- 
demned to death. 

BARBADOES, West Indies, the English landed and took possession of, 1605 ; 
granted by James I. to the Earl of Marlborough ; first settlement made by the 
English, under Sir William Courteen, Feb. 17, 1625 ; made over to the Earl of 
Carlisle, by patent, June 2, 1627 j the Dutch attempted to obtain possession. 



6o BARBAROSSA ORONDJ BARCELONA 

1665 ; the island visited by a terrible hurricane, 1675 ; another hurricane, which 
destroyed 3000 persons, and property valued at ;!^ 1,320, 564 ; one still more 
destructive in its character occurred Aug. 10, 1831 ; the negroes revolted, 
killing many of the inhabitants, 1 816 ; made a bishopric, 1842. 

BARBAROSSA ORONDJ, born in Mytilene, 1474; entered the semce of Tunis, 
1510 ; the scourge of the Genoese and Spaniards in the Mediterranean ; he was 
one of the most daring and most successful adventurers that ever lived ; killed, 
fighting against the Spaniards, in 15 18 ; succeeded by his brother Khizr, who 
outdid him in audacity ; Selim I. confirmed him in his brother's possessions, 
1532 ; he scoured the coast of Italy, 1534 ; took Tunis in the name of Sultan 
Soliman, 1535 ; made admiral, 1536 ; defeated by the combined Christian 
fleet, at Arta, Sept. 1538 ; he ravaged Naples, and being joined by the Fi^ench, 
attacked and took Nice, burned part of the town, and carried off 5000 of 
the inhabitants ; more than 12,000 captives filled his galleys, of all ranks of per- 
sons ; he returned to Constantinople, 1544 ; died there, July 4, 1544. 

BARBARY Merchants' Company, established by letters patent of Queen Elizabeth, 
July 5, 1585. 

BARBERINI, Pope Urban VIII. , the first pope who gave the cardinals the title 
of Eminence, i6z}4. 

BARBERS. This craft was known in Rome in the 3rd century. 

BARBERS, Company of London, incorporated i Edward IV., Feb. 24, 1462. 
The Company of Surgeons incorporated with them by 32 Henry VIII. c. 42, 
1540 ; a charter granted to the united company by James I. and by Charles I., 
Aug. 15, 1629. The two companies separated by 18 George II. c. 15, June 
24, 1745. This company possesses the celebrated picture painted by Hans Hol- 
bein, to commemorate the incorporation of the two companies by Heniy VIII. ; 
it was engraved by Robt. Barron in 1734. The company received their first 
grant of arms, 20 Hemy VI., Sep. 22, 1452 ; renewed, June lO, 1561. 

BARBERS' HALL. The old hall built from the designs of Inigo Jones, circa 
1636 ; destroyed in the fire of 1666 ; rebuilt in 1671 ; taken down in 1863. The 
Theatre of Anatomy, the present court room, built by Inigo Jones. In i656 it 
escaped the great fire ; a new cupola was added to it, at the expense of Lord Bur- 
lington and Cork, in 1733 ; and in 1S64 a new cupola was erected and the room 
re-decorated, by Charles John Shoppee. The old entrance erected in 1671 is 
still preserved ; the paving of the entrance with black and white marble was done 
at the expense of Mr Lawrence Loe, surgeon, in 1646. 

BARBOU. The name of a family of printers, long famous: John resided at 
Lyons, 1539; Hugh at Limoges, 1580; John Joseph at Paris, 1704; Joseph, his 
brother, 1723 ; Joseph Gerard, who printed the classics bearing his name, 1 750; 
his nephew succeeded him, 1 789. 

BARBUDA, island of, first colonized by the English, 1628; granted to Colonel 
Codrington. 

BARCELONA, Spain, founded by Hamilcar Barcas, B.C. 235; the Carthaginians 
expelled by the Romans ; the Goths took it, A. D. 41 1 ; it fell under the power of 
the Mahometans, 718; retaken by the Catalonians and Charlemagne, 801 ; taken 
by Abderhaman II., 833, afterwards by the Christians, 852 ; held by the Counts 
of Barcelona until circa 1131; besieged by Don Juan II., 1471 ; capitulated, 
1472; taken by the French, 1640, and again in 1647; restored at the peace of 
Ryswick ; Lord Peterborough besieged it, Oct. 9, 1 705 ; the town surrendered to 
him, Sept. 13, 1706; taken by Marshal Berwick with 20,000 French soldiers, 
Sept. 12, 1 714; taken again upon the French invading Spain, Feb. 28, 1808; 
declared for Espartero in 1841, against him, 1842; bombarded by him; yellow 



BARCELONA BARKING ABBEY 6i 

fever at, 300 persons died on Oct. 19, 1821. The convent of St Francis forcibly 
dissolved, Nov. 5, 1822. Bank established at, 1844, Insurrection in, martial 
law proclaimed, Aug. 19, 1867. 

BARCELONA, S. America, founded, 1634 ; made one of the Venezuela con- 
federation, 1 810. 

BARCLAY, Captain, walked a thousand miles in a thousand successive hours, 
each mile within the hour, July 10, 1809; hundreds of thousands of pounds de- 
pended upon this race ; forty-two days and nights, less eight hours. A lady was 
said to have ridden a thousand miles in a thousand hours, which she performed 
May 3, 1758. 

BARCLAY & CO.'S BREWERY, Southwark, stands upon a part of the site of 
the old Globe Theatre; Mr Halsey held it, 1690 ; enlarged by Ralph Thrale, 
and after his death came into the possession of Mr H. Thrale, the husband of 
Mrs Piozzi; sold to Messrs Barclay & Co. for ^135,000, in 1781 ; escaped in the 
Gordon riots; burnt down. May 22, 1758; rebuilt, and partially destroyed in 
1832 ; since rebuilt. 

BARDS, in ancient times, poets or prophets, regarded with great veneration, 
traced from the earliest records, in the northern as well as the southern nations, 
among the Druids and the Welsh, as well as the Jews and Greeks. The bard 
was a domestic officer in Wales, 940 ; the bards of Wales were regulated by the 
King of Wales, Griffyth ap Conan, 1078; all the bards of Wales invited to a 
grand festival given by Lord Rhys, 1 1 76 ; meeting of the bards or Eisteddfod, 
held at Caerwys, May 26, 1568; another held at Brecon, Sept. 25, 1822. In 
Ireland, a harp is yet preserved that is said belonged to one of their wild race of 
king-bards, Brian Boroihme, 1014. 

BAREBONE'S PARLIAMENT, so called from a person of that name, a cord- 
wainer of Fleet-street, met by the command of Cromwell, July 4, 1653, and dis- 
solved, Dec. 12, the same year. 

BAREILLY, East Indies. Near this town the British forces obtained two victories 
over the Rohillas, in 1774 and 1796; insurrection at, in consequence of the 
method of taxation, April 16, 1816; revolt of the Sepoys who murdered their 
officers. May 31, 1857 ; escaped to Delhi, July 2 ; retaken by the English, May 
7, 1858. 

BARFLEUR, Normandy, the town reduced by the pirate Hastings, 888 ; part of 
the fleet prepared by William the Conqueror left here to invade England, 1066. 
Prince William, son of Henry I., embarked from here on his ill-fated voyage, 
shipwrecked with 300 of his companions in the Blanch-Nef, Nov. 25, 1120. 
Taken by Edward III. of England, 1346. 

BARHAM, 74 guns, foundered off Corsica, July 29, 1811. 

BARI, Naples, plundered by the Saracens, 860 ; taken from them by the Emperor 
Louis II., 871; by the Normans, 1070 ; re-taken by Lotharus, 1 137; and again 
by Roger of Sicily. The priory of St Nicola built, 1087 ; in this church was 
erected the splendid monument to Bona Sforza, queen of Poland, 1557. 

BARK, the virtue of, first discovered by the Jesuits in 1500. Peruvian, brought to 
Europe, 1649; used in France, 1680; yellow, first used in England, 1790 ; Sir 
Hans Sloane introduced it into practice, 1700. 

BARKING ABBEY, founded, 677; burned by the Danes, 870 ; governed by 
Maude, queen of Henry I., afterwards by Maud, the queen of Stephen; pe- 
titioned to be excused from contributing an aid to the king, on account of the 
expenses of repairing Dagenham breach, 1376 — 80 — 82. The revenue of the con- 
vent so impaired from this cause, that the ladies had only fourteen shillings a-year 



62 BARKING ALLEY BARODA 

each, for clothes and necessaries, 1410. The nuns were Benedictine. In 1200, the 
■ abbess' election vested in the convent; convent surrendered to Henry VIIL, 
Nov. 14, 1539; the possessions valued at ;!fio84 6s. 2yid. ; the abbey sold by 
Edward VL to Lord Clinton, 1551; manor of, sold by Charles L to Sir F. 
Fanshawe, for ^2000, receiving a fee farm rent of ^160 ; workhouse built, 1787. 

BARKING' ALLEY, London. A house fell with 1000 people in it, by the Ship 
alehouse, at the execution of Lord Lovat, April 9, 1 747 ; by which ten persons 
were killed on the spot, and numbers injured so that they lost their lives. 

BARKWAY greatly injured by fire, Aug. 18, 1748. 

BARLETTA, in the Two Sicilies, invaded by the French and Spaniards, 1501 ; 
blockaded by the French forces under the Duke de Nemours, 1502 ; the French 
defeated in two battles, — Seminara, April 21, 1503, and on the 28th, Cerignola ; 
the French lost 3000 men. This place was the scene of the celebrated engage- 
ment between eleven French and the same number of Spanish cavaliers. Among 
the persons engaged were the famous Bayard and Don Alonzo Sotomayor : the 
French through the bravery of Bayard obtained the victory, Feb. 16, 1503. 13 
Protestants were murdered by the Romanists, March 20, i866. 

BARLING ABBEY, Lincolnshire, built, 1180. 

BARNABA CHIARAMONTI, elected pope, at Venice, March 13, 1800, as 
Pius VII., through the interest of Napoleon Bonaparte; signed the concordat 
terminating the schism with the Galilean Church, July 15, 1 801 ; crowned 
Napoleon in Paris, 1804, but refused to go there to crown Louis XVIII. 
Napoleon put an end to the temporal reign of the pope. May 17, 1809; Pius 
refused to resign, and was taken to Fontainbleau, until 1814, when the AUies 
restored him to power. 

BARNARD'S INN, Holborn, anciently called Mackworth's ; a Chancery Inn 
founded, 1445. 

BARNARD'S STATUE, Sir John, erected in the Royal Exchange, May 23, 
1747- 

BARNARDISTON, Sir Samuel, fined ;,{^io,ooo, for stating that the plot of which 
Lord Russell and others were accused was a sham, Feb. 14, 1684. 

BARNET, or CHIPPING BARNET. The church built, 1400, by John Moot ; 

Queen Elizabeth's free school, 1573; Mrs Allen's school, 1725; mineral spring 

discovered, 1652. 
BARNET. Battle between York and Lancaster, Edward IV. gaining a complete 

victory over Warwick, April 14, 147 1 ; obelisk to commemorate, erected, 1740. 

BARNETT, George, fired at Miss Kelly on the stage of Drury Lane Theatre, Feb. 
17, 1816; tried April 8, and found insane. 

BARNSLEY, extensive damage at Hoyle Mill, by the bursting of the canal banks, 
Feb. II, 1859. 

BARNWELL, near Cambridge, destroyed by fire, Sept. 30, 1751; again, Dec. 16, 
1757- 

BARNWELL ABBEY, founded, 1298. 

BARNWELL CASTLE, built, 1132. 

BAROACH, Hindustan, taken by the British in 1781 ; the whole district trans- 
ferred to Madhajee Scindia, 1782 ; came- under the dominion of the British by 
treaty, in 1803. 

BARODA, India, governed by the Guicowar family ; a treaty of amity made with 
the East India Company in 1780; the assistance of the British was asked for, 



BAROMETER BARRISTERS 63 

against internal dissension, 1 802 ; other arrangements were afterwards made with 
the British in 1805, 1817, 1820. 

BAROMETER invented by Torricelh, a Florentine, 1643; wheel barometer con- 
trived, 1668; pendant, 1678; marine, 1700. 

BARON OF RENFREW, a timber ship of 9000 tons, lost between Calais and 
Dunkirk, Oct. 23, 1825, from Quebec to London. 

BARON. The origin of the title, in England, is said to have been Vassmcr, 
changed by the Saxons into Thane, and by the Normans into Baron. From 
Magna Cliarta all Lords of Manors had seats in parliament. The first precept 
is 49 Henry III., 1265 ; Richard II. made it a mere title of honour; Charles II. 
granted them a coronet bearing six large pearls ; John de Beauchamp raised by 
patent by Richard II., 1387. The barons refused to attend King John, 1201 ; first 
summoned to parliament, 1205, and heavily taxed; made war against the king, 
1213 ; made the king sign Magna Charta, June 19, 1215 ; interdicted by the pope, 
1216; did homage to the French dauphin, 1216; defeated, May 19, 1217; com- 
pelled the king to delegate his regal power, 1258 ; civil war between, and the 
king, broke out, June 11, 1258 ; agreed to submit their disputes to the arbitration 
of Louis of France, who annulled the statutes, Jan. 22, 1264 ; defeated the king at 
Lewes, May 14, 1264 ; defeated by the king at Evesham, De Montfort beino- 
killed, Aug. 4, 1265 ; Ely surrendered to the king, and the war ended, July 25, 
1267. 

BARONET, an order of knighthood instituted, for money to pay his troops, by 
James I., May 22, 161 1, and made hereditary. Instituted in Ireland, Sept. 30, 
1619; to be gentleman born, and have an estate of £1000 per annum ; the 
patents sold for ^1095 each, hence the bloody hand of Ulster upon their shields. 
The first made was Sir Nicholas Bacon, May, 161 1. Baronets of Nova Scotia 
made, May 28, 1625. Appeared at court in the badges of their order, for the first 
time for a long period, Nov. 30, 1775. 

BARONIES by writ. The following are all in existence at present : — De Roos, 1264 ; 
Le Despenser, 1264; Clinton, 1299; Ferrers, 1299; De Clifford, 1299; Multon 
ofGillesland (not claimed), 1307; Botetourt, 1308; Zouche, 1308; Audley, 
1313 ; Willoughby of Eresby, 1313; Dacre, 1321 ; Grey of Ruthyn, 1324; 
Molines, 1347; Beauchamp of Bletsho, 1363; Botreaux, 1368; Scrope of Bohon 
(not claimed), 1371 ; Hungerford, 1426; Say and Sele, 1447; Hastings, 1461 ; 
Willoughby de Broke, 1492; Conyers, 1509 ; Windsor, 1529 ; Mordaunt, 1532 ; 
Paget, 1550 ; Compton, 1572 ; Norris, 1572 ; Howard of Walden, 1579 ; Clifton, 
1 608 ; Strange, 1628. 

BARRACKPORE, Hindustan, in the province of Bengal ; mutiny of the Sepoys, 
Oct. 30, 1824 ; rebellion of the native troops in reference to the cartridges, March 
29, 1857. 

BARRACKS, expenses of Within the last 20 years there has been expended on 
barracks, huts, &c. : — At Colchester, £ii'],TST ; at Pembroke, ;i^i6,24i ; at 
Shoeburyness, ^84,927 ; at Shorncliffe, ;i/^2io,292 ; at Hythe, ^^26,864 ; at Fleet- 
wood, ^18,380. Much further expenditure is proposed, and has been approved 
by the Government — ;!^5o,ooo for cavalry barracks at Colchester ; ^27,000 for 
additional accommodation and works and a church at Shoeburyness ; ;i^4000 at 
Shorncliffe, and about the same sum at Hythe, and at Fleetwood ;(f 10,000 for 
purchase and alteration of bath-house, &c. ; nearly ^10,000 more for hut encamp- 
ment, and in a ftiture year ;^i8,ooo for permanent barracks and hospital. 

BARRIER, Treaty, ceding the Low Countries to the Emperor Charles IV. of 
Austria, signed Nov. 15, 171 5. 

BARRISTERS appointed by parliament, 20 Edward I., 1293. 



64 BARROSA BASS'S STRAITS 

BARROSA, battle, between the English under General Graham, with an army 
of 4000 men, and the French, commanded by Marshal Victor, 8000 men and a 
formidable artillery, when the latter were defeated, Alarch 6, 181 1. 

BARROWS. These tumuli, found in various parts of England, are said bysome writers 
to have been the burial-places of the ancient Britons. One discovered at Stone- 
henge, containing Celtic ornaments in wood, amber, and gold, Nov., 1808. 

BARROW'S Straits, discovered by Captain Parry, Aug. 2, 1819. 

BARTHOLOMEW Act. By this act all clergymen who did not assent to the re- 
vised Book of Prayers upon Aug. 24, 1662, were ejected from their livings. 

BARTHOLOMEW FAIR, charter granted by Henry I., 1 133 ; held in the Priory 
Garden, afterwards in Smithfield ; Phillips' booth fell, killed two persons and 
wounded several, Aug. 23, 1749 ; tolls abolished, 1755 ; Mr Aid. Musgrove the 
last mayor who proclaimed the fair, 1850 ; the last proclamation made by an 
official, 1855 ; the Pye Powder Court held its last sittings, Sept. 3, 1853. 

BARTHOLOMEW, ST, island of, first founded by the French, 1648; taken by the 
English, 1689 ; restored to France, 1746 ; granted by France to Sweden, 1785. 

BARTHOLOMEW, ST, Massacre of, by the secret orders of Charles IX. of 
France, perpetrated by the Catholics on the Huguenots, when upwards of 500 
nobles and 20,000 persons were murdered, Aug. 24, 1572. 

BARTHOLOMEW, ST, Hospital of the monastery of, founded by Rahere for the 
Austin Friars, 1102 ; the hospital enlarged, 1539 ; incorporated, by Henry VIII., 
Jan. 13, 1547 ; partially rebuilt, 1702 ; the first stone laid of the Quadrangle, 
June 9, 1730. 

BARTHOLOMITES, a religious order founded at Genoa, 1307. 

BARTOLINI, Thomas, his account of a double man published, 1654, named 
John Baptist and Lazarus Colleredo. 

BARTON, Eliza, the holy maid of Kent, executed, 1534. 

BARTON, S., Hants, 27 houses at, destroyed by fire, May 8, 1792. 

BASEL, Switzerland, destroyed in 450 ; and again destroyed by the Magyars, 917; 
the whole town burnt, 1336 ; entered into the Swiss Confederacy, 1501 ; a council 
was held in this town, from July 23, 1431, to May 16, 1448 ; a treaty concluded 
between France, Prussia, and Spain, April 5, 1795. 

BASHAW of Scutari revolted against Turkey, and was defeated, 1786. 

BASILIANS, the order of St Basil, established, 318; introduced into the West, 
1057 ; there were 90,000 monks of this order when it was reformed, 1569. Also 
a sect who had all things, even their wives, in common, 1 1 10 ; Basil, their founder, 
was burned alive, 11 18. 

BASING-WERKE Abbey, Flintshire, built, 1131. 

BASKET'S Printing-office, Blackfriars, the finest in the Vv-orld, burned, Dec. 14, 
1737- 

BASQUE PROVINCES. The origin of these provinces is obscure ; they were 
known to the Romans, and for a long while resisted the Goths, but succumbed to 
them, 585. 

BASQUE ROADS. The French fleet, attacked by Lord Cochrane, in the Im- 
perieuse, with several fire-ships and gun-boats, four sail of the liiae, and numerous 
merchant vessels, desti'oyed, April 11, 1809; the next morning, the Admiral, Lord 
Gambler, was signaled to send a part of the fleet to complete the victory, but he 
refused; he was afterwards tried by a court martial, July 26, 1809, and acquitted, 

BASS'S STRAITS, discovered between New Holland and Van Diemen's Land, by 
Lieut. Flinders, and called after the surgeon of the ship, George Bass, Dec, 1797. 



BASS BATH 6$ 

BASS Rock, in the Firth of Forth, purchased by Charles II., 1671 ; made a state 

prison ; some of the adherents of King James held possession of this rock in his 

name, after Great Britain had submitted. 
BASSETERRE, the capital of St Christopher, West Indies, founded 1623. 

The British Fleet attacked by the French Fleet upon three occasions, and were 

repulsed, Jan. 26, 1782. 

BASSORAH, Turkey, taken by the Turkish army, 1668 ; captured by the 
Persians, April 16, 1776; retaken by the Turks, 1778. 

BASTARD CHILDREN, not made legitimate by marriage of parents, 20 Henry 
III., c. 9, 1235 ; proclamation of, to be made, 9 Henry VI. c. il, 1430. The 
number of bastard children bom in the workhouses of England and Wales, in 
1862, was 81 15. 

BASTI A, Corsica, a fortified town, taken by the English, 1 745, and again, 1 794. 

BASTILLE. Three of these fortified prisons formerly existed in France. The 
Bastile du Temple St Denis, St Antonie, the most notorious in history, was built 
by Charles V. ; first stone laid, April 22, 1369 ; completed in the next reign, 
1383 ; afterwards strengthened by a fosse 12 feet wide, and bounded by a wall 
36 feet high. Henry IV. gave the command of the, to his minister Sully, and 
it became the depository of his wealth. Besieged by the Bourgignons, 1418 ; by 
Henry IV., 1594 ; Fronde invested this prison, and it capitulated, Jan. 13, 
1649, and retained possession imtil Oct. 21, 165 1 ; taken by the Revolutionists, 
the governor being killed, and the prisoners, seven in number, released, July 
14, 1789 ; ordered to be razed to the ground by the committee, the same month. 

BATAVIA, Java. The Dutch, under Gen. Coen, took the town of Jacatra Assa 
in 16 1 9, and established a factory here, 1612 ; the town built, 1619 ; received a 
new constitution, Sept. 14, 1801 ; expelled by the British, Aug. 8, 181 1 ; re- 
stored to the Dutch, May 30, 1814 ; annexed by France, June 5, 1806; slavery 
abolished, July i, i860; great floods in, killing hundreds of the inhabitants, 
March I, i86i. The great church of, built, 1760, at a cost of ^80,000, the 
foundations of which have given way, and the edifice has been taken down. 

BATH, Somerset, founded B.C. 863 ; inhabited by the Romans, whose baths, 
fitted up with great magnificence, were discovered, 1755 ; held by King Arthur to 
the year 576, when the Saxons obtained possession ; King Edgar was crowned 
here, 973 ; plundered and burnt in the reign of Rufus ; rebuilt by John de 
Villula, 1090; visited by Queen Elizabeth, 1590; this queen granted a charter, 
making it a city, 1590; a new charter granted, 1794; fortified by Charles I., 
1643 ; battle of, July 5, 1643 ; Abbey Church, building of, commenced, 1499, 
completed, 1606, — 236 feet long, 72 wide ; hospital built, July 6, 1738 ; assembly 
rooms built, 1710 ; destroyed by fire, 1820 ; Beau Nash, master of the cere- 
monies from 1 710 to 1760; Pump Rooms built, 1706 — 1797 ; theatre built from 
the design of Mr G. Dance, R.A., 1768 ; re-opened, 1805 ; burnt, April 18, 
1862; philosophical society founded, 1799; Victoria Park opened, 1830; Bath 
stage-waggon took fire on Salisbury Plain, May 20, 1758. 

BATH and WELLS. The Collegiate Church founded by Ina, the Saxon king, 
704 ; Wells made a bishopric, 1078 ; the present cathedral begun by Bishop 
Jocelyne Trotman, 1214 ; consecrated, 1239; the bishop styled of both places, 
1 1 36, Bath having the precedency. 

BATH, Order of, instituted, 1204 ; the knight created was Sir Thomas Esturmy, 
July 17, 1204; at the coronation of Henry IV., 46 Esquires, who had watched 
the night before and bathed, were enrolled m the order. The institution of this 
order may be divided into three periods : the first ending with the coronation of 
Charles II., when, for the last time, knights of this order were made according to 

5 



66 BATHS BATTLEFIELD 

the ancient forms ; the second commencing from the revival of the order by 
George I., May i8, 1725 ; and tlie third on its re-organization and enlargement 
by His Royal Highness the Prince Regent, Jan. 2, 1815, in the reigir of George 
III. In the first period, it was only customary to make knights of the Bath at 
the coronation of sovereigns, or their queen-consort, on the creation of the Prince 
of Wales, or the Duke of York. There was a creation of knights on the marriage 
of the Duke of York, 1477 ; and again, 1501, on the marriage of the Prince of 
Wales. Queen Mary and Elizabeth made by deputy 30 knights ; King James 
appointed 62; Charles I., 59; and Charles II., 68. Her present Majesty en- 
larged the order, and divided it into three classes, and directed the order to 
consist of the sovereign, and a great master, and 952 companions. The number 
was again enlarged to 985 ; 75 members of the first class, to be designated 
Knights Grand Cross ; 160 of the second class, styled Knights Commanders ; and 
750 of the third class, designated Companions of the order, Jan. 31, 1859. The 
first notice of any insignia or badge being worn was in 1614. The banner of Sir 
Thomas Cochrane (commonly called Lord Cochrane) kicked out of Henry VIII. 's 
chapel, Westminster, by the king-at-arms, Aug. 12, 1814. 

BATHS and Wash-houses for the poor, established under an act of the 9 & 10 
Vict, c.74, Aug. 26, 1846 ; amended, 10& 11 Vict. c. 61, and c. 34, s. 136, 1847 ; 
Turkish baths introduced into England, i860. 

BATHURST, Mr, the English Envoy at Vienna, murdered near Perleberg, 1810. 

BATHURST, N. S. Wales, colony founded, 1815 ; gold first discovered at Ophir, 
1851 ; the diggings became very popular, 1852 ; licenses issued to diggers by the 
government. 

BATON ROUGE, Louisiana. During the Civil War, the town was captured by 
the Federals, May 7, 1862 ; the Confederates under Gen. Breckenridge defeated, 
Aug. 5 ; evacuated, Aug. 6. 

BATTERING-RAM, invented B.C. 441 ; used by Dionysius at the sieges of Rhe- 
gium and Moytya, B.C. 370, 388; by Polycrates at the siege of Rhodes, B.C. 
303; Hannibal used them at the siege of Saguntum, B.C. 219; used by the 
Romans at the siege of Jerusalem. 

BATTERSEA BRIDGE, built, 1770; suspension bridge opened, March 28, 
1858. 

BATTERSEA CHURCH, rebuilt, 1776, and opened Nov. 17, 1777. 

BATTERSEA FIELDS, the duel between the Duke of Wellington and Lord 
Winchelsea was fought here, March 21, 1829. 

BATTERSEA HOUSE, formerly the residence of Lord Bolingbroke, pulled 
down, 1775. 

BATTERSEA PARK, established by Act of Parliament, 9 & 10 Vict. c. 38, Aug. 
2, 1846, — the names of the occupiers of the land are given ; powers enlarged by 
II & 12 Vict. c. 102, Sept. 4, 1848 ; again in 1851 and 1853 ; opened, 1858. 

BATTLE ABBEY, founded by Wihiam I., on the spot where the battle of Hastings 
was fought, Oct. 14, 1066. 

BATTLE BRIDGE, so called to commemorate the battle between the Romans, 
under Suetonius Paulinus, and the Britons, under Boadicea, queen of the Iceni, 
A.D. 61 ; a fort constructed for the defence of the metropolis against Charles I., 
1643. 

BATTLE BRIDGE, Southwark, fire at, destroying ^50,000 of property, Aug. 
12, 1749. 

BATTLEFIELD, battle of, near Shrewsbury, between Henry IV. and Hotspur. 
24,000 troops engaged in this battle ; the shock was most terrific ; Percy being 
slain, the loss on both sides was very severe, July 23, 1403. 



BATTLE ROLL BATTLES 67 

BATTLE ROLL, a list of the chiefs of the Norman army of Wilham I., 1066 ; 
the number is 629. 

BATTLES, losses in. The Military Gazette of Vienna makes the following com- 
parisons of the forces engaged in the battle of Solferino and in former great 
battles : — ' At the late battle there were more than 300,000 soldiers in the field, 
and the losses must have amounted to at least from 30,000 to 37,000. At the 
battle of Leipsic, which lasted for three days, the 330,000 allies had against 
them 260,000 French; the latter lost 30,000 prisoners and 45,000 killed and 
wounded, and the former 48,000 killed and wounded. After Leipsic, the 
most sanguinary battle was that of Moscow, Sept. 7, 1812. The Russians 
had 130,000 men and 600 pieces of cannon, the French 134,000 men and 
587 cannon; the former lost 58,000 and the latter 50,000; the losses were, 
therefore, 40 per cent. At Bautzen, on May 21, 1813, there were 110,000 
Russians and Prussians opposed to 150,000 French ; the latter lost 20,000 
men and the allies 15,000, and not a single cannon. At Wagram, on July 
5-6, 1809, we had 137,000 men, and Napoleon 170,000 ; we lost 20,000 men 
and the enemy 22,000. At Esling we were 75,000 against 85,000 ; we had 
20,000 killed and wounded, the enemy 13,000 killed; but he left in our hands 
3000 prisoners, and was obliged to send 30,000 to Vienna to have their wounds 
attended to, so that out of the 160,000 men engaged about one-half were put 
hors de combat. At Austerlitz there were 70,000 French, as many Russians, and 
13,000 Austrians ; the losses were 21,000 Russians, with 160 pieces of cannon, 
5800 Austrians, and 10,000 French. At Jena there were 142,000 French 
against 150,000 Prussians. At Waterloo there were 170,000 men, of whom 
70,000 were French, who lost 25,000 men and 250 cannon, whilst the allies lost 
31,000 men. On an average the losses in all these battles amounted to from 20 
to 25 per cent., whilst in the late battle they did not exceed 15 per cent.' 

AN ALPHABETICAL LIST OF THE PRINCIPAL BATTLES — 

Abancay, July 12, 1537 Antoine, July 2, 1652 

Aboukir, July 25, 1798 Arbela, Oct. i, B.C. 331 

Abeufera, Jan. 4, 1812 Arcis sur Aube, March 20, 1814 

Achalzie, Aug. 24, 1828 Arcole, Nov. 14 — 17, 1796 

Acs, July 2, 1849 Argentaria, 373 
Adrianople, first, July 3, 323; second, Arguam, Nov. 29, 1803 

Aug. 9, 378 ; third, Aug. 20, 1829 Arklow, June 10, 1798 

Aghrim, July 12, 1691 Arques, Sept. 13 — 28, 1589 

Agincourt, Oct. 25, 1415 Ashdown, 1016 

Agnadel, May 14, 1509 Aspern, May 22 — 23, 1809 

Aiznadin, July 30, 634 Assaye, Sept. 23, 1803 

Albans, St, first. May 23, 1455 Atherton Moor, June 30, 1643 

,, ,, second, Feb. 17, 1461 Auerstadt, Oct. 14, 1806 

Albuera, May 16, i8n Augsburg, Aug. 29, 1795 

Alford, July 2, 1645 Austerlitz, Dec. 2, 1805 

Aliwal, Jan. 28, 1846 Ayachucho, Dec. 9, 1824 

Aller Moor, 1645 Aylesford, 455 

Alma, Sept. 20, 1854 Balaklava, Oct. 26, 1854 

Almanza, April 25, 1707 Bannockbuni, June 25, 13 14 

Almenara, July 28, 1710 Barbout, Sept. 28, 1829 

Altivia, June 25, 1838 Barrosa, March 6, 1811 

Angora, July 28, 1402 Battlefield, July 23, 1403 

Anjou, March 22, 1421 Bautzen, May 20 — 21, 1813 

Anneau, Nov. 24, 1587 Baylen, July 20, 1808 

Antietam, Sept. 16, 1862 Beague. See Anjou 

Antioch, June 28, 1098 Belgrade, Sept. 4, 1456 



68 



BATTLES 



Bergen, first, April 13, 1759; second, 

Sept. 19, 1799; third, Oct. 2, 1799 
Beresina, Nov. 26 — 28, 1812 
Bethel, Great, May ro, 1861 
Bitonto, May 27, 1734 
Blenheim, Aug. 13, 1704 
Bloreheath, Sept. 23, 1459 
Blumenau, July 22, 1866 
Borodino, Sept. 7^ 1812 
Borrisow, Nov. 27, 181 2 
Bosworth Field, Aug. 22, 1485 
Bothwell Bridge, June 22, 1679 
Boxtel, Sept. 17, 1794 
Boyne, July I, 1690 
Brailow, June 19, 1773 
Brandywine, Sept. 11, 1777 
Brechin, 1452 
Brentford, Nov. 12, 1642 
Breslau, Nov. 22, 1757 
Briars Creek, March, 1779; second 

time. May 3, 1779 
Brienne, Feb. i and 2, 18 14 
Bruanburg, 938 
Bull's Run, first, July 21, 18&I ; 

second, Aug. 28 and 29, 1862 
Bunker's Hill, June 17, 1775 
Burlington Heights, June 6, 181 3 
Busaco, Sept. 27, 1810 
Camden, first, Aug. 16, 1780, second, 

April 25, 1 781 
Cann«, Aug. 2, B.C. 216 
Cassano, first, Aug. 16, 1705 ; second, 

April 27-29, 1799 
Castella, April 13, 1813 
Castelnuovo, Nov. 21, 1796 
Castillon, July 7, 1453 
Castlebar, Aug. 2, 1798 
Cateau, March 28, 1794 
Cavi'npore, first, July 16, 1857 ; 

second, Nov. 27 ; third, Dec. 5. 
Cedar Mountain, Aug. 9, 1862 
CliKronea, Aug. 7, B.C. 338 
Chalgrave, June 18, 1643 
Chancellorsville, first. May I -3, 1863; 

second. May 5 and 6, 1864 
Chattanooga, Nov. 25, 1863 
Chicaliominy, June 25 — July i, 1862 
Chicaraauga, Sept. 19 and 20, 1863 
Chillian wallah, Jan. 13, 1849 
Chippewa, first, July 5, 1814; second, 

July 25, 1814 
Citate, Jan. 6, 1854 
Clifton Moor, Dec. 18, 1745 
Clontarf, 1039 
Coal Harbour, June i, 1864 



Corinth, Oct. 4, 1862 
Corunna, Jan. 16, 1809 
Cozitate, Jan. 6, 1854 
Craon, March 7, 1 814 
Crecy, Aug. 26, 1346 
Cropedy Bridge, June 29, 1644 
Culloden, April 16, 1746 
Cunnersdorf, Aug. 12, 1759 
Custozza, June 24, 1866 
Czaslau, May 17, 1742 
Danewirke, April 23, 1848 
Denis, St, Nov. 10, 1567 
Dennewitz, Sept. 6, 181 3 
Dettingen, June 27, 1743 
Devizes, July 13, 1643 
Donington, March 21, 1645 
Douro, May 12, 1809 
Dresden, Aug. 26 and 27, 1813 
Druex, Dec. 19, 1562 
Dunbar, first, April 27, 1296; second, 

Sept. 3, 1650 
Dungan Hill, July 10, 1647 
Dunes, June 14, 1658 
Eckmuhl, April 22, 1809 
Edgehill, Oct. 23, 1642 
Elchingen, Oct. 14, 1805 
Enghein, Aug. 3, 1692 
Espierres, May 22, 1 794 
Essling, May 21 and 22, 1809 
Eutan, Sept. 8, 1781 
Evesham, Aug. 4, 1265 
Eylau, Feb. 8, 1807 
Fair Oaks, May 31, 1862 
Falkirk, first, July 22, 1298; second, 

Jan. 17, 1746 
Famars, May 23, 1793 
Ferozeshah, Dec. 21, 1845 
Fleurus, first, June 30, 1690 ; second, 

June 26, 1794 
Flodden Field, Sept. 9, 15 13 
Fontenoy, May 11, 1745 
Fornovo, July 6, 1495 
Fortenay, June 25, 841 
Fredericksburg, first, Dec. 13, 1862 ; 

second. May 3 and 4, 1863 
Friedland, June 14, 1807 
Fuentes d' Onoro, May 3 and 5, 1811 
Gaugamela, Oct., B.C. 331 
Germantown, Oct. 4, 1777 
Gettysburg, July I -3, 1863 
Gitschin, June 29, 1866 
Goojerat, Feb. 21, 1849 
Gorey, Jan. 4, 1798 
Grandella, Feb. 27, 1266 
Granson, March 2, 1476 



BATTLES 



69 



Grochow, Feb. 20, 1831 
Guinegate, Aug. 16, 15 13 
Halidon Hill, July 13, 1333 
Hanau, Oct. 30, 181 3 
Harlaw, July 24, 141 1 
Hasbain, Sept. 23, 1408 
Hastings, Oct. 14, 1066 
Herrara, Aug. 24, 1837 
Hexham, May 15, 1464 
Hohenlinden, Dec. 2, 1800 
Homildon, Sept. 14, 1462 
Idstedt, July 25, 1850 
Ingour, Nov. 6, 1855 
Inkermann, Nov. 5, 1854 

IpSUS, B.C. 301 

Ivry, March 14, 1590 
Janvilliers, Feb. 14, 1814 
Jarnac, March 13, 1569 
Jemmappes, Nov. 6, 1792 
Jena, Oct. 14, 1806 
Kalitsch, Feb. 13, 181 3 
Katzbach, Aug. 26, 181 3 
Khart, July 19, 1829 
Killiecrankie, July 17, 1689 
Kilsyth, Aug. 15, 1645 
Kissingen, July 10, 1866 
Koniah, Dec. 21, 1821 
Koniggratz, July 3, 1866 
Krasnoi, Nov. 17, 18 12 
Kunnersdorf, Aug. 12, 1759 
Kurekdere, Aug. 6, 1854 
Laffeldt, July 2, 1747 
La Hogue, May 19, 1692 
Landen, July 29, 1693 
Langside, May 13, 1568 
Laon, March9, 18 14 
Lansdovi'n, July 5, 1643 
Leipsic, Oct. 16—18, 1813 
Lens, Aug. 20, 1648 
Langensalza, June 27, 1866 
Leuctra, B.C. 371 
Leuthen, Dec. 5, 1757 
Lewes, May 13, 1264 
Lexington, April 19, 1775 
Liebenau, June 25, 1866 
Ligny, June 16, 181 5 
Lincelles, Aug. 18, 1793 
Lincoln, first, Feb. 2, 1121 ; second, 

1217 
Linlithgow Bridge, 1525 
Lioppo, May 16, 1S60 
Lipstadt, Nov. 6, 1632 
Lodi, May 10, 1796 
Lutterberg, Oct. 7, 1758 



Lutzen, first, Nov. 6, 1632 ; second. 

May 2, 1813 
Magenta, June 4, 1859 
Magnano, April 5, 1799 
Maharagpore, Dec. 29, 1843 
Maida, July 6, 1806 
Malavelly, March 27, 1799 
Maleguano, first, Sept. 13-14, 1515 ; 

second, Feb. 23, 1525 ; third, 

June 8, 1859. 
Malplaquet, Sept. 11, 1709 
Mantinea, first, B.C. June, 418 ; 

second, 362 ; third, 207 
Marathon, B.C. Sept. 28, 490 
Marengo, June 14, 1800 
Margus, first, 285 ; second, 505 
Marignano, Sept. 13, 15 15 
Marston Moor, July 2, 1644 
Matamoras, May 8, 1846 
Meanee, Feb. 17, 1843 
Melazzo, June 20, i860 
Millesimo, April 13, 1796 
Milliduse, July 2, 1829 
Mincio, first, May 29, 1796 ; second, 

Feb. 8, 1814 
Minden, Aug. i, 1759 
Mockern, first, April 13, 1813 ; 

second, Oct. 16, 18 13 
Moeskirch, May 3, 1800 
Mohatz, first, Aug. 10, 1526; second, 

1687 
Mohilow, July 23, 1812 
Molwitz, April 10, 1741 
Montebello, first, June 9, l8oo ; 

second. May 21, 1859 
Montenotte, April 12, 1796 
Montereau, Feb. 18, 1814 
Moodkee, Dec. 18, 1845 
Mooltan, Nov. 7, 1848 
Morat, April 2, 1476 
Morgarten, Nov. 15, 1315 
Mortimer's Cross, Feb. 2, 1461 
Moskwa, Sept. 7, 1812 
Mount Tabor, April 16, 1799 
Miinchengratz, June 28, 1S66 
Muret, Sept. 12, 1213 
Murfi-eesborough, first, Dec. 31, 

1862 ; second, Jan. 2, 1863 
Naas, May 24, 1798 
Nachod, June 26, 1866 
Najfara, April 3, 1367 
Nantwich, Jan. 25, 1644 
Narva, Nov. 30, 1700 
Naseby, June 14, 1645 ' 



70 



BATTLES. 



Neerwinden, March 18, 1793 
Neubrunn, June 25, 1866 
Nevill's Cross, Oct. 12, 1346 
Newbum, Aug. 27, 1640 
Newbuiy, first, Sept. 20, 1643 ; 

second, Oct. 27, 1644 
Newton, Aug. i, 1689 
Nisbet, May 7, 1402 
Nive, Dec. 9 — 13, 181 3 
Niville, Nov. 10, 1813 
Nordlingen, first, Aug., 1634; second, 

Aug. 7, 1645 
Northallerton, Aug. 22, 1 138 
Northampton, July 10, 1460 
Novara, March 23, 1849 
Novi, first, Aug. 16, 1799; second, 

Jan. 8, 1800 
Obidos, Aug. 17, 1808 
Oltenitza, Nov. 4, 1853 
Orthez, Feb. 27, 1814 
Ostroleuka, May 26, 183 1 
Otterboume, Aug. 15, 1388 
Oudenarde, July II, 1708 
Oulart, May 27, 1798 
Ourique, July 25, 1 139 
Palestro, May 31, 1859 
Parma, June 29, 1734 
Patiay, June 18, 1429 
Pavia, Sept. 24, 1525 
Pfaffendorf, Aug. 15, 1760 
Pharsalus, June 6, B.C. 48 
Piacenza, June 16, 1746 
Pinkie, Sept. 10, 1547 
Pirmaseus, Sept. 14, 1793 
Plassey, June 23, 1757 
Podoll, June 26-27, 1866 
Poitiers, Sept. 19, 1356 
Polotzk, July 30-31, 1812 
Porto Novo, July i, 1781 
Prague, first, May 5, 1757; second, 

Oct. 10, 1794; third, Feb. 24-25, 

1831 ; fourth, March 31, 1 83 1 
Preston, Nov. 12, 1715 
Prestonpans, Sept. 21, 1745 
Pultowa, July 8, 1709 
Pultusk, Dec. 26, 1806 
Pyramids, July 21, 1798 
Pyrenees, July 28, 1813 
Quatre Bras, June 16, 1815 
Quintin, Aug. 10, 1557 
Ramilies, May 23, 1 706 
Rathmines, Aug. 2, 1649 
Raucoux, Oct. Ii, 1746 
Ravenna, April 11, 15 12 
Redhina, March 12, 1812 



Rheinfeld, March 3, 1638 

Rio Seco, July 13, 1808 

Rivoli, Jan. 14, 1797 

Rocroi, May 19, 1643 

Roli9a, Aug. 9, 1808 

Rosbach, first, Nov. 17, 1352; 

second, Nov. 5, 1757 
Rosebecque, Nov. 28, 1382 
Ross, June 4, 1 798 
Roveredo, Sept. 4, 1796 
Ruremonde, Oct. 5, 1794 
Ruti, March 7, 1821 
Sadowa, July 3, 1866 
Saguntum, Oct. 25, 1811 
Saintes, July 22, 1242 
Salamanca, July 22, 1812 
Sampach, July 9, 1386 
Santa Lucia, May 6, 1848 
Saragossa, Aug. 9, 1 710 
Saratoga, Oct. 7, 1777 
Secessionville, June 16, 1862 
Sedgmoor, July 6, 1685 
Seidlitz, April 10, 1831 
Selby, April il, 1644 
Semincas, 938 
Seneffe, Aug. 11, 1674 
Seringapatam, first. May 15, 1 791 ; 

second, Feb. 6, 1792 
Sheriffmuir, Nov. 13, 1715 
Shrewsbuiy, July 21, 1403 
Skalitz, June 28, 1866 
Smolensko, Aug. 17, 1812 
Smoliantzy, Nov. 14, 1812 
Sobraon, Feb. 10, 1846 
Solferino, June 24, 1859 
Solway Moss, Nov. 25, 1542 
Soor, June 28, 1866 
Soraoren, July 28, 1813 
Spurs, see Guinegate 
St Dizier, Jan. 27, 1814 
St Sebastian, May 5, 1836 
Standard, Aug. 22, 1 138 
Steinkirk, July 24, 1692 
Stoke, June 16, 1487 
Szegedin, Aug. 4, 1849 
Talavera, July 27-28, 1809 
Tara, May 26, 1798 
Tarbes, March 21, 18 14 
Tchernaya, Aug. 16, 1855 
Tewkesbury, May 4, 147 1 
Thabor, April, 1799 
Tinchebrai, Sept. 27, iio5 
Toplitz, Aug. 30, 1813 
Torgau, Nov. 11, 1760 
Toulouse, April 10, 1814 



BATTLES 



BAVARIA 



71 



Toumay, May 8, 1793 
Tours, Oct. 10, 732 
Towton, March 29, 1461 
Trebbia, June 20, 1 799 
Truellas, Sept. 22, 1793 
Tudela, Sept. 22, 1808 
Ucles, Jan. 13, 1809 
Valeggio, July 25, 1848 
Valteline, Aug. 19, 1812 
Valtezza, May 27, 1821 
Vauchamps, Feb. 13, 1814 
Villa Franca, April 10, 1812 
Vimiera, Aug. 21, 1808 
Vittoria, June 21, 181 3 
Volturno, Oct. i, i860 
Wagram, July 6, 1809 
Waitzen, July 16, 1849 
Wakefield, Dec. 30, 1460 



Waterloo, June 18, 1815 
Wavre, June 18, 18 15 
Wawz, March 31, 1831 
White Oak Swamp, June 30, 1862 
White Oaks, June 26, 1862 
White Plains, Nov. 30, 1796 
Wilderness, May 5-6, 1864 
Wilna, June 18, 183 1 
Williamsburg, May 11, 1862 
Witepsk, Nov. 14, 1812 
Wlirtzburg, Sept. 3, 1796 
Wlirtzchen, May 20, 1813 
Ximera, Sept. 10, 181 1 
Zelichow, April 6, 1831 
Zeuta, 1697 

Zorndorf, Aug. 25 and 26, 1758 
Zullichan, June 4, 1799 
Zurich, Sept. 24, 1799 



BATTLES, NAVAL : — 



Acre, Nov. 2, 1840 

Aix Roads, April 11, 12, 1809 

Algesiras Bay, July, 1801 

Algiers bombarded, Aug. 27, 1816 

Armada, July 21 — 28, 1588 

Beachy Head, June 30, 1690 

Bellair, Aug. 30, 1814 

Brest, Oct. 14, 1747 

Camperdown, Oct. 11, 1797 

Copenhagen, first, April 2, 1801 ; 

second, Sept. 5, 1807 
Dogger Bank, Aug. 5, 1781 
Dominica, April 12, 1782 
Dover, off, May 19, 1652 ; June 2, 

3, 1653 
Finisterre, Cape of, Ma,y 3, 1747 
Guadaloupe, April 12, 1782 
Hampton Roads, March 8, 9, 1862 
Hango, July 27, 1714 
Howe's victory, June i, 1794 
Lagos, Aug. 18, 1759 
La Hogue, Feb. 18, 165-2 ; May 23, 

1692 



Lepanto, Oct. 7, 15 71 

Lissa, July 20, 1866 

Malaga, Aug. 13, 1704 

Navarino, Oct. 20, 1827 

Negapatam, July 3, 1782 

Nile, Aug. I, 1798 

Passaro, Aug. 11, 1718 

Portland, off, Feb. 18 — 20, 1653 

Salamis, B.C. 480 

Samos, Aug. 17, 1824 

Sebastopol, bombardment of, Oct, 

17, 1854 
Sinope, Nov. 30, 1853 
Sluys, June 24, 1340 
Solebay, May 28, 1672 
Soor, June 28, 1866 
St Vincent, Cape of, June 16, 1693 
,, ,, second, Jan. 16, 1780 

,, ,, third, Feb. 14, 1797 

Tchesme, July 7 — 9, 1770 
Trafalgar, Oct. 21, 1805 
Trautenau, June 27, 1866 
Ushant, July 27, 1778 



BAVARIA, Germany, formed part of Rhsetia, Vindelicia, and Noricum of the 
Romans ; the Margrave raised to the title of Duke, 920 ; made an Electorate, 1620 ; 
driven from his kingdom, 1704; reinstated, Jan. 25, 1714; Maximilian Joseph 
made the first king by Napoleon L, Dec. 26, 1805 ; Louis Charles succeeded to 
the throne, 1825; abdicated, March 21, 1848; Maximilian II. succeeded his 
father, received the Tyrol and Voralberg from Austria, 1806; joined the allies 
against France, Oct. 17, 1813; the constitution granted, May 25, 1818. A court 
of honour was established by the state of, to prevent duelling, April 14, 
1819; modified in 1848-9. Maximilian II. king of, died and succeeded by 
LudwiglL, March 10, 1864. 



72 BAUTZEN BEACHYHEAD 

BAUTZEN, battle between Napoleon I. and the Allies, the latter defeated 
with great loss. May 20-21, 181 3. 

BAY ISLANDS. The island of Ruatan and certain other islands on the coast of 
Central America formed into a colony, under the name of 'Bay Islands,' to be 
administered by the Governor of Jamaica. The warrant was issued on March 
20, 1852, and the right of revoking it is reserved to the Crown. The islands are 
those of Ruatan, Bonacca, Utilla, Helene, Barbaret, and Moxat, ceded to Hon- 
duras by treaty, i860. 

BAY WINDOWS, invented about a century before the Tudor age. In a MS. at 
the Heralds' College relating to an entertainment given at Richmond by Henry 
VII., the following passage occurs, and may be taken as descriptive of one of the 
pui-poses to which it was applied : ' Agaynst that his grace had supped, the hall 
was dressed and goodlie to be scene, and a rich cupboard sett thereup in a baye 
window of ix or x stages and haunces of hight, furnissed and fulfillecl with plate 
of gold, silver, and regilte.' Carved wainscoting in panels, generally of oak, 
lined the lower part of the halls with greater unity of design and execution than 
heretofore ; and it now found its way into parlours and presence-chambers with 
every variety of ciphers, cognizances, chimeras, and mottoes, which in the castles 
of France, about the age of Francis I., were called Boisseries. Of these some 
curious specimens still rem.ain in the hall and chambers of the dilapidated man- 
sion of the Lords de la Warre, at Halnacre, in Suffolk. ' 

BAYAZID, Armenia. The Turks defeated by the Russians, losing 2000 men, 
July 20, 1824. 

BAYEUX, France, destroyed by Henry I., II05. Tapestiy, a roll of linen mea- 
suring 19 inches in breadth and 2ii feet in length, said to have been worked by 
Queen Matilda, wife of the Conqueror, in which is depicted the Norman Invasion, 
1066 ; discovered in the cathedral, 1767 ; published by the Society of Antiquaries 
by Stothard in the ' Vetusta Monumenta,' 1819. 

BAYLEN, battle. The French army under Marshal Dumont, defeated by the 
Spaniards, the French surrendering, July 20, 1808. 

BAYNARD'S CASTLE built, iiii ; used as a Royal Palace by Flenry VIL ; 
Charles II. supped here, June 19, 1660 ; destroyed in the great fire. 

BAYONETS reputed to have been invented at Bayonne, in France ; iirst recorded 

use of, in 1647 ; introduced into the English army, 1672 ; ringed bayonet, 1689 ; 

first used in the battle of Margsaglia by the French, 1693 ; socket bayonet, 1703. 
BAYONNE, France, in possession of the English, 1155 ; it was here that the plot 

to massacre the Huguenots was planned ; continued in the charge of the English 

to 1453 ; chapel of the new castle blown up, 100 persons killed, July 10, 1793 ; 

Joseph, the brother of Napoleon I., acknowledged by the Cortes as the king of 

Spain, May 25, 1808. 
BAYREUTH, Germany. The Margravite abdicated in favour of Prussia, 1791 ; 

treaty between France and Prussia conferred it upon the former country, Dec. 

15, 1805 ; ceded to Bohemia, 1S60. 
BAZAARS. One opened in Soho-square, by a man of the name of Trotter, 1806 ; 

the Queen's, in Oxford-street, burned down. May 28, 1829 ; St James's, built by 

Crockford, 1832 ; the Pantheon, built by Sydney Smirke, 1834 ; London ' Crystal 

Palace,' Oxford-street, opened, 1858. 

BEACHY HEAD, naval engagement off, between the English and French ; the 
former suffered greatly from the fire of the latter, June 30, 1690. The English 
lost two ships and 400 men ; the Dutch, their allies, two ships and 500 men, 
besides several ships sunk. 



BEADS BEDFORD 73 

BEACON NEWSPAPER, printer of, Edinburgh, tried for libel, and fined 
^500, Dec. 9, 1822. 

BEADS, in general use among the Roman Catholics, 1213. 

BEAGUE, battle, commonly called the battle of Anjou, between the French and 
English, the latter defeated, April 3, 142 1. 

BEAM AND SCALES. A public beam set up in London, under a weigh-master, 
3 Edw. IL, 1309. 

BEAN, John William, aged 17, presented a pistol at Her Majesty Victoria, July 3, 
1S42 ; sentenced to 18 mouths' imprisonment, Aug. 29. 

BEAR, the order of, instituted by Frederick II., king of Sicily, in honour of St 
Ursus, 1213. 

BEAR-BAITING, a popular game of the ancient citizens of London ; it is noticed 
by Fitzstephen, and Stow. Robert Laneham, in his account of the festivities at 
Kenilworth Castle, gives a description of the combat between the bear and dog, 
July 14, 1575. Erasmus, in the reign of Henry VIII., speaks of the trained bears 
censured by Edward HI, Prohibited fi-om exhibition, 1835. 

BEARDS, worn by the nations of antiquity ; the clergy ordered to shave their 
beards, 1146 ; not fashionable in England until after the Conquest, 1250. By an 
order of the Court of Aldermen, July 10, i543j it was decreed that no citizen 
or inhabitant of the city, wearing a beard, should have the custody of any oiqjhan 
of the city, or become surety, or be admitted to the freedom of the said city so 
long as he shall wear any such beard. 

BEATALL, Edward, steward to the corporation of the Shrewsbury poor, with his 
clerk, transported for 14 years, for embezzling nearly ;r^3000 of the funds, 1824. 

BEATON, Cardinal, murdered at the castle of St Andrews, May 28, 1546. 

BEAUCHIEF ABBEY, Derbyshire, built, 1183. 

BEAULIEU ABBEY, Hants, founded by King John, 1204. Margaret of Anjou 
was sheltered here after the battle of Barnet, April 14, 1471 ; Richard of York, 
also, Sept. 21, 1497. 

BEAUMONT, M., and M. Manuel, fought a duel in Paris, and the latter killed, 
April II, 1 82 1. 

BEAUVAIS, France, attacked by the English forces, June 7, 1433 ; siege of, under 
Charles the Bold, when the women, under Jeanne de la Hachette, heroically dis- 
tinguished themselves, July 10, 1472. 

BECCLES, Suffolk, partly burned down, Nov. 29, 1586. 

BECKET, or Thomas a Becket, killed at the altar in Canterbury cathedral, Dec. 
29, 1 1 70. His bones were enshrined in gold by the Romish devotees in 1220, 
but wei-e taken up and burned in 1539. This haughty prelate was born, 1119 ; 
became chancellor to Henry II. , I157 ; Archbishop of Canterbury, 11 62; was 
impeached, 1164 ; retired to France, but returned, and was reconciled to Henry, 
June 2, 1 1 70. 

BECKFORD, Alderman died, June 21, 1770, in which year a monument was placed 
to his memory in the Guildhall, London, in remembrance of his undaunted con- 
duct in defence of the rights of the subject, and particularly for his memorable 
speech to George III. on presenting a petition from London, May 23, 1770. 

BEDFORD, England, or the fortress of the Ford. A battle was fought here, be- 
tween the Britons and Saxons, 572 ; the Danes attacked the town, but were de- 
feated, 911 ; castle built, 929 ; Stephen besieged the castle, and took it, 1137 ; 
besieged by Henry HI. for 60 days, the castle demolished; the town made a 
borough ; taken by John, 1216. The celebrated Bunyan preached here, 1671-88; 



74 



BEDFORD 



BEER 



he is said to have wrote his Pilgrim's Progress in the gaol of this town. School 
founded, Aug. 15, 1552. 60 houses at, destroyed by fire, May 25, 1812. 

BEDFORD, statue of Duke of, by Westmacott, set up in Russell-square, Aug. 4, 1809. 

BEDFORD AND BUCKINGHAM, Dukes of, fought a duel in Kensington 
Gardens, May 2, 1822. 

BEDLOE'S plot and accusation against Prance, as a murderer of Sir Edmondbury 
Godfrey, Dec. 23, 1678 ; died at Bristol, Aug. 20, 1680. 

BEE, the order of, instituted by Louis of Bourbon, at Sceaux, in France, June 4, 1703. 

BEER. The manufactory of ale or beer is of great antiquity. Herodotus tells us 
of the Egyptians, owing to a want of wine, drinking a liquor fermented from 
barley. It was in common use in Germany in the time of Tacitus. The Saxons 
and Danes were passionately fond of beer ; it was early introduced into England, 
and it is mentioned in the laws of Ina, king of Wessex. The price of ale regulated, 
1272. Porter was first made about 1730, to unite the flavour of ale, beer, and 
twopenny, which were used before that ; and it was called porter because it was 
drunk by porters principally. The licensing system came in about 1 736. Beer was 
known in Scotland and England as early as 1 100 ; a rich brewer is mentioned in 1414, 
by Stow, and his gold trappings, 1482 and 1492. A quart of the best beer or ale 
was sold by statute in the reign of James I. for \d., and two quarts of small beer 
for the same money. Before 1552 anybody might sell ale or beer. There is no 
mode of knowing the amount of gallons or barrels of beer brewed in England. 
There were 60,000 retailers of beer in England in 1834, when the acts I Will. IV. 
and 4 Will. IV. were passed ; and about 1600 public brewers in England, 136 
in Scotland, and 263 in Ireland; 28,000 victuallers brewed their own ale. In 
1829, there were brewed 5,949,290 barrels of strong, and 1,330,467 of table-beer. 
In Scotland, 110,952 of strong, and 39,387 of table-beer. The quantity brewed 
in London varies. In 1823, it was 1,829,940 barrels, of which 71,828 were ex- 
ported. The malt liquor brewed in private houses is unknown in respect to 
quantity, and can only be loosely estimated by the total malt consumed, which the 
revenue returns furnish. London engrosses nearly one-third of the whole brewing 
business of England. In the year 1760, the largest brewer returned 74,734 
barrels; and in 1815, the largest house returned 337,621 barrels; in 1840, 361,321 
barrels. The excise on malt established in 1667, 1697. The tax was increased 
1760, and new modelled, 1766. Malt spirits also pay a duty. Important acts for 
regulating these articles are numerous ; one passed, 8 Geo. IV., 1827, and II 
Geo. IV., 1830. Act regulating malsters, i Vict., July 12, 1837. Porter was 
raised id. per gallon, Jan. 10, 1762, and again, 1801. The different quantities 
of porter brewed will show the increase and decrease at the times stated, in the 
returns of 12 principal brewers in London. 





Barrels. 




Barrels. 


From July 5, 1807, to July 5, 


1808. 


From July 5, 181 1, to July 5, 


1812. 


Meux & Co. 


. 190,160 


Barclay & Co 


270,259 


Barclay & Perkins 


. 184,196 


Meux, Reid, & Co. 


188,078 


Brown & Parry 


■ 131.647 


Hanbury & Co. . . 


160,164 


Hanbury & Co. . . 


• "7,574 


Whitbread & Co 


122,446 


Whitbread & Co. . . 


. 111,485 


Calvert & Co 


108,212 


Coombe & Co. 


70,561 


H. Meux & Co 


102,493 


Goodwyn & Co. . . 


70,232 


Coombe & Co. 


100,824 


F. Calvert & Co. . . 


68,924 


Goodwyn & Co 


81,022 


Elliot & Co. 


48,669 


Elliot & Co 


58,035 


Biley & Co. 


38,030 


Cocks & Campbell (Golden 




P. Calvert & Co. . . 


38,002 


Lane) 


51,274 


Taylor & Co. 


32,800 


Taylor 


51,220 






Clowes & Co 


34,010 



BEEF-STEAK CLUB 



Barrels. 
From July 5,1815, to July 5, 1816. 

330,200 

189,020 

185,041 

168,855 

114,277 

100,655 

85,925 

77,249 

50,533 

46,567 

36,101 

31,273 



BEETROOT 


75 




Barrels. 


Whitbread & Co 


213,841 


Meux, Reid, & Co. 


190,078 


Coombe, Delafield, & Co. 


140,209 


F. Calvert & Co 


107,858 


Heniy Meux & Co. 


103,499 


Goodwyn & Co. . . 


72,076 


Elliot & Co 


61,649 


Taylor & Co 


58,763 


Cross & Co. 


19,501 


In seven principal houses, 1840. 


Barclay, Perkins, & Co. . , 


361,321 


Truman, Hanbury, & Co. 


263,235 


Whitbread & Co. 


218,828 


Reid & Co 


196,442 


Coombe, Delafield, & Co. 


177,542 


Fehx, Calvert, & Co. 


136,387 


Sir H. Meux & Co. 


116,547 



Barclay & Perkins 

Meux, Reid, & Co. 

Truman, Hanbury, & Co. 

Whitbread & Co 

Henry Meux & Co. 

Coombe, Delafield, & Co. 

F. Calvert & Co 

Goodwyn & Co. . . 

Taylor & Co. 

Elliot & Co 

Cocks & Campbell 

Hollingworth & Co. 
Brewed by the 11 principal 

brewers, from July 5, 1822, to 

July 5, 1823. 

Barclay & Perkins .. 351,474 

Truman, Hanbury, & Co. 219,127 
The number of brewers in the united kingdom in 1866 was 37,776 ; the number of 
licensed victuallers, 95,743 ; and of persons licensed (in England) to sell beer to be 
drunk on the premises, 44,607 ; licensed not to be drunk on the premises, 3,063. 
In the year ending the ist of October, 1866, 574,872 barrels of beer were exported, 
of the declared value of ;^2,o55,479, a smaller quantity than in the previous year. 
Our chief customersare Australia, which took 150,364 barrels, and India, which took 
201,674, the latter quantity considerably less than in the year before. A porter 
cask, belonging to Whitbread & Co., 65 feet in diameter, 25 feet high, with 56 
hoops, weighing from one to three tons each, contains 20,000 barrels ; and cost 
four years' making. At the brewery of Meux & Co. two large vats suddenly 
burst, Oct. 17, 1814, and between 8000 and 9000 barrels were lost. The brew- 
ing business is engrossed by a few firms of gigantic capital, that expend large sums 
in purchasing public-houses, and exercise the despotic influence of great capital 
too often to the disadvantage of the community at large. The hops used by the 
brewers of London are of home growth. Parliament was at first petitioned against 
their growth as a deleterious weed, 1428. First used in malt liquors, 1525 — as a 
bitter narcotic. The average quantity grown for 22 years, from 1785 to 1803, was 
22,538,000 lbs. weight. Duty of those of Kent and Sussex in 1792 was ^170,000 ; 
in 1793, /i62,ii2 gs. 5^.; in 1795, ^^82,323 igs. ^d.; in 1799,. ^77,279 5-i'- 4^- 
In 1 83 1, the number of acres planted was 47, 129. The produce in pounds weight 
that year, 36,496,681. In 1852, the total old duty was ^244,824 2s. 5^. 
BEEF-STEAK CLUB, according to Ward, established, 1709; its first president 

was Estcourt. 
BEES, ST, Cumberland. A monastery founded here by Bega, a holy woman from 
Ireland. This building being destroyed by the Danes, rebuilt by William de 
Meshines, temp. Henry I. ; granted to Sir Thomas Chaloner, at the dissolution of 
monasteries, 7 Edward VI., 1553 ; a free-school founded by Abp Grindall, 1587 ; 
present college established, 181 7. 
BEES (ST) HE AD. Lighthouse, a mother and her five children found suffocated in, 

Jan. 19, 1822. 
BEETROOT Sugar, the idea suggested by Olivier de Serres, 1605. Sugar produced 
from the white sort by Margi-af, 1781 ; sugar produced from it by M. Achard, 
March, 1800 ; the French chemists, at the instance of Bonaparte, extracted sugar 
from this plant to a large extent, for the supply of France, l8ll ; refined sugars 
prohibited in France, Nov. 22, 1814; made in England, 1826. 



76 BEGGARS BELGIUM 

BEGGARS. Many enactments have been passed in reference to, — the earliest, 12 
Richard II. c. 7, 1388 ; all able-bodied beggars to be compelled to work or to be 
punished in the reign of Henry VII. Licence was given to impotent persons to 
beg in certain districts, 22 Henry VII. c. 12 ; also vagabonds to be pmiislied for 
begging, 1531. Poor people to be kept in their own shires and cities, 27 Henry 
VIII. c. 20, 1536. William Stevenson, a professional beggar, died at Kilmar- 
nock, July 17, 1 81 7, leaving upwards of ;^900. The act relating to, consolidated 
by 3 Geo. IV. c. 40, June 24, 1822. The Vagrant act, 5 Geo. IV. c. 83, passed, 
June 21, 1824 ; amended by i & 2 Vict. c. 38, June 27, 1838. 

BEGUINES Nuns, established at Nivelle, 1207 ; the council of Vienna abolished a 
branch of the order in 1311, for some erroneous point of doctrine. 

BEHEADING of nobles, first introduced into England by William I., as a less ig- 
nominious mode of punishment, 1074. 

BEHRING'S STRAITS, discovered and explored by a German navigator named 
Behring, in the Russian service, and found to be 39 miles asunder, 1074. Cap- 
tain Cook also explored the same straits, 1788. 

BELFAST, Ireland. First noted, 1315, when Bruce destroyed the castle. James 
I. granted a charter to the city, and erected it into a corporation, 1613 ; the long 
bridge of 2000 feet commenced, 1682 ; William HI. resided at, several days, 1690; 
the first editions of the Bible printed in Ireland, published here, 1704 ; the castle 
burned, April 4, 1708; the bank built, 1787; mechanics' institute established, 
1825 ; the merchants here, the only commercial men in Ireland who use their own 
vessels for their trade. Riots between the Roman Catholics and Protestants, 
Sept. 6, 1857 ; another even more serious, Aug. 8 — 10, 1864 ; renewed, Aug. 
15 — 24, 150 persons injured, the military called out. Meeting of the Social 
Science Congress at, Sept. 18, 1867. 

BELGIUM, kingdom of The southern part of the kingdom of the Netherlands, the 
territory of the Belgaa, conquered by Caesar, B.C. 47. Under France in 1369; it 
was ceded to the Emperor of Germany, 1477 ; annexed to Spain by the Emperor 
Charles V., 1556 ; revolt of, under the tyranny of Spain, 1579 ; fell again to 
Spain, 1648; seven provinces ceded to Germany, 1714; three to France, 1748; 
war in 1743; treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, restoring peace, 1748; Austrians ex- 
pelled but restored, 1 789 ; confederation united for political purposes, 1 790 ; 
conquered by the French under Gen. Dumourier, 1792 ; annexed to France, 
Sept. 30, 1795 ; threw off the French yoke, 1813 ; placed under the sovereignty 
of the house of Orange, July 21, 1814; revolution in, Aug. 25, 1830; a pro- 
visional government declared its independence, Oct. 4, 1830. The Belgians took 
Antwerp and expelled the Dutch ; driven into the citadel, thence they cannonaded 
the town, Oct. 27, 1830. Belgian independence acknowledged by the allied 
powers, Dec. 26, 1830 ; Duke de Nemours elected king, but his father refused 
his assent, Feb. 3, 1831 ; Leopold, Prince of Coburg, elected king, July 12, 1831 ; 
entered Brussels, July 19, 1831 ; constituted a constitutional representative and 
hereditary monarchy by Charter, 1831 ; the King of the Netherlands recom- 
menced hostilities, Aug. 3, 1831 ; France sent 50,000 soldiers to the assistance of 
Belgium, but the articles of pacification of the great powers were accepted, Nov. 
15, 1831 ; the Order of Leopold established, July 11, 1832; Leopold married 
Louise, the eldest daughter of the French king, Aug. 9, 1832 ; riot at Brussels, 
April 6, 1834 ; the king and queen visited England, 1837 ; treaty made between 
Hollpnd and Belgium, Feb. 4, 1839; the whole country between Brassels and 
the French frontier inundated, Aug. 17, 1850; the queen died, Oct. 10, 1S50 ; 
the Queen of England and Prince Alfred visited, Feb. 12, 1852 ; treaty of com- 
merce between the two countries, Oct 27, 1852 ; the standing army fixed at 
100,000 men, June 8, 1853; treaty of commerce with Great Britain, July 23, 



BELGRADE BELLS 77 

1862 ; visit of Her Majesty Victoria to, Aug. 11, 1863 ; again, Aug., 1865. The 
King of the Belgians died, Dec. 9, 1865. Visit of the English Vohmteers to, Oct. 
10, 1866; return visit of the Belgian Volunteers, July 11 — 22, 1867. Sovereio-ns 
of: — Leopold I. elected by the National Congress, June 4, 183 1 ; ascended the 
throne, July 21, 1831 ; died, Dec. 10, 1S65. Leopold II. ascended the throne, 
Dec. 10; took the constitutional oath, Dec. 17, 1865. 

BELGRADE, battle, between the Turks and the German forces, Sept. 4, 1456. 
The town taken by the Turks under Solyman, Aug. 20, 1521 ; retaken by the 
Austrians, 1688 ; recovered by the Turks, 1690 ; Prince Eugene retook it, 1717 ; 
restored to the Turks by treaty, 1739 ; captured by the Austrians, Oct. 8, 1789 ; 
restored two years afterwards ; seized by the Servian insurgents, 1806 ; again re- 
stored to the Turks, 18 13. 

BELLAIR, battle. Sir Peter Parker, captain of the frigate ' Menelaus,' attacked 
the Americans and defeated them, but the captain was killed, Aug. 30, 1814. 

BELL, BOOK, AND CANDLE, a Catholic ceremony of papal excommunication. 
The bell is rung, the book closed, and the candle extinguished, to deprive the 
censured of the sacraments and services of the Church. Gregory VII. first ex- 
communicated kings. In the case of Henry IV. of Germany, 1077, the royal body 
was five years above-ground, no one daring to bury it. King John was excom- 
municated by Pope Innocent HI. in 1208, all England being under the arrogant 
interdict for six years. Clement IV. excommunicated the citizens of Dublin in 
1206. Pope Alexander, in 11 70, put England also under an interdict; and 
Henry VIII. was placed under one for denying the pope's supremacy, 1535 ; 
Elizabeth also, 1588. 

BELLE ALLIANCE, 13 miles from Brussels, the meeting of Wellington and 
Blucher at, after the battle of Waterloo, June 18, 181 5. 

BELLEISLE, France. In the i6th centuiy this island was in the possession of 
Marshal de Retz, who fortified it ; became the property of France, 17 18; taken by 
the English uiider Commodore Keppel and Gen. Hodgson, June 7, 1761 ; re- 
•stored by treaty, Feb. 10, 1763. ■ 

BELLINGHAM, John, shot Spencer Percival, the English minister, in the lobby 
of the House of Commons, May 11, 1812. 

BELLINGHAM, Northumberland, many houses at, destroyed by fire, Aug. , 1 750. 

BELLMEN, first established in London, by Aid. Draper, Jan., 1556; they pro- 
claimed the hour of the night, ringing three bells' and crying, ' Take care of your 
fire and candle, be charitable to the poor, and pray for the dead. ' 

BELLOT STRAIT, discovered by Capt. Kennedy, 185 1, in the North Sea, and 
named after a French naval officer who sailed with Capt. Inglefield in search of 
Sir J. Franklin, and perished here, Aug. 18, 1853. A monument erected to his 
memory by subscription at Greenwich Hospital, 1855. 

BELLS. Known in the East at a very remote date. Ex. xxviii. 33, 34, bells 
ordered to be worn on the tunic of the high priest, to give notice of his approach. 
The ringing of a bell at the elevation of the host in the Romish Church is taken 
from this custom. Bells were also used in the Greek army, and upon the necks 
of their animals. Polydore Virgil ascribed the use of church bells to Paulinus, 
bishop of Nola. Used in England in the 6th century. Turketulus, abbot of 
Croyland Abbey, gave seven bells, or a complete peal, 975 ; set up, about 980. 
Kinsy, Abp of York, 1052, gave St John's, Beverley, two bells, and ordered others 
to be put up in the churches. They were in most of the Saxon churches. The 
large bell at Nankin, in China, was 12 ft high, 7^ ft in diameter, weighing 
50,000 lbs. The largest bells are in Russia ; that of the Kremlin weighs 443,772 
lbs., cast by order of the Empress Anne, 1653 ; St Ivan's, at Moscow, 127,836 ; 



78 BELOOCHISTAN BENEFICES 

that at Erfurth, 28,224; St Peter's, at Rome, 18,607; Great Tom of Oxford, 
17,000 ; great bell of St Paul's, 11,474 J Tom of Lincoln, 12,000 ; this last was 
broken, July 27, 1831 ; new bell, 1834. Big Ben, Westminster, the first, 1856 ; 
the second cast, April ro ; weighed 15 tons ; placed in the tower, Oct., 1858. 
Dr Donne Mercer left a sum of money to pay for ringing Bow bells every night 
at nine o'clock. This custom of bell-ringing seems to be of Saxon origin. 
Inscriptions on the oldest bells are in the Lombardic and black-letter characters. 
The custom of baptizing and consecrating bells has existed for some centuries. 

BELOOCHISTAN, Asia, made tributary by Nadir Shah, who bestowed it upon 
Nasi Khan, and made him commander-in-chief; he died in June, 1795 ; he was 
succeeded by his son Mahmood Khan. On the advance of the British army through 
Bolan Pass, the conduct of Merab Khan was so hostile that Gen. Willshire as- 
saulted and took Kelat, Nov. 15, 1839; the garrison left by the English was over- 
powered by the Beloochees, July 27, 1840, but was recovered by the army under 
Gen. Nott, Nov. 3, 1840 ; Mir Nasir Khan was recognized, 1841. 

BELTON, Rutlandshire, riot and fire at, which destroyed 27 houses, May 27, 1776. 

BELVOIR CASTLE, a considerable part destroyed by fire, Oct. 28, 1816. 

BELZONI, the African traveller, commenced his excavations, 1816 ; opened the 
great temple of Abousambul, 181 7, and the tombs of the kings ; died of dysentery, 
Dec. 3, 1823. 

BENARES, the holy city of Hindustan, a town of great antiquity, originally known 
by the name of Kasi ; this nation had a line of kings of its own until the Moham- 
medan invasion, 1193 ; it was afterwards taken by Baber ; it came into the pos- 
session of Nawaub, vizier of Oude ; ceded by treaty to the East India Company. 
Insurrection at, 1 781. Mr Cherry and several other Englishmen murdered by 
Vizier Ah, Jan. 14, 1799. Total number of mosques in 1829 was 333. A Sanscrit 
college established by the Government, 1792. A powder fleet of 35 boats, contain- 
ing 330,000 lbs of powder, exploded in the river, killing 420 persons and wound- 
ing 1200, May I, 1850. Mutiny of 37th regiment of infantry and 13th irregular 
cavalry, June 4, 1857. 

BENCOOLEN, settled by the English, 1685 ; a fort erected, 1690 ; Marlborough 
fort built, 1714; the colonists nearly all destroyed by the natives, 1719 ; the 
colony destroyed by the Fi-ench, under Count d'Estaign ; secured to the English 
by treaty, 1763 ; ceded to the king of the Netherlands, March i, 1825. 

BENDER, the city of. An asylum granted by Achmet III. to Charles XII. of 
Sweden, after his army was defeated at Pultowa, July 8, 1709. The town taken 
by the Russians, Sept. 28, 1770, and again in 1789 ; ceded to Russia by the treaty 
of Bucharest, 1812. 

BENEDICTINES, a monkish order, founded by St Benedict, who died, 480 ; first 
introduced into Germany and France by Berno, 910 ; by St Dunstan into Eng- 
land, 944 ; William I. built an abbey of the order, 1066, where the battle of Hast- 
ings was fought ; there was also a house of the order at Lewes built by the Earl 
Warren, 1070. There is at present a nunnery of this order at Hammersmith. 

BENEFACTIONS to the poor and to the various public hospitals in France, given 
or bequeathed and received by legacy, amounted, between 1814 and 1823, to 
27)503,256 francs. 

BENEFICES. These sinecures of the Church began about the year 500, as Church 
corruptions increased, in order to contribute to the luxury of ecclesiastics. They 
did not come into full use until the 12th century, prior to which the clergy were 
maintained by the contributions and oblations of the faithful. The first act passed 
against the disposal of benefices, 25 Edward III., 135 1 ; Pope Clement VII. gave 



BENEFIT OF CLERGY BERGEN 79 

to his nephew, in 1534, all the benefices that became vacant in six months. 
Boniface IX. sold all the benefices that came into his gift in the most shameful 
way. The number in England is, according to the return of 1852, 11,728 ; and the 
number of glebe houses, 8214 ; residents, 8077, non-residents, 2952 ; this is ex- 
clusive of bishoprics, deaneries, canonries, prebendaries, priest vicars, lay vicars, 
secondaries, and similar preferments. The number of parishes is 11,077, and the 
churches and chapels between 12,000 and 13,000. The parishes in Ireland num- 
ber 1456, but more than 900 glebe houses are attached. The net a,nnual value of 
non-resident incumbents out of 2960 was only returned by 1297, from ;i^io to 
;if 2180 per annum. 
BENEFIT OF CLERGY, an exemption of the clergy from the punishment of 
death for crimes, which was commuted by burning in the hand, Oct. 24, 15 13. 
This privilege was taken away from murderers and great criminals, and utterly 
abolished, 7 & 8 Geo. IV. c. 28, June, 1827 ; and in Ireland in 1828. 

BENEFIT SOCIETIES, an act passed for the regulation of, 1795; consolidation 
of laws relating to, 18 & 19 Vict. c. 63, July 23, 1855, and 21 & 22 Vict. c. loi, 
Aug. 2, 1858. 

BENETSHOLM MONASTERY built in Norfolk, 1031. 

BENEVENTO, Italy. This town was known to the Romans as Maleventum ; they 
took it, B.C. 274, and made it a colony, B.C. 268 ; the Carthaginians defeated near, 
B.C. 214 ; sacked by the Goths, A.D. 545 ; fonned into a duchy by the Lombard 
king, 571 ; the castle built, 1323 ; nearly destroyed by an earthquake, 1688 and 
1703 ; Manfred, king of Sicily, was defeated and slain under the walls, Feb. 28, 
1266 ; taken by the French, 1798 ; restored to the Papal throne, 1815 ; Talleyrand 
made prince of, by Napoleon, 1806. 

BENGAL, India, Presidency of, invaded by the Mahomedans, 1206 ; Togral, having 
assumed the title of king, was defeated in 1279 ; subject to the princes of 
Delhi, 1340 ; revolted against his authority in the reign of Mohammed ; Toghluk 
engaged in hostilities against Baber, 1528 ; Shir Khan conquered it, and brought 
it under the rule of Delhi ; the first English trade begun in, 1534 ; the factory 
withdrawn, 1656 ; made a separate agency, 1680 ; first factory at Calcutta, 1690; 
another at Cossimbazar, 1700; the Nabob of Bengal took possession of this 
factory, making the servants of the Company prisoners, and treating them with 
great cruelty ; they afterwards took Calcutta, and a number of persons suifocated 
in the Black Hole, 1756 ; recaptured by Clive ; grant vesting the revenue of, in the 
Company, Aug. 12, 1765 ; made the chief presidency, June 16, 1773 ; supreme 
court formed, 1773; Pitt's India bill, Aug. 13, 1784; courts of law for civil causes 
established, Feb. 11, 1793 ; Bishopric founded, July 21, 1813. 

BENGAL, Indiaman, burned with 20 persons, Jan. 19, 1815. 

BENNET FINK, church of, London, destroyed, 1666, and rebuilt, 1673. 

BENNET (ST), Paul's Wharf, burnt in the great fire ; rebuilt by Wren, 1683. 

BENNET (St) Gracechurch-street, rebuilt by Wren, 1685. 

BERBICE, South America, first discovered by the Spaniards, 1500; the Dutch 
settled here, 1626 ; attacked by the French, 1690 and 1712 ; the negroes revolted 
in 1 763, destroying a part of the settlement ; taken by the English, May 2, 1 796 ; 
restored by treaty, 1802 j retaken, 1803 ; ceded to England by the treaty of Paris, 
1814. 

BERGEN, battles fought at, between the allied English and Russian armies, and 
the French : the former retired, April 13, 1759. The allies, commanded by the 
Duke of York, were unsuccessful in an attack upon the French, under Gen. 
Erune, Sept. 19, 1799 ; in the next battle the allies were successful, Oct. 2, 1799. 



8o BERGEN BERNE 

BERGEN, Norway, founded, 1070 ; a commercial treaty made with England, 1217, 
The Hanse merchants obtained the privilege of erecting factories here, 1278, 
superseding the English and Scotch merchants ; a law passed to define their 
privileges, July 25, 1560. A great fishing trade is carried on in this town. A 
black pestilence, 1348 and 1350, almost depopulated the town ; and it has also 
suffered by fire on several occasions. A great part of the town and 1 1 churches 
destroyed in 1488; the town was nearly destroyed in 1702; 1660 families ren- 
dered homeless. 

BERGEN-OP-ZOOM, Holland. This sea-port town was first walled in, 1287 ; 
made a marquisate by Charles V., 1533. It was regularly fortified by the cele- 
brated engineer, Coehorn, 1629. It was unsuccessfully assaulted by the Prince of 
Parma, 1588, and also by the Marquis of Spinola, 1622. The French, under 
Lowendahl, besieged and took it, Sept., 1747 ; restored the next year. The French 
again obtained possession, 1795. The English, under Sir Thomas Graham, at- 
tempted to carry it by storm, but were unsuccessful, March 8, 1814; restored. 
May, 1 814. 

BERGHAM ABBEY, Sussex, built, 11 60. 

BERKELEY CASTLE, begun by Roger, Earl of Berkeley, 17 Plen. I., in 7; 
finished, 1142 ; repaired and enlarged in the reign of Heniy IL King Edward 
II. murdered here, Sept. 22, 1327. Cromwell took it, Sept. 21, 1645. — Rudder's 
Gloucester. 

BERKHAMSTED, Hertfordshire. A castle built here by the King of Mercia. 
Wihtaed, king of Kent, held a council at this place, 697. There was a castle built 
here in the reign of Edward the Confessor ; free grammar-school founded, 1530. 

BERLIN, Prussia, founded by Albert the Bear, Count of Anhalt, who took the 
title of Mar'grave of Brandenburg, I163 ; it became of considerable importance 
under Waldemar of Anhalt, 1315 ; a pestilence ravaged the city, 1582 ; greatly im- 
proved in the reigns of Frederick William and Frederick the Great ; observatory 
erected, 1711 ; treaty signed here, July 28, 1742, giving Silesia to Prussia ; taken 
by the Austrian army, Oct. 17, 1757 ; occupied by them, Oct. 9, 1760 ; Napoleon 
took the town after the battle of Jena, Oct. 21, 1806 ; the celebrated decree re- 
lating to commerce issued from here by Napoleon, Nov. 20, 1806 ; declared in a 
state of siege, Nov. 12, 1848 ; the Upper Parliament House destroyed by fire, 
March 10, 185 1. 

BERMONDSEY ABBEY built, 1082. Katharine of France, widow of Henry V., 
died here, Jan. 3, 1437. 

BERMUDAS, or Somers' Islands, discovered by the Spaniards while searching for 
the body of a drowned seaman, named Juan Bermudas, 1522. Sir George Somers 
shipwrecked on the rocks in his passage to Virginia in 1609 ; he claimed them for 
the Virginia Company, who established a colony. A charter of settlement granted 
by James I., 1615. College erected, 1725. An attempt of the negroes to poison 
the inhabitants proved unsuccessful, Nov., 1830. Made a Bishopric, 1839. A 
severe hurricane visited the island, Oct. 31, 1 780; another, which destroyed a part 
of the town, and drove the shipping ashore, July 20, 1813. The yellow fever raged 
here with fearful violence, 1853. 

BERNARD, Mount St, passed by Napoleon before the battle of Marengo, June 

14, 1800 ; its loftiest peak is 11,006 feet high. 
BERNARD CASTLE, Durham, built, 1270. 

BERNE, Switzerland, founded by Duke Berchtold of Zahringen in II91, and be- 
came a refuge for the oppressed. Made an imperial city by the Emperor Frederick, 
1218 ; attacked by the neighbouring States, but defeated them at Laupen, June 
2i> 1339 ; joined the Swiss Confederation, 1352, The city destroyed by fire, 



BERRI BEVERLEY 8i 

1405, but afterwards rebuilt. Made the capital city, 1848. In 1834 a university- 
was founded. The cathedral founded, 142 1 ; finished, 1502. Hospital estab- 
lished, 1718. The House of Correction finished, 1833. 

BERRI, Duke of, assassinated at the door of the opera-house in Paris, by Louvel, 
Feb. 13, 1820. 

BERTON, General, insurrection of, in France defeated, Feb. 26, 1822 ; executed at 
Poitiers, Sept. 16, 1822. 

BERTRAN DE ZARA, an ambassador from Morocco, died in Fondon, and was 
buried in Westminster Abbey, at the public charge, Aug. 17, 1715. 

BERWICK-UPON-TWEED. The Danes, under Hubba, landed at this town 
upon invading England, 867. It was sold by Eadulf-Cudel, Earl of Northumber- 
land, to Malcolm II. of Scotland, 1020. The town given as hostage by William 
the Lion in 11 76 to Henry II., after the battle of Alnwick, 11 74. King John 
burnt the town, 1291. Edward I. stormed it, 1296. Wallace took the town, but 
failed to capture the castle. Robert Bruce obtained possession, 1318 ; he raised 
and strengthened the walls, and resisted several attacks from Edward II. and III.; 
he surrendered the town after the battle of Hallidown Hill, July 19, 1333. Ceded 
to Edward IV. ; made a free town by Edward VI., May 10, 1551 ; taken by Crom- 
well, 1648, and by Gen. Monk in Oct. the next year. 

BESAN9ON, France, known to the Romans under the name of Vesentis ; held by 
them in the time of Caesar, B.C. 56. It has been several times besieged, de- 
stroyed, and rebuilt. Taken by Louis XIV., 1660. Palais de Justice built, 
1749. The allies made an unsuccessful attack upon it, 1 814. 

BESSARABIA, the Isle of Serpents and the Delta of the Danube. The frontier 
of, settled by treaty between Great Britain, Austria, France, Prussia, Russia, 
Sardinia, and Turkey, June 19, 1857. 

BETHANY, Mount of Olives, about 15 stadia from Jerusalem ; it was here that 
Jesus passed his last days, Mark xi. i ; Luke xix. 29, et seq. 

BETHEL, GREAT, battle of. The Federals defeated by the Confederates, May 
10, 1861. 

BETHLEHEM, Syria. Rachael buried here by Jacob, who erected a pillar to 
mark the spot, Gen. xxxv. 19, 20 ; rebuilt by Rehoboam, 2 Chron. xi. 6. Jesus 
(The Saviour) bom at this town. Matt. ii. i. The Church of the Nativity erected, 
A. D. 325-6; destroyed, 1236; restored by the Crusaders. 

BETHLEHEM HOSPITAL, St Mary of Bethlehem, founded by Simon Fitz- 
mary, sheriff, 1247. It is described as an hospital in 1330. Purchased by the 
City of Henry VIII. , 1546, and incorporated by 38 Hen. VIII. , Jan. 13, 1547. 
The old hospital, at Moorfields, erected at a cost of ;^i 7,000, by Robert Hooke, 
1675 ; two wings added, i733 > pulled down, 1815. The first stone of the New 
Bethlehem laid, April, 1812 ; completed, Aug., 1815, at the cost of ;^I22,572. 
First stone laid of additional buildings, July 26, 1838. 

BETHNAL GREEN, Middlesex, made a parish, April, 1743 ; Market for the Poor 
erected by Miss Burdett Coutts at, under 29 & 30 Vict. c. ii, April 30, 1866. 

BETTING MEN. A penalty of ;^5 to be inflicted upon any persons meeting in 
the streets of the Metropolis for the purposes of betting, by the Street Traffic Act, 
30 & 31 Vict. c. cxxiv. s. 23, Aug. 20, 1867. To come into operation, Nov. i, 
1867. 

BEVERLEY, Yorkshire. St John's church founded, 700 ; subsequently converted 
into a monastery ; destroyed by the Danes. The standard of St John borne 
before Athelstan. Kinsy, the Archbishop of York, rebuilt the church, 1060. 

6 



82 BEYROUT BIBLE HISTORY 

Made a borough by Edward I. ; confirmed by Elizabeth. Charles I. fixed his 
head-quarters at this town during the siege of Hull, 1643. 

BEYROUT, Syria. A school of jurisprudence, founded here in the 3rd century, 
long maintained its repute. The town nearly destroyed by an earthquake, 551. 
The school transferred to Sidon. Taken by Ibrahim Pacha, 1832. Ibrahim 
defeated by the British, Austrian, and Turkish forces, with the loss of 7000 men 
and 20 pieces of cannon, Oct. 10, 1840. 

BHURTPOOR, Hindustan, a town of considerable strength. Gen. Lake con- 
cluded a treaty of friendship, 1803. Five times attacked by the British, under 
Gen. Lake, unsuccessfully, between Jan. 3 and March 21, 1805, losing a great 
number of men. It was stormed by Lord Combermere, Jan. 18, 1826; and the 
rightful heir placed upon the throne by him, Feb. 4. 

BIBLE, translated into the Saxon language between 707 and 930. Wickliffe trans- 
lated some parts of the Bible, 1375. Tyndale's translation begun, 1526; finished, 
1535 ; published, 1536 ; revised, 1537-8. Coverdale's version of the whole Bible 
printed, 1535. Cranmer's, or the Great Bible, printed, 1539. The first authorized 
edition prepared by Matthew, 1540. The first printed in Roman letters, and 
divided into verses, called the Geneva Bible, 1557 ; begun by Archbishop Lang- 
ton, and completed by Robert Stephens. The Bishops' Bible printed, 1568 ; 
King James's edition, 161 1. The Septuagint version found, 217. The original 
translation made from the Hebrew into Greek completed, B.C. 277 or 284; divided 
into chapters, 1253 ; permitted by the Pope to be translated into all langiiages of 
the Catholic, Feb. 28, 1759. The Douay edition printed, 1582. Permitted to be 
read by the laity, 1543. The old copies in the hands of the Christian community 
of both the Old and New Testament, are preserved in the Vatican, written in the 4th 
or 5th century, and published in 1587. The next in date is supposed to be the 
Alexandrian MS. in the British Museum, presented by the Greek patriots to 
Charles I., nearly of the same age. The most ancient copy of the Old Testament 
existed at Toledo, in Spain, in looo. The copy of Ben Asnur, of Jerusalem, 
was made about 1 100. The Hebrew Bible of the Jews was divided into chapters 
by the Rabbi Nathan, about 1450. The Vulgate Latin edition was made by St 
Jerome, 405 ; is acknowledged by the Romish Church to be authentic ; first 
printed, 1462. The first part of the Greek Testament printed, i486. The first 
Elzevir edition, 1624. The first Hebi-ew Bible printed, i486. The polyglot 
Bible edited by Walton, Bishop of Chester, in Hebrew, Syriac, Chaldee, Sama- 
ritan, Arabic, Ethiopic, Persic, Greek, and Latin, 1657. Of the earlier editions 
in different languages: — African, 181 6; North American, 1685; Arabic, 1700; 
Bengalee, 1801 ; Chinese, 1820; Danish, 1550; Dutch, 1560; English, 1534; 
Flemish, 1548; French, 1498; Gaelic, 1767; German, 1524; modern Greek, 
1638 J Hunga:rian, 1589; Irish, 1685; Italian, 1532; Persian, 1815; Polish, 
1596; Portuguese, 1748; Russian, 1581 ; Spanish, 1471 ; Swedish, 1534; 
Tartar, 1813; Turkish, 1626; Welch, 1563. 

BIBLE HISTORY, ceased 430 years before Christ. In the Old Testament, books 
39, chapters 929, verses 23,214, words 592,493, letters 2,728,100; in the New, 
books 27, chapters 260, verses 7959, words 181,253, letters 838,380; total, 
books 66, chapters 1189, verses 31,173, words 773,746, letters 3,566,480. The 
Apocrypha has 183 chapters, 6081 verses, and 125,185 words. The middle 
chapter, and the least in the ]3ible, is the 1 1 7th psalm ; the middle verse is the 
8th of 1 1 8th psalm ; the middle line is the 2nd Book of the Chronicles, 4th chapter, 
and i6th verse; the word and occurs in the Old Testament 35,535 times; the 
same word in the New Testament occurs 10,684 times ; the word Jehovah occurs 
6855- Old Testament : the middle book is Proverbs ; the middle chapter is the 
29th of Job ; the middle verse is the 2nd Book of Chronicles, 20th chapter, and 
the 1 8th verse ; the least verse is the ist Book of Chronicles, 1st chapter and 1st 



BIBLE SOCIETIES BILLINGSGATE 83 

verse. New Testament : the middle book is the Thessalonians, 2nd ; the middle 
chapter is between the 13th and 14th of the Romans ; the middle verse is the 17th 
of the 17th chapter of the Acts ; the least verse is the 35tli verse of the nth 
chapter of the Gospel by St John. — The 21st verse of the 7th chapter of Ezra has 
all the letters of the alphabet in it. The 19th chapter of the Second Book of 
Kings, and the 37th chapter of Isaiah, are alike. The book of Esther has 10 
chapters, but neither the words Lord nor God in it. 

BIBLE SOCIETIES. Naval and Military, 1780; French Bible Society, 1792; 
British and Foreign Bible Society, 1804; Hibernian, 1806; City of London 
Auxiliary, 1812 ; London Bible and Domestic Female Mission, 1857 ; Trinitarian, 
1 83 1. A bull from the Pope against, June, 181 6. Other societies distributing the 
Bible not exclusively are numerous : one, the Society for Promoting Christian 
Knowledge, was established in 1698 ; a Society for the Translation of the Bible 
established, 1840. 

BIBLE SOCIETY in Schleswig and Holstein. The distribution of Bibles in 1834 
was 3647. First distributed in France, by the Bishop of Rhodez, 1718 ; it was 
opposed, but second and third editions appeared in 1725, 1731, 1732, and 1735 ; 
it began to excite opposition, but all trace of it was lost in 1750. 

BIDASOA, Spain. Wellington crossed this river and defeated the French army, 
Oct. 7, 1813. 

BIDDENDEN MAIDS, cakes so named, given away at Biddenden, Kent, on 
Easter Sunday, impressed with the figure of two females, who, tradition states, 
were joined in one at the hips and shoulders, in 1 100, lived 34 years in that state, 
and died within six hours of each other : some state the story to be fabulous. 

BIDDLES, JOHN, a noted miser, who died in 1833, and left a million sterling, 
having supported himself upon 6d. per day. 

BIDEFORD, Devon, a town of considerable importance in Saxon times ; made a 
borough by Edward I. ; Queen Elizabeth made it a free borough in 1573 ; Sir 
Walter Raleigh made it a commercial port ; the forts taken by Col. Digby for 
Charles I. after the battle of Torrington, Sept. 2, 1643. The weaving of silk was 
introduced 1650. Many French Protestants found refuge here, 1685. The bridge 
erected in the fourteenth century. Exportation of potatoes from, prevented, May 
20, 1 81 6. 

BIGAMY, declared a felony, 9 Geo. IV. c. 31, June 27, 1828 ; sentence of penal 
servitude inflicted, 24 & 25 Vict. c. 100, Aug. 6, 1861. 

BIGGLESWADE, Bedfordshire, nearly destroyed by fire, 1785 ; shock of an earth- 
quake felt at, March i, 1791 ; the waggon from London took fire on the road and 
was burned with much valuable property, March 30, 1780. 

BILBAO, Spain, founded 1356, by Don Diego Lopez de Haro ; taken by the 
French, 1808; by Wellington, June 21, 1813 ; the Carlists besieged the town, 
June 10, 1835 ; again, Oct. 23 ; relieved by the British and the troops under 
Espartero, 1836. 

BILLIARDS. The game of ground billiards early played in England. The in- 
vention of billiards and billiard tables attributed to Henrique Devigne, a French 
artist, A.D. 1560 — 74. 

BILLING, LITTLE, Priory, Northampton, built, 1076. 

BILLINGSGATE, made a market and customs levied in the reign of Ethelred II. ; 
appointed as a fish, corn, and salt market, by Eliz. ; made a free market for 
the sale of fish, 10 & II Will. III. c. 24, May 10, 1699 ; hours fixed for the 
market to be opened, 1710 ; burnt down, Jan. 13, 1715 ; again in 1755 and 1S09 ; 
afterwards rebuilt. The control and regulation of the market is vested in the 



84 BILL OF RIGHTS BILLS OF SALE 

Lord Mayor and commonalty of London, by act of parliament, 9 & 10 Vict, 
cccxlvi., Aug. 3, 1846. The present market built, 1854; cost, ^10,340. 

BILL OF RIGHTS extorted from Charles I., June 7, 1628; a declaratory bill for 
the same purpose passed i & 2 Will, and Mary, c. 2, Feb., 1689. 

BILLS OF EXCHANGE, the invention of, has been assigned to the Arabians 
and Jews of the Middle Ages. Introduced into China, 1236 ; the first one 
mentioned in history by Matthew Paris, 1235 ; order passed by the city of 
Barcelona, that they should be accepted in 24 hours after presentation, 1394; 
used among the merchant adventurers at Amsterdam and other places, 1622. 
The present form is attributable to the goldsmiths of London : declared a legal 
tender, 1697; regulated, 1698; first stamped, 1782; duty advanced, 1797, and 
. June, 1801. Stealing or forging made felony, 7 Geo. II. c. 22, 1734; the 
acceptor must endorse the bill, 19 & 20 Vict. c. 97, s. 6, July 29, 1856. See 
John (now Sir) Barnard Byles's work upon, — first edition, 1829 ; 8th, 1862. 
BILLS OF LADING, an act passed to amend the custom relating to, 18 & 19 

Vict. c. II, Aug. 14, 1855. 
BILLS OF MORTALITY. Parish registers were first kept in England, 1538 ; 
adopted generally in 1592. Graunt's obsei'vations upon the Bills of Mortality, 
1662. In 1604, the burials in 97 parishes, 16 out-parishes, and in the outer 
parishes, were 4322 ; also 896 of plague ; 5458 christened. In 1619, 7999 
were buried, and 8127 christened. In 1627, 771 1 were buried, and 8408 
christened. In 1635, 10,651 buried, and 10,034 christened. In 1643, 12,216 
buried, and 9410 christened. In 1651, 10,804 were buried, and 6071 christ- 
ened. In 1659, 14,720 were buiied, and only 5690 christened ; the plague 
that year being veiy fatal. In 1664, 15,488 were buried, and 11,722 christ- 
ened. Great years of mortality in London were 1592, 1603, 1625, 1636. In 
1603 and 1625, eight times more died in London than vt'ere born, and a fifth 
part of all. The plague of 1603 lasted eight years, and that of 1636 no less than 
12 years. In 1665 the funerals in the parishes within the walls, were 15,207, of 
which number 9837 died of the plague. Of the 16 parishes without the walls, 
41,351 died, and of the plague, 28,888. In the 12 parishes in the out parts, 
28,554 died ; of the plague, 21,420. In the five parishes of the city and liberties 
of Westminster, 12, 194 died; of the plague, 8403. The funerals in 1665 were 
97,306, and out of this number, 68,596 died of plague, the last time it ever visited 
the metropolis. The late act of parliament for the registration of deaths, births, and 
marriages, at last fixed the returns nearer a certainty, prior to which they were very 
carelessly recorded. In 1 780 they were given as 16, 634 births, and 20, 507 burials ; 
in 1800, 19,176 births, to 23,068 burials ; in 1820, 26, 158 births, to 19,348 burials ; 
in 1840, at 30,387 births, to 26, 774 biuials ; and in 1850, at 39,973 births, to 36,947 
burials. Including the suburbs of London within the registrar-general's district, 
the number of births for the year ending Jan. , 1 850, was 72, 662 ; and of deaths, 
61,423. The most fatal diseases are those of the respiratory organs. Of 100,000 
born in London, 31,671 die imder five years old ; from five to ten, 3408 ; 10 to 
15, 1381 ; 15 to 20, 1856; 20 to 30, 5016 ; 30 to 40, 6816 5401050, 8543 ; 50 to 60, 
11,470 ; 60 to 70, 13,495 ; 70 to 80, 11,842 ; 80 to 90, 4142 ; above 90, 360 ; so 
that nearly one in ten lives to 80. The mortality of some towns is much greater 
in proportion than that of the metropolis : of these, Liverpool shov/s the highest 
rate of mortality. The country is healthier than the towns ; and in the Southern 
counties, a greater number live to the commonly allotted age of man than in the 
northern, in the hilly than in the flat counties. The pursuits of life too have a 
considerable effect in the increase or decrease of mortality in particular districts. 

BILLS OF SALE. An act passed for preventing frauds upon creditors by secret 
bills, void unless registered, 17 & 18 Vict. c. 36, July 10, 1854; amended by 



BINDON ABBEY BISHOP 85 

29 & 30 Vict. c. 96, Aug. ro, 1S66 ; to be stamped, 24 & 25 Vict. c. 91, s. 34, 
Aug. 6, 1 86 1. 

BINDON ABBEY, Dorset, built, 1172. 

BINGHAM CASTLE, in Ireland, burned, Nov. 11, 1755, damage done to the 
extent of ;^5o,ooo. 

BINGHAM PRIORY, Norfolk, built, 1206. 

BIRCH TREE, black, brought from America, 1736 ; another variety, the Betula 
Pumila, introduced, 1762. 

BIRD, Mr, and his servant, murdered at Greenwich, Feb. 12, 1816. 

BIRKENHEAD, Cheshire. The town founded in the reign of Henry II. Priory 
erected, 1189. St Aldan's College built, 1846. The first stone of the docks laid 
by Mr Laird, Oct. 23, 1844. The docks opened, April 5, 1847. Riot at, among 
the Irish labourers at a public meeting, Nov. 27, 1850. 

BIRKENHEAD, steam vessel, wrecked off the Cape of Good Hope, 450 of the 
troops lost, Feb. 25, 1852. 

BIRMINGHAM, Warwickshire. This was a market town anterior to the Norman 
Conquest. During the Civil War, the town sided with the Parliamentarians, and 
supplied them with v/eapons, 1642. They opposed the entrance of Prince Rupert, 
but were defeated with considerable loss, 1643. A plague desolated the town in 
1665. Population in 1685, 4000. The Roman Catholic church and convent 
destroyed in the revolution of 1688. The Blue Coat School founded, 1724. 
Canals introduced in 1767. Coventry canal completed, July 6, 1790. Dr Priest- 
ley's library and philosophical instruments, as well as the residences of Messrs 
Ryland, Russell, Hutton, and others, and the dissenting chapels, destroyed by a 
mob of rioters at the commemoration dinner of the French revolution, July 14, 
1 79 1. Theatre destroyed by fire, Aug. 17, 1792. The town first lighted with 
gas, 1819. Society of Arts established, Feb. 7, 1821. Birmingham coach robbed 
of;^8ocx), Dec. 12, 1822. Queen's College founded, 1828; incorporated, 1846. 
Town-hall begun, 1832; opened, Oct., 1834; finished, 1850; cost ^^52,000. 
New market opened, 1834. The Grand Junction railway opened, July, 1837. 
The London and Birmingham railway opened, Sept. 17, 1838. Town incor- 
porated, Oct. Chartist riots at, property to the value of ^30,000 destroyed, 
July 15, 1839. Strike of nail-makers at, April 25, 1842. Gillott made 90 tons 
of steel pens in 1853. The People's Park, the gift of Lord Adderley, opened, 
April, 1857. The opening of Calthorpe Park, the gift of Lord Calthorpe, by the 
Duke of Cambridge, June i, 1857. Meeting of the Social Science Association 
at, Oct. 12, 1857. Ashton Park opened by Her Majesty, June 15, 1858. 
20 persons killed by an explosion in a percussion-cap manufactory, Sept. 

27, 1859. The town council completed the purchase of Ashton Park, Sept. 12, 
1864. The Exchange opened, Jan. 2, 1865. Industrial Exhibition opened, Aug. 

28. The British Association held their Congress here, Sept. 6. Birmingham 
Banking Company stopped payment, July 13, 1866. Anti-Popish riots at, June 
16, 17, and 18, 1867. Musical Festival held at, Aug. 29. 

BIRON, Duke of, sent as ambassador to Queen Elizabeth, discovered engaged in 

a conspiracy in France, and executed in the Bastille, at Paris, July 31, 1602. 
BIRTHS of children taxed in England, 1695 and 1783 ; the birth of a duke, 

;^30 ; of a plebeian, 2s. Woman at Konigsburg delivered of five children, Sept. 

3, 1783. The wife of Neilson, a tailor, of Oxford market, London, delivered of 

five, Oct., 1 800. 

BISHAM ABBEY, Bucks, built, 1338. 

BISHOP and Williams, tried and found guilty, Dec. 2, for murdering an Italian 
boy; executed, Dec. 5, 1831. 



86 BISHOP-AUCKLAND BISHOrS 

BISHOP-AUCKLAND, palace rebuilt, 1665. 

BISHOPS, the successors of the Apostles, are spoken of by St Paul in his Epistle 
to the Philippians, and to Timothy, whom he appointed first Bishop of Ephesus ; 
he also ordained Titus Bishop of Crete, 2 Tim. i. 6, Titus i. 5. By the loth 
canon of the Council of Sardis it was ordered that no one should be rashly ap- 
pointed to that office, A.D. 347. Theanus ordained Bishop of London, having 
his seat at St Peter's, Cornhill, 179- Sampson ordained Bishop of York, 180; 
Irenieus, of Lyons, 202 ; and Lucius, of Llandaff, 187. Three British Bishops 
were present at the Synod of Aries, 341 ; and 400 Bishops were present at the 
council of Ariminum in Italy, 359- The Catholic Church in the Temp, of Con- 
stantine was administered by 1800 Bishops, — 100 in Rome and Soo in the Latin 
provinces of the Empire. St Augustine consecrated Bishop of the English at 
Aries, 597. In England during the Saxon times all ecclesiastical dignities were 
conferred by the king, but in 1106, Hen. I. abrogated this custom in England ;^ 
they were elected by the monks or canons. King John established the Congi 
d'Elire, by which leave was given to the dean and chapter to elect. This was 
confirmed by Magna Charta, 1215 ; and again confirmed by statute, 25 Edw. 
HI. Stat. 6, s. 3, 1361. The right of nomination restored to the Crown by 25 
Hen. VIII. c. 20, 1533-4. Held their sees during pleasure, 1547 ; seven deprived 
from being married, 1554 ; their lands taken into the hands of the Crown, and im^ 
propriate tithes substituted for them, June 24, 1559 ; refused to take the oath of 
supremacy to Queen Elizabeth, and imprisoned, 1559; expelled Scotland, 1639; 
depiived of the right of voting in parliament and of temporal jurisdiction, Feb. 14, 
1641 ; the whole order abolished, Oct. 9, 1646, after ten had protested against the 
proceedings of parliament, and had been sent to the Tower, Dec. 30, 1641 ; re- 
stored by 13 Charles II., 1662 ; seven sent to the Tower for not reading the king's 
declaration for liberty of conscience, acquitted, Jime 30, 1688 ; six suspended for 
not taking the oaths to King Wilham, Feb., 1690 ; deprived, 1690 ; sees of Bristol 
and Gloucester united, and that of Ripon created, 1836 ; an order in council, Oct., 
1838, ordered the sees of Bangor and St Asaph to be united ; rescinded, and a -new 
see created at Manchester, 10 & 11 Vict. c. 108, July 23, 1847. 

BISHOPS, Colonial, first constituted in 1784, in the person of the Bishop of Con- 
necticut, consecrated by three Scotch nonjuring prelates. The Bishops of New 
York and Pennsylvania consecrated in London, Feb. 4, 1787 ; of Nova Scotia, 
Aug. I, 1787; the Bishop of Virginia, 1790. The first Roman Catholic bishop 
in the United States was Dr Carroll, of Maryland, 1789 ; Canada, 1793. A 
Bishop of Calcutta appointed, July, 1813 ; and of Madras, and Bombay, 1833. 
Colonial Bishops and their salaries — 

Adelaide £ '^^'^ 

Antigua 2000 

Barbadoes 2500 

Cape Town . . . . 800 

Colombo . . . . . . 2000 

Frederickton . . . . 1000 

Gibraltar 1200 

Guiana 2000 

Jamaica . . . . . . 3000 

Melbourne 800 

Montreal 800 

BISHOPS in Ireland lay claim to an earlier appointment than those of England, 
which is doubtful. The bishopric of Ossory is said to have been founded, 402 ; 
that of Trim, 432 ; prelacies there were constituted, 1151 ; several were deprived 
by Queen Mary, 1554 ; Atherton put to death ignominiously, 1640 ; two bishops 
deprived for not taking the oath to King William, 1691 ; one of Clogher de- 



Newcastle 


. . ;^ 850 


Newfoundland 


1200 


New Zealand 


1200 


Nova Scotia 


550 


Quebec 


1990 


Rupert's Land 


700 


Sydney 


1500 


Tasmania . . 


1000 


Toronto 


1250 


Victoria 


1000 



BISHOPS 



BITONTO 



87 



prived, 1322. Church Temporalities- Act, reducing the Irish bishoprics, passed, 
Aug. 14, 1833 ; of five archbishoprics, two were abolislied, and eight of the 
18 bislrops were, as they fell vacant, to be united to other sees, so that the Irish 
Church should consist, as at present, of two abps and ten bishops, which number, 
by the lapses named, became existent, 1850. 
BISHOPS, Scotch, said to have been constituted in the 4th century. Episco- 
pacy severed from the state in Scotland, 1688-9. There are seven nominal 
bishops, called post-i^evolution bishops, at present in Scotland. 

BISHOPRICS in England and Wales, their institution and present income. Bristol 
founded, 1542 ; united to Gloucester, 1836 ; Man founded, 447 ; united to Sodor, 
1 109 ; Bath founded, 1078 ; united to Wells, 1135 ; Westminster founded, 1540 ; 
imited to London, 1550. 



BISHOPRICS, incomes of— 










Institution 


. Bishoprics. 


Incomes. 




547 


St Asaph . . 


;^4200 


Irish Bishops, before the reduction, had 


1092 


Bangor 


4200 


revenues as follow, besides large tracts 


"35 


Bath and Wells . . 


5000 


of land, by the leases of which enor- 


597 


Canterbuiy . . 


15,000 


mous sums were realized : — 


1133 


Carlisle 


4500 


Bishoprics. Incomes. 


1541 


Chester 


4500 


Armagh 


. ^8000 


1070 


Chichester . . 


4200 


Dublin 




5000 


577 


St David's . . 


4500 


Tuam . . 




4000 


690 


Durham 


8000 


Cashel . . 




4000 


1136 


Ely 


5500 


Deny 




7000 


909 


Exeter 


2700 


Clonfert 




2400 


1541 


Gloucester . . 


5000 


Clogher . . 




4000 


680 


Hereford . . 


4200 


Kilmore 




2600 


655 


Lichfield & Coventry 


4500 


Elphin 




3700 


678 


Lincoln 


5000 


Killala 




2900 


185 


Llandaff 


4200 


Limerick . . 




3500 


179 


London 


10,000 


Cork 




2700 


1847 


Manchester 


4500 


Cloyne 




2500 


630 


Norwich 


4500 


Down 




2300 


1542 


Oxford 


5000 


Dromore . . 




2000 


1541 


Peterborough 


4500 


Leigh and Ferns 




2200 


1836 


Ripon 


4500 


Kildare 




2600 


604 


Rochester . . 


5000 


Raphoe 




2600 


705 


Salisbury . . 


5000 


Meath 




3200 


1 109 


Sodor & Man 


2000 


Killaloe 




2300 


635 


Winchester. . 


10,500 


Ossory 




2000 


680 


Worcester . . 


5000 


Waterford . . 




2600 


180 


York 


10,000 









BISHOPS GATE. First Gate erected by Bishop Erkenwald, A.D. 675 ; the second 
erected in the reign of Henry II. ; a grant of money to keep it in repair, 1210 ; 
the Hanse merchants ordered to keep it in repair, 1282 ; rebuilt, 1479, and again 
in the reign of James I. ; taken down and sold, 1761. The present church of St 
Botolph erected and opened, 1728. 

BITHYNIA, Asia, incorporated with the Lydian empire in the reign of Croesus, 
B.C. 560 ; it was afterwards taken by the Persians ; and by Alexander the Great, 
when it became at the later part of his reign an independent state. 

BITONTO, battle, between the Caidists and the Imperial troops, the latter were 
defeated. May 27, 1734. ' 



88 BLACAS BLACK MONDAY 

BLACAS Collection of Antiquities, purchased by the English Government, and 

deposited in the British Museum, Feb. i8, 1867, cost ^48,000. 
BLACK ACT, passed against a society of persons associated under the names of 
' Blacks,' who with their faces blacked and in various disguises committed serious 
depredations, 9 Geo. I. c. 22, 1722. 
BLACK-BOOK OF THE EXCHEQUER, containing the history of the Court of 
Exchequer ; the duty of the several officers ; the manner of stating the accounts, 
and collecting rents; supposed to have been written 22 Hen. IL, I176 ; open 
for the inspection of visitors, 1535, in order, by blackening the monastic institu- 
tions, to render their spoliations more popular. A work of the same name, 
developing the sinecures, pensions, and abuses in the English State and Church, 
was published, 1822. 
BLACKBURN, Lancashire. A castle built hereby the Romans ; made a market 
town by Queen Elizabeth ; the church partially burnt, Jan. 6, 1831 ; made a 
borough, 2 Will. IV. c. 45, 1832 ; riots at, Nov. 17, 1857. James Hargreave, the 
inventor of the Spinning Jenny, resided here. 
BLACK-DEATH, the disease so called, visited London, not a tenth part of the 
citizens being left alive, 1341. — Maitland''s London. A pestilence of this nature 
broke out at Oxford, July 6, 1577, when upwards of 500 persons died. 
BLACK EAGLE, order of, instituted in Prussia by Frederic I., Jan. 14, 1701. 
BLACKFRIARS. Black or Preaching Friars. This order sanctioned by Pope 
Innocent HI., in 1215 ; re-introduced into England, 1863. Monastery of this 
order opened at Haverstock Hill, Sept. 10, 1867. 
BLACKFRIARS. A church and sanctuary founded by Hubert de Burgh, Earl of 
Kent, 1 22 1, in Holbom near Lincoln's Inn; removed to monastery at Blackfriars, 
1276; Henry VIII. held a parliament here for the trial of Katherine of Arragon, 
and the parliament in which Cardinal Wolsey was condemned also began here ; 
surrendered to the king, Nov. 12, 1538 ; Edward VI. sold it to Sir Francis 
Bryan. The Earl of Leicester built a theatre here, 1576. Upwards of 90 persons 
killed by the falling of the floor of the building during a sermon preached by 
Father Drury, called The fatal Vespers, Oct. 26, 1623. 
BLACKFRIARS BRIDGE. An Act of Parliament passed for the building of, 
29 Geo. II. c. 86, 1756; built by Robert Mylne, a Scotchman ; the first pile 
driven, June 7, 1760; the first stone laid, Oct. 31, 1760; opened, Nov. 19, 1769; 
a toll of a halfpenny levied on foot passengers until June 22, 1785 ; repaired, 
1840 ; plan for the rebuilding of, by Joseph Cubitt, adopted by the Corporation of 
London, July 3, 1863; temporary bridge opened, June i, 1864; first stone 
of the new bridge laid by the Lord Mayor (Plale), July 20, 1865. 
BLACKFRIARS PIER for steamboats. The wooden pier gave way, drowning 

five persons, July 22, 1844; new pier opened, Oct. 21, 1845 ; closed, 1864. 
BLACKFRIARS THEATRE was built by the Earl of Leicester, 1576; rebuilt, 

1596, when Shakespeare had a share in it ; pulled down, Aug. 6, 1655. 
BLACKHEATH insurrection, imder Wat Tyler, June 12, 1381. Jack Cade en- 
camped here with 20,000 men, 145 1. Battle of Blackheatli, in which the Cornish 
insurgents were defeated, June 22, 1497. The cavern on the ascent of the hill to 
Blackheath discovered, 1780. 
BLACK HOLE, at Calcutta, 123 Englishmen suffocated in, June 20, 1756. 

BLACK-LEAD, or Plumbago, for pencils. Le Moine quotes a document ruled 
with lead pencil, 1387 ; first noticed at Zurich, 1565 ; mines of, in Cumberland, 
noticed by Merret, 1667 ; an inferior kind imported from Mexico and Ceylon. 

BLACK MONDAY, or Easter Monday, April 14, 1360, when hailstones fell that 



BLACK MONEY BLENDENHALL 89 

killed both horses and men in the army of Edward III., before the city of Paris, 
the weather being exceedingly cold. The same name is given in Ireland to the 
day when a number of English were slaughtered at a village near Dublin, 1209. 

BLACK MONEY, or Foreign coin, prohibited in England, 1335. 

BLACK PRINCE entered London with his prisoner John, King of France, May 
24» 1357 ; entertained by the late Mayor of London (Henry Picard), together with 
the kings of England, Scotland, France, and Cyprus, in 1363. 

BLACK-RENT, established in Ireland, 1412. 

BLACK SEA, or EUXINE. The commerce of this sea was carried on by the 
Phoenicians and Egyptians ; the Greeks carried on a considerable trade here, B. c. 
7CX3 ; the Genoese founded a colony at Caffa, and conducted an extensive com- 
merce, 1280. The Venetians, having obtained a concession from the Turkish 
government for the consideration of a large sum of money, carried on the trade, 
1476. By the treaty of Kainardgy, in 1774, the Russians obtained the right to 
trade in this sea ; the Austrians had the privilege extended to them in 1784 ; and 
the English in 1799- After the Russians had destroyed the Turkish fleet at Sinope, 
the English and French fleet entered the sea, Jan. 3, 1854 ; storm and fearful 
destruction of life and stores at Balaklava, Nov. 11 — 14, 1854. 

BLACKSMITHS' COMPANY, incorporated by Edward IIL ; united with the 
Spurriers' Company, 13 Eliz., April 20, 1571 j confirmed, 2 James I., March 21, 
1604 ; and by 14 Charles I., Feb. 15, 1639 ; arms granted to, June 24, 1610. 

BLACKWALL DOCK begun to be excavated, and hedges with trees found be- 
neath strata of clay and sand, March 20, 1 790. The West India Docks at, the first 
stone laid, 1800, by William Pitt; opened, Aug. 27, 1802. The East India, 
opened, Aug. 4, 1806. The Brunswick Wharf opened, July 6, 1840. Railway 
opened, July 4, 1840. 

BLACKWELL HALL, or BAKEWELL, established as a weekly market for 
woollen cloths, 1397, 20 Rich. II. ; rebuilt, 158S ; destroyed in the fire of 1666 ; 
rebuilt, 1672 ; taken down in 1820. 

BLACKWOOD'S MAGAZINE first published, 1817, fined ;^ioo for a libel 
upon Professor Leslie of Edinburgh, July 22, 1822. 

BLAIZE, ST, an order of knighthood at Aeon, begim, 1252. 

BLAKE, the celebrated and noble-minded admiral, bom, 1589 ; died, Aug. 17, 1657 ; 
buried in Westminster Abbey, Sept. 4. His remains dug up three years after- 
wards, by order of Charles II., and buried under the Tyburn gibbet. 

BLANCHARD, Madame, killed in Paris, by falling from a balloon which had taken 
fire, July 6, 1819. 

BLANCO CAPE, Africa, discovered by the Portuguese, 1441. 

BLANDY, Miss, hanged at Oxford, April 6, 1752, for poisoning her father. 

BLANKETS, first made in England by Thomas Blanket and his brother, 1337-40. 

BLANTYRE PRIORY, Scotland, built, 1296. 

BLANDFORD, Dorsetshire, nearly destroyed by an accidental fire, 1579 ; plun- 
dered by the parliamentary forces, 1644; the judges of assize, sheriff, and others 
died of the jail-fever, 1730; town burned, June 4, 1731, 300 houses destroyed ; 
town again burnt, 1775. 

BLASTING introduced in the 14th century ; extensively used by Brindley in mak- 
ing the Bridgewater canal, 1774. 

BLEACHING, the art of, introduced into England, March, 1787; chemical 
process by Berthollet, 1795 ; by vapour first tried, 1805. 

BLENDENHALL, East Indiaman, news received of its loss, April 20, 1822. 



90 BLENHEIM BLOW PIPE 

BLENHEIM, battle, fought, Aug. 13, 1704, between Marlborough and Marshal 
Tallard. The French and Bavarians lost 27,000 men killed, 13,000 prisoners. 

BLENHEIM PALACE. The estate presented to the Duke of Marlborough by 
Queen Anne ; the palace ordered to be built, and ;rf 500,000 granted for that pur- 
pose ; erected from the design of Sir John Vanbrough, 1713-15. An act for re- 
pairing the palace, 3 & 4 Vict. c. 43, Aug. 4, 1840. The picture gallery in the 
north-eastern wing destroyed by fire, Feb. 5; 1861. 

BLIBURGH PRIORY, Suffolk, built, mo. 

BLIND. The first hospital founded in France, 1260; Dublin, 1781. First school 
established in Paris, 1784 ; in St George's-Fields, London, 1799 ; amended 
28 & 29 Vict. c. Ixxii., June 2, 1865; in Scotland, 1824. After this date they 
became general. Raised letters for the instruction of, invented in France by 
Valentine Haiiy, in 1 784. Dr Gall made his first experiment with raised letters 
in the Edinburgh school, Sept. 28, 1827. The first books with raised letters 
printed in English, Oct., 1834 ; the whole of the New Testament printed in 1836. 
There are numerous charities for the support and education of; West's gift to 
the Clothworkers' Company is among the earliest, Dec. 23, 1719. The most 
important is that founded by the Rev. W^illiam Hetherington, March 20, 1774. 
Game's Charity for the Blind is administered by the Cordwainers' Company, by 
will, dated Aug. 12, 1782. The Painters' and Stainers' Company administers 
Shanks' charity, left July 7, 1795 ; and Stocks', 1780. Mr Charles Day, of the 
firm of Day and Martin, Blacking manufacturers, left by will ^100,000 to be given 
to the blind, 1836. 

There were 30,000 blind persons in Great Britain in 1864. 
In the United States, 12,635. Piedmont 5,683. 

France, 38,413. Belgium, 3,675. 

Prussia, 10,205. Holland, 1,990. 

BLIS WORTH, near Northampton, nearly destroyed by fire, May 28, 1799, 50 
houses and offices being burned. 

BLONDEfrigateloston the Seal Islands, Sept. 3, 1784. 

BLOOD, circulation of, through the lungs, made known by Servetus, a Spanish 
physician, 1553 5 other partial discoveries tending to lead to the same fact were 
made by Paul Sarpi and others, but the real discovery belongs to the illustrious 
Harvey, who proved it and published his discovery, 1628. 

BLOOD, transfusion of, attempted in France with no great success, when it was 
suppressed by the government. Again attempted in France, 1797, and tried in 
England, in a few instances with success, since 1823. An English surgeon is said 
to have practised it in 1 69 1. 

BLOOD OF CHRIST, an order begun in Mantua, 1608. 

BLOOD, Colonel, seized the Duke of Ormond, intending to hang him at Tyburn, 

but was prevented, Dec. 6, 1670 ; attempted to steal the crown jewels, May 9, 

1671 ; he died Aug. 24, 1680. 

BLOODY ASSIZES, held by Judge Jeffreys after the suppression of the Monmouth 
rebellion ; over 300 persons were hung in Taunton and the Western counties, Aug. 
and Sept., 1685. 

BLOOMER COSTUME, first worn in America by Mrs Bloomer, 1848; attempt 
made to introduce the fashion into England, but failed, 1852. 

BLOREHEATH, battle. The Lancastrians defeated by the Yorkist troops, 
Sept. 23, 1459, with a loss of 2400 men. 

BLOW PIPE, first used for analyzing minerals, by Swab, in Sweden, 1738. 



BLUCHER BOGS 



91 



BLUCHER, Marshal, defeated at Ligny by the French, June 16, 1815 ; died. Sept, 

12, 1819. 
BLUE, Prussian, discovered at BerUn, 1704. 
BLUE-COAT SCHOOL, or Christ's Hospital, founded by Edward VI., June 26, 

^553 ; the branch school at Hereford erected, 1683 ; first stone of the New Plall 

in London, laid April 28, 1825 ; opened, May 29, 1829. 

BLUE-STOCKING CLUB. Literary meetings were held by Mrs Montague at 
her house in Portman Square, and at Mrs Vesey's residence, 1776-77. The 
name is attributed to the fact that the grandson of Bishop Stillingfleet declined 
attending one of these re-unions on account of his being in morning dress, when 
one of the ladies remarked, ' never mind, come in your blue stockings. ' The club 
declined about 1800. — Notes and Queries. 

BLUMENAU, battle. The last action in the seven weeks' war was fought at 
this place, when the Austrians were only saved from a defeat by an armistice being 
proclaimed, the army being entirely surrounded. They lost 600 men, lulv 22 
1866. 

BLYTHE DRY DOCK opened, Sept. 11, 181 1. 

BOADICEA, queen of the Britons, burned London, and killed 70,000 of the in- 
habitants, to resent the treatment she had received from the Romans, 61 ; defeated 
by Suetonius, 62. 

BOADICEA transport run aground near Kinsale, Ireland, when 200 of the 82nd 
regiment perished, Jan. 31, i8r6. 

BOARD OF CONTROL for Indian affairs, established by Pitt, 1784; altered, 

1788; again, 1793; abolished, Aug. 10, 1858. 
BOARD OF GREEN CLOTH, the jurisdiction fixed, 1390 ; abolished, 1828. 
BOARD OF HEALTH, established, 1845 5 re-constituted by act of parliament, 

Aug. 10, 1854; abolished four years afterwards. 

BOARD OF TRADE AND PLANTATIONS. Special council appointed by 
Charles II., 1660, but afterwards laid aside ; renewed in 1672 ; William III. 
made the board permanent for settling all disputes, 1696; abolished, 1782. Pre- 
sent board established, Sept. 5, 1786. The office of vice-president abolished, 
and a secretary appointed, with a seat in parliament, 30 & 31 Vict. c. 72, Au"-. 
12, 1867. ' '^' 

BOARD WAGES, first commenced with the king's servants, 1629. 

BOAR'S HEAD TAVERN, Eastcheap. Riot caused here by the sons of Henry 
IV., Thomas and John, in 1410 ; destroyed in the great fire of 1666, but after- 
wards restored ; finally pulled down in making the approaches to new London 
Bridge. The site of the old building is now pointed out by the statue of William 
IV. ; the sign is deposited in the Guildhall Library. 

BOATS. The use of boats can be traced back to the remotest antiquity. The boats, 
or coracles, of the Britons, were described by Csesar, B.C. 54. Flat-bottomed boats 
invented in the reign of William the Conqueror, who used them in the Isle of 
Ely. Iron boats first made, 1776 ; one to hold 15 persons launched at Foss, in 
Yorkshire, May 20, 1777. 

BODLEIAN LIBRARY, Oxford, built and finished by Sir T. Bodley, 1598 ; first 
opened to the public, Nov. 8, 1602. The foundation-stone of a new lil)rary laid 
by the founder, July 19, 1610 ; subsequently enlarged, 1634. The first catalogue 
published, 1605. 

BOGS, IRISH, calculatedat three millions of acres. One of them, near Poulenard, 
in Louth, Ireland, Dec. 20, 1793, moved from its original situation some miles, 



92 BOHEMIA BOLTON ABBEY 

crossed a high road, and overturned all in its way. Drainage acts for bogs passed, 
1830. 
BOHEMIA, Germany. A settlement was formed here by the Boii, under their leader 
Segovesus, B.C. 590. Czechius with many followers emigrated to this place from 
Croatia, A.D. 550. Christianity introduced at the close of the 9th centuiy. The 
first duke was Przenislas, 632. In 1061 the Emperor Henry IV. gave the royal 
title to the Dukes of. By the extinction of the male line the crown went to the 
house of Luxemburg, 13 10, when Charles IV. united Bohemia with the German 
Empire. King John of, slain at the battle of Crecy, 1346. Battle at the White 
Mountains destroyed the hopes of the people and reduced them under the power 
of Austria, Nov., 1620. The crown secured to the Austrian family, 1648. In- 
vaded by Frederick the Great, 1744. Famine desolated the country, 1772; 
slavery abolished, 1 781. 

BOKHARA, Asia. Capt. Conolly and Stoddart, envoys from England to the 
Khan of, murdered; their death ascertained by Dr Wolff, 1843. The Russians 
defeated the army of the Khan, and captured the fortified town of Nias-Bek, 
May 8, 1865 ; and took Taschkent, June 27, 1865 ; again defeated them in 1866 ; 
defeated by the Russians under Col. Abramow at Yani-Kourgane, July 5, (17), 
1867 ; peace concluded with the Emir of, July 11 ; confirmed, Aug. 9. 

BOIS-LE-DUC, Netherlands, founded by Godfrey HI., Duke of Brabant, 1104; 
the cathedral built, 1366 ; besieged and taken by the Dutch, 1629. A battle 
between the English and French, Sept. 14, 1794 ; the English commanded by the 
Duke of York. The town taken by the French, Oct. 6, 1794 ; by the Prussians, 
1814. 

BOLINGBROKE CASTLE, Lincolnshire, the birthplace of Henry IV. ; the re- 
mains fell down. May, 1 81 5. 

BOLINGBROKE, Lord, impeached, June 10, 1715, after his dismissal from power,, 
and withdrew to France. Discarded by the Pretender for neglect, to whom he 
acted as secretary, Feb. 25, 1715-16; pardoned by George I., April 26, 1723; 
returned home, May, 1724. 

BOLIVIA, S. America. War of Independence began in 1 810 ; declared a free state 
in 1825. The first assembly of deputies dissolved themselves, Oct. 6, 1825. A 
congress to consider the constitution proposed by Gen. Bolivar, May 25, 1826. 
Gen. Sucre chosen president for life, but would only accept it for two years. 
Mutiny of the Columbian troops, Dec. 23, 1827. Gen. Santa Cruz elected presi- 
dent, Aug. 18, 1828. 

BOLOGNA, Italy. Its ancient name was Felsina. Made a Roman colony, B.C. 
187 ; annexed to the Papal dominions by Pope Julian II., and entered with great 
pomp, Nov. 10, 1506; captured by the French forces, June, 1796; made the 
capital of the Cispadane Republic by Napoleon I., Feb., 1797; taken by the 
Austrians, 1814, but restored to Rome, 1815. A revolt broke out in 1831, and a 
provisional government appointed ; quelled by the Austrians the same year j the 
Austrian Gen. Welden attacked the city, but was gallantly repulsed by the in- 
habitants, 1848 ; sun-endered to the Austrians, May 16, 1849 ; united to Italy, 
1859. 

BOLOGNA STONE, discovered before the year 1602, by Casciorolus. Bartholo- 
mew Zanichelli was said to be the only person to whom this art was known, 
1690. 

BOLTON ABBEY, Yorkshire, built 1120; the Castle, 1297. Queen Maiy con- 
fined in, escaped from, 1568. Made a borough, 1832. The extensive bleach 
works of Messrs Hardcastle & Co. destroyed by fire, Oct. 27, 1825. The mill 



BOMARSUND BONAPARTE 93 

of Messrs Haslam and Co. destroyed by fire, several persons injured, and pro- 
perty lost valued at ;!f 30,000, Oct. 11, 1867. 

BOMARSUND, in the Gulf of Bothnia, taken in 1809 from the Swedes by the 
Russians ; first attacked by the English fleet, June 21, 1854. The Englisli fleet 
under the command of Sir Charles Napier, in conjunction with the French troops, 
attacked and took the town, Aug. 16, 1854. 

BOMBAY, India, formed part of the dominions of Guzerat, 1429; visited by the 
Portuguese, 1508 ; built a factory there, 1534 ; the King of Guzerat ceded the Is- 
land of Bassein to them, 1534. The first establishment of the English was made 
at Surat, 1601. The greater part of Bombay re-united to the realm of Delhi, 
1620. Given with Tangier, in Africa, and ^^300, 000 in money, to Charles II., as 
the marriage portion of Catherine of Portugal, 1661 ; gi-anted to the East India 
Company, 1669 ; permission given to the Company to establish a Mint, 1676 ; 
made the seat of the presidency and the principal station in the East Indies, 1683 ; 
confirmed by William III., 1689; now one of the three Indian presidencies ; 
nearly destroyed by fire, and many lives lost, Feb. 27, 1803 ; Elphinstone 
College founded, 1837; great fire at, 200 houses burnt, Oct., 1845; the first 
railway opened, 1853 ; cotton crisis, 1865, several failures declared. 

BOMBAY, H. M. ship, destroyed by fire at Monte Video, when 90 of the crew 
were lost, Dec. 14, 1864. 

BOMBS are said to have been used at the siege of Naples, in 1434 ; in 1 543 mortars 
for bomb-shells were cast at Buckstead, Sussex {Ryine)^s Fcedera) ; used at the 
siege of Watchtendouch, in 1588. The first bomb-vessel invented by the French 
in 1681. 

BONAPARTE family, the great name of modern histoiy ; this name, Italianized, 
is written Buonaparte. Carlo Buonaparte was born at Ajaccio, in Corsica, 
1744, of one of the best families in the city ; educated in Tuscany, he returned 
home and married Letitia Ramolini, aged 17, being born at Ajaccio, 1750; she 
died Feb. 2, 1836; she had five sons and three daughters. Her husband took 
part with Pascal Paoli in 1768, reluctantly submitting afterwards to live under 
French rule, though named royal counsellor and assessor under it ; chosen deputy 
to the French court, 1777 ; one of the council of 12 nobles, 1781 ; he went to 
Marseilles, 1785, about his health, and died there, Feb. 24, 1785. Joseph, the 
elder (successively King of Naples and of Spain, in 1808), Napoleon, Lucien, 
Louis, and Jei"ome, were the five sons ; of the daughters, Pauline became Princess 
Borghese ; Caroline, wife of Murat, King of Naples ; and the other sister, Madame 
Bacciocci. Napoleon, born Aug. 15, 1769, distinguished himself at the military 
school of artillery, in 1 784 ; was appointed to the artillery in the regiment of La 
Fere, 1785 ; distinguished himself greatly at the siege of Toulon, by superior skill 
in directing the batteries ; rose to be a general of brigade, 1794 5 commanded the 
troops, Oct. 4, who were employed to defend the Convention ; made deputy in- 
spector of fortifications ; defeated the Parisians ; married, March 9, 1796, 
Madame Josephine Beauharnois, whose husband had been one of Robespierre's 
victims ; 12 days after his marriage, he quitted his bride for Nice, to command 
the army there, found it in a state of destitution, but, not discouraged, he out- 
manoeuvred the Austrians, and in April won the battles of Montenotte, Millesimo, 
Dego, and Mondovi ; May 10, 1796, he gained the field of Lodi, and quickly 
became master of Piedmont and the Milanese ; fought the battle of Lonato, Aug. 
3, 1796; that of Castiglione, Aug. 5 ; the battle of Roveredo, Sept. 4; of 
Bassano, Sept. 8; of San Giorgo, Sept. 13 ; of Areola, Nov. 15, 16, & 17; in 
1797, Jan. 14, gained the battle of Rivoli ; Jan. 16, of La Favorite ; Mantua 
surrendered, Feb. 2 ; gained the fight of the Tagliamento, March 16 ; of Levis, 
March 29; March 23, Trieste surrendered to him ; April 18, he signed the pre- 



94 



BONAPARTE 

liminary treaty of Leoben, with Austria ; May i6, took possession of Venice ; 
signed the treaty of Campo Formio, May 24 ; set sail for Egypt, May 19, 1798 ; 
took Jaffa, March 7 ; fought the battle of the Pyramids, July 21 ; the battle of El 
Arich, Feb. 15, 1799 ; of Nazareth, April 8 ; of Mount Tabor, April ; besieged 
Acre, May 21 (siege raised by Sir S. Smith) ; battle of Aboukir, with the Turks, 
July 25 ; sailed for France, Aug. 23 ; landed at Frejus, Oct. 6 ; dissolved the 
Convention, Nov. 9 ; was declared First Consul, Nov. 10 ; made peace with the 
Chouans, Feb. 15, 1800 ; crossed the Alps, and fought the Austrians at Romano, 
May 26 ; Fort St Bard taken, June i ; at Montebello, June 9 ; and at Marengo, 
June 14 ; preliminaries of peace signed with Austria ; an infernal machine ex- 
ploded, to destroy him, Oct. 10 ; treaty of Luneville, with the Austrians, Feb. 9, 
1801; preliminaries with England, Oct. 10; the Cisalpine republic placed under 
Bonaparte; definitive treaty with England signed, March 25, 1802; he instituted 
the Legion of Honour, May 19 ; declared Consul for life, Aug. 2 ; Gen. Moreau 
arrested for plotting against him, Feb. 5, 1804; DucD'Enghien shot, March 21 ; 
made Emperor, May 18 ; crowned by the Pope, Nov. 19 ; wrote a pacific letter 
to the King of Englaird, Jan. 2, 1805 ; crowned with the iron crown. King of Italy, 
May 26 ; marched against Austria, Sept. 24 ; won the battle of Werthingen, Oct. 
8; of Gunzbourg, Oct. 9; of Memmingen, Oct. 13; of Elchingen, Oct. 15; Gen. 
Mack surrendered at Ulm, Oct. 19 ; Vienna taken, Nov. 13 ; battle of Dierne- 
stein, Nov. 21 ; of Austerlitz, Dec. 2; treaty of Presburg signed, Dec. 26; Louis 
Bonaparte made King of Holland, June 5, 1806 ; convoked the Jews, July 26 ; 
published the Confederation of the Rhine ; gained the battle of Saalfield, Oct. 10 ; 
of Weimar, Oct. 13; of Jena, Oct. 14; Auerstadt, Oct. 14; Erfurth, Oct. 15; 
of Halle, Oct. 17 ; Zeydenick, Oct. 26 ; of Prentzlow, Oct. 26 ; of Jabel, Nov. 
2 ; issued the Berlin decree, Nov. 19 ; gained the battle of Czarnowo, Dec. 23 ; 
of Pultusk, Dec. 26 ; of Mohrungen, Jan. 26, 1807 ; of Benningen, Jan. 27 ; of 
Eylau, Feb. 8 ; of Ostrolenska, Feb. 19 ; of Weiskelmonde, Aug. 15 ; of Fried- 
land, June 14 ; signed the treaty of Tilsit, July 7 ; Joseph Bonaparte declared 
King of Spain, July 7 ; battle of Valmaceda, Oct. 8 ; of Gamenal, Oct. 10 ; of 
Burgos, Oct. 16 ; conference at Erfurt, Sept. 26 ; Bonaparte arrived at Vittoria, 
Nov. 7 ; battle of St Ander, Nov. 18 ; surrender of Madrid, Dec. 4 ; of Santa 
Gruz, Dec. 8. Bonaparte returned to Paris, Jan. 23, 1809. War declared against 
Austria, April 6 ; marched against Austria, April 13 ; battle of Landshut, April 
21 ; of Eckmuhl, April 22 ; of Ratisbon, April 25 ; of Newniarkt, April 26; 
Bonaparte entered Vienna a second time, May 13 ; battle of Vienna, May II ; 
Rome annexed to the French Empire, May 17 ; of Gapick, May 18 ; of Essling, 
May 22 ; of Raab, June 14 ; of Engersdorf, July 5 ; of Wagram, July 6 ; treaty 
of Vienna, Oct. 14 ; his marriage with Josephine dissolved, Dec. 16 ; he married 
Maria Louisa, daughter of Francis II., March il, 1810 ; Holland and the Hanse 
towns annexed to France, July 10 ; Bernadotte elected crown prince of Sweden, 
Aug. 21 ; Hamburg annexed to the French empire, Jan. I, 1811 ; the Empress 
of France delivered of a son, styled King of Rome, March 20 ; Napoleon led his 
army against Russia, May 9, 1812 ; reached Konigsberg, June 11 ; entered Wilna, 
June 28 ; battle of Kosnoi, Aug. 14; of Smolensko, Aug. 17 ; Smolensko taken, 
Aug. 18; battle of Mojaisk, Sept. 5; of Moskwa, Sept. 7; Moscow entered, 
Sept. 14 ; evacuated, Oct. 19 ; battle of Malojawslavetz, Oct. 24 ; of Wop, Nov. 
8 ; of Krasnoi, Nov. 17 ; of the Beresina, Nov. 27 ; he left the army for Paris, 
Dec. 5 ; reached Paris and raised new levies, Dec. 18 ; took the command of the 
army on the Elbe, April 15, 1813 ; battle of Lutzen, May 2 ; of Bautzen, May 
20 ; of Wurchen, May 26 ; armistice agreed on, June 4 ; hostilities recommenced, 
Aug. 10 ; battle of Dresden, Moreau killed, Aug. 25, 26, 27 ; Dresden evacuated, 
Sept. 28 ; battle of Leipsic, Oct. 16, 18, 19 ; the Allies published a declaration 
against him, Dec. I ; his enemies cross the Rhine, Dec. 21 ; battle of St Dizier, 
Jan. 27 ; of Brienne, Jan. 29 ; of Champ Aubert,Feb. 9 ; of Montmirail, Feb. 11 ; 



BONAPARTE BOOKS 95 

of Vauchamp, Feb. 14 ; of Montereaii, Feb. 17 ; of Croane, March 7 ; the Allies 
entered Paris, March 31 ; Napoleon abdicated the throne, Apiil 14; took leave 
of his old guard, April 20 ; sailed for Elba, arrived there. May 4 ; sailed from 
Elba to France, Feb. 26, 1815 ; arrived at Cannes, March i ; at Paris, and re- 
ascended the throne, March 20 ; declared an outlaw by the Allies, March 25 ; 
called a new house of peers and of representatives of the people, in April ; also 
a Champ de Mai, June I ; battle of Fleurus gained, June 14 ; defeated the Prussians 
at Ligny, June 16; Quatre-Bras, same day, drawn battle ; defeated at Waterloo, 
June 18 ; abdicated the throne in favour of his son, June 22 ; surrendered himself 
to the English captain, Maitland, of the Bellerophon, July 15 ; entered Torbay, 
July 24; sailed to St Helena, Aug., Ii ; arrived, Oct. r6 ; expii-ed there, of a 
cancer in the stomach, at ten minutes before six p.m., on May 5, 1821, and was 
interred on May 8, in a spot chosen by himself ; his will registered in England, 
at Canterbury, Aug., 1824 ; given to the French nation, 1853. The French 
Chambers decreed that, with the consent of England, his I'emains should be re- 
moved to France ; they arrived at Cherbourg, Dec. 8, 1840, and were interred at 
the Invalides, with great solemnity, Dec. 15, 1840. 

BONAPARTE, Joseph, crowned King of Naples, Dec, 1805. 

BONAPARTE, Louis, crowned King of Holland, June 5, 1806 ; resigned the 
crown, 1810 ; died at Leghorn, 1846. 

BONAPARTE, Jerome, made King of Westphalia, Dec. i, 1807. 

BONAPARTE, Lucien, born at Ajaccio, 1775 ; arrived in England, Dec. 18, 
1810 ; created a Roman prince by the Pope, Aug., 1814 ; refused passports for 
himself and family to North America by the allied sovereigns, March 18, 181 7 ; 
died, 1840, leaving several literary works. He was the patron of the French poet 
Beranger. 

BONAPARTE, Napoleon Francis Alexander Joseph, Duke of Reichstadt, the only 
son of the French Emperor Napoleon I., born, March 20, 181 1 ; brought up at 
the court of Vienna, where he was a sort of prisoner at large ; died at Schcenbrunn, 
July 22, 1832. 

BONAPARTE, Charles Louis, Napoleon III., bom at the Tuileries, April 20, 
1808 ; conspiracy at Strasburg, headed by (when prince), to overthrow the govern- 
ment of Louis Philippe ; declared their intention, Oct. 30, 1836 ; sent to America, 
Nov. 15 ; arrived at Boulogne, Aug. 6, 1840, and arrested ; imprisoned at Ham ; 
escaped disguised as a workman. May 24, 1846 ; elected President, Dec. 10, 
1848; coup d'Aat, Dec. 2, 185 1 ; elected Emperor, Nov. 21, 1852 ; made his 
public, entry into Paris, Dec. 2 ; married Eugenie Countess Teba, Jan. 29, 1853 ; 
Prince Imperial born, March 16, 1856. 

BON-HOMMES, an order of Friars instituted in France, 1209; came to England 
in 1240. College of, founded at Buckingham, 1244. 

BONN, Prussia, anciently a Roman province, taken by the Prince of Orange, Oct., 
1673; by the Duke of Brandenburg, Oct. 7, 1687 ; besieged by the Duke of 
Marlborough for three weeks ; talien in 1 703 ; the troops of the French Republic 
entered, Oct. 6, 1794- The palace of the Prince of Cologne burned down, June 
^S') 1777 j ^ shower of stones fell here, July 13, 1816 ; an academy established, 
1778; incorporated, 1784; Prince Albert was a student here, 1837; suppressed, 
but re-established, 181 8. 

BOOKS. The first form of writing was upon blocks and tablets, inlaid with wax ; 
afterwards upon a flexible material, and made into rolls. Books in their present 
form are said to have been invented by Attains, King of Pergamos. Job expressed 
a wish that his words might be written in a book. In the early Greek and Hebrew 
manuscripts the words were not separated, and in the Oriental countries the lines 



6 BOOKS BOOKS BINDING OF 

began from right to left ; in the northern and western nations, from left to right. 
In China the letters ran from top to bottom. The oldest profane books extant are 
Homer's Poems, and the prose writings of Herodotus. The earliest printed books 
known are the Latin Bible, printed at Mentz, in 1450— 55 ; ' Cicero de Ofidciis,' 
1466. Pagination and running titles introduced at Cologne by Arnold Therhoernen, 
1470. The first book printed in English was ' The Recuyell,' by Caxton, at 
Bruges, 1474. The Game of Chess was printed by him at the same place, 1475. He 
printed the 'Dictes and Sayings,' at Westminster, Nov., 1477 ; this was the first 
book printed in England. The first Greek book printed in England, 1543. The 
first classical book printed in Russia was 'Cornelius Nepos,' April 29, 1762. 
Roger de Insula, Dean of York, gave several Latin Bibles to the University of 
Oxford, for the use of the students, 1225. A Countess of Anjou, in the 15th 
century, paid for one book, 200 sheep, five quarters of wheat, and the same 
quantity of rye and millet ; and in early times, the loan of a book was con- 
sidered to be an affair of such importance, that in 1299, the Bishop of Winchester, 
on boiTowing a Bible from a convent in that city, was obliged to give a bond for 
its restoration, drawn up in the most solemn manner ; and Louis XI., in 1471, 
was compelled to deposit a large quantity of plate, and to get some of his nobles 
to join with him in a bond, under a high penalty, to restore it, before he could pro- 
cure the loan of a book which he borrowed from the faculty of medicine at Paris. 
Bede's Homilies sold for twelve measures of barley, 1 1 74 ; John of Meun's Roman 
de la Rose sold in Paris for ^^33, 1400 ; in 181 2, the Duke of Devonshire gave 
;^io6o 10s. for Caxton's first edition of the Recuyell, from the Duke of Roxburghe's 
collection, and ^173 for the Game of Chess in 1813. The privilege of printing 
Books first granted by Henry, Bishop of Bamberg, 1490. The oldest Venetian 
privilege dates from 1491 ; the oldest Papal, 1505 ; one was granted in 1495, by 
Duke Louis Sforza of Milan; a Papal one in 1506, to Tosino, a bookseller of 
RoiTie ; in 1507, one to Verard, by Louis XII. ; the first imperial, 1510; and 
in 1527, one from the Duke of Saxony, to the edition of the New Testament by 
Emser ; in 1590, one was granted in England, by Queen Elizabeth, to one 
"Weight, of Oxford, for a translation of Tacitus ; but the oldest was in 15 10, for 
the history of King Boccus. Foreign merchants were allowed to import books and 
manuscripts or to print them here, 1484 ; but Henry VIII. revoked the liberty 
in 1534. In 1538, the same king issued an order respecting the printing of 
Bibles ; and in 1 542, gave an exclusive privilege for the purpose, to last four 
years. Exclusive privileges afterwards became numerous. During the Common- 
wealth the privilege was abolished, but in the 27th Charles II., restored ; the same 
in Queen Anne's reign, in that of George I. and George HI ; the existing patent 
was conferred in 1830, Jan. 21, for printing the Bible ; this terminated in i860. 
In Scotland, before 1700, various licences were granted : to one Basket, July 6, 
1 716 ; Alexander Kincaird, 1749 ; to Blair and Bnice, 1798 ; the patent ceased in 
1833. In Ireland, George HI. granted a patent to one Grierson, for 40 years ; it 
was i-enewed by his son, 1811. 48,441 cwt. of books was exported in 1866. 
BOOKS, BINDING OF. The earhest bound book known is the volume of 
St Cuthbert, circa 650. Ivoiy was used in the 8th century ; oak in the 9th. 
The Evangelists, on which the English kings took the coronation oath, was bound 
in oak boards, 1100 In the 15th century impressed leather was used, and hog- 
skin rudely ornamented. In Gennany a finer pig-skin or vellum was used in the 
1 6th century, the portraits of the reformers and others being finely pressed on the 
covers. Calf leather came into use for fine work in 1 550. The Missale Romanuni, 
bound for Cardinal Sigismond Gonzaga, 1505, is a fine specimen of Bibliopegistic 
skill. Grolier's work, in 1525, is very superior. In the reign of Elizabeth velvet 
and silk came into fashion, being ornamented by the ladies with gold threads and 
spangles. Cloth binding superseded plain boards about 1823. India rubber 
backs were introduced in 1841. Bound in tortoiseshell, by Hartfield, 1856, 



BOOKS BURNT BOROUGHBRIDGE 97 

BOOKS BURNT. Books to the extent of 200,000 volumes burned at Constanti- 
nople. There were 4,194,412 volumes in the suppressed monasteries of France 
in 1790 ; 2,000,000 of these were upon theology ; the MSS. were 26,000 ; in the 
city of Paris alone there were 808, 120 volumes. Books of astronomy and geometry 
were destroyed in England in the i^eign of Edward VI., 1552, being accused of a 
taint of magic. The Book of Sports ordered to be burnt in Cheapside, 1643. 

BOOK CENSORS first appointed by Berthold, Abp of Mayence, i486 ; this was 
followed by a mandate of Pope Alexander VI., in 1501, with the same object ; 
iir 1515, the Council of the Lateran at Rome appointed ecclesiastical censors. In 
the reign of Elizabeth no person was allowed to print any works without the royal 
licence. The Press was afterwards regulated by the Long Parliament, 1643. 
Abolished in England in 1694. 

BOOK-KEEPING by double entry, introduced into England in 1543 ; improved 
by Peele, in 1569. 

BOOTHIA FELIX discovered in 1830, by Sir J. Ross. 

BOOTS. The Romans were expert in the art of boot-making. They were in general 
use in the reign of William II. High boots were worn in England, 1484. 

BORAX first brought into England from India, 1713- 

BORDEAUX, France, destroyed by fire in 260 ; rebuilt by the Romans ; the 
amphitheatre of • Gallienus erected, 261 ; taken by the Goths, 412 ; taken by the 
Saracens, 529 ; made the capital of Gascogne, 850 ; plundered by the Northmen 
the next century ; given as the dower of Eleanor of Aquitaine to Henry 
II., 1 151 ; became an English possession, 1154; treaty signed here between 
England and France, March 25, 1357. The Black Prince resided here for 
II years ; his son, Richard II., was born here in 1366. Upon the decline of 
the English power the city submitted to Count Dmiois, 145 1. Upon the arrival 
of Eaid Talbot with fresh forces, the English authority was restored, 1452 ; 
taken by the French, 1453. La Tour Peyberland built, 1430 ; it was 300 feet 
high. St Michael Church erected, 1840. Insurrection broke out, 1548. Town 
fortified by Vauban, 1677. The Parliament met here in 1690. The Chateau 
Royal built, 1778. The magistrates of, fined 1,000,000 francs for assisting the 
revolutionists, March 10, 1793 ; the town given up to the Bourbons, Feb. 13, 
1814. The bridge commenced, 1810; completed, 1811, cost ;i^26o, 000. 

BORGIA, Cardinal, the noted Csesare, after a profligate life, was shot at Vienna, 
1507- 

BORGO ST SEPOLCRO, Tuscany, had its cathedral and 150 houses destroyed 
by an earthquake, 5ept. 30, 1789. 

BORNEO, E. Archipelago discovered by the Portuguese in 1526. The English 
and Dutch built several factories upon the islands in 1609 and 1772. Mr James 
Brooke made Rajah of Sarawak, 1839 ; appointed Her Majesty's Regent, Feb., 
1845. Made an English colony, Mr Brooke being appointed governor, Oct. 2, 
.1848; first Bishop appointed to Labuan, 1855. Insurrection of Chinese at, and 
massacre of the inhabitants, Feb. 17, 1857. 

BORODINO, sanguinary battle between Napoleon and the Russians, Sept. 7, 
1812. The loss on both sides was enormous, 240,000 men being engaged. The 
victory was with the French emperor, who afterwards marched into Moscow, Sept. 
14. 

BOROUGHBRIDGE, York, burned by the Scots under the Earl Douglass, 1318. 
Battle of, between Edward II. and the Earls of Hereford and Lancaster ; the latter 
v.'ere defeated, March 16, 1322, and beheaded with the greatest insults near Ponte- 
fract, March 23 ; a great number of weapons and military relics were discovered 
in 1792. 

7 



98 BOROUGH-ENGLISH BOTTLES OF GLASS 

BOROUGH-ENGLISH, a mode of tenure by which the younger son inherits, 

existed as early as 834. ^ It was abolished in Scotland in 1062. 
BOROUGHS, towns which send members to parliament, so- named since Burgesses 

were returned in the reign of Henry III., 1265 ; first admitted into the Scotch 

parliament by Robert Bruce, 1326 ; into the Irish, 1365. 
BORRISOW, Russia, battle between the French under Gen. Portonneaux and 

the Russians ; the former surrendered, Nov. 27, 1812. 

BOSCOBEL OAK, Staffordshire, in which Charles II. concealed himself after the 
battle of Worcester, Sept. 3, 1651. 

BOSPHORUS, Turkey, founded, B.C. 490 ; made a Roman province by Pompey, 
B.C. 63 ; taken by the Turks, a.d. 545. 

BOSTON, Lincolnshire. St Botolph Monastery founded in 650. The Romans 
erected a fort at the mouth of the river Witham. The church destroyed by the 
Danes. The black friary established, 1288. The town inundated, 1285. Church 
built, 1309 ; damaged by fire. May 23, 1803. Iron bridge erected, 1807. 

BOSTON, United States, founded in 1630. Benjamin Franklin born here, Jan. 6, 
1 706. A riot broke out through the enforcement of the celebrated but iniquitous 
Stamp Act, Oct. 31, 1765. During the War of Independence, the battle of Bunker's 
Hill was fought here, 1775 ; the town taken by the English, March 25, 1775 ; the 
town evacuated by the English, March 17, 1776. Several fires. at, 1763. Serious 
riots consequent upon the seizure of a fugitive slave, May 24, 1854. 

BOSWELL, SIR ALEXANDER, killed in a duel by Mr James Stuart, for a 
libel which he had written in a paper called ' The Sentinel,' March 26, 1822. 

BOSWORTH FIELD, battle, the closing battle of the White and Red Roses, 
or the houses of York and Lancaster ; Richard III. was slain, and the Earl of 
Richmond proclaimed King Henry VII., Aug. 22, 1485. 

BOTANICAL GARDENS. The Jardin des Plantes was founded at Paris, 
1610; at Oxford, 1632; at Edinburgh, 1680 ; at Dublin, 1789; at Chiswick, 
1821 ; at Chelsea, 1679 ; at Regent's Park, 1833, opened, 1839. 

BOTANY. The earliest writer upon this branch of science was Theophrastus, B.C. 
320. Dodoens, Otto, Brunfels, Banlieu, and Cjesalpinus, published several works 
upon the same subject during the 15th century. Dr William Turner has justly 
been called the Father of English Botany. He published his ' New Herbal,' 
1551 and 1568. Moiison of Aberdeen, Ray, and Haller of Switzerland, after- 
wards improved upon this system, but Linnceus published a more extended system 
in his ' Systema Nattn-cC,' 1750. 

BOTANY BAY, discovered by Capt. Cook, April 20, 1770 ; first settlement made 

in, 1788. 
BOTHAL CASTLE, Northumberland, built by Robert Bertram, 1345. 
BOTHWELL BRIDGE, battle of The Duke of Monmouth defeated the army of 

the Covenanters, June 22, 1679. 

BOTOLPH CHURCH, Aldgate, built, 1749; Bishopsgate, 1728; Aldersgate, 

partly rebuilt, 1820. 
BOTOLPH'S, ST, PRIORY, Colchester, built, 1109. 

BOTTLE CONJUROR. This infamous deception resulted in the destruction 
of the interior of the Haymarket Theatre by the disappointed audience, Jan. 
16, 1749 (O.S.). 

BOTTLE-MAKERS' COMPANY, incoi-porated 13 Car. I., Jan. 12, 1638. 
BOTTLES OF GLASS, of great antiquity ; many found in the ruins of Pompeii ; 



BOUCHAIN BOURBONS 



99 



made in England in tlie 15th century. Stone bottles taxed in 1695 ; tax repealed, 
169S. One to hold two hogsheads blown at Leith, Scotland, Jan., 1748. 
BOUCHAIN, France, invested by the Duke of Marlborough ; surrendered, Sept. 
14, 1711 ; retaken by the French under Marshal Villars, Oct. 10, 1712; occupied 
by the Alhes, 1815. 

BOUGHTON, near Canterbury, riot at. Thorn the lunatic killed, May 31, 1838. 

BOULOGNE, France. The northern pirates obtained possession and sacked this 
town, 882. Assailed by Henry IH. Henry VHI. took it after a siege of six 
weeks' duration, Sept. 13, 1544 ; he improved the defences of the fortification ; 
restored to France, by Edward, upon payment of 400,000 crowns, 1550. Henry 
of France made his public entry into this town, March 24, 1550. The castle was 
built in the 13th century. The fleet under Nelson attacked the French fleet off 
this place, Aug. 3, 1801 ; the town set on fire by the fleet, Oct. 8, 1806. Louis 
Napoleon, with a few followers, landed here, when he made his descent uiDon 
France, Aug. 6, 1840. The King of the Belgians visited Napoleon HI. at this 
town, Sept. 4, 1854; and Prince Albert visited, Sept. 5, 1854; and was again 
present at a grand review held here, Sept. 8, 1854. 

BOULOGNE FLOTILLA, fitted out to invade England, July, 1804, consisting of 
1300 vessels, 17,000 seamen, 160,000 soldiers, 10,060 horse, and proportionate 
artillery ; frustrated by Nelson's destruction of the combined fleets of France and 
Spain, which Napoleon had designed to double upon CornwaUis, off Brest, and a 
portion to sweep the Channel at the same time, 1805. 

BOUNTIES for the exportation of goods first given in 1688 ; given in America for 
raising naval stores, 1703 ; subsequently for other articles. 

BOUNTY, Mutiny of. This armed ship proceeded from England in 1787, for the 
West Indies, in order to transplant bread-fruit trees. Owing to the tyranny of 
the commander, Capt. Bligh, the crew mutinied, April 28, 1789. The captain 
and 18 men of the ship's company arrived in the ship's boats, at Otaheite, April 
30, but the natives appearing hostile, they proceeded to Timor, and landed there 
June 12, a distance of 4000 miles. Ten of the mutineers were tried at Portsmouth, 
Sept. 12, 1792; others of the mutineers, 10 in number, reached and colonized 
Pitcairn Island, where their descendants were discovered, 1814. 

BOURBON, Isle of, discovered by the Portuguese navigator, Mascarenhas, 1542 ; 
taken by the French under De Prony, 1646 ; first made a penal settlement, 
1654 ; made over by Louis XIV. to the East India Company, 1661 ; made a 
regular colony, 1 710 ; fortified by the governor La Bourdonnais, and successfully 
resisted the English fleet under Boscawen, 1735 5 taken by the English, July 8, 
1810 ; restored at the Peace of 1814 ; retaken by them, 1815 ; visited by a hurri- 
cane, which destroyed part of the town, Feb., 1S29. 

BOURBON, Louis the Good, Duke of, Knights of the Thistle instituted by, 1370. 

BOURBONNE LES BAINES, France, taken by Pepin and his followers, in 759. 
A military hospital founded, 1732 ; it is noted for its bathing. The vault under 
the church gave way during mass, Sept. 14, 1778, when 600 persons were killed. 

BOURBONS. The house of, founded by Anthony, Duke of Vendome, in 1548 ; 
made King of Navarre in 1555 ; succeeded by his son Henry of Navarre, 1589, 
who was murdered by Ravaillic, May 19, 1610. Louis the Just, son of the pre- 
ceding king, ascended the throne, 1610. Louis XIV., the Great, noted for his 
-long and splendid reign, 1643. Louis XV., the Well -beloved, began to reign, 
1715. The crown of Spain settled on a younger branch of the family, 1713 ; 
famUy compact made in 1761. Louis XVI. succeeded to the throne, 1774 ; de- 
throned, 1789 ; guillotined, Jan. 21, 1793, and his Queen, Oct. 16. The Bour- 
bons restored to the throne of France by the allied powers : Louis XVIII. , May 3, 



100 BOURGES BOYNE 

1814; expelled, March 20, 1815 ; restored, July 8. Charles X. ascended the 
throne, 1824; deposed and expelled from France, July 30, 1830; succeeded by 
the Or/mjts hranch, Louis Philippe, Aug. 9, 1830 ; expelled, Feb. 24, 1848 ; died 
in England, Aug. 26, 1850. 

BOURGES, France, besieged and taken by Julius Csesar ; taken by the Goths, 475. 
Louis VIII. assembled an army of 50,000 troops to attack Avignon in 1226. The 
Pragmatic Sanction was accepted by the clergy, 1483. Besieged by Charles VI. ; 
garrisoned by the Huguenots, who were driven out by the Royalists, Sept. i, 
1562. Notre Dame founded, 1157 ; destroyed by fire, 1487 ; rebuilt, 1520. The 
church of St Bonet founded, 1250 ; destroyed by the same fire, 1487 ; rebuilt, 
1 5 10. In the fire of 1487, 3000 houses were destroyed. Visited by the plague, 
1583 ; 5000 persons perished. 

BOURIGNONISTS, a sect founded by Antoinette Bourignon, 1658 ; her sup- 
porters increased to thousands, 1670 ; many works published before her death in 
1680. 

BOUSKY, GEORGE, and two other assassins, tried at the Old Bailey for the murder 
of Mr Thynne in Pall Mall, together with Count Koningsmark, who had hired 
them to commit the crime, Feb. 28, 1682. Bousky and his two companions 
executed in Pall Mall, March 10 ; but Count Koningsmark was favoured by the 
court and escaped. He was afterwards assassinated himself, by order of George I., 
when Elector of Hanover. 

BOU VINES, battle. The allied army of the English and the Germans, commanded 
by Otho, Emperor of Germany, defeated by the French under Philip II. ; five 
Counts and the Earl of Salisbury taken prisoners, Aug. 27, 1214. King John 
of England obtained a truce for five years by the payment of 60,000 marks. 
Otho retired to Brunswick and resigned his crown. 

BOW AND ARROW CASTLE, Isle of Portland, built by Wilham Rufus ; taken 
from King Stephen, II42 ; destroyed in the Parliamentary War. 

BOW BRIDGE, Middlesex, first built, 1087 ; new bridge opened, 1839. 

BOW CHURCH, Cheapside, one of the earliest Norman churches. A part of the 
steeple fell and killed several citizens, 1271 ; rebuilt, 1469. The present structure 
built by Wren after the fire of 1666; completed, 1671 ; the spire repaired by 
Sir W. Staines when a young stonemason ; again repaired by Mr J. Gwilt, 1820. 

BOWLER, JOHN, a farmer of good property, convicted of shooting Mr Burrows 
near Harrow, and wounding him. May 30, 1812 ; executed, Aug. 21. 

BOWS AND ARROWS introduced into England a second time, by William the 
Conqueror, 1066 ; they were known before 420. 

BOWYER'S COMPANY, incorporated, 18 James L, May 25, 1621 ; confirmed, 
18 Charles II., Nov. 17, 1667 ; their hall in Noble-street destroyed in 1666. 

BOXTEL, battle, Sept. 14, 1794, between the English under the Duke of York 
and the French ; Wellington commanded the 33rd regiment ; the English were 
defeated, losing eight pieces of cannon. 

BOYD, CAPTAIN, and Major Campbell, fought a duel in Ireland ; the latter 
found guilty of murder, and executed, Aug. 24, 1808. 

BOYLE LECTURES instituted, Dec. 30, 1691, by Robert Boyle, son of the great 
Earl of Cork. Dr Bentley gave the first the next year. 

BOYNE, battle of the, fought July i, 1690, between William III. and James II., 
in Ireland ; the latter defeated, losing 1500 men. 

BOYNE man-of-war burned at Portsmouth, May 4, 1795, when numbers of persons 
perished by the explosion of the magazine. 



BRABANT . BRASENOSE COLLEGE loi 

BRABANT, Netherlands. First erected into a duchy in the 7th century. The 
last Duke of, of the race of Charlemagne, was Otto, upon whose death in 1005 
the crown descended to Lambert I., Count of Louvain. By his posterity it de- 
scended to Philip II., Duke of Burgundy, and from him to Charles V., Emperor 
of Germany, who afterwards became King of Spain, 15 16. The Austrian part of 
the duchy taken possession of after the battle of Ramillies by Charles III., 1706 ; 
united to France, 1793 ; made a separate kingdom under Louis Bonaparte, 1806 ; 
re-united to France, 1810 ; ceded to Holland in 1815, and to Belgium, 1830. 

BRACCIARA, Italy, 200 houses destroyed by an earthquake at, 1782. 

BRADENSTOKE PRIORY built, 1076. 

BRADFIELD RESERVOIR, near Sheffield, burst through the embankment 
which had fallen into decay, when several villages were overflowed, and their in- 
habitants, numbering nearly 300, were drowned, March 11, 1864. 

BRADFORD, Wilts. A battle was fought here during the Heptarchy, the West 
Saxons being under the command of their King, Cenwalch, 670 ; the Abbey of 
St Lawrence destroyed by the Danes, rebuilt by Ethelred, looi ; much injured 
by fire, April 30, 1 740. 

BRADFORD, Yorkshire. This town embraced the Parhamentary cause in the 
Civil War, and repulsed upon two occasions the Royal troops. The Earl of New- 
castle invested and stormed the town, July, 1643. Made a borough, 1832. 20 
persons killed through eating poisoned sweetmeats, Oct. 30, 1858. Lord Pal- 
merston laid the foundation-stone of the new Exchange, Aug. 9, 1 864 ; opened, 
March 13, 1867. 

BRADSHAW, JOHN, President of the High Court of Justice, who died Nov. 
22, 1659 5 taken out of his grave and hanged at Tyburn, by Charles II., on his 
restoration, Dec. 3, 1660. 

BRADSOLE ABBEY, Kent, built, 1191. 

BRADSTOW PIER destroyed by a storm, Jan. 2, 1767. 

BRAGANZA, House of; John, Duke of, made King of Portugal, 1640; deposed 

by Napoleon, 1801 ; resumed, 1821 ; transferred to Maria II., daughter of the 

Emperor of Brazil, 182 1-6. 

BRAGANZA, Portugal, founded, and the castle of, built, 11 87; made a duchy, 
1442. 

BRAILOW, battle. The Turks defeated by the Russians, June 19, 1773; the 
town besieged and taken by the latter, June 18, 1828 ; restored, 1829. 

BRAMBER CASTLE AND CHURCH, Sussex, built before the Conquest. 

BRANCEPETH CASTLE, Durham, built, 1140; rebuilt by Hamilton Russell, 
1850. 

BRANDENBURG HOUSE, Hammersmith, the residence of Queen Caroline, 

1820, who died there, Aug. 7, 1821 ; demolished, 1823. 
BRANDY first use-d, circa 1667 ; first distilled from potatoes, 1748 ; first extracted 

from the dried fruit of the caroba tree, 1805 ; the duty on, reduced to 4J". 6d. per 

gallon, May 10, 1787 ; since increased to los. per gallon. 
BRANDYWINE, battle, in Pennsylvania, the colonists defeated by the army 

under Lord Cornwallis, and Philadelphia taken, Sept. 11, 1777. 

BRASENOSE COLLEGE, Oxford, known in the reign of Hen. III. and 6 Edw. 
I., 1278 ; foimded by William Smyth, Bishop of Lincoln, and Sir R. Sutton ; the 
foundation-stone laid, June i, 1509; incorporated, 3 Hen. VIII., Jan. 15, 1512. 
The library built from the design of Sir C. Wren, and completed, 1663 ; the 
chapel consecrated, Nov. 17, 1666. 



I02 BRASS BREAD 

BRASS. This metal was worked by the ancients. The monuments of Henry III. 
and Queen Eleanor, in Westminster, were made by William, Torrel, with brass 
introduced from Germany. The Founders' Company of London first mentioned, 
1365. Brass guns first made in England in the reign of Henry VII. A patent 
granted to Humphrey and Shutz, giving them the exclusive right to manufacture 
this metal in England, Sept. 17, 1565; confirmed, May 28, 1566. Brass works 
established by Jacob Monimia, at Esher, Surrey, 1649. Brass exported in 1799 
amounted to 77,033 cwt. 3 qr. 16 lbs., at £'] i^. M. per cwt., amounting to 
^595,728 15J. 5^. ; in 1864 the exports reached p<^3,3i3,4o6. Brass money 
called in, 1560, 

BRAY, the Rev. Symon Symonds, Vicar of. This notorious turncoat became 
twice Papist and twice Protestant, in the reigns of Henry VIII. and Elizabeth, 
between 1533 and 1588, in order that he might adhere to his 'one principle,' 
which was ' to live and die Vicar of Bray, ^ whence the well-known song. 

BRAZIL, South America, discovered by Vincent Yanez Pinion, a Spaniard, 1499 ; 
explored by the Portuguese, they made their first settlement, 1529. Bahia built, 
1549. Rio Janeiro colonized by the French, 1558; Spanish, 1578. Goldmines 
discovered in the 1 7th century. The Dutch invaded this country unsuccessfully, 
1625; Olinda taken by them, 1630; insurrection, 1645. Invaded by France, 
1710; and again in 171 1. United to Portugal, Jan. 15, 1816 ; declared inde- 
pendent, Oct. 12, 1822. The constitution granted, Dec. ir, 1823; acknow- 
ledged by Portugal, 1825. Don Pedro abdicated in favour of his son, April 7, 
1831 ; slave trade abolished, 1832 ; Pedro II. crowned, July 18, 1841. A 
British merchant vessel shipwrecked on the coast was plundered by the Brazilians, 
an indemnity was demanded by the English, Jan. 2, 1863 ; the question referred 
to the arbitration of the King of Belgium, who decided against England, June 18. 
War declared against Uruguay, Aug. 9, 1864; peace restored. May, 1865. 

BREAD. The assay of bread, according to the custom of the city of London, the 
bakers to present their loaves to the mayor and aldermen to be weighed, and the 
price to be fixed ; the seals of the bakers in each ward to be examined by the 
aldermen of the ward ; bakers giving short weight to be drawn on a hurdle 
through the city and to stand in the pilloiy. — -Liber Albus. The first assize of 
bread fixed by Act of Parliament, 51 Hen. HI., 1266 ; regulated according to 
the price of corn, 8 Anne, c. 18, 1709 ; extended to Scotland, 12 Geo. II., 1739 ; 
price of, fixed by the Lord Mayor, 3 Geo. II. c. 29, 1730 ; marks to be set upon 
each loaf of, 22 Geo. II. c. 46, 1779 ; to be sold only by weight, 3 Geo. IV. c. 
evi., Sept. 29, 1822; the assize of, abolished, 6 & 7 Will. IV. c. 37; came in 
force, Oct. i, 1836. Bakers' Company incorporated, 1307. Bread not allowed to 
be sold in bakers' shops until 1302. Bread made with yeast by the English bakers, 
1634. Sale of bread as at present authorized, 1815 ; sale of, in Ireland, regiilated 
by statute, May 23, 1832. In 1754, the quartern loaf was i^d. ; in 1757, lod. ; 
in March, 1800, ijd., and new bread forbidden under the penalty of 5^-. the loaf, 
if sold under 24 hours old ; in Jan. , 1801, the quartern loaf was is. i id. ; in JiUy, 
1810, 2s. $d. ; in July, 1823, it was 10^/.; and in 1833, 8}id. The following 
shows the highest and lowest prices of bread (best and seconds) and wheat 
for the last 21 years, that is, from Jan. i, 1835, to Dec. 31, 1855. The 
lowest prices of bread were in 1850 and 185 1, namely, "jd. per quartern for best, 
and ^d. for seconds, flour being 40^-. to 32^-. per sack, and wheat 44J. i}id. to 35^. 
6d. per quarter. The highest price was in 1847, when best bread was is. oj/zd. 
per quartern, flour being 75 j-. to 44^-. a sack, and wheat 102s. 6d. to 49^^. ()d. 
a quarter. Taking the maxima of each, the prices of bread, flour, and wheat 
do not appear to constantly observe the same proportion. Thus, in 1847, when 
wheat was I02s. 6d. a quarter, and bread is. O/id. a loaf, flour was 75^. a sack ; 



BREAD-FRUIT TREE BRESLAU 



103 



while in 1855, when wheat was 83^. id. a quarter, and bread is. a loaf, both 
lower than in 1847, flour was TTs. a sack, or 2s. higher. Again, we find best 
flour quoted at 60s. in five several years, with best wheat varying from 78^-. 4/4r/. 
in one year to 60s. id. in another ; lod. a loaf for best bread however, invariably 
corresponding with the 60^. for the sack of flour. 

BREAD-FRUIT TREE brought to the West Indies by Capt. Bligh, Jan., 1793 ; 
1 15 1 were brought from Otaheite ; introduced at St Helena, 1793 ; 352 left at 
Jamaica ; 5 reserved for Kew Gardens ; cultivated successfully in Guinea, 1802. 

BREAKWATER at Cherbourg, begun, June, 1784; not completed until 1858. 
At Plymouth, begun, Aug. 10, 1812 ; finished, 1841 ; it is 5280 feet long, 360 
broad at the bottom, and 30 at the top ; it took 3,666,000 tons of marble blocks, 
from one to five tons each, and cost ^ 1,500,000. At Portland, begun, 1849. 

BREASTPLATE ARMOUR invented, B.C. 397. 

BRECHIN, Scotland, burnt by the Danes, 1012 ; made a Bishopric, 1150; sup- 
pressed, 1689; re-established, 1731 ; besieged by Edward III., 1333. Battle of, 
1452 ; burnt by the Duke of Montrose, 1645. 

BRECKNOCK CANAL opened, Jmie 28, 1802. 

BRECKNOCK CASTLE, Wales, built, 1089; priory, iioo. 

BREDA, Holland, made a Bishopric by Charlemagne, 788 ; joined the Hanseatic 
League, 1283 ; taken from the Spaniards by stratagem, March 3, 1590 ; besieged 
and retaken by the Spaniards under Spinola, 1625 ; ceded to Holland, 1648 ; 
taken by Denmark and sold to the Elector of Hanover, 1716; confirmed by 
the diet, 1732 ; taken by the French, Feb. 25, 1793 ; expelled in 1813 ; restored, 
1815 ; Charles II. resided here whilst an exile, 1660; the castle built, 1350; re- 
built by William III., 1680. 

BREHON LAW, the ancient law of Ireland, abolished by Edward III., 1366. 

BREMEN, Germany, made a Bishopric by Charlemagne, 788 ; fortified, loio ; 
joined the Hanseatic League, 1283; made an Imperial city, 1690; ceded to 
Sweden, 1648; taken by Denmark and sold to the Elector of Hanover, 1716; 
confirmed by the diet, 1732; damaged by an explosion of .powder, 1000 houses 
injured, and 40 persons killed, Sept. 10, 1739; taken by the French, 1757; 
the French expelled by the Hanoverians, 1758 ; seized by the French, 1806 ; 
annexed by Napoleon to the French empire, 1810; restored to independence, 
1813. The territory of Bremerhaven purchased from the Hanoverians, for 77,200 
thalers, in 1827. 

BRENTFORD, battles. The Danes defeated by the Britons, 1016. The Parlia- 
mentary army defeated by the Royalists under Charles I., and 500 prisoners taken, 
Nov. 12, 1642. 

BRESCIA, Italy, founded by the Etruscans, made a free town under the Romans ; 
burnt by Radagassus, King of the Goths, in 412 ; re-established by Attila, 452. 
Charlemagne, having defeated King Didier, 771, entered this town and built the 
church of St Denis ; surrendered itself to the republic of Venice, 1426 ; surrender- 
ed to the French, 1509 ; taken by the Venetians, 15 12 ; retaken by the French 
under Gaston de Eoix the same year ; restored to the Venetians, 1517 ; a dreadful 
plague in 1478, which swept away 25,000 persons ; nearly destroyed by an explo- 
sion of gunpowder, July 8, 1779 ; revolution in 1848, and the Austrians expelled ; 
bombarded by the Austrian army under Gen. Haynau, the city destroyed and 
many of the inhabitants slaughtered, March 30, 1849; nearly all the crops de- 
stroyed by an inundation, Aug. 15, 1850. 

BRESLAU, battle, between the Austrians and the Prussians, the latter defeated, 
Nov. 22, 1757; city of, surrendered to the ffing of Prussia, Dec. 8, 1740; to 
the French, Jan. 5, 1807 ; again, 1813. 



I04 



BREST BRIDEWELL PALACE 



BREST, France, ceded by the Comte de Leon to the first Duke of Bretagne, 1240 ; 
given up to the EngHsh, 1372, to be returned at the end of the war ; returned, 1390 ; 
the English captured the town again, 1391 ; ransomed by the Duke of Bretagne, 
1395 ; a harbour made, 1631 ; fo'lified by Vauban, 1688; tire British forces under 
Lord Berkeley repulsed with considerable loss, June 8, 1694 ; the magazine, 400 
yards long, destroyed by fire, and 7000 crowns in stores destroyed^ Jan. 19, 
1 744 ; Adm. Hawke defeated and captiu'ed nearly the whole of the French fleet 
off this port, Oct. 14, 1747 ; marine hospital and fifty galley Slaves burned, Dec. 
I, 1766 ; magazine of, destroyed by fire, July 10, 1784 ; the French fleet defeated 
by Adm. Howe off, June i, 1794 ; the English fleet visited, Aug. 21, 1865. 
BRETFORD NUNNERY, Warwickshire, founded by Geoffrey Clinton, 1301. 
BRETIGNY, Peace of, with France, by which England regained Gascony and 
Guienne, and acquired Saintonge, Agenois, Perigord, Limousin, Bigorre, An- 
goumais, and Rovergue ; England renouncing Maine, Anjou, Touraine, and 
Normandy, and receiving 3,000,000 crowns to release King John, long a prisoner 
in London, May 8, 1360. 
BREVIARIES. This office first introduced into the Church of Rome, 1080. 
BREWERS AND BREWING. This art was known in the middle ages. In 
the reign of Edward I. and III. rules were made for their government, and the 
assize held. The trade was carried on principally by females.— Zz'^^fr Albus. 
Fines inflicted by statute of Henry III., 1267. Several enactments have since 
been made for the better regulation of this craft. Licences first granted for 
public-houses, 1621 ; licences taxed, 1781. — .5"^^ Alehouses, and Beer. 
BREWERS' COMPANY, incorporated by charter of 6 Hen. VI., Feb. 22, 
1438 ; confirmed by Queen Elizabeth, at Greenwich, Aug. 29, 1562. A second 
charter granted, giving them additional powers, July 13, 1579; confirmed by 15 
Charles I., April 6, 1639. 
BRIARS' CREEK, battle, between the Americans and the English, imder Gen. 
Prevost, when the former were defeated, March 3, 1779; again defeated at the 
same place, May 3, 1779. 
BRIBERY. The first person tried for receiving bribes in cases of public justice 
was Judge Wey land, 1288. William de Thorpe, chief justice of the King's Bench, 
hanged for this offence, 1 351. Lord Bacon, convicted for the same, sentenced 
to pay a fine of £dp,ooo, and imprisoned in the Tower, May 3, 1621. Thomas 
Long charged with bribery at an election for Westbury, May 10, 1571 ; Mr Wal- 
pole sent to the Tower for the same offence, 1712. 
BRICKLAYERS' AND TILERS' COMPANY, incorporated by Queen Eliza- 
beth, Aug. 3, 1568 ; regiflations made for the trade by the Lord Keeper, July 14, 
1570. Their charter confirmed by James I., April 30, 1604; this was surren- 
dered to James II., who granted a new charter, Feb. 18, 1685. 
BRICKLAYERS' ARMS RAILWAY STATION. The cast-iron roof, 400 

feet in length, fell down, injuring several of the officials, Aug. 21, 1850. 
BRICKS. The art of brick-making was well known in the early history of the 
world, the tower of Babel being buflt with burnt bricks. The bricks used in the 
various buildings at Rome 1700 years ago are still in a perfect state of preserva- 
tion. First used hi England by the Romans. There are several specimens of 
Norman brickwork still extant. Size regulated by statute of Charles I., 1625; 
. first taxed by George III., 1784 ; rate fixed at ^s. lod. per 1000, 2 & 3 Vict. c. 

24, July 19, 1839; afterwards repealed, 13 & 14 Vict. c. 9, 1850. 
BRIDEWELL PALACE. Inhabited by some of the kings of England before 
the Conquest. King John held a council here in 1210. Henry I. gave some 
stone for the rebuilding this palace. At the downfall of Wolsey it reverted to the 



BRIDGENORTH BRIDGEWATER CANAL 105 

crown; Henry VIII. rebuilt it for the reception of Charles V., 1522; held a 
parliament here, 1525 ; Queen Katherine resided in, 1529 ; given to the citizens 
by Edward VI. for charitable pui^poses, June 26, 1553 > converted into an hos- 
pital, 1558; partially burnt in the fire of 1666; rebuilt, 166S-9; subsequently 
used as a house of correction by the mayor and corporation of London ; the 
number of prisoners is in general about 1300. Other places of restraint from this 
adopted the name of Bridewell : as in Westminster, the act for which was passed 
in 1826 ; the new Bridewell, 1829 ; that in Tothill-fields, rebuilt, 1 83 1. 

BRIDGENORTH, Shropshire, founded by Ethelfleda, daughter of Alfred the Great, 
The castle built by Robert de Belesm.e, Earl of Shrewsbury, and the town fortified 
with walls and six gates ; besieged and taken by Henry I. in 1 102 ; again be- 
sieged by Henry II., and the castle demolished. During the civil war this town 
was a royal garrison ; it was attacked by the Parliamentaiy forces, and after a 
siege of three weeks, surrendered ; made a borough, 23 Edw. I., 1295. The 
hospital of St Leonard's was founded, 1687. 

BRIDGES. The most celebrated of the bridges of antiquity was that built by 
Trajan over the Danube ; the whole length was 4770 feet ; breadth, 103. The 
Narni, built by Augustus, was 637 feet long, 102 feet broad. The Pont du Gard, 
built of stone. The Pont St Esprit, near Lyons, one of the boldest of the Roman 
bridges constructed in France, was 800 yards in length. In the middle ages the 
art of bridge-building was reckoned among the acts of religion, and a regular 
order of monks, called Pontifices, was founded by St Benezet. The bridge of 
Avignon, built in 1176, consisted of 18 arches, and was about 1000 yards in 
length. The Rialto, at Venice, 1591, cost 250,000 ducats. The aqueduct bridge 
of Alcantra, near Lisbon, finished, Aug. 6, 1732. The first Gothic bridge built 
in England was the triangular bridge of Croyland, in Lincolnshire, erected, 860. 
The first iron bridge built, 1777 ; Aberconway Tubular, 1848 ; Battersea, 
1771 ; Blackfriars, 1769; Blackfriars Bridge (New), first stone laid, July 20, 
1865; Bow, 1087; Chelsea New Suspension Bridge, March 28, 1858; Clifton 
Suspension, 1864; Hammersmith, 1827; Hungerford, 1845; Kew, 1789; Lam- 
beth New Suspension, Nov. 11, 1862; London, of wood, 994; stone, 1176; the 
present, 1831 ; Menai Strait, 1825; the Tubular, 1850; Putney, 1729; Rich- 
mond, 1819 ; Vauxhall, 1816 ; Westminster, 1750; New, the first half opened, 
March i, i860; completely opened, Saturday, May 24, 1862; Waterloo, 181 7. 
Bridge of the Puerto de Santa Maria, near the town of Cadiz, fell as soon as 
completed, and killed several hundred persons, Feb. 22, 1779. A chain bridge 
made for the French government by Mr Brunei, July, 1822. 

BRIDGETOWN, Barbadoes, destroyed by fire, 1668 ; 160 houses destroyed by a 
second fire, Feb. 8, 1756; again, Feb. 14, 1758; again, May 14, 1766, and 
Dec. 27, 1767 ; half ruined by hurricanes in 1780 and 1831. 

BRIDGET, ST, order of knighthood founded by Henry V., 1420. 

BRIDGEWATER, Somersetshire, bestowed by William the Conqueror upon 
Walter de Douay. The castle built by William de Brimere, 1204 ; he also con- 
structed the stone bridge over the river Garret, 1206. Grey Friars monastery 
founded, 1230 ; the barons in revolt against Henry III. took possession of the 
town, 1260 ; the Parliamentarians, under Fairfax, after a close siege, took the 
castle and 1000 of the Royalists prisoners, July 22, 1645 > it was demolished at the 
close of the year. Incorporated in the reign of John ; confirmed subsequently 
by Edward IV., Elizabeth, and Charles 11. 

BRIDGEWATER CANAL, begun by Brindley the engineer, at the expense of the 
Duke of Bridgewater, 1758; opened, June 17, 1 761 ; an irniption of, at Lump 
Brook, March II, 1 86 1. 



io6 BRIDGEWATER HOUSE BRISTOL 

BRIDGEWATER HOUSE erected, in the Green Park, temp. Charles I., rebuilt 
from the design of Sir C . Barry, 1 848. 

BRIDGEWATER TREATISES. /8000 left by the last Earl of, for writing and 
publishing of, 1829 ; first pubhshed on the Hand, by Dr Bell, 1833. 

BRIDLE, for guiding horses, is said by Pliny to have been invented by Pelethro- 
nius, king of Lapithse. The Lorimers' or Bridle-bit Makers' Company established, 
1488 ; incorporated by Queen Anne, Dec. 3, 1712. The brank or scold's bridle 
in use, at Walton-on-Thames, 1633. The witches' bridle known, 1661. 

BRIDPORT, Dorsetshire. In the reign of Edward the Confessor a mint was estab- 
lished here ; the town was first incorporated by Henry III. 1253 ; during the civil 
war it was frequently in possession of both parties ; riot at, on account of the high 
price of bread, May 4, 181 6. 

BRIENNE, battle, between the French and the allies, Feb. i and 2, 1814; the 
allies were defeated with great loss. 

BRIGHT, Mr, of Maldon, Essex, died, Nov. 10, 1755, aged 29, weighing 44 stone. 

BRIGHTON, or Brighthelmstone, Sussex, fortified by the Romans, but thinly 
populated by fishermen after the Conquest ; the French fleet, under D'Aunebalte, 
plundered and burnt the town, 1545 ; Charles II. embarked here for France 
after the battle of Worcester, 1651 ; the sea destroyed a great part of the town, 
1665 and 1669; inundated in 1703-5-6; the Prince of Wales built a marine 
residence here, 1 784 ; block-house swept away by the sea, March 26, 1 786 ; part 
of the cliff fell with great damage, Nov. 16, 1807. Chain-pier erected at, 1 1 34 
feet long, 213 feet wide; opened, Nov. 25, 1823; cost ^30,000; seriously in- 
jured by a storm, Oct. 15, 1833. Made a borough in 1832. An act passed author- 
izing the sale of the Pavilion and the grounds, 12 & 13 Vict. c. 102, Aug. i, 
1849 ; purchased by the corporation in 1850 for ^53,000. 

BRIGHTWELL, Berks. The castle built, 1153 ; demolished in the reign of 
Henry II.; the town greatly damaged by fire. May 13, 1740. 

BRISTOL, Somersetshire, city of, built before the Christian era. Harold set sail 
from this port for the subjugation of Wales, 1063 ; the traffic in English slaves 
from this port abolished by William I. ; Geoffrey, bishop of Constance, fortified 
the town, 1089 ; the castle built by Robeii Consul, Earl of Gloucester, 1 120 ; King 
Stephen confined in, 1 140 ; Owen, son of Archbishop Griffin, confined here in a cage, 
1304; Lordsde Willingt on and Mumford executed here, 1304; demolished by Crom- 
vv^ell, 1645. Prince Henry, afterwards Henry II., resided here for four years, 1 142 ; 
Edward I. kept his Christmas at this town, 1285 ; Edward III. granted a charter, 
making it a separate county, 1373 ; besieged and taken by the Duke of Lancaster, 
afterwards Henry IV., 1399 ; the Duke of Somerset and the other nobles in the in- 
terest of the Lancastrians assembled their forces here before their attempt to replace 
Henry VI. upon the throne, 1470 ; upon the visit of Henry VII. the citizens 
dressed out in their best apparel in order to greet him, but he, thinking their wives 
too richly apparelled, imposed a fine of 10s. upon each citizen ; obtained a new 
charter, 1581 ; taken by Prince Rupert, July 26, 1643; attacked by Cromwell, 
Sept., 1645 ; seven persons apprehended for attempting to seize the town on 
behalf of the Pretender, Oct. 18, 1715 ; act for a new Exchange passed, 1723; 
built, 1 741 ; bridge built, 1760; attempt to set the shipping on fire, Jan. 22, 
1777 ; riot at, on account of a toll, Oct. 25, 1773, the people fired upon ; docks 
formed at, 1807 ; the merchants of, petition parliament against the intolerable 
oppression of extents in aid. May 8, 1817 ; riot at, warehouses plundered, prison 
forced, nearly ICX) houses burned, inactivity of the mayor and magistrates, and 
many lives lost, Oct. 29, 1831 ; rioters tried, Jan. 2, 1832; four executed, and 24 
transported. Suicide of Col. Brereton at, Jan. 9, 1832. Cathedral built, 131 1 ; St 



BRISTOW B. AND F. BIBLE SOC. 107 

Mary's Church built, 1292 ; see of Bristol united with Gloucester, 1836 ; Bristol 
cross built, 1373; removed to Stourhead, 1760; the Avon Bridge, 18 feet span 
of cast-iron, fell, wounding several persons, March 20, 1855 ; mutiny and riot of 
the Land Transport Corps stationed at Horfield barracks, Oct. 24, 1855. 

BRISTOW, Captain, discovered a group of islands in south latitude 50° 46', long. 
E. 166° 35', and named them Lord Auckland's Islands, 1809. 

BRITAIN, island of Great, the earliest mention of which is in the account of the 
voyage of Hamilcar, or Hamilcon, preserved by Festus Avienus, to the islands of 
.^stiyminion, or Cassiterides, in search of tin ; to which the Carthaginians, being 
the marine carriers for the Phoenicians, used to sail for that purpose, by way of 
Gades or Cadiz. The description given of the locality whence the tin was ob- 
tained is also found in the early Roman writers. Julius Caesar first visited 
Britain, Aug. 26, B.C. 55; Claudius arrived in the island, A.D. 40; London 
fortified by the Romans, 50; Caractacus taken and carried to Rome, 51; 
the Romans defeated by Boadicea, 61 ; Suetonius defeated a large army of the 
Britons, 61 ; the conquest completed by Agricola, 85 ; the Caledonians attacked 
and destroyed part of the boundary forts, 88 ; the Emperor Hadrian landed, 1 17, 
and erected a second wall, 120; 50,000 of Severus's troops died of pestilence, 
207; Seveiais occupied York with his court, 207; died there, 211; Carausius 
ruled Britain, 284 ; was killed by Alectus, who still usurped the supreme power, 
293 ; Constantius, the emperor, i-ecovered Britain, defeating Alectus, 296 ; he 
died at York, 306 ; the Romans finally withdrew from England, 410. The Saxons 
called in to aid the natives in their defence against the Picts, 450 ; the new allies 
of the Britons drove them into Wales and the west, 455 ; Hengist took the title of 
King of Kent ; he defeated Vortimer at Crayford, in Kent, 457. The Saxons 
divided the kingdom into seven independent states, called the Heptarchy : Cantia, 
or Kent, founded by Hengist, 457 ; South Saxony, Sussex, and Surrey, by Ella, 
490 ; West Saxony, or Wessex, Hants, Berks, Wilts, Dorset, Somerset, and 
Devonshire, byCerdic, 519; East Saxony, Essex, Middlesex, and a part of Herts, 
by Ercenwin, 527 ; Northumbria, Northumberland, Cumberland, Westmoreland, 
Durham, Yorkshire, Lancaster, and a part of Scotland, by Ida, 547 ; East 
Anglia, Norfolk, Suffolk, and Cambridge, by Uffa, 575 ; Mercia, all the middle 
counties, Cheshire, Stafford, Derby, Warwick, Worcester, Shropshire, Hereford, 
Gloucester, Oxford, Buckingham, Bedford, Huntingdon, Northampton, Rutland, 
Leicester, Nottingham, Lincoln, and part of Herts, by Cridda, 582. The hept- 
archy united under Egbert, 827, when he was cro%vned at Winchester, then con- 
sidered the capital of England. The Danes, who first appeared in the island at 
Teignmouth in 787, made several attacks, but were totally routed at Hengesdown, 
in Cornwall, 855. See England. 

BRITANNIA METAL. The manufacture of this metal first carried on at Shef- 
field, 1770. 

BRITANNIA THEATRE, Hoxton, rebuilt and opened, Nov. 8, 1858. 

BRITANNIA TUBULAR BRIDGE. The foundation-stone laid by Mr Frank 
Forster, April 10, 1846 ; 1500 men employed. The central tower is 230 feet high ; 
it has four spans, two of 460 feet, and two of 230. The first tube floated, March 
6, 1848 ; the last raised to its place, Jan. 7, 1 850 ; opened, March 18. The cost 
of the whole work was ;^234,45o. The first train passed through, drawn by 
three engines, Mr Stephenson driving the first ; Mr Mare drove the last bolt, 
finishing the bridge, March 6, 1850. 

BRITISH AMERICA. See America. 

BRITISH AND FOREIGN ANTI-SLAVERY SOCIETY, for the abolition of 
slavery throughout the world, instituted, 1839. 

BRITISH AND FOREIGN BIBLE SOCIETY instituted, 1804. 



io8 B. AND F. SCHOOL SOC. 



BRITISH COLUMBIA 



BRITISH AND FOREIGN SCHOOL SOCIETY instituted, 1815 ; numbered 

in 1834 no less than 166,600 scholars, in 3445 schools. 
BRITISH ARCH^OLOGICAL ASSOCIATION, for researches into the arts 

and monuments of the middle ages, established, 1843 ; the Institute established, 

1843 ; formerly part of the Association, its names changed, 1845. 
BRITISH ARTISTS, Society of, instituted, April 14, 1824. 
BRITISH ASSOCIATION for the Advancement of Science established, Sept. 27, 

1 83 1. The last meeting held at Belfast, Sept. 18, 1867. 

President 
Earl Fitzwilliam 
Rev. W. Buckland 
Rev. Adam Sedgwick 
Sir T. M. Brisbane 
Rev. Provost Lloyd 
Marquis of Lansdowne 
Earl of Burlington 
Duke of Northumberland 
Rev. W. Vernon Harcourt 
Marquis of Breadalbane 
Rev. Dr Whewell 
Lord Francis Egerton 
Earl of Rosse 
Rev. G. Peacock 
Sir J. F. W. Herschel 
Sir Roderick Murchison 
Sir Robert Harry Inglis 
Marquis of Northampton 
Rev. Dr Robinson 
Sir David Brewster 
G. B. Airy, Esq. 
Col. Sabine 
William Hopkins, Esq. 
Earl of Harrowby 
Duke of Argyle 
Dr C. G. B. Daubeney 
Rev. Humphrey Lloyd 
Professor Owen 
The Prince Consort 
Lord Wrottesley 
W. Fairbairn, Esq. 
Rev. Professor Willis 
Sir W. Armstrong 
Sir Charles Lyell 
Professor Phillips 
W. R. Grove, Esq. 
Lord Dufferin 

BRITISH BANK, The Royal, established, 1849. Owing to the mismanagement 
of the directors and the manager, the bank stopped pajrment, Sept. 3, 1856. 
The directors were prosecuted in the Court of Queen's Bench, and found guilty, 
Feb. 27, 1858. Humphrey Brown, Hugh Innes Cameron, and Edward Esdaile 
sentenced to one year's imprisonment, and Mr Alderman Kennedy to nine 
months', W. D. Owen to six months', and H. D. MacLeod to three months'. 

BRITISH COLUMBIA, discovered by the Spaniards in the l6th century ; a 



Year 


Place of meeting 


1831 


York 


1832 


Oxford 


1833 


Cambridge 


1834 


Edinburgh 


1835 


Dublin 


1836 


Bristol 


1837 


Liverpool 


1838 


Newcastle 


1839 


Birmingham 


1840 


Glasgow 


1841 


Plymouth 


1842 


Manchester 


1843 


Cork 


1844 


York 


184s 


Cambridge 


1846 


Southampton 


1847 


Oxford 


1848 


Swansea 


1849 


Birmingham 


1850 


Edinburgh 


1851 


Ipswich 


1852 


Belfast 


1853 


Hull 


1854 


Liverpool 


1855 


Glasgow 


1856 


Cheltenham 


1857 


Dublin 


1858 


Leeds 


1859 


Aberdeen 


i860 


Oxford 


1861 


Manchester 


1862 


Cambridge 


1863 


Newcastle 


1864 


Bath 


1865 


Birmingham 


1866 


Nottingham 


1867 


Belfast 



BRITISH GUIANA BROCADE 109 

settlement formed, 1806; gold first discovered, 1850; the Frazer diggings dis- 
covered, 1858 ; made a Bishopric, 1858. 

BRITISH GUIANA, S. America. A colony founded, 1831 ; slavery abolished, 
1834. 

BRITISH HERRING FISHERY incorporated, 1750. 

BRITISH INSTITUTION founded, June 4, 1805 ; opened, Jan. 18, 1806, for 
the encouragement of art. 

BRITISH LINEN COMPANY formed, 1746. 

BRITISH LYING-IN HOSPITAL established in Brownlow-street, 1749. 

BRITISH MANUFACTURES prohibited in France, Oct. 9, 1793. 

BRITISH MINERALOGICAL SOCIETY instituted, 1799. 

BRITISH MUSEUM founded on a grant of parHament of ;if20,ooo to the 
daughters of Sir Hans Sloane, 26 Geo. II. c. 22, April 5, 1753 ; opened, Jan. 15, 
1759 ; the collections of books, MSS., and articles of vettu, cost him ;^5o,ooo ; 
the library consisted of 3556 manuscripts and 50,000 volumes, and the different 
articles were 69,352 in number. By the same act was purchased for ;!f 10,000 the 
Harleian Library of MSS., and the Cottonian MSS. added, and trustees had 
power to raise ;!^ioo,ooo by lottery for the purchase of Montague House and the 
various MSS. George IV. gave the library formed by George III., 63,000 
volumes, 1823. The Grenville Library purchased by him for ^54,000; bequeathed, 
1845. By the Copyright Act a copy of every book, plan, &c., must be de- 
posited here, 5 & 6 Vict. c. 45, July l, 1842. Annual grants for important ad- 
ditions to the Library, Museum, and buildings have been since made. The present 
building commenced from the designs of Sir Robert Smirke, 1823, and carried 
out by his brother Sydney, 1846 ; the portico finished, April 19, 1847. The new 
Reading-room suggested by Mr Panizzi, May 5, 1852; opened. May 11, 1857; 
cost ^150,000. Refreshment-room opened, 1864. The Book-binders' workshops 
destroyed, with several MSS., July 10, 1865 ; Mr W. Jones appointed Librarian. 

BRITISH NAUTICAL SOCIETY founded, 1815. 

BRITISH ORPHAN ASYLUM instituted, 1827. Opening of the new building 
at Slough, by the Prince of Wales, June 24, 1 863. 

BRITISH PORTRAIT GALLERY established, Feb. 6, 1857. 

BRITISH QUEEN, from Ostend to Margate, wrecked on the Goodwin Sands, 

and all on board perished, Dec. 16, 1814. 
BRITISH SOCIETY incorporated for the extension of the fisheries, 1786. 
BRITTANY, or Bretagne, France, founded, 383 ; made a British colony in the 

6th century ; subdued by Charlemagne, but afterwards revolted. Charles the 

Bold made several attempts to subdue the Britons, but did not succeed until 852. 

Ceded to the Danes, 921 ; RoUo recognized, 922 ; annexed to Normandy, 932 ; 

invaded by William the Conqueror, but unsuccessfully, 1076 ; Prince Arthur 

aclcnowledged duke of, 1196; war declared against England, 1426; annexed to 

France, 1532. Silver mine discovered in, Nov., 1730. 

BROAD-BOTTOM ADMINISTRATION, so called because it was formed out 
of a coalition of parties, Nov. 24, 1744 ; dissolved by the death of Mr Pelham, 
March 6, 1 754. 

BROAD SEAL OF ENGLAND first used, 1050. 

BROADSWORDS forbidden to be worn in Edinburgh, July 26, 1724. 

BROCADE, brought from the East ; the first manufactory established at Lyons, 
1757- 



no BROCAS . , BROWNE 

BROCAS, Sir Pecksael, did penance for adultery, at St Paul's Cross, Oct. 24, 
1612. 

BROCCOLI, an Italian plant, brought into England, 1603 ; much cultivated here, 
1680. 

BRODERERS' COMPANY, incorporated by Queen Elizabeth, Oct. 25, 1561 ; 
confirmed by James I. , April 20, 1609; re-incorporated by James II., April 14, 
1687. 

BRODIE CASTLE, Scotland, built, 11 13. 

ERODY, in Galicia, I5<X) houses burned at, May 5, 1801. 

BROKERS. No persons allowed to act as brokers in the City of London without 
being first admitted and sworn before the mayor and aldermen, 13 Edw. I., 1285. 
Regulation made and the form of oath used in the reign of Edward I. and Rich- 
ard II.- — Liber Alhis. Further regulation made by Edward III. in 1376 ; only 30 
brokers in London in 1574. — Stow. An act of parliament passed for regulating, 
8 & 9 Will. III. c. 32, 1697, and 6 Anne, c. 16, 1707. Fees of brokers in stocks 
limited, 10 Anne, c. 19, 1711 — 1736; again regulated by 57 Geo. IIL c. 60, 
June 27, 1 81 7. An act passed to prevent frauds by, and for the punishing of, 20 
& 21 Vict. c. 54, Aug. 17, 1857 ; repealed and re-enacted, 24 & 25 Vict. c. 96, 
s. 75, et seq., Aug. 6, 1861. 

BROMSGROVE, Worcestershire, nearly destroyed by an inundation from a 
waterspout, April 12, 1792. 

BROOKES' S CLUB, estabhshed by several influaitial Whig members, in Pall Mall, 
in 1764; removed to St James'-street, 1778- 

BROOM FLOWER IN THE HUSK, order of knighthood, instituted by Louis 
IX., at Sens, 1234. 

BROOMHOLME PRIORY, Norfolk, founded by William de Glanville, 1113. 

BROTHELS allowed in London, 1162. Penalties against infected or married 
women, 1162, under the jurisdiction of the Bishop of Winchester, at the stews in 
Southwark. No brothel-keeper allowed to reside in the city of London, under 
pain of imprisonment, in the reign of Edward I., 1275. 

BROTHERLY LOVE, order of knighthood, begun, 1708. 

BROTHERS, a pretended religious prophet, who, as with all similar characters, 
declared he had particular revelations from heaven ; was really imprisoned under 
the fear of creating political disaffection, March 6, 1794. 

BROUGH CASTLE, Westmoreland, built, 1070; partially destroyed by William, 
king of Scotland, 1174 ; restored and nearly destroyed by fire, 1521. 

BROUGHAM CASTLE, Cumberland, built by Lord Clifford, 1270; demolished 
by the Scots, 1412; rebuilt by John de Clifford, 1412-22; James I. entertained 
here, 161 7; dismantled by order of parliament, 1645. 

BROUGHTON, Lancashire, a suburb of Manchester. The making of cog-ware 
encouraged, 7 Jac. I. c. 16, 1609. Bridge broke down while the 60th Rifles were 
marching over, and six were much injured, April li, 1 831. 

BROUGHTON CASTLE, Oxfordshire, built by John de Broughton, 1297 ; re- 
paired by William of Wykeham, 1398; rebuilt, 1609; surrendered to Charles I., 
1642. 

BROUSSA, Turkey, destroyed by an earthquake ; 125 mosques and almost all the 
public buildings were destroyed ; 600 of the inhabitants were killed, Feb. 28, 
1855- 

BROWNE, Major Archibald, sentenced to pay a fine of £100, to be imprisoned 



BROWNISTS BRUSSELS in 

six months, and to find security to keep tlae peace for five years, for sending a 
challenge to a person named Archer, Feb. lo, 1785. 

BROWNISTS, a religious sect, founded in Southwell by Robert Browne, 1615. 

BRUANBURGH, battle. The English under Athelstan defeated the five Con- 
federate nations, Noi-vvegians, Danes, Irish, Scots, and Britons, with great 
slaughter, upon the river Humber, 938. 

BRUCE, the traveller, left Sidon to find the source of the Nile, June 15, 1768; 
reached Gondar, Feb. 15, 1770; returned to England, 1773. 

BRUCE CASTLE, near Tottenham, said to have been built by Earl Waltheof, 1069. 

BRUGES, Belgium, founded, 760 ; fortified by Count Baldwin of the Iron Arm, 
837 ; walled-in, 1053, and again, 1270 ; nearly destroyed by fire, 1280 ; restored 
by Philip the Handsome, 1299. Philip the Good instituted the order of the 
Golden Fleece, 1430. The centre of the Hanseatic League, bombarded by the 
Dutch, 1 704 ; taken by the French, 1 708 and 1 745 ; annexed to France, 1 794. 
In 1814 it became part of the United Netherlands. The cathedral founded, 646 ; 
destroyed by fire, 1358 ; the present building raised shortly after. 

BRUNSWICK, Germany, founded, 261. Bruno L, Margrave of Saxony, enlarged 
the city, 955 ; enclosed with fortifications, 1177. The citizens held possession of 
the town against the duke, who took it after a long siege, 1671 ; taken by the 
French, July 28, 1757; again attacked by them, 1761 ; the fortifications destroyed, 
1794; insurrection in, Sept. 7, 1830 ; William I. succeeded to the throne, April 
25, 1831 ; constitution proclaimed, Oct. 12, 1832; modified, Nov. 22, 1851. 

BRUNSWICK, battle. Otho, Duke of, defeated Philip, Duke of Swabia, 1200. 

BRUNSWICK, House of, originated with Azo of Este, who died, 1055, and left a 
son, who was Guelph IV., great-grandfather of Henry the Lion, who married 
Maud, daughter of Henry II., king of England. Henry the Lion is regarded as 
the founder of the family ; he was proscribed in the diet of Wurtzburg, 11 80; 
Otho, his son, first Duke of, 1235. The house of Brunswick became divided into 
several branches. The royal family of England sprung from the Duke of Bruns- 
wick-ZeU. Duke Augustus left three sons, two of whom succeeded him, Ro- 
dolphus Augustus, 1666, and Anthony Ulrick, 1704. Augustus William, son of 
Ulrick, 1 7 14, was succeeded in 1731 by Ludowick Rodolphus, who died without 
male issue, 1735, and was succeeded by Ferdinand Albrecht, who, dying the 
same year, was succeeded by his son Charles, who transferred the ducal residence 
to Brunswick, and in 1 780 was succeeded by his son Charles William Ferdinand, 
killed at Jena, Oct. 14, 1806. He was succeeded by his fourth son, his eldest 
son being blind, who abdicated in his favour, Charles William ; this last fell at 
Quatre Bras, commanding the advanced guard, June 16, 181 5. He was suc- 
ceeded by his eldest son, Frederick William, Oct. 30, 1823; who was deposed by his 
younger brother, William Maximilian, Sept. 7, 1830, in consequence of a revolu- 
tion at Brunswick in 1830, and the elder brother sought, when the ducal palace 
was burned, a refuge in England, 

BRUNSWICK CLUBS. Several formed in Ireland, Oct. and Nov., 1828. 

BRUNSWICK THEATRE burnt down, April 11, 1826; rebuilt, and fell down, 
injuring several persons, Feb. 29, 1828. 

BRUSSELS, Belgium, founded, 670; visited by the plague, 1489, and again, 1578, 
followed by a famine, which lasted four years. The Duke of Alva attempted to 
estabhsh the Inquisition, 1567 ; a civil warfollowed. The Dukes Egmont and Horn 
beheaded, 1568. The city besieged and the greater part destroyed by Marshal 
Villeroy, 1695. The Duke of Marlborough entered the city after the battle of 
Blenheim, Oct. 12, 1706, and again in 1708. Upwards of 4000 houses, 14 
churches, ducal palace and records, destroyed by fire, 1730, Surrendered to the 



112 BRYANITES BUCKINGHAM HOUSE 

French under Marshal Saxe, after a three-weeks' siege, Feb. i6, 1746 ;. taken by 
the Austrians, 1790; by the French under Dumourier, Nov. 14, 1792; Napoleon 
entered the city, July 21, 1803 ; revolution at, Sept. 23, 1830; made the capital 
of Belgium, Leopold elected king, June 4, 1831 ; riot at, April 5, 1834, in con- 
sequence of certain displays of attachment to the house of Orange, the furniture 
of 16 houses was demolished. The Chamber of Deputies voted in favour of the 
fortification of Antwerp, Aug. 31, 1859; ordered to be erected, Sept. 8. The 
Bishop of Oxford laid the foundation-stone of the English church, April 6, 1864. 

BRYANITES, a new sect, like the Southcotians and Mormons, recently appeared, 
to teach mankind that they alone are favoured by Heaven. They pretend to cast 
out devils, to heal the sick, and to know the lot of man in a future state. William 
O' Bryan published the rules of this society, Aug. 12, 1818. They appeared first 
at Millbrook, Oct., 1824. 

BUBBLE COMPANIES. Several formed in London, 1719 ; act to punish the 
founders of these unprincipled schemes, 6 Geo. I. c. 18, 1719. The South Sea scheme 
involved capital to the amount of 300 millions. The number formed in London 
in 1824 was 243, with the amount of capital proposed to be subscribed, 
;^248,ooo,ooo ; the actual amount paid up reached ^43,062,608. If this bubble 
mania had been carried into execution the sum required would have reached 
;^35o,ooo,ooo sterling. In the years 18^4 and 1845 a railway mania broke out 
very similar to the foregoing speculations, which was carried to a fearful extent, and 
was the ruin of thousands. 

BUCCANEERS OF AMERICA, a set of daring pirates of all countries, who com- 
mitted depredations upon the Spanish colonies on the American continent and 
the West Indies. Murder and plunder to an extent frightful to record took place. 
Mansfield, the leader, died in 1668, and was succeeded by Morgan, who captured 
Panama in 1664 ; the booty taken to Jamaica. Carthagena taken and sacked by 
Pointis, 1697, and many of the inhabitants murdered. Morgan actually became 
the Lieut. -Governor of Jamaica, and received the honour of knighthood, 1675. 

BUCHANITES, a religious sect, followers of Mrs Buchan and Hugh White, in 
Scotland, who promised their disciples to lead them to the New Jerusalem, 1772. 
She died in 1791, and her doctrines were soon after forgotten. 

BUCHAREST, Wallachia, taken by the Russians, 1769; the Austrians captured 
it, 1789 ; taken by the Russians again, 1853. Treaty of, signed, May 28, 1812 ; 
the Pruth was to be deemed thereby the limit of the Russian and Turkish empires. 

BUCKFASTLEIGH ABBEY, Devon, built, 918. 

BUCKINGHAM, Bucks. The remains of the Roman station, Magiovintiim, are 
still to be seen ; castle of, built, 918 ; tower at, fell down and destroyed the church, 
March 26, 1776. 

BUCKINGHAM, Duke of, stabbed by Felton, at Portsmouth, Aug. 23, 1628. 
George ViUiers, Duke of, died, 1640. Duke of, betrayed by his servant, 1483. 
The Duke of, drove six horses in his carriage, in England, 1619 j in ridicule, the 
Duke of Northumberland harnessed eight. 

BUCKINGHAM HOUSE, or Palace, St James's Park, built by Capt. Wynne, 1 703, 
for John Sheffield, Duke of Buckingham; purchased by George III., 1 761, for 
;!f2i,ooo ; taken down by George IV., 1825, and rebuilt by John Nash, and 
completed in the reign of William IV. ; altered by Mr Blore, and her present 
Majesty entered into her new palace on the 13th of July, 1837. New wing built, 
1847. The royal mews built from the design of Sir W. Chambers, 1762 ; cost 
£']66i. The boy Jones discovered in the queen's apartments for the third time, 
March 15, 1841. 

BUCKINGHAMSHIRE, East Indiaman, burnt in the Hooghly, March 4, 1851. 

BUCKLAND ABBEY, Devonshire, built by the Countess of Devon, 1278. 



BUCKLES 



BUDGETS 



"3 



BUCKLES worn in shoes in the 14th century, but fell into disuse. Charles IL 
attempted to introduce shoe buckles in 1666, Isut failed. The fops of 1775 wore 
them of enormous size. The republican, Roland, was the first person who 
ventured to court without buckles. 

BUCKWHEAT brought into Europe from Greece and Asia, about 1530 ; well 
known and cultivated in England, 1597- 

BUDA, Hungary, founded, 1240; captured, 1541, by the Turks under Sultan the 
Magnificent, who introduced 12,000 Janissaries into it, and made it a Turkish 
province; retaken by the Austrians, 1686. The seat of government transferred 
hither by Joseph IL , 1 784 ; taken again by the Austrians from the Hungarians, Jan. 
5, 1849. The suspension bridge completed, 1849, at an expense of ;^65o,ooo. 

BUDE LIGHT, patented by Mr Gurney of Bude, Cornwall, June 8, 1839. 

BUDGETS. The following 32 show the estimate made on each budget of a sur- 
plus or deficiency at the end of the current financial year, and the actual surplus 
or deficiency at the end of that year : — 







Estimated 


Actual 


Date of Budget. 




Surplus. 


Deficiency. 


Surplus. 


Deficiency. 


May 8, 1829 




^3,013,407 




^1,711,548 




March 15, 1830 




2,137,000 




2,913,673 




Feb. II and Oct. 3, i 


831:: 


493,479 






;^698,8S7 


July 27, 1832 




773,624 




1,487,143 




April 19, 1833 




515,909 




1,952,361 




Feb. 14 and July 25, 


1834' 


977,373 




902,063 




August 14, 1835 . . 




185,000 




1,376,307 




May 6, 1836 




311,330 




1,862,823 




June 30, 1837 




384,673 






1,428,532 


May 18, 1838 






207,197 




430,326 


July 5, 1S39 






935,000 




1,457,223 


May 15, 1840 






841,000 




1,851,997 


April 30 and Sept. 27 


1 841 




2,421,776 




2,139,984 


March II, 1842 




631,000 






2,421,776 


May 8, 1843 • 




762,355 




2,095,427 




April 29, 1844 




2,746,830 




6,342,436 




Feb. 14, 1845 




672,000 




2, 380, 600 




May 29, 1846 




777,000 




2,765,191 




Feb. 22, 1847 




332,000 






3,092,285 


Feb. 18 and Aug. 25, 


1848 




2,031,256 




269,378 


June 22, 1849 




104,304 




2,538,502 




March 15, 1850 




771,418 




3,174,731 




Feb. 17 and April 4, 


i85i 


925,000 




2,176,996 




April 30, 1852 




461,000 




2,460,742 




April 18, 1853 




495,000 




3,524,785 




March 6 and May 8, 


1854 




3,543,000 




6,196,808 


April 20 and Aug. 2, 


1855 




19,895,000 


. . 


22,723,854 


May 19, 1856 

Feb. 13 and July 17, 






9,373,000 




3,254,600 
247,346 


1857 


931,000 




April 19, 1858 




310,000 




813,401 




July 18, 1859 




253,000 




1,587,380 




Feb. 10 and July 16, 


i860 




1,286,000 




2,558,385 



The following are the dates since i860, when and by whom the budgets were 
presented to Parliament. By the Hon. W. E. Gladstone, Monday, April 15, 
1861 ; April 3, 1862 ; April 16, 1863 ; April 7, 1864; April 27, 1865 ; May 3, 
1866. By the Hon. B. Disraeli, April 4, 1867. 



114 BUENOS-AYRES , BULGARIA 

BUENOS-AYRES, S. America, founded by Mendoza, 1535 ; first establishment 
created by Juan de Garay in 1 580 ; became the seat of tlie new government, 
1620. After a few years it became the rendezvous for the smugglers of all coun- 
tries. Invaded by the English, June 27, 1806, and the treasure taken brought to 
London, Sept. 20, 1806 ; retaken from Gen. Whitelock, Aug. 12 ; declared inde- 
pendent, July 19, 1816 ; treaty with, 1822 ; Gen. Rosas defeated by Urguiza, 
Feb. 3, 1852 ; the town capitulated, Feb. 4; the Brazilians entered the town on 
the 19th; opening of the rivers Rio de la Plata, the Parana, and the Uruguay to 
foreign vessels, Oct. I ; Urguiza deposed, whilst on his way to open the National 
Congress of the Argentine Confederation, Sept. 10 ; invested by the troops of 
Gen. Urquiza under Col. Lagos, Dec. 28 ; the siege suspended after three months' 
duration, March 2, 1853; war with the Argentine republic, 1859; iniited to the 
confederation, June, i860 ; Gen. Mitre defeated the troops of the confederation, 
Sept. 17, 1861 ; and elected president, Oct. 12, 1862; war declared against 
Paraguay, 1865. 

BUFFOONS. It is said of Gallienus that he never sat down to meat without a 
second table of buffoons by him. The shows of the buffoons (pantomimes) were 
taken away by Domitian, restored by Nerva, and abolished by Trajan. Court 
jester kept by the Tudor kings in England. 

BUFFS, The. At the battle of Albuera, May 16, 181 1, after conduct which proved 
them in every way worthy of their old renown, the Buffs (now the 3rd regiment 
of foot) were taken in the rear by four regiments of the enemy's Polish lancers 
and hussars, who had been mistaken in the fog for Spanish cavalry. {See Marshal 
Beresford's despatch.) A dreadful massacre ensued. The Buffs were, in military 
phraseology, 'rolled up ;' and the report of the day was, that all were woimded 
or killed. Next morning, however, a portion of the regiment appeared at muster — 
probably not only the few who had escaped unhurt, but some of the sufferers who 
were least disabled by their wounds. This unexpected re-appearance obtained 
for the regiment the sobriquet of 'The Resurrectionists.' We had the foregoing 
explanation from a gallant major who was present at Albuera. The attitude of 
the enemy menaced a second attack on the 17th (Napier), which may account for 
the slaughtered regiments making so respectable a muster after the disaster of the 
day before. The sobriquet, therefore, is commendatory, and highly honourable 
to the corps. 

BUHL. Inlaying furniture with metal or enamel, invented by Andre Buhl, an 
Italian, circa 1670. 

BUILDEWAS ABBEY, Shropshire, built by Roger, Bishop of Chester, 1135. 

BUILDING. The ancient mode of building was with wood and wattle. Stone 
first used, 670 ; bricks were used by the Romans as well as stone. Vitruvius 
describes the different materials used. The oldest building in London is West- 
minster Hall, built by William Rufus. The little chapel at Coggeshall, Essex, 
built of red brick, I150 ; Little Wenham Hall, Suffolk, built of Flemish bricks, 
1260. Fitz-Alwyne's assize of buildings, I Richard I., 1189. Dwelling-houses 
ordered to be erected of free-stone. — Liber Alb us. Many houses constructed of 
wood in the 15th century. Building Societies regulated by 6 & 7 Will. IV. c. 
32, July 14, 1836. 

BULGANAK, Crimea. The villages destroyed by the Cossacks ; Cavalry skirmish 
between the Cossacks and the British, the former defeated, Sept. 19, 1854. 

BULGARIA, Turkey, taken by the Bulgarians, 650 ; defeated by Basilius II., 
1014. This tyrant put out the eyes of 15,000 prisoners, leaving one eye to each 
hundredth man that he might conduct his countrymen home. Conquered by the 
Sultan Bajazet, and united to Turkey, 1396. Insurrection in, 1850, 



BULKLEY HILL BURFORD HOUSE 115 

BULKLEY HILL, Cheshire, with all its trees, sunk do\ATi into a pit of water, July 
8, 1657. 

BULL, a Popish edict, derived from the word bulla, a seal issued at a very early 
date by the Popes. King John interdicted, March, 1208; excommunicated, 1209. 
Henry VIII. made defender of the Faith by the bull of Pope Adrian VI., Oct. ii, 
1521. One issued against Queen Elizabeth by Pius V., April 25, 1570 ; Fenton 
executed for posting it upon the Bishop of London's Palace, May, 1570 ; made 
high treason, 1570. 

BULL-BAITING, a favourite sport of the Londoners in the 12th century. Bull 
ring at Bankside, erected in the reign of Edward III. ; exhibited at Stamford in 
1209. The French ambassador entertained by Queen Elizabeth with this sport, 
May 25, 1559. Mr Pepys went to Paris Gardens and saw some good baiting, 
Aug. 14, 1666. Hockley in the Hole, Clerkenwell, once famed for this sport, 
Aug. II, 1711. Bill to abolish, thrown out in 1802, by Mr Windham's influ- 
ence ; finally abolished, 5 & 6 Will. IV. c. 59, Sept. 9, 1835. Bull-fights in 
Spain first practised, 1560 ; a bull-fight at Lisbon, attended by 10,000 persons, 
Sunday, June 14, 1840. 

BULLDOG, H.M. Ship, blown up at Cape Haytien, Oct, 23, 1865. 

BULLETS, 7000 ordered to be made of stone, from the quanies at Maidstone, 
141 8 ; those of iron are first mentioned in Ryder's F(£dera, 1550 ; several invented 
for the rifle, 1850-60. 

BULL, JOHN, Newspaper, proprietors of, brought before the House of Commons, 
for a breach of privilege. May 10, 182 1 ; sentenced to nine months' imprisonment, 
and a fine of ^i 100. 

BULL'S RUN, battle. The Federals under Gen. McDowell, 18,000 strong, 
defeated bythe Confederates, 15,000 strong, under Gen. Beauregard and Johnston, 
with a loss of 462 men and 19 officers killed, and 947 men and 64 officers wounded, 
with all their artillery and baggage, July 21, 1861. The Federals again defeated 
under Gen. Pope, Aug. 28, 29, 1862. 

BUNGAY CASTLE, Sufi"olk, built by King Stephen ; demolished in the reign of 
Henry I. ; rebuilt by Roger Bigod, 22 Edward I. A nunnery built by Roger de 
Glanvill, 1160. The church destroyed, Aug. 4, 1577; the town destroyed by 
fire, 1688; rebuilt, 1689-91. 

BUNHILL FIELDS Burying-ground leased to the Corporation of London in 
1315 ; renewed, 1553, and in Feb., 1568 ; the manorial rites purchased by them 
in 1650 ; inclosed by them as a burial-ground, in the plague of 1665 ; gates 
added, 1666; lease renewed to the city by 9 Geo. III., April 18, 1769. The 
registers deposited at Somerset House, April i, 1713 ; closed in 1852. The lease 
expires in 1867. Act of Parliament passed to preserve the ground from desecra- 
tion, 30 & 31 Vict. c. 38, July 15, 1867. 

BUNKERS' HILL, battle. The Americans, 5000 strong, entrenched at Breed's 
Hill, defeated by the English army, commanded by Gen. Howe, June 17, 1775. 

BURDETT, SIR FRANCIS, and Mr Paul, fought a duel in Combe Wood, Sir 
Francis wounded. May 5, 1807; liberated from the Tower, June 21, 1810. Lost 
his cause against the speaker and serjeant-at-arms of the House of Commons, 
April 22, 1812. Presented petitions to parliament, from Manchester, Salford, 
and Leeds, praying for reform, the last signed by 7000 persons, Feb. , 1 8 1 7 ; motion 
of, for refoi-m in parliament, rejected by 265 to 77, May 20, 1817. Sentenced to 
three months' imprisonment, and ;^2000 fine, for reprehending the disgraceful 
massacre at Manchester by undisciplined yeomanry, Feb. 8, 1821. 

BURFORD HOUSE, Windsor, the residence of Nell Gwyn, from which is dated 
the only letter known of hers, April 14, 1684. 



ii6 BURGESSES BURLINGTON HEIGHTS 

BURGESSES first summoned to parliament, Jan. 20, 1265 ; tire second parlia- 
ment summoned by writ, 23 Edward I., 1295 ; must be residents of the boroughs 
they represent, i Henry V., 1413. 

BURGH CASTLE, Staffordshire, built by the Romans, about 380. 

BURGHERS, seceders dissenting from the Church of Scotland about the form of 
the burgess oath, I740- 

BURGLARY punished with death, and he who obtained a conviction was exempted 
from parish offices, 1699 ; rewards on convictions, 5 Anne, c. 31, 1706 and 1720 ; 
punished with death, 7 & 8 Geo. IV. c. 29, June 21, 1827 ; with penal servitude 
for life, or not less than three years, 24 & 25 Vict. c. 96, s. 52, Aug. 6, 1861. 

BURGOS, Spain, founded by Diego de Porcelos, 884. Ferdinand I. of Castile 
united the kingdoms of Leon and Castile, 1067 ; the court removed to Madrid, in 
the middle of the 1 6th century. The French entered and sacked the city, Nov. 
10, 1808 ; the whole Spanish army under Belveder having turned and fled with- 
out losing 50 men. V/ellington besieged it, but failed to carry the place by storm, 
Oct. 22, 1812. The French blew up the fortifications, June 12, 1813. 

BURGUNDIAN CROSS, order of knighthood instituted by Charles V., Em- 
peror of Germany, July 22, 1535. 

BURGUNDIANS, a warlike people who obtained a permanent seat and 
dominion in Gaul upon the decline of the Roman Empire in 275. They con- 
c^uered the greater part of Gaul before 370. An army of 80,000 men appeared 
on the banks of the Rhine, but retired to Savoy, 438 ; defeated by the Franks, 
and their king, Sigismund, killed, 523 ; the kingdom subdued and annexed to the 
Franks, 534 ; made a duchy and bestowed upon Philip the Bold, who became the 
second founder of this house, 1364; defeat of the army and death of the duke, 
Jan. 4, 1477 ; annexed to France, 1479. 

BURGUNDY formed into three provinces in the 5th centuiy. Burgundy proper 
founded in 888 ; Aries founded, 930 ; united, 928 ; dismembered, and the king- 
dom of Burgundy formed of part of Switzerland, Provence, Dauphiny, Bergez, La 
Bresse, Lionnois and Franche Compte, Velas, &c., 1034; dismembered and 
united to the Germans, 1035 ; revolts, 1074 ; dukes extinct, 1361 ; becomes 
united to France, 1479 ; becomes a part of the German empire, 1512 ; then of 
Spain, 1555 ; conquered by France, 1676. 

BURIALS. The Britons followed the custom of the Romans and buried their 
dead in coffins and placed their head to the east, 596. The oldest Saxon coffin 
known was that of Etheldreda, in 695. In Norman times it was the custom to 
bury in the bare ground. Warin, Abbot of St Albans, ordered the monks to be 
buried in stone coffins, 1195. The practice to bury in vaults under the churches 
began by Lanfranc, Abp of Canterbury, 750 ; in churchyards, 780. The practice 
to bury the body immediately after death, 1655 ; not permitted to be buried in 
linen, 30 Charles II., 1677 ; taxed, 1695 5 a scale fixed by 8 & 9 Will. III. c. 20, 
1697. 

BURKING, a term derived from one Burke, a resurrection man, executed at Edin- 
burgh, Jan. 28, 1829, who murdered individuals by pressure, that he might sell 
their bodies for dissection. Two other persons, named Williams and Bishop, 
were executed, Dec. 5, 1831, having murdered an Italian boy for the same pur- 
pose ; 30,000 persons were present. 

BURLINGTON ARCADE built, and opened by Samuel Ware, March 20, 1819. 

BURLINGTON FINE ART CLUB established, 1867. 

BURLINGTON HEIGHTS, battle. A strong force of Americans defeated by the 
EngHsh, June 6, 18 13. 



BURLINGTON HOUSE BURY ST EDMUNDS 117 

BURLINGTON HOUSE, Piccadilly, erected by Lord Burlington, 16645 the 
colonnade by Campbell, 1 718. 

BURMAH, Asia, founded at a very early period. The English first visited and 
took possession of the Island of Negrais, 1687 ; taken by the Peguans, 1752 ; 
retaken by the Burmese, commanded by Alompra, 1753. The Pegiians defeated 
in an attempt to capture Ava, 1754. The Siamese conquered, 1765 ; revolted, 
1771 ; peace concluded, 1793. Dispute with the East India Company, 1795 ; again, 
1819 ; war declared by the British government upon, March 5, 1824 ; Rangoon 
captured by them, May 10, 1824; Assam taken, Feb., 1825; Donabew captured, 
April 2 ; the British aiTny, 5000 strong, attacked by the Burmese, 60,000 strong, 
the latter defeated, Dec. 7, 1825 ; the army under Sir A. Campbell defeated the 
whole army of Ava, Dec. i ; peace established, Feb. 9, 1826 ; Rangoon de- 
stroyed by fire, Dec. 28, 1850 ; war again broke out, 1852 ; Martaban and Ran- 
goon taken, April 14; Pegu, Nov. 21, and annexed to India, Dec. 28; peace 
again concluded, June 30, 1853. 

BURNHAM ABBEY, Bucks, built by Richard, King of the Romans, 1265. 

BURNING ALIVE was a punishment among the ancient Britons ; it was also in- 
flicted for witchcraft, in the middle ages. William Sautre, the first religious 
martyr, burned in London, Feb. 9, 1401 ; many suffered at a later period for the 
same offence. Eleanor Elsam was burned at Lincoln for murdering her husband, 
1722; and in April, 1747, Mary Johnson was burned at the same place, for 
poisoning her husband. The last woman burnt (Murphy), 1786, at the comer of 
Newgate-street, for coining ; this punishment abolished, 1790. 

BURNING GLASSES improved by Setalla and by Tschimhausen, 1680, and by 
Buffon, 1 747 ; the burning mirror of Parker fused ten grains of pumice in 24 
seconds, 1802. 

BURSE.— ^^^ Exchange. 

BURTON-UPON-TRENT MONASTERY built by Wulfiric Spott, 1002. 

BURWELL FIRE. A number of persons assembled at this place at a puppet-show 
in a barn, Sept. 8, 1727, when a heap of straw taking fire, 76 perished on the 
spot, or subsequently expired of the injuries they received. Several were young 
ladies of fortune, and many children. The bodies were buried promiscuously in 
two pits in the churchyard. 

BURY, Lancashire ; the theatre, containing about 300 persons, fell during the 
performance, July i, 1787, when five persons were killed, and numbers wounded; 
two reservoirs burst, doing considerable damage, Dec. 5, 1852. 

BURY ST EDMUNDS, Suffolk, named from King Edmund, who was crowned 
here, Dec, 856 ; murdered by the Danes, Nov. 20, 870 ; a noble abbey erected 
over his tomb, by Sigebert, A.D. 603; the town and Abbey church nearly de- 
stroyed by Sweyn, king of Denmark, loio ; restored by Canute ; the shrine re- 
paired by Heniy I. upon his return from Chartres ; Henry II. assembled his 
troops here, and ordered the sacred banner of St Edmund to be borne before 
them, Oct. 27, I173 ; the barons assembled their forces at this place, and 
agreed upon the demands to be made to the king, 1214 ; Henry III. held a par- 
liament here, 1272, which maybe regarded as the first British House of Commons ; 
Edward I. ordered the parliament to meet here, 1296 ; again by Henry VI., Feb. 
10, 1447 ; riots at, the citizens attempted to set the abbey on fire, Jan. 12, 1327 ; 
an insurrection broke out, and the insurgents beheaded Sir John Cavendish, and 
aftenvards attacked the abbey and executed the prior, 1381 ; Lady Jane Grey first 
proclaimed successor to the throne of England at this town, 1553 ; nearly con- 
sumed by fire, 1608 ; desolated by the plague, 1636. The tower of Thurston 
church fell down, destroying the roof of the nave, March 18, i860. 



ii8 BUSACO BYZANTIUM 

BUS AGO, battle, between the forces under Wellington and the French commanded 
by Gen. Massena, when the latter were repulsed with a loss of 5000 men, Sept. 27, 
1810 ; and the British fell back to their lines of Torres Vedras. 

BUSHEL to be eight gallons of wheat, 1520 ; the legal Winchester bushel regu- 
lated, 1697 ; the imperial corn bushel of 2218-192 cubic inches, to the Winchester 
of 2150-42, as 32 to 31, regulated by 5 Geo. IV. c. 74, June 17, 1824, and came 
into operation, May i, 1825 ; altered again, 4 & 5 Will. IV. c. 49, Aug. 13, 1834. 

BUTCHERS. In the middle ages this trade was confined to a few. Various 
regulations were made : no large beast allowed to be slaughtered in London 
nearer than Stratford to the east, and Knightsbridge to the west, 1361, and again 
ordered to be enforced by Richard II. in 1380 ; regulations made by statute, 1531 ; 
meat ordered to be sold by weight, 1532. 

BUTCHERS' COMPANY first incorporated by 3 James I., Sept. 16, 1605 ; con- 
firmed by 13 Charles I., July i, 1637; re-incorporated, 23 Geo. II., July 10, 
1749. Hall destroyed by fire, 1829; rebuilt, 1831. 

BUTE ADMINISTRATION IN ENGLAND began. May 28, 1762; after in- 
curring popular odium, terminated, April 8, 1763. 

BUTTONS manufactured in England at an early period. The importation of 
foreign hair buttons prohibited, 1692 ; those covered with cloth prohibited, 7 Geo. 
I., 172 1 ; gilt buttons invented by John Taylor, of Birmingham, 1768 ; improved, 
1790; made in papier-mache, 1778; covered buttons invented by Mr Sanders 
with flexible shanks, 1809 ; the art arrived to great perfection, 1818 ; fancy silk 
buttons patented by Mr Elliot, 1837 ; the three-fold linen, invented by Jeffries, 
1 841 ; vegetable ivory, invented, i860. 

BUTTON'S COFFEE HOUSE, Russell Street, Covent Garden, established, 
1712. 

BUXAR, battle. The English under Col. Munro defeated the united forces of the 
King of Oude and the Emperor of Delhi commanded by Sujah Dowlah, with 
great loss, and captured 150 pieces of cannon, and totally destroyed the native 
power, Oct. 23, 1764. 

BYLAND ABBEY, Yorkshire, built by Roger de Mowbray, 1 143. 

BYNG, Admiral, accused of misbehaviour off Minorca, May 20, 1756 ; brought a 
prisoner to Greenwich, Aug. 9, 1756 ; tried at Portsmouth and condemned to be 
shot, Jan. 28, 1757; executed at Portsmouth, the victim of cabinet aniinosity, 
March 14, 1757 ; commemorated by an inscription on his tomb, at South Hill, 
Bedfordshire : 'To the perpetual disgrace of public justice, the Hon. John Byng 
fell a martyr to political persecution, March 14, 1757.' 

BYRON, JOHN, sailed from England in the Dolphin, on a voyage round the 
world, June 21, 1764; returned, May 9, 1766; discovered the island in the 
Pacific named after him, Aug. 16, 1765; he died, April 10, 1786. 

BYWELL CASTLE, Northumberland, built by Ralph de Nevill, 1472-85. 

BYZANTIUM, the ancient name of Constantinople, called Stamboul by the Turks, 
founded, B.C. 656 ; taken by the Persians, B.C. 505 ; besieged and taken by the 
Athenians under Alcibiades, B.C. 408; became a Roman colony, A.D. 71 ; cap- 
tured after a three years' siege by Severus, and devastated, 196 ; taken by Con- 
stantine, 324 ; rebuilt and consecrated by him. May II, 337, from whom it de- 
rived the name of Constantinople. 



CABAL CACHET 119 



c 



CABAL, a noted council formed after the fall of the Earl of Clarendon in 1667, and 
■ so called from the initial letters of these names forming that word : Sir T. Clifford, 
Lord Asliley, the Duke of Buckingham, Lord Arlington, and the Duke of Lauder- 
dale ; fully formed, 1670, and dissolved, 1674. 

CABBAGES first brought over from Holland, 1510 ; introduced into Scotland by 
the soldiers of the Parliamentary army in the civil war of Charles I. ; the culti- 
vation of, first introduced into England by Sir Anthony Ashley, who died Jan. 
13, 1628. 

CABINET COUNCILS, as now understood, were instituted, 1640; they com- 
monly consisted of 12 members of the government ; in 1851 they were extended 
to 15. 

CABLES, made of hemp and other materials, were used in the most ancient times ; 
a machine was invented for making the large-size cables, 1 792 ; iron substituted 
for hemp, 1808 ; chain cables generally adopted in the royal and merchant service, 
1812. 

C ABOCHIENS. These revolutionists were composed of the dregs of the populace, 
and commanded by the butcher Legoix, the skinner, Caboche, and others ; their 
reign was marked by the most hideous atrocities. 1200 knights attacked, and 
many killed, at St Cloud, 141 1 ; they again rose in Paris, 1412 ; and again, for 
three days, Paris was given up to these cut-throats, June, 141 8. 

CABS, or Cabriolets, first introduced for hire into the streets of London, April 23, 
1823, 50 only being first started ; the parliament reduced the fare from 8^. to bd. 
per mile for two persons, 1853, and the cabs were ^vithdrawn from the streets for 
tliree days, causing much inconvenience, from the 26th to the 29th of July, 1853. 
A society established for the purpose of obtaining a rest for cabmen on a Sunday, 
1857 ; and Cabmen's Clubs established in different parts of London, 1859. By 
the Streets' Traffic Act the fare for the first mile is to be \s. ; and other regula- 
tions made, 30 & 31 Vict. c. 134, s. 26, Aug. 20, 1867. There are 7000 cabs in 
London. 

CABUL, Affghanistan. The historians of Arabia mention Cabool as the residence 
of a Hindoo prince in the 7th centuiy. It was taken by Tamerlane, 1394, and 
again, 1739, by Nadir-Shah, who annexed it to his Persian dominions; on his 
death Ahmed Shah Abdally took possession of it, and his son Timour Shah made 
it the capital of Affghan, 1839 ; the British armies took possession of Affghanistan 
to restore Shah Shooja to the throne. In 1842 the natives rose and assassinated 
Sir William Macnaghten, and cut off the troops from their magazines ; out of 
3849 soldiers and about 12,000 camp followers, only one European and five 
natives escaped ; it was recaptured the following year. 

CACHAR, Hindustan, invaded by a force of Burmese in 1774 ; they placed Mar- 
jeet, the Rajah of Munipoor, on the throne in 1810. The British expelled the 
Burmese, who, by the treaty of Yandaboo in 1826, gave up all claims in favour 
of the legitimate rajah. Upon his death, in 1830, it was added to the British 
territory. 

CACHET, LETTRES DE. These sealed letters were used in France, 1650 ; 
many persons were seized and imprisoned by their political enemies through the 
use of these dangerous instruments ; they were abolished, circa 1770- 



I20 CADDEE C^SARS 

CADDEE, or league of God's house, a league of Swiss independence, formed 
among the Grisons, to resist despotism, between 1400 and 1402 ; a second league, 
called the Grise or Gray league, was instituted, 1424 ; a tliird, the league of ten 
jurisdictions, was formed, 1436. 

CADE'S, or Jaclc Cade's, insurrection. 20,000 Kentish men rose to redress the 
several grievances caused by the maladministration of the Duke of Suffolk ; they 
encamped under the command of John Cade, at Blackheath, June i, 1450 ; de- 
feated a small force sent against him under the command of Sir Humphrey 
Stafford, who was slain, June 27 ; upon their approaching Southwark, the city 
gates were opened to them ; they maintained great order for some time, but after 
committing several acts of violence, and beheading Lord Say and Sele, they 
were expelled by the citizens, July 5 ; a general pardon being proclaimed, but 
Cade refusing to surrender, he was killed by Iden, sheriff of Kent, July 1 1 ; his 
head was exhibited on London Bridge, and many of his followers suffered capital 
punishment. 

CADIZ, Spain, once Gades, a colony of the Carthaginians, founded, B.C. 530 ; an 
armament of 100 vessels was destroyed here by Sir Francis Drake, April 19, 
1587; taken and plundered by the English under the Earl of Essex, June 21, 
1596; attacked by Lord Wimbledon, 1625, and again in vain by Sir George 
Rooke, Aug 15, 1702; bombarded by the English under Nelson, July 3, 1797, 
and blockaded for two years, to 1 799, by Earl St Vincent ; a second time bom- 
barded by the English, Oct., 1800 ; besieged by the French, but the siege raised, 
181 2 ; taken by the French, Oct. 3, 1823 ; restored, 1828 ; Cadiz declared a free 
port, 1829. 

CAEN, Normandy. The ancient city was known in the 9th century under the 
name of Cafhana, and was an important city, 912 ; Philip the August, king of 
France, seized these dominions, 1 104 ; under the fostering care of William the 
Conqueror the town rapidly rose in importance ; it was taken after a long and 
destructive siege by Edward III., 1346; it was again taken by the English, 1417 ; 
captured by Charles VII., king of France, 1448, and the English power ceased. 

CAERLAVEROCK CASTLE, Scotland, built, 1038. 

CAERLEON, Monmouthshire. This town is much celebrated for its ancient re- 
nown ; under the Anglo-Roman dynasty it was the Isca Siluram, the Caer 
Legionis Secundi of Antoninus, and the seat of government ; according to Rich- 
ard of Cirencester, Caerleon was a Roman colony ; Henry II. besieged and took 
the town, 1 1 1 7 ; Owain, Lord of Gwent, retook it after a vigorous defence, 1 1 73, 
who restored it to the Welsh. Uske Abbey founded and endowed by King John, 
when Earl of Moreton, 1197 ; made a Metropolitical see, 314. 

CAERMARTHEN, Wales, a Roman settlement, was rendered a strong fortified 
border port, II16 ; priory founded, 1136 ; made a borough town, 38 Hen. VIII. 
A meeting of the National Eisteddfod held in, 145 1, and Sept. 4, 1867. 

CAERNARVON, Wales. The Romans entered this country in 59 ; several Roman 
dwellings have been discovered here ; the town subdued by Edward I., who built 
a castle here, in which Edward II. was born, April 25, 1284. 

C^SAREA, Palestine, founded by Herod, B.C. 22 ; Philip, one of the seven 
deacons, resided here for several years. 

C-iESARS, era of the, or Spanish era, reckoned from the 1st of Jan., B.C. 38, being 
the year following the conquest of Spain by Augustus ; its use abolished, 1180, 
in all the churches dependent upon Barcelona ; Pedro IV. of Arragon abolished 
its use in his dominions, 1350 ; John of Castile, 1383 ; it was used in Portugal 
until 1455. 



CAFFRARIA CALCUTTA 121 

CAFFRARIA, Africa, or Kaffraria. The dominions of the Kaffres extended to 
the Great Fish River in 1 785 ; the Dutch settlers came in contact with them, 1 740 ; 
the first war for the settlement of the boundary took place, 1 780. The Kaffir 
wars in which the English have been engaged : first, 1811-12 ; second, 1819 ; 
third, 1835 ; fourth, 1846 ; the territories of the hostile chiefs added to the Eng- 
lish possessions, 1847; terminated, 1848; fifth, Oct., 1850 j brought to a close, 
Feb., 1853. 

CAIRO, Egypt, or Grand Cairo, founded by the Saracens, 969 ; partially burned 
by the inhabitants to resist the Crusades, 1171 ; Louis IX. of France attempted, 
but unsuccessfully, to storm the town in 1249 ; taken from the Egyptians by the 
Turks, and the Sultan dethroned, 1517 ; nearly destroyed by an earthquake, when 
40,000 persons were lost, June 2, 1754; destroyed by fire, 1755 ; visited by the 
plague, July, 1781 ; taken by the French under Napoleon, July 21, 1798; cap- 
tured by the English and the Turks, June 27, 1801 ; massacre of the Mamelukes, 
l8ii ; visited by the Prince of Wales, March i — 4, 1862. 

CAISSAR, Turkey, destroyed by an earthquake, and 6000 persons killed, April, 
1794. 

CAIUS COLLEGE, Cambridge, founded by Edmund Gonville, 1347. Dr Caius 
added to the buildings and endowments, 1557. 

CALABRIA, Naples. This ancient city was captured by Robert Guiscard, in 
105 1 ; since foi^med part of the Two Sicilies ; made a dukedom in 1597 ; united to 
Italy. 

CALAIS, France, fortified by Baldwin IV., Count of Flanders, 997 ; a castle 
erected for its defence, 1227. It was in the hands of the English for 210 years ; 
it was taken by Edward III., Aug. 4, 1347, after a siege of II months, and re- 
peopled with inhabitants chiefly from Kent. The English surrendered it to the 
Duke of Guise, after a siege of eight days ; Lord Wentworth and 50 officers were 
taken prisoners, when the long-cherished hope of recovering the English dominion 
in France became extinguished, and how sensible Queen Mary was of this may 
be gathered from her dying words, 'If her breast were opened, the word Calais 
would be found engraven on her heart.' Louis XVIII. landed here after his exile, 
April 24, 1 8 14. 

CALATRAVA, order of knighthood, instituted by Sancho III., 1158. 

CALCULATING MACHINES. Pascal and Morland first constructed instru- 
ments of this nature. Mr Babbage, under the protection of the government, began 
his difference machine, 1823, but owing to a misunderstanding with the govern- 
ment, it was never finished. Scheutzes, of Stockholm, invented and submitted his 
five-figure machine to the Swedish government, Sept. 18, 1843 ; exhibited the 
machine in London, 1853 ; bought by Mr F. Rathbone and presented by him to 
the Dudley Observatory in Albany, America, 1854 ; engaged to make one for 
the British government, 1857- 

CALCUTTA, Hindustan, a settlement made in, by the East India Company, who 
built a factory there, 1689, a grant of land having been obtained from Auiimgzebe, 
the Mogul Emperor, at Chuttanuttee, on the River Hooghly. Fort William was 
erected, 1698 ; attacked and taken by 70,000 foot and horse, and 400 elephants, 
imder Surajee Dowlah, June, 1756 ; I31ack Hole, or prison, 125 persons suffocated 
in, June 20, 1756; retaken by Col. Clive, Jan. 2, 1773; granted to the East 
India Company, 1758; supreme court of judicature established, 1773 ; univers- 
ity founded, 1801 ; bishopric founded, 1813 ; exhibition opened, Jan. 25, 1855 ; 
first lighted with gas, July 6, 1857 ; visited by a cyclone of terrible violence, which 
destroyed a great quantity of shipping and many houses in the town, and about 50 
persons killed, Oct. 5, 1864; a meeting was held for raising a relief fund, Oct. 13. 



122 CALDER PRIORY CALIFORNIA 

C ALDER PRIORY, Cumberland, built, 1 134. 

CALDIERO, Italy. The French under Napoleon defeated here by the Austrians, 
Oct. II, 1796 ; Massena attempted in vain to storm the Austrian position on the 
heights of, but was repulsed with great loss, Oct. 29, 1806. 

CALEDONIA, America, settled, 1699. 

CALEDONIA, NEW, discovered by Capt. Cook, 1774. 

CALEDONIA, the Latin name of Scotland, found in Tacitus, 99 ; invaded by a 
tribe from Ireland, 250. The Celts, who were the early inhabitants, supposed to 
have come from the continent. Christianity introduced there about 420. No re- 
liance to be placed upon its history, until 1057. — See Scotland. 

CALEDONIAN ASYLUM established for the relief of the children of soldiers, 
sailors, and marines, natives of Scotland, who have died or been disabled in the 
service of their country, 1813. 

CALEDONIAN CANAL, commenced by Telford, 1803 ; completed and opened, 
Oct. 23, 1822. 

CALEDONIAN,' East Indiaman, burned, May 29, 1804. 

CALENDAR. The Egyptians and Greeks divided the year into 12 months. 
Romulus divided the year into 10 months, the year beginning in March, B.C. 
738. Nmna Pompilius added two months, Jan. at the beginning and Feb. at the 
end, B.C. 713 ; afterwards altered, putting the two months first. Julius Csesar 
settled the solar year, B.C. 45. Pope Gregory XIII. ordained that lO days 
should be suppressed in the calendar in order to restore regularity, making 
the 5th of Oct, the 15th, 1582, the year to consist of 365 days ; and then, to 
prevent further irregularity, it was determined that a year beginning a century 
should not be bissextile, with the exception of that beginning each fourth century ; 
thus 1700 and 1800 were not bissextile, nor will 1900 be, but 2000 will be a leap 
year. In this manner, three days are retrenched in 400 years, and the calendar is 
made, as nearly as possible, to correspond with the solar year. This system was 
generally adopted in France, Spain, and Italy ; Germany adhered to the Julian 
system until 1700 ; Russia still adheres to it ; the Gregorian plan was adopted in 
England by Act of Parliament, 24 Geo. 11. c. 23, 1751, and the difference of the 
two styles, which then amounted to 1 1 days, was removed by the 2nd Sept. being ac- 
cormted the 14th, and the year to commence Jan. i, 1752, instead of March- 25. 

CALICO, so named from Calicut, a town in India, discovered by the Portuguese, 
1498 ; first brought to England by the East India Company, 1631 ; calico printing 
by the Dutch first used in 1676 ; calicoes prohibited to be printed or worn in 
1700, and again in 1721 ; first made a branch of manufacture in Lancashire, 
1771 ; laws relating to restrictions repealed, i Will. IV. c. 17, March 15, 1 831. 

CALIFORNIA, N. America, discovered by Cortes, 1535, and its shores were 
examined by Cabrillo, 1542 ; visited by Sir Francis Drake, who gave it the 
name of New Albion, 1579; claimed for Spain by Sebastian Visconio, 1602 ; 
the Jesuits made a settlement here, 1698 ; the Mexicans held possession until 
May, 1848, Upper California being then ceded to America ; gold was first dis- 
covered at the Sacramento River, by Mr Marshall, Sept., 1847, but did not 
attract general notice till June, 1848 ; constituted themselves into a State, June, 
1849; admitted into the Union, 1850; the city of Sonora destroyed by fire, 
July 8, 1852 ; Sacramento totally consumed by fire, Nov. 4, 1852. The fol- 
lowing are some interesting particulars of the year 1854, reported to the Royal 
Geographical Society : Gold dust has been exported to the value of about 
;^io,400,ooo sterling, of which upwards of nine millions was sent to the eastern 
ports of the United States. A large portion of tire remainder came to London, 
viz, ;^756,200 ; the rest found its way to Panama, Chili, China, Calcutta, 



CALIPPIC CAMBRIDGE 123 

Manilla, and the Sandwich Islands. Upwards of a million and a half pounds of 
quick-silver had been exported. Agriculture had advanced rapidly, 135,024 acres 
having been sown with wheat. Mining occupies about ioo,cxx3 people, that is, 
rather more than a fourth of the population, and the yield is abundant. Canals 
and aqueducts employ a large capital. In March, 1855, there was a commercial 
panic, and a run upon the banks. 
CALIPPIC period invented by Calippus ; a series of 76 years, at the expiration of 
which he imagined the new and full moon returned to the same day of the solar 
year — an erroneous notion ; the period began about the end of June, in the third 
year of the 112th Olympiad, in the year of Rome 424, and 329 B.C. 

CALIXTINS, a branch of the Hussite sect in the middle of the iSth century ; 
Calixtus the founder died, 1566. 

CALIYUGA ERA, or the Chinese, beginning 3101 B.C., with the entrance of the sun 
into the sign Aswin, the nth April, N.S. In the year 1600, the year began on 
the 7th April, N. S. ; subtracting 3102 from any given year of tliis era will give the 
Christian year answerable. 

CALLAO, Peril, destroyed by an earthquake, 1687 ; again in 1746, when the sea 
destroyed the town ; besieged, and after two years' struggle capitulated, Jan. 23, 
1826 ; bombarded by a Spanish fleet, but they were repulsed after four hours' 
fighting. May 2, 1866. 

CALMAR, Sweden, treaty of, called the Union, Sweden, Norway, and Denmark 
united under Queen Margaret, Jime, 1397 ; destroyed by Gustavus Vasa, 1523 ; 
the town nearly destroyed by fire and many lives lost, Oct., 1765. 

CALOMEL, the first preparation of, on record, announced, 1608. 

CALPEE, Hindustan, taken by the English, 1778; ceded to them, Dec. 31, 
1802 ; besieged and captured, Dec, 1803. Sir Hugh Rose defeated the rebel 
force near this town. May 22, 1858, and captured the town the next day. 

CALSHOT CASTLE, Hants, built, 1342; rebuilt by Henry VIIL, 1540. 

CALVENT, Bernard, of Andover, went from Southwark to Calais and back again 
in one day, thought an extraordinary feat, July 17, 1820. 

CALVES' HEAD CLUB, the first instituted in Suffolk-street, Strand, Jan. 30, 1735. 

CALVI, Corsica, surrendei'ed to the English, under Lord Hood, June 12, 1784 ; 
to the French, 1796. 

CALVINISTS, sect of, founded by John Calvin, at Geneva, who died there. May 
27, 1564, aged 55. He was intolerant, and caused Michael Sei-vetus to be burned, 
Oct. 27, 1553, while he attacked the Roman Church for its persecuting spirit. 

CAMBERWELL Old Church, Surrey, destroyed by fire, Feb. 7, 1841 ; rebuilt, 
Nov. 21, 1844. 

CAMBRAY, France, takenby the Spaniards, 1595, and several times subsequently ; 
attacked by the Austrians, Aug. 8, 1793 ; taken by Sir Charles Colville and the 
British, June 24, 1815 ; the citadel surrendering the next day, was occupied by 
the Bourbon court, under the protection of the enemies of France : it was oc- 
cupied by the allies until 1818. League of Cambray signed, Dec. 10, 1508 ; also, 
Aug. 5, 1529 ; and treaty of, between Charles YI. and Philip of Spain, 1724. 

CAMBRIC, made at Cambray, early in the l6th century ; much valued in the time 
of Elizabeth, 1580 ; in 1671 it was prohibited, with all French goods, because it 
was thought the balance of trade with France was against England. In 1685 the 
commodities of France were again admitted ; in 1688-9 prohibitions ensued again, 
and remained until 1713 ; prohibited again, 1745 ; readmitted, 1786. 

CAMBRIDGE, England, the site of the Roman Granta, destroyed by the Danes, 
871 ; William the Conqueror built a castle on the site of the Danish fortress, 



124 CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY CAMPANIA 

1087 ; Roger de Montgomery, Earl of Shrewsbury, ravaged the town ; the town 
was taken and despoiled by the barons, 1215 ; Henry II. took up his abode in 
the town, and repaired the castle, 1265. Cromwell was returned as a member of 
this borough ; he took possession of the castle for the parliament, 1643. The 
church of the Holy Trinity destroyed by fire, 1174; St Mary, 1630. Adden- 
brooke's Hospital established, 1719. The Fitzwilliam Museum founded, 1816 ; 
the building erected, 1837. Riots at, between the undergraduates and the police, 
Nov. 3, 1854. Philosophical Society instituted, 1819 ; charter granted, 1832. 
CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY, founded by Sigebert, king of East Anglia, 631 ; 
restored by Edward the Elder, 915 ; the first charter granted, 1231 ; Edward III. 
added to its privileges, 1333 ; the records of the university burned during Wat 
Tyler's rebellion in 1381 ; the streets paved, 1410 and 1544; Chancellor's Court 
established by Queen Elizabeth ; refused a degree to a Roman Catholic recom- 
mended by the king, 1687 ; Senate House built, 1722 ; installation of the Duke 
of Newcastle, July 5, 1749 ; statue of the Duke of Somerset erected in the Senate 
House, July 14, 1756; paved and lighted, 1789; the statutes of the university con- 
firmed, July 31, 1858 ; the Prince and Princess of Wales visited the university, 
June 2, 4, 1864. 

Colleges and Halls Founded Colleges and Halls Founded 

Catherine Hall . . . . ^473 Magdalene . . . . . . 15 19 

Christ's . . . . . . 1442 Pembroke . . . . . . 1347 

Clare Hall . . . . 1341 Peterhouse . . . . . . 1257 

Corpus Christi . . . . 1352 Queen's 1448 

Downing .. .. 1717 Sidney .. .. .. 1598 

Emmanuel . . . . 1584 St John's . . ' . . . . 151 1 

Gonville and Caius .. 1347 Trinity Hall .. ., 1350 

Jesus . . . . . . 1496 Trinity College . . . . 1546 

King's . . . . . . 1441 

CAMDEN, battle, in the American War, between the English under Lord Com- 
wallis and the Americans commanded by Gen. Gates, the latter defeated, Aug. 
16, 1780 ; a second, but the same result, between Lord Rawdon and Gen. Green, 
April 25, 1781 ; Camden town evacuated and burned by the English, May 13, 
1781. 
CAMDEN SOCIETY estabhshed for the publication of historical documents, 1838. 
CAMDEN TOWN was so called after William Camden, the author of the Britan- 
nia, begun, 1791. The Cantelow Archers established their shooting-ground in 
Camden Square, 1849. 
CAMELFORD, Cornwall, battle between King Arthur and his nephew Mordred, 
542. A battle was also fought here between the Saxons and Britons, 823 ; sent 
two members to the parliament of Edward VI. , 1547; disfranchised, 1832. 
CAMEOS first carved and used in rings by the Greeks, B.C. 522. 
CAMERA OBSCURA first invented by Friar Bacon, 1515. 
CAMERON, Mary, died at Inverness, May 17, 1783, aged 130. 
CAMERONIANS, a sect founded by Richard Cameron, 1680; became Presbyte- 
rians, 1743. 

CAMILLA, H. M. ship, foundered at sea on her voyage to Yeddo, every soul perish- 
ed, Sept. I — 9, i860. 

CAMLET, a stuff made of silk, hair, and wool ; the Oriental it imitates brought 
from India, 1 660. 

CAMPANIA, Italy. The towns of Herculaneum and Pompeii totally over- 
whelmed by an eruption of Vesuvius, 79. 



CAMPANILE CANALS 125 

CAMPANILE of Cremona is 396 feet high ; at Venice, built, 1134. 

CAMPDEN HOUSE, Kensington, formerly the residence of Baptist Hickes, 
founder of Hickes's Hall, Clerkenwell, containing a valuable collection of pictures. 
Sec, desti'oyed by fire, March 23, 1862 ; trial of Mr Wolley for wilfully setting it 
on fire, by the Insurance Companies ; verdict in favour of Wolley, Aug. 29, 1863. 

CAMPEACHY BAY, Mexico, discovered by Cordova, 1517 ; the town founded 
by the Spaniards, 1 540 ; taken by the English, 1659 ; burned by the Buccaneers, 
1678 ; by St Domingo freebooters, 1685 ; English logwood-cutters settled here, 
1665. 

CAMPERDOWN, Holland. A naval battle fought here between the English 
under Admiral Duncan and the Dutch commanded by Admiral de Winter, in 
which the English were successful in capturing 9 ships of the line, Oct. 11, 1797. 

CAJNIPHOR introduced into Europe from Arabia ; properties discovered by 

Neumann, 1725. 
CAMPO FORMIO, treaty of, between France and Austria, Oct. 17, 1797. 

CANADA, N. America, discovered by Sebastian and John Cabot, 1497 ; the 
French formed a settlement here, and founded the city of Quebec, 1608 ; 
taken by the English, 1629, and immediately restored to the French ; made 
a royal government, 1663 ; Quebec captured by the English under Gen. 
Wolfe, Sept. 13, 1759 ; ceded to England by the treaty of Paris, Feb. 10, 1763; 
the first legislative council appointed, 1774 5 the Americans land and take St 
John's, Nov. 3, 1775 ; Montreal taken, Nov. 12 ; the Americans defeated at the 
close of the year and leave the country, 1776 ; divided into Upper and Lower, and 
a constitution granted, 31 Geo. III. c. 31, 1791 ; the parliament met in the fol- 
lowing year ; made a bishopric, 1793 ; a war broke out on the frontier and the 
American invaders defeated, 1812 ; in the following year they took York, April 
27 ; Fort George, May 27 ; defeated at Stone Creek, June 6 ; are again success- 
ful and gain the battle of Longwood, March 4, 18 14, and capture Fort Erie, July 
3, but shortly afterwards the American Gen., Winchester, and all his forces taken 
prisoners ; the war ended by the peace of Ghent, Dec. 24, 1814 ; insurrection in, 
defeated near Toronto, Dec. 14, 1837, and again repulsed at Toronto, Jan. 5, 1838; 
act for the provisional government of Lower Canada passed, Feb., 1838 ; amend- 
ed, 1839 ; Upper and Lower Canada united by 3 & 4 Vict. c. 35, 1840 ; the seat 
of government removed to Toronto, 1844 ; the House of Representatives burnt 
by rioters, 1849 ; removed to Quebec, 1856; removed to Ottawa, 1858 ; the par- 
liament of, passed a resolution disagreeing with Fler Majesty's government, on 
rem.oving the capital, July 28, 1858 ; visited by the Prince of Wales, July, 
i860 ; Viscount Monck appointed Governor- Gen., Oct. 15, 1861 ; several Con- 
federate refugees from South America attacked St Albans, Oct. 19, 1864 ; tried 
and discharged, Dec. 15 ; Confederation of British North America agreed to by 
the Congress assembled at Quebec, Oct. 30, 1864 ; ;^50,ooo voted by England 
for the defences of the country, March 23, 1865 ; the civil code of Lower Canada 
amended, 29 Vict. c. 41, 1865 ; the first parliament of, opened by Gen. Monck, at 
Ottawa, June 8, 1866 ; the Fenians, or discontented Irishmen, caused consider- 
able excitement by threatening to invade the country ; preparations made by calling 
out the Volunteers ; they crossed the Niagara river at Fort Erie, under Gen. 
O'Neill, but were defeated, 1866; a second attempt suffered the same fate at 
Highgate, Sei-ment, June 6 ; Act of Parliament passed for the confederation of the 
States, 30 & 31 Vict. c. 3, March 29, 1867 ; loan raised for constructing a rail- 
way to connect Quebec with Halifax, April 12 ; the Senate appointed by pro- 
clamation. May 22 ; the new form of government inaugurated by Lord Monck, 
July I ; the parliament opened at Ottawa, Nov. 6. 

CANALS, the most celebrated in Europe, that of Languedoc, joining the Atlantic 



126 CANARY ISLANDS CANDLES 

and the Mediterranean, began, 1666. The canal in China from Canton to Pekin 
is 80& miles long, having 75 locks, 30,000 workmen being employed 43 years in 
its construction, it was completed in 880. The principal canals are alphabetically 
arranged: — Aberdare, Glamorganshire, began, 1793 5 Aberdeen, opened, 1807; 
Arragon, Spain, began, 1785 ; Ashby-de-la-Zouch, opened, 1805 ; Ashton-under- 
Lyne, opened, 1803 ; Astracan to St Petersburg, began, 1434 ; Barnsley Cut, 
began, 1794-5; Basingstoke, began, 1772 ; Belfast to Lough Neagh, began, 1783; 
Birmingham to Bilston, began, 1768; Birmingham to Coventry, began, 1790 ; 
Birmingham to Liverpool, opened, 1826; Bradford, opened, 1 790; Brecknock, 
opened, 1802 ; Bridgewater, The Duke of, canal, began, 1758, opened, 17 June, 
1761; Bristol, Liverpool, and Hull, opened, July, 1790; Brussels to Antwerp, 
began, 1560; Bushey canal opened, 1801 ; Caermarthenshire, opened, 1756; 
Caledonian, began, 1S03, completed to the Frith of Mull, 1824 ; Chesterfieid to 
the Trent, began, 1777; Coventry to Oxford, began, 1769 ; Dogs, the Isle of, 
began, 1809, sold to the East India Docks, 1829; Droitwich to the Severn, com- 
menced, 1756 ! Dublin to the Shannon, opened, 1765 ; Edinburgh and Glasgow 
Union, opened, i8i8 ; Ellesmere to Chester, began, 1772 ; Ellesmere Aqueduct 
opened, 1805; Erie canal in America, 330 miles long, began, 1817 ; Forth to the 
Clyde, began, 1768; Ganges canal opened, 1854; Glasgow and Ardrossan, opened, 
iSii; Glasgow to Bowling Bay, opened, July, 1799; Gloucester and Berkeley Ship 
canal completed, April, 1827 ; Grand Junction, began, 1 790; Grand Surrey, act 
for, passed, 1827 ; Grand Union made navigable to Welford, Oct. I, 1813 ; Here- 
ford and Gloucester, opened, 1796 ; Huddersfield, an act passed for making, 
1794; Kennet and Avon, opened, July 7, 1799; Kiel, joining the Baltic and 
North Sea, opened to all nations. May 14, 1785; Lea, the River, made navigable 
fi-om Hertford to Ware, 1739, to London, 1770; Leeds to Liverpool, began, 
1770, consolidated, 1783, completed, 1816, extended, 1819; Liverpool to Wigan, 
began, 1774; Loire to the Seine, opened, 1678; Manchester, Bolton to Bury, 
began, 1791; Monasteveren to Athy, began, 1791, to Sallins, 1786; Monkland, 
Scotland, commenced, 1790; New River, began, 1608, opened, Sept. 29, 1613; 
Northampton Navigation, began, Aug. 7, 1761; Norwich and Lowestoft Navi- 
gation, opened, 1831 ; Paddington to the Grand Junction, began, 1798, opened, 
June, iSoi ; Peak Forest, opened, 1800 ; Reading, began, 1715; Regent's Canal 
completed, 1820; Rochdale, act for, passed, 1794; Runcorn to Manchester, began, 
1776; Seine and Oise united, 1790; Severn to Leachlade, completed, 1789; 
Sheffield, opened, 1819; Stafford to Worcester, 1765; Staffoi-dshire, completed, 
1776; Stockholm to Gottenburg, began, 1 75 1; Stroud to the Severn, began, 1775; 
Stourbridge, completed, 1785; Suez, began, i860, opened, 1869; Thames and 
Fenny Stratford, opened, 1800; Trent to Withiam, 1134, the oldest in England, 
made by order of Henry I.; Trent and Mersey, opened, 1777 > Warwiclv and 
Birmingham, began, 1793; Wey and Avon, opened, 1826; Worcester and Bir- 
mingham, began, 179 1; Vishnei Volasnock, from the Caspian to St Petersburg, 
1708-10. 

CANARY ISLANDS discovered (they being known to the Phoenicians) by a 
French vessel, 1330; plundered by Spanish pirates, 1396; taken possession of, 
on behalf of Spain, by Jean de Bethencourt, a Norman, 1402 ; granted to him, 
1404; vines planted, 1420; conquered, 1500. 

CANDIA, Mediterranean, seized by the Saracens, 808; taken by the Greeks, 961 ; 
subdued by the Genoese, 1207; sold to the Venetians, 121 1 ; surrendered to the 
Turks, 1669; made themselves masters of the whole island, 1715; ceded to 
Egypt, 1830, but restored to Turkey, 1840 ; insurrection, 1841, and in 1866-7. 

CANDLES, the Roman, were at first little strings or rushes dipped in pitch. 
Tallow came into use, 1290. Splinters of wood or rushes dipped in tallow were 
used about 1300, and are still used in poor farm-houses in remote places. A patent 
granted to Mr W. Bolts for improving the form and quality of, 1799 ; many laws 
were made for the guidance of, during the reign of the Georges. Candles or lights 



CANDLEBERRY MYRTLE CANON OF SCRIPTURE 127 

of wax first used in churches, 274 ; Wax- Chandlers' Company established, 1483 ; 
and the Tallow-Chandlers' Company, 1462 ; previously to its abolition the duty 
upon, amounted to ;i^5oo, 000; repealed, 1831. 

CANDLEBERRY MYRTLE, imported from North America, 1699, a Chinese 
plant, supplying a species of vegetable wax. 

CANDLEMAS DAY, a festival of the Roman Catholic and Reformed churches on 
the Purification of the Virgin, Feb. 2. Lighting up the churches on this day pro- 
hibited by order of council, 1548. 

CANDLESTICKS. The one which Moses was commanded to make for the taber- 
nacle is described Ex. xxv. 31 — 37 ; called the Pure in Lev. xxiv. 4 ; the 
Holy, Ecclus. xxvi. 1 7 ; ten golden candlesticks provided for Solomon's Temple, 
I Kings vii. 49. 

CANDY, Ceylon ; Capt. Percival visited, 1800 ; the British took possession of, 
Feb. 20, 1803 ; a British detachment massacred at, Feb. 20, 1803 ; war renewed 
against the natives, 1814 ; the king conquered and made prisoner, Feb. 19, 1815; 
deposed, and the whole sovereignity vested in his conquerors, March 2, 181 5. 

CANNING ADMINISTRATION terminated by the death of that statesman ; 
formed, April 12, 1827 ; closed, Aug. 8, the same year ; statue of, erected in 
Palace-yard, Westminster, May 2, 1832. 

CANNING, THE GEORGE, wrecked off Heligoland, when 96 of the passengers 
were lost, Jan. i, 1855. 

CANNON. Machines answering this description used for throwing stones at a 
very early period in China, mostly made of wood ; the first made of metal and em- 
ployed by Edward III. against the Scots, 1327 ; they were formed of tubes of 
iron strengthened with iron bands, used at the battle of Cressy, 1346 ; first made 
by the Fi'ench, 1338 ; used by the English at the siege of Calais, 1347, and in the 
Baltic Sea, 1350 ; used by the English at the siege of Mont St Michel, in Nor- 
mandy, 1423 ; the two which were taken by the French are still preserved in the 
Castle ; they afterwards came into general use. James II. of Scotland killed by 
the bursting of one at Roxburgh, 1460 ; up to this date they were bound with iron 
hoops. Cast-iron guns made at Rackstadt, 1540 ; the largest cast in India, 1685 ; 
first forged in Paris, 1753 ; first cast in England at Buxstead, in Sussex, 1543 ; 
the rifle cannon introduced by Sir W. Armstrong, Feb. 11, 1857; Whitworth 
guns invented, i860. Se;^ a/so Artillery. 

CANNON STREET, City, built under 10 & 11 Vict. c. cclxxx, July 22, 1847 ; and 
the west side to St Paul's, 13 & 14 Vict. c. Ivi., July 15, 1850 ; the first portion 
opened to King-street, the second to St Paul's. The terminus of the Charing- 
cross Railway opened, Sept. i, 1866. 

CANON LAW, the first drawn up by Clement, bishop of Rome, a.d. 93 ; pro- 
mulgated, 380 ; the first collection made by Dionysius Exiguus, 520 ; the canons 
of the four councils sanctioned by Justinian, 545 ; introduced into Europe by the 
author Gratian, 1151 J ii^to England, 11 54; several attempts made to revise them 
but none were adopted. 

CANONIZATION of Romish martyrs and saints, instituted by Leo III., 800 ; 
Ulric, Bishop of Augsburg, canonized by the Lateran Council, Jan. 31, 993 ; this 
is the first act of canonization known of which a papal bull is extant ; before that 
time all bishops could make canonizations of whom they pleased. 

CANON OF SCRIPTURE, The, a collection of books which form the original 
and authoritative written rule of faith and practice of the Christian Church. First 
termed so by Amphilochius, A. D. 380 ; and a list of the books is given. The com- 
plete canon of the New Testament was ratified at the third Council of Carthage, 
A.D. 397. 



128 CANTERBURY CAPE COAST CASTLE 

CANTERBURY, Kent, known to the Romans ; the capital of Ethelbert, King of 
Kent, 560 ; nearly destroyed by fire, 754; taken by the Danes, 851, and again, 
loii, when they partially destroyed it. Castle built, 1075 ; strengthened and 
enlarged by Hen. II., 11 74; defended successfully by Hugh de Burge, Earl of 
Kent, 1239-40. Edmund Ironsides contributed greatly to the rebuilding of the 
city ; Edward I. kept his nuptials here, 1299 ; Charles I., the like, 1625 ; Charles 
II. held his court here for three days, 1676, and re-incorporated the town. 

CANTERBURY CATHEDRAL, founded by St Augustine, in the 6th centuiy ; 
finished by Archbishop Odo, about 946 ; nearly destroyed by the Danes, loi i ; 
completely burnt down, 1067 ; rebuilt by Archbishop Lanfranc, 1079 ; finished, 
1 130 ; the choir rebuilt, 1104 ; destroyed by fire, 1 130; rebuilt by William Sens, 
1 1 74 — 84; Saxon Gothic, 514 feet long, 71 wide, 130 high ; chapter-house rebuilt, 
1400; west gate built, 1387; palace robbed, Oct. 11, 1778; revenues of the see 
of, seized by the king, 1096 ; used as a stable for Cromwell's troops, 1651 ; St 
Augustine made the first archbishop, 602 ; St Thomas a Becket massacred in 
the Cathedral, by William de Tracy, Reginald Fitz-Urse, Richard de Brito, and 
Hugh de Morville, Dec. 29, 1170 ; canonized by Pope Alexander HI., March 13, 
1 1 73; Henry II. visited the tomb, July 12, 11 74; the king paid another visit, 
I176 ; the body of the saint was translated, July 7, 1220 ; the shrine of the saint 
was destroyed by order of Henry VIII., Aug. 19, 1538 ; the see furnished the 
Roman Catholic Church with 18 saints and nine cardinals, and the state of Eng- 
land with 12 lord-chancellors and four treasurers. The see made superior to York, 
1073. The present Archbishop appointed, 1862 (Charles Thomas Longley). 

CANTERBURY, New Zealand, a Religious Society of the Church of England 
founded a settlement here, 1850. 

CANTON, China, known to the Portuguese, 1517 ; the English first attempted to 
open an intercourse v/ith the Chinese, 1576, but the ships were lost ; a further 
attempt to trade caused a rupture and the city was destroyed, 1650 ; a factory 
established at Amoy, 1677 ; the East India Company established a factory here, 
1680 ; destroyed by the Tartars, 1680 ; trade prohibited by the Emperor until 
1685 ; tea first imported, 1667 ; a fire which destroyed 3000 houses, Dec. 6, 
1835 ; the English imprisoned by commissioner Lin, 1839 ; the town besieged 
and taken, May 30, 1841 ; made one of the five ports, Aug. 29, 1842 ; burnt 
down, April 6, 1847 5 six Englishnaen murdered at, Dec. 5, 1847 ; the town 
taken by the allied forces, Dec. 29, 1857 ; Yeh taken prisoner, Jan. 5, 1858 ; the 
town captured, Jan. 14, 1858. 

CAP came into general use in England, 1449, being made of cloth or velvet ; a law 
enacted that every person above seven years of age should wear on Sundays and 
holidays a cap of wool, knit made, thickened and dressed in England by some of 
the trade of cappers, under the forfeiture of three farthings for every day's neglect, 
excepting maids, ladies, and gentlewomen, and every lord, knight, and gentle- 
man of 20 marks of land, and their heirs, and such as have borne office of wor- 
ship in any city, town, or place, and the wardens of the London company, 1571. 
In some countries they were used as a mark of infamy : in Italy the Jews were dis- 
tinguished by a yellow cap, at Lucca by an orange ; bankrupts in France were 
obliged to wear a green cap to show that they were persons unworthy to be trusted. 

CAPE BRETON, N. America, discovered by Cabot, 1497 ; first occupied by the 
French, 1712 ; Louisbourg fortified, 1 720; taken by the Enghsh, June 15, 1745; 
restored to France, 1748 ; retaken by the English, Jrdy, 1758; ceded to England 
by treaty, signed at Paris, Feb. 10, 1763. 

CAPE COAST CASTLE, Africa, first colonized by the Portuguese, 1610 ; taken 
by the Dutch, 1644 ; the British settlement destroyed, 1665 ; ceded to England, 
1667 ; the English still hold the Castle. 



CAPE COD CARACAS 129 

CAPE COD, America, visited by Capt Gosnold, 1602 ; by the Pilgrim Fathers 
in the Mayflower, 1620 ; declared themselves neutral in the war of 1812. 

CAPE FINISTERRE, the English fleet commanded by Adm. Anson defeated 
a French fleet off, taking six men-of-war and four East Indiamen, May 13, 1747. 
Adm. Sir Robert Calder attacked the French and Spanish fleet and took two 
Spanish men-of-war off this Cape, July 22, 1805. 

CAPE OF GOOD HOPE, Africa, discovered by Bartholomew Diaz, a Portu- 
guese, i486. Vasco de Gama doubled the Cape, Nov. 20, 1497, and carried 
the trade of Portugal to the east ; colonized by the Dutch, 1650 ; revolution 
among the colonists, the British interfered to restore the authority of the Prince 
of Orange, Sept. 16, 1795 ; held by them until 1802, when it was restored to 
Holland ; on the renewal of the war it was again taken by the English, 1806 ; 
ceded to them by the King of the Netherlands, 1815 ; the emancipation of the 
slaves, 1834 ; Natal established by the Dutch, 1836 ; taken by the English, 
1842 ; the Orange free state constituted, 1854 ; the present form of government 
established, 1852 ; Sir P. E. Woodehouse appointed governor, 1861 ; the forti- 
fied town of Kalikaia taken, June, 1863 ; 200 rebel prisoners escaped from the 
Island of Kawan, Sept. 10, 1863 ; the Duke of Edinburgh arrived at, in H.M. 
ship 'Galatea,' Aug. 15, 1867 ; left for Australia, Sept. 28. 

CAPE HORN or HOORN, S. America, discovered by the Dutch navigator 
Schouten, 1616, who named it after his native town. 

CAPE TOWN, S. Africa, founded by the Dutch, 1650 ; taken by the English, 
Sept. 16, 1795 ; restored to the Dutch, 1802 ; and again taken by the English, 
Jan., 1806 ; ceded to them by treaty, Aug., 1814 ; Bishopric established, 1847 J 
constitution granted, 1853. 

CAPE BLANCO, Africa, discovered, 1441. 

CAPE CAPRI, Cephalonia Island, ceded to England at the peace of 1814, with the 
Ionian Islands. 

CAPE DE VERD ISLANDS discovered, 1449. 

CAPE ST VINCENT, battle between the French fleet under Adm. de Tourville, 
120 vessels, and Adm. Rooke, with 20 English and Dutch men-of-war, and the 
Anglo-Turkish fleet of merchantmen under convoy ; the French took or destroyed 
12 English and Dutch ships, and 80 merchantmen, June 16, 1693 ; again, Feb. 
14, 1797, when Sir John Jervis, with 15 sail, engaged the combined French and 
Spanish with 27, and captured four line-of-battle ships. 

CAPET, French royal house of, and the third race of French monarchs ; the first 
line expired with Charles IV., 1328, when the branch of Valois ascended the 
throne. 

CAPITOLINE games instituted by Domitian, 86. 

C APPADOCIA, Asia Minor, founded, B. c. 744 ; made a Roman province by 
Tiberius, A.D. 17; annexed to the Turkish Empire, 1360, 

CAPPER or Hatter, rules made for the carrying on of this trade, 1489, and sub- 
sequently. 

CAPUA, Naples, taken by the Romans, B.C. 211 ; and made a Roman colony, B.C. 
59 ; taken by the Vandals, A. D. 456; burnt by the Saracens, 840 ; captured, July 
24, 1 501, by Caesar Borgia ; taken by the French, July 23, 1799 ; retaken by the 
English the same year ; captured by Sardinia, Nov. 2, i860, and united to Italy. 

CAPUCHIN FRIARS, founded by Baschi, 1525 ; confirmed by Pope Paul IIL, 
1536 ; introduced into France about 1574 ; Spain, 1606 ; England, 1630. 

CARACAS, S. America, discovered by Columbus, 1498 ; sold by Charles V. to a 

9 



I30 CARACTACUS CARLILE 

company of German merchants, called the Welsers, disposed for tyranny to the 
colonists, 1550; declared its independence. May 9, 1810 ; acknowledged by 
Spain, July 5, 1811 ; several towns destroyed by an earthquake, March 26, 1812, 
and again 1826. 

CARACTACUS, king of the Britons, defeated, 46 ; led a captive to Rome, 51. 

CARAVAN, one consisting of 2000 persons on the return from Mecca, all de- 
stroyed, save 20, by the Karamsin wind from the desert of Arabia, Aug. 12, i8i2. 

CARBONARI, a secret society in Italy, formed, if possible, to free that country 
from the yoke of foreigners, and particularly from the despotism of Austria, 1819, 
1820. They brought about the revolution in Piedmont and Naples, 1821. 

CARBUNCLE. This stone was used in the breastplate of the high priest in the 
first row, Ex. xxviii. 1 7. 

CARDIFF, Wales, a place of considerable importance, possessing a fortified castle, 
embattled walls, with a moat and ramparts begun by Jestyn ap Gwrgan, 1090 ; 
completed, mo; priory built by Robert, Earl of Gloucester, 1147; Edward III. 
granted a charter to the town, 1338 ; Oliver Cromwell took the castle by the 
treacheiy of one of its guards, whom he hung afterwards, 1648 ; a French force 
landed in the bay and were captured without striking a blow, Feb. 22, 1797; 
the Taff Railway opened, 1840; St Mary's church opened, 1843. 

CARDIGAN, Wales, castle founded by Gilbert de Clare, 1160 ; town fortified by 
Gilbert Marshall, 1240; priory founded, 1291 ; grammar school established, 

1653- 

CARDINALS, the ecclesiastical princes of the Roman Church so declared, 1243, 
and the council of the pope, but only principal priests in Rome till 1 100; ob- 
tained the power of electing the pope, 1160 ; wore the red hat first, 1245 ; the 
scarlet dress, 1464; and had the title of Eminence, Jan., 1631. 

CARDMAKERS' COMPANY incorporated 5 Car. I., 1629. 

CARDS, of early origin; interdicted, 1254; forbidden by the Council of Cologne, 
1281 ; printed at Venice from wood-blocks, 1341 ; used in Germany, 1275 ; in 
Italy, 1299 ; introduced into England in the 14th century ; taxed in England, 
1 710 ; stamped, 1775 ; the laws relating to, amended and consohdated, and duty 
fixed at a shilling a pack, 9 Geo. IV. c. 18, May 9, 1828 ; a statute passed, re- 
pealing and altering the duty upon, 25 & 26 Vict. c. 22, June 3, 1862. 

CARENTON, in Germany, 100 houses burned, July, 1800. 

CAREW CASTLE, Pembroke, built, iioo. 

CARIBBEE ISLANDS, Atlantic, discovered, 1595. 

CARICATURES, of Italian origin, labels being put into the mouths of the figures 
delineated, 1330; became popular in England, 1720. 

CARISBROOKE CASTLE, Isle of Wight, of remote antiquity ; besieged and 
taken by Cerdric, 530; captured by Stephen, 1136; successfully resisted an 
attack of the French in the reign of Richard II., 1366 ; rebuilt by Earl Rivers 
in the reign of Henry I. ; repaired by Queen Elizabeth, 1598, and again repaired, 
1610 ; Charles I. was confined here for 13 months, Nov. 14, 1647 ; he tried to 
escape, Dec. 28 ; the children of this monarch were brought to the castle, Aug. 16, 
1650; Princess Elizabeth died here, Sept. 8, 1650; the Duke of Gloucester kept 
a prisoner in this castle till 1652. 

CARLAVEROCK CASTLE, Scotland, besieged and taken by Edward I., 1300. 

CARLILE, Richard, convicted of publishing Paine's Age of Reason and Palmer's 
Principles of Nature, Oct. 15, 1819 ; sentenced to pay a fine of ;^ISOO, and to be 
imprisoned two years in Dorchester gaol, Nov. 16, 1819. 



CARLISLE. CARPENTERS' COMPANY. 131 

CARLISLE, Cumberland, rebuilt by Agricola, and fortified ; destroyed by Egfrid, 
king of Northumbria, in the 7th century ; demolished by the Danes, 875 ; gram- 
mar-school founded by St Cuthbert, 686 ; refounded by William Rufus, and en- 
dowed by Henry VIII. , 1542 ; the castle rebuilt by William Rufus, 1092; finished 
by David, king of Scotland, 1135 ; the castle and town ceded to the Scots, 1136 ; 
besieged by William the Lion, 1173 ; surrendered to the English, 1292 ; destroyed 
by fire the same year ; besieged unsuccessfully by Wallace, 1297 ; Edward I. held 
a parliament here, Sept., 1298; besieged by Robert Bruce, 1315 ; repaired by 
Richard III. , 1483 ; city burned, 1345 ; Mary Queen of Scots kept a prisoner in the 
castle, 1596 ; resigned to the Parliamentary forces, June 25, 1645 ; surrendered 
to the Pretender, Nov. 15, 1745 ; retaken the Dec. following. The manufacture 
of woollens established, 1747; the town drained, 1853-5, cost ^23,000 ; cemetery 
opened, 1854. 

CARLISLE, priory founded by St Cuthbert, 686; see of, erected by Henry I., 
1 133; the cathedral founded by Walter, a Norman, in the reign of William 
Rufus; completed between 1133 and 1350; Saxon pillars, pointed arches, 180 
feet long and 71 broad ; partially destroyed, 1648 ; restored, 1856. 

CARLISLE ADMINISTRATION formed, May 23, 1715 ; dissolved the follow- 
ing October. 

CARLOW CASTLE, Ireland, erected by King John in the 13th century ; surren- 
dered to Oge O'Moore, 1577 ; to the Parliamentary army, 1650 ; a battle here, 
May 27, 1798, between the rebels and royal troops, in which the former were 
defeated. 

CARLSBAD, Bohemia, known for its mineral springs. Congress of, at which 
resolutions were passed by the allied sovereigns inimical to constitutional monarchs 
and human freedom, Aug. i, 1819. 

CARLSCRONA, Sweden, made a marine station and arsenal by Charles XL, 
1680 ; nearly all burnt down, 1067 houses, two churches, and all the merchants' 
dwellings and magazines except two, June 17, 1790. 

CARLTON CLUB, Pall Mall, a T017 and Conservative club-house, founded by 
the Duke of Wellington, 1831 ; present establishment built by Sir Sydney 
Smirke, 1855. 

CARLTON HOUSE, erected 1709 ; purchased for the Prince of Wales, father of 
George III., 1732; fete given at, June 20, 181 1; another to the Duke of 
Wellington, 2500 persons being present, July 21, 1814; taken down 1827, and 
the columns transferred to the National Gallery. 

CARMEL. The order of knights of Mount Carmel founded in 1607 by Henry 
IV. of France. 

CARMELITES, or White Friars order, founded before 1098 ; established in 
England by Richard I., 1240; in France, 1252 ; moderated their previous aus- 
terities, 1540 ; massacre of 200 priests of this order at Abbaye, in France, Sept. 
2, 1792. 

CARMEN'S COMPANY, a fellowship granted to, with the privilege of working 
carts in the City of London, June 21, 1669. 

CARNATIC, South Hindustan, invaded by the Mohammedans, 1310 ; the suc- 
cession of Walla-Jah disputed, 1 749 ; supported by the English, and made Nabob ; 
Hyder Ali defeated, July I and Aug. 27, 1781 ; Tippoo Sahib overran this pro- 
vince, 1799 ; conquered by the British, 1783 ; ceded to England, 1801. 

CARNATION FLOWER first introduced into England about 1697. 

CARPENTERS' COMPANY, incorporated, 17 Edw. IV., July 7, 1477; con- 
firmed, 5 & 6 Philip and Mary, and by James I., 1607 ; reincorporated by Charles 



132 CAROLINA, CARRON IRON WORKS. 

II., 1673. Hall built, 1429; enlarged, 1664-5 5 escaped the fire of 1666; re- 
paired, 1671 ; repaired and beautified, 1718; staircase erected, 1780. 
CAROLINA, N. America, discovered, 1497 ; granted to Sir Walter Raleigh to 
colonize ; he took possession of a site on the Roanoke, June, 1585 ; re-embarked 
for England, July 27, 1586; a new colony established, 1587, but they were all 
killed by the Indians; the first permanent settlement was made, 1650 ; granted 
to Lord Clarendon by Charles II., March 24, 1663; a government appointed, 
1667; insurrection of the negroes, 1739; declared independent, Nov. 30, 1782. 

CAROLINA, S. America. First settlement upon the site of Charleston, 1680; 
separated from North Carolina, 1719. The seat of the Confederate government in 
the war for independence ; taken by the Federals under Gen. Grant, April 3, 1865. 

CAROLINE, Queen of George IV., her arrival in England, June 6, 1820, demand- 
ing an open trial ; proceedings against, in the House of Lords, Aug. 19, 1820, 
lasting to Nov. 10 ; went to St Paul's, Nov. 29 ; protested against her exclusion 
from the coronation, July 18, 1821 ; taken ill at Drury Lane Theatre, July 30; 
died at Brandenburgh House, after an illness of eight days, Aug. 7 ; her remains 
removed thence for interment in Brunswick, Aug. 14 ; interred there, Aug. 25. 

CAROLINE, Princess, daughter of the Prince of Wales, died, Sept. 4, 1759. 

CAROLINE ISLANDS discovered by the Spaniards, 1686. 

CARP first brought to England about 1500. 

CARPETS, articles of luxury, came from the East, 1300 ; introduced into France 
from Persia, between 1589 and 1610 ; manufacture of, introduced into England, 
1685 ; Brussels carpets introduced into Kidderminster from Tournay, 1 745, 

CARRIAGES, known under the name of Chares (chariots), 1294 ; used in France, 
1250 ; an ordinance was issued by Philip the Fair, forbidding citizens wives' to use 
carriages, 1294; introduced into Vienna, 1474 or 1509; into England, 1555; 
Queen Mary rode through London to Westminster in a chariot, 1553 ; in the 
reign of Elizabeth called 'whirlicotes ;' in 1619 driven in ostentation with six 
horses ; first let for hire in Paris, 1650, at the Hotel Fiacre, by one Sauvage ; only 
used by women of rank in the beginning of the i6th century ; in 1681 there were 
50 gilt, with six horses each, at the court of Hanover ; Frederick HI. visited 
Frankfort in a close carriage, 1474; used in Spain, 1546; post-chaises invented 
in France, 1664 ; Hackney coaches for hire first let out in London, 1625 ; in 1637 
there were 50 in London ; in 1652, above 200 ; in 1654, about 300, employing 600 
horses ; in 1694, amounted to 700; in 1715, to 800 ; to looo in 1771 ; to 1200 
in 1799 ; hackney chariots, 200 licensed in 1814 ; the coaches and cabriolets in- 
creased 2650 in 1846. Hackney coaches introduced into Edinburgh, 1673, but 
only 20 in number, which fell in 1752 to 14, and in 1778 to nme ; introduced into 
Warsaw, 1778 ; in Copenhagen there are 100 ; in Amsterdam, in 1663, they were 
forbidden, lest the wheels should injure the pavements, and are now in winter, as 
those of St Petersburg are, placed upon sledges. Carriages first taxed, March 
25, 1747 ; in 1785 the duty was ^^154, 988 ; in 1856-7 there were 3227 stage car- 
riages licensed, the duty was ;r^io,695 ; the duty upon, amended. May 3, 1866. 
See Cabs, Omnibus. 

CARRICKFERGUS, Ireland, built by De Courcy, 1182 ; besieged and taken by 
Bruce, 1315 ; again besieged by MacDonnell, 1556; but unsuccessfully; the tov/n 
burnt, 1573 ; taken possession of, for the Parliament, 1648 ; surrendered to the 
Duke of Schomberg, Aug. 29, 1689 ; William HI. landed at, June 14, 1690 ; 
surrendered to the French under Adm. Thurot, Feb. 21, 1760. 

CARRON IRON WORKS, Stirlingshire, established, 1760, employing 1600 
persons ; all the ponderous ordnance used in war, including shot and shell, were 
here manufactured. 



CARRONADES CASSANO 



133 



CARRONADES, short pieces of artillery, invented by Gen. Robert Melville, and 
cast at the Carron foundiy, 1779 ; first iised by Lord Rodney in an engagement 
with Count de Grasse, April 12, 1782 ; first used by the United States in the 
action between the fiigate Constellation and La Vengeance, Feb. i, 1800. 

CARROTS first introduced into England from the Low Countries, 1540. 

CARTHAGE, Africa, founded by the Phoenicians, B.C. 814 ; destroyed by Scipio 
^milianus, B.C. 146 ; rebuilt by C. Gracchus and made a Roman colony, B.C. 
122 : taken by Genseric and made the capital of the Vandal kingdom, A.D. 439 ; 
retaken by Belisarius, and named Justiniana, 533 ; captured and destroyed by 
the Arabs, 647 ; and by the Saracens, 698. 

CARTHAGENA, Spain, founded by Hasdrubal, a Carthaginian general, B.C. 242; 
taken by Scipio Africanus, B.C. 210; ravaged by the Vandals, A.D. 428 ; destroyed 
by the Goths in the 6th century. 

CARTHAGENA, NEW GRANADA, S. America, discovered by Roderigo de 
Bastidas, 1502 ; the Indians subdued and the country colonized by Spain, 1533 ; 
taken and pillaged by Sir Francis Drake, 1586 ; invaded by the French, 1597 ; 
attacked by the English under Adm. Vernon, March, 1741 ; partially destroyed 
by an earthquake, Nov. 9, 176 1 ; taken by the royalists, Dec. 6, 1815 ; retaken 
by the republicans, Sept. 25, 1821. 

CARTHUSIANS, an order of monks founded by St Brano at Chartreux, in France, 
1080; the first establishment founded at the Chartreux or Charter-house, London, 
Ii8i. Their code was first established in 1228; modified, 1581 ; confirmed by 
Pope Innocent XL, 1682 ; their property seized by Henry VIII. and the 
monasteries closed, 1530. 

CARTMEL MONASTERY, Lancashire, built, 1188. 

CARTOONS. The most famous executed by Raphael for Leo X., 1519; seven 
purchased for Charles I. in Flanders, 1629. 

CARTS. This ancient mode of conveyance first mentioned, i Samuel vi. 8 — 14 ; 
they had two wheels of solid wood ; in the monuments of ancient Egypt they had 
four or six spokes ; the city of London issued orders for the size of the tire of 
wheels at an early period. 

CARVING in marble, or sculpture, invented, B .c. 722 ; practised in the highest 
perfection in Greece, B.C. 440; in modern Italy, about A.D. 1500. Carving by 
machinery first invented in the i8th century. 

CASHEL, Ireland. The cathedral built by Cormac MacCarthy, king of Munster, 
1 127 ; the abbey founded, 1260 ; Earl of Kildare ravaged the town and partially 
destroyed the cathedral, 1498; incorporated by Charles I., 1640; declared for 
the Parliament, 1647 ; the see changed to a bishopric, 1838. 

CASHMAN, John, executed for stealing arms from the shop of Beckwith, Snow 
Hill, dui'ing what were called the Spa Fields riots, March 12, 181 7. 

CASHMERE, Asia, subdued by the Mohammedans, 1012 ; invaded by an army of 
70,000 Tartars, 1323 ; betrayed by the governor, and annexed to the Afifghan em- 
pire, 1754; conquered by the Sikhs, 18 19, and ceded to the English, March 9, 
1846 ; transferred to Gholab Singh by treaty, March 16, 1846. 

CASHMERE SHAWLS first brought to England, 1666 ; imitated at the looms of 
Bradford and Huddersfield, 1820; some of the genuine drawn through a ring, and 
valued at 1000 rupees each ; the common cost 150 rupees, 1650 ; sold in England 
from p^ioo to ;^500. 

CASSANO, battles. The French defeated by Prince Eugene, Aug. 16, 1705 ; the 
Russians under Suwarrow defeated the French, and took 3050 prisoners and 30 
guns, April 27 — 29, 1799. 



134 CASSATION CAT 

CASSATION, the Court of, established by the National Assembly at Paris, Nov. 
27, 1790. 

CASSEL, Germany, abandoned by the Hanoverians, July 31, 1760 ; taken by the 

French the same year ; retaken, Nov. i, 1762; the fortification destroyed, 1767; 

captured by the French, 1806, and made the capital of Westphalia by Napoleon 

I., 1807. 
CASTELLA, battle. The aUied troops of England and Spain attacked by the 

French under Marshal Suchet, the latter were defeated, April 13, 1813. 

CASTELNANDERY, France, battle between the forces under Louis XIII. and 
Gaston Due D'Orleans, in which the Duke of Montmorency was surrounded and 
made a prisoner, 1632. 

C ASTELNUOVO, nearly destroyed by an earthquake, 1 783, 4000 persons perished ; 
the rear-guard of the Austrian army defeated by the French, Nov. 21, 1796 ; the 
Russians defeated by the French under Marmont, Sept. 29, 1806. 

CASTIGLIONE, battle, one of Bonaparte's most brilliant victories over the Aus- 

trians under Gen. Wurmser, Aug. 5 — 8, 1796 ; all the cannon and 13,000 prisoners 

were the rewards of the victorious force. 
CASTILE, Spain, invaded by the Saracens in the 8th century ; subject to the 

King of Leon, 1028 ; made a kingdom, 1039 5 Ferdinand and Isabella made 

sovereigns of, 1474 ; annexed to the Spanish crown, 1504- 

CASTILLON, battle, between the English and French, July 7, 1453 ; the former 
were defeated, and John Talbot, Earl of Shrewsbury, slain, and lost all their do- 
minions in France except Calais. 

CASTLE AND SWORD, the order of, established in Portugal, 1807. 

CASTLEACRE PRIORY, Norfolk, built by William Warrenne, first Earl of 
Surrey, 1080. 

CASTLEBAR, Ireland, battle, in which a body of French troops defeated the 
English army, which was much more numerous, and forced it to retreat, Aug. 27, 
1 798 ; the French army was afterwards surrounded and surrendered, Sept. 8. 

CASTLE-CORNET, Guernsey, built, iioo. 

CASTLE-RISING CASTLE, Norfolk, built by William de Albini, first Earl of 
Sussex, 1 107. Isabella, Queen of Edward II., imprisoned 28 years, and died 
here, 1358. 

CASTLE-RUSHEN CASTLE, Isle of Man, built by the Danes, 960. 

CASTLES. The ancient Britons and Saxons built fortified towers or castles. The 
rage for building these edifices prevailed greatly in the reign of Rufus and Stephen ; 
they numbered 11 15. The conduct of the barons became so insolent, that in the 
reign of Henry II. upwards of 1000 were demolished, 1 154. The royal licence 
to fortify was necessary after this date. The White Tower of London is a paral- 
ellogram of 116 ft by 96, and 69 ft high. Gundulph's Keep, Rochester, is 70 ft 
square, and 104 ft high. An Inquisition on Castles, with a view of putting them 
in a defensive state, was held in the reign of Edward HI., and another in that of 
Henry VIII. Many were ordered to be dismantled by the parliament, temp. 
Cromwell. 

CASTOR CHURCH destroyed by lightning, June 5, 1795. 

CASWELL, Sir George, expelled the House of Commons for his conduct in the 
South Sea affair, March 20, 1720. 

CAT, the domestic, considered to have been introduced into England from Egypt 
at an early date. 



CATACOMB CATHEDRAL CHURCHES 135 

CATACOMB first applied to the chapel of St Sebastian, at Rome, in which the 
body of St Peter was deposited. The most extensive are those in the Via Appia, 
which extend for six miles. The earliest tablets discovered are dated a.d. 71 ; 
the latest date, 410. 

CATALOGUES : the earliest by Gesner, 1565 ; the first published in England, 1595. 
Catalogues Raisonnes: the greatest is that of the French 'Bibliotheque Royal,' 1739. 

CATALONIA, Spain, taken from the Romans by the Goths, a.d. 410 ; captured 
by the Saracens, 712 ; the sovereignty became hereditary, 1040, and united to 
Arragon by the marriage of Ramon Berenguer to the Queen Petronilla, 1 13 7; 
rebelled against Pedro III., 1277 and 1287 ; revolted against Juan II., 1460; 
taken by Louis XIII. , 1640 ; Arragon and Catalonia united to the kingdom of 
Castile, 1469 ; insurrection against the French, 1808 ; annexed to France, 1812 ; 
that power expelled, 1814. 

CATANIA, Sicily, founded by the Chalcidians of Naxos, B.C. 730; Dionysius 
took the city, B. c. 403 ; the Carthaginians captured it, B. c. 396 ; a flourishing 
city in Cicero's time, but afterwards ravaged by Sextius Pompeius ; destroyed by 
an earthquake, 1693, when 18,000 of the inhabitants are said to have perished j 
again, Feb. 22, 1817, many persons being destroyed ; and again, July 18, 1865 ; 
captured by the forces under Garibaldi, Aug. 20, 1862 ; and now united to Italy. 
The university founded, 1445. 

CATEAU, battle, in which the allies under Prince Coburg defeated the French, 
March 28, 1794. 

CATEAU CAMBRESIS, peace of, between France and Spain : to the last were 
ceded Savoy, Corsica, and nearly 200 places in Italy and the Low Countries, 1559. 

CATECPIISM first published in English, 1552 ; a short one by the Bishop of 
Winchester, 1604 ; ordered by James I. to be enlarged, 1612, by adding the doc- 
trinal points of the Church of England ; this was completed 1647. 

CATHEDRALS :— 

Cathedral Churches of England, 



St Asaph . . 
Choir, ditto 
Bangor 
Bath 
Bristol 

Canterbury- 
Carlisle . . 

Chester . . 
Chichester 
St David's 

Durham . . 

Ely 

Exeter 

Gloucester 
Hereford . . 
LandafF . . 

Lincoln . . 

Lichfield . . 
Norwich . . 

Oxford . . 



Date. 

1469 [ 

Rebuilt 1780 ( 
1496 
1530 West front 
1311 
1184 
1411 

"33 [ 

1350 \ 

1 120 
1 199 
1180 

1093 to 1126 \ 



Style. 



1088 to 1324 

1238 

1096 
Part iiig, 
Part 1 160, 



Gothic 

Gothic 

Gothic 

Gothic 

Gothic 

Saxon 

Gothic 

Saxon pillars, 

pointed arches 

Part Saxon 

Saxon and Gothic 

Part Saxon 

Saxon, pointed 

windows 

Saxon 

Saxon, Gothic 

windows 

Saxon pillars, 

Gothic windows 

Saxon 

Pointed arches, 

in ruins 

Gothic 

Gothic 
Saxon and Gothic 

Saxon 



Length. 

ft. 

179 

214 

21S 

171 
53° ext. 
S14 int- 



Dimensions. 

Breadth. 

ft. 

68 

60 
72 
72 



Height. 
ft. 



Spire 162 
Spire 229 



350 
386 
290 

473 

517 

383 
423 ext. 
408 int. 

325 

270 

463 
379 



Spire 271 
127 

Tower 215 



}«={ 



140 

Tower 
built 1460 (.225 
Tower J44 



(-176 
> (.5 



Cent. tow. 300 
West. do. 262 
Spire 252 ' 
Steeple 309 

144 



136 



CATHERINE 



CATTLE PLAGUE 

Style. Dimensions. 

Length. Breadth. 
ft. 

94 















/(. 


St Paul's, London 




1675 to 1710 




Grecian 


f 500 
1 240 


E. to W. 

N. to S. 


Peterborough . . 


{ 


970 
1 1 70 


f 
\ 


Saxon 
Gothic 


} 


426 


Rochester . . 




1130 




Saxon 




310 


Salisbury . . 




1220 




Gothic 




450 


Wells 

Winchester 


{ 


1239 
1079 
1366 


f 
1 


Gothic 
Part Saxon, 
Part Gothic 


} 


388 
53° 


Worcester 


{ 


1084 
1218 


} 


Gothic 




387 


York 




1327 




Gothic 




486 



Height. 
ft. 

365 



.156 
Spire 404, 
Nave 81 
Tower 166 



102 213 

CATHERINE, order of knighthood established in Palestine, 1063 ; order of nuns 
of St Catherine, 1373 ; order of ladies of the highest i"ank in Russia, founded by 
the empress of Peter the Great, 1714- 

CATHERINE-CREE CHURCH, London, rebuilt, 1629 ; consecrated, 1630. 

CATHERINE HALL, Cambridge, founded by Dr Woodlarke, 1473. 

CATHERINE-HILL CHAPEL, Surrey, built, 1230. 

CATHERINE of Arragon, Queen of Henry VIII. ; married, June 7, 1509 ; di- 
vorced. May 23, 1533. 

CATHERINE HOWARD, Queen of Henry VIII. ; married, July 28, 1540; di- 
vorced and beheaded, Feb. 13, 1541. 

CATHERINE PARR, married to Henry VIII., Jttly 12, 1543 ; again to Admiral 
Seymour, 1548 ; died in childbed, Sept. 7, 1548. 

CATHOLIC, a name given to the Universal Church; 'Catholic Majesty,' a title 
given first by Pope Gregory HI. to Alphonso I. of Spain, 739 ; bestowed on 
Ferdinand V., 1474, on account of his zeal for the Papal faith. 

CATILINE. The conspiracy of, to murder Cicero, the consul, and to burn the 
city, discovered, B.C. 63. Driven from Rome, Nov. 8 ; several of the leaders exe- 
cuted, Dec. 5. The consul Antonius sent against Catihne, who attempted to 
escape into Cisalpine Gaul, but was defeated and slain, with 3000 followers, early 
in the year B. C. 62. 
CAT ISLAND, one of the Bahamas, discovered by Columbus, 1492. 
CATO-STREET, Edgeware-road, Paddington, a diabolical conspiracy formed here 
by Thistlewood, having for its object the murder of the cabinet ministers who were 
expected to dine at Lord Harrowby's, 39, Grosvenor Square ; the plot was di- 
vulged by Edwards, and the destruction of the ministers prevented, Feb. 23, 
1820; Thistlewood executed at the Old Bailey, May i, 1820, with Ings, Bi'unt, 
Tidd, and Davison. 
CATSKILL MOUNTAINS, United States, woods in, between Ulster and Sul- 
livan counties, consumed, 1 81 6. 

CATTLE, importation of, from Ireland or Scotland into England, forbidden, 1663 ; 
admitted into England by statute, July 9, 1842, at a moderate duty from any 
country. Imports from Ireland, 1846, black cattle, 81,592 ; sheep, 100,366 ; 
swine, 381,744. 

CATTLE MARKET, Metropolitan, opened by Prince Albert, in Copenhagen 
Fields, June 13, 1855. 

CATTLE PLAGUE. A murrain broke out amongst the cattle in England, and 
thousands perished, 1348-9 ; a second broke out, 1480 ; a serious distemper 
which destroyed a great number of cattle visited this country, 171 5, and again 



CATWORTH CAYENNE 137 

from 1745 — 1757 ; commission appointed, Nov. 25, 1745 ; an act was passed to 
prevent the spread of the malady, 19 Geo. II. c. 5, Feb. 13, 1746; regulations 
by the council, March 12, 1746 ; an act passed to amend the former, 20 Geo. 11. 
c. 4, Feb. 13, 1 747 ; various regulations made to prevent contagious and infectious 
disorders among cattle, 11 & 12 Vict. c. 107, Sept. 4, 1848 ; amended 29 & 30 
Vict. c. 15, April 23, 1S66. The Black Death broke out in Austria, 1862; in 
Hungary, 1863 ; a serious murrain broke out in England, Jime 19, 1865 ; several 
orders in council passed to prevent the spread of the malady, Aug. Ii, 18, and 26 ; 
consolidated order, Sept. 22, 1865; commission appointed to inquire into its origin, 
Sept. 29, 1865; made their first report, Oct. 31, 1865; second report, Feb. 6, 1866; 
last act passed, 29 & 30 Vict. c. 2, Feb. 20, 1866 ; and for Ireland, c. 4, March 6 ; 
an act passed giving further facilities for the establishment of societies for the as- 
surance of cattle, 29 & 30 Vict. c. 34, June 1 1, 1866 ; first broke out in Ireland, at 
Drennan, May 14, 1866 ; partially disappeared, Dec, 1866; reappeared at Isling- 
ton, Feb. 1, 1867. The Contagious Disease Act, 30 & 31 Vict. c. 25, Aug. 20, 1867. 

CATWORTH, Huntingdon, greatly damaged by fire, Aug. 3, 1753. 

CAULIFLOWERS, first introduced and cultivated in England, 1603 ; brought 
from Italy, but not naturalized until 1670. 

CAUTIONARY TOWNS of the Dutch pledged to Queen Elizabeth, 1585 ; re- 
stored. May 27, 16 1 6. 

CAVALIERS, the adherents to the Stuarts in the war between Charles I. and his 
people, thus named in opposition to the Roundheads, or adherents of parliament, 
from 1642 to 1649. 

CAVALRY, used by the ancients ; first employed by the English, 1324; adopted by 
the French, 1445 ; the oldest regiment of cavalry in the English army is the 
Scotch Greys, raised, 1681; the battle of Rosbach, Nov. 5, 1757, and Wurzburg, 
July 25, 1796, were decided by this arm. 

CAVAN, Ireland, foraierly held by the Danes ; castle and monastery built by the 
O'Reilleys ; the to\vn nearly destroyed by fire, 1690 ; a cavalry battle took place 
here between the troops of King James and the Enniskilleners, in which the latter 
were successful ; made a bishopric, 1454. 

CAVENDISH, set out on his voyage to circumnavigate the globe, July 29, 1586 ; 
returned, Sept. 9, 1588. 

CAVENDISH SOCIETY instituted, for the publication of works upon chemistry 
and its allied sciences, 1846. 

CAWNPORE, Hindustan, ceded to the English government, 1801 ; the Sepoys 
revolted from their allegiance and committed fearful ravages upon the English 
residents, June 5-6, 1857 ; the English forces under Gen. Wheeler were besieged 
by the Sepoys under Nana Sahib, after an heroic resistance a treaty was signed 
permitting them to proceed to Allahabad, but upon their quitting their entrench- 
ments they were barbarously murdered, June 27 ; the rebels defeated by Gen. 
Havelock, July 16 ; Gen. Windham defeated by the Gwalior rebels, Nov. 27, 28 ; 
the rebels completely defeated by Sir Colin Campbell, Dec. 5, 6. 

CAWOOD CASTLE, Yorkshire, given by King Athelstan to Archbishop Wulstan, 
circa 930-2, the residence of the archbishops of York ; Cardinal Wolsey arrested 
here, 1530; destroyed by the Parliamentarians, 1645. 

CAXTON SOCIETY instituted, for the publication of chronicles and general 
literature of the middle ages, 1845. 

CAYENNE, or French Guiana, S. America, first settled by the French, 1635 ; 
abandoned by them, 1654, when the Dutch took possession, but were expelled by 
.the French, 1677 ; taken by the British, Jan. 12, 1809 ; restored to the French at 
the treaty of Paris, May 30, 18 14. 



138 CECILIA CEMETERIES 

CECILIA, ST, musical festival established in Rome by Clement VIIL, 1599. 
CEDAR CREEK, battle. The Confederates defeated the Federals with the loss 
of 24 gmis, but later in the day Gen. Sheridan renewed the battle and defeated 
the Confederates, capturing 54 gims and taking 1300 prisoners, Oct. 19, 1864. 
CEDAR MOUNTAIN, battle. The Confederates under Gen. Ewell and Jack- 
son defeated the Federal army under Gen. Pope, Aug. 9, 1862. 
CEDAR TREE, introduced into England, 1638 ; the red from N. America soon 
afterwards. The grove of trees known as the Cedars of Lebanon consisted of 
about 400 trees, 1739, above 6400 ft above the level of the sea ; one measured 
36 ft in circumference. The largest in England in the domain of the Earl of Pem- 
broke, 26 ft in circumference, planted, 1665. 
CELANO, Naples, inhabited by the Marsi, a most warlike people, and acknow- 
ledged to be the best soldiers in the Roman army ; they headed the Social War 
against Rome, B. C. 92. The Emissarium or drain begun by Claudius, who em- 
ployed 30,000 men at his own cost, was finished and opened, 1240; restored 
by Mr Gregory, 1854-60, at a cost of ;!f2i7,ooo. 
CELEBES, E. Archipelago, colonized by the Portuguese, 15 12, who were driven 
out by the Dutch, 1660 ; taken by the English, 181 1 ; ceded to the Dutch, 1816. 
CELERY, said to have been introduced into England by Count Tallard, when a 

prisoner in England after the battle of Blenheim, 1 704. 
CELESTINES, a religious order founded by Celestine V., 1254; suppressed, 1778. 
CELIBACY, enjoined by St Anthony in the Christian Church, 305 ; the doctrine 
rejected by the council of Nice, 325 ; taught by Bishop Oswald, in England, 972; 
enforced at a synod held by Pope Gregory VII., 1074 ; the interdiction confined 
to Presbyteri, Diaconi, et Subdiaconi, in England, 1108 ; the penalty of disobedi- 
ence was made deprivation, 1 138; confirmed, 1 1 75. 
CELTIC SOCIETY instituted at Dublin, for the publication of ancient Celtic 

literature, 1845. 
CELTS, the aboriginal inhabitants of Gaul and Britain, described by Caesar. 
CEMETERIES, or public burying-places, established in London : — 
Abney Park, 30 acres, opened. May 20, 1840. 
Bunhill Fields opened, 1665, and closed, 1852. 
General Cemetery Company established under the provisions of the 2 & 3 Will, 

lY. c. ex, July II, 1832 ; amended, 2 & 3 Vict. c. v.. May 14, 1839. 
Great Northern established, 18 & 19 Vict. c. clix, July 23, 1855. 
Highgate, 22 acres, consecrated and opened. May 20, 1839. 
Kensal Green, 53 acres, consecrated and opened, Nov. 2, 1832. 
London Necropolis and National Mausoleum Company, 350 acres, incorporated 
for establishing a cemetery at Woking, 15 & 16 Vict. c. cxlix., June 30, 1852 ; 
amended, 18 & 19 Vict. c. clxiii, July 23, 1855. 
London Cemetery Company established, 6 & 7 Will. IV. c. cxxxvi., Aug. 17, 1836 ; 

amended, 6 & 7 Vict. c. xxxvi.. May 31, 1843. 
London, the City of, at Ilford, erected pursuant to the 15 & 16 Vict. c. 85, July 
I, 1852 ; amended by the 20 & 21 Vict. c. 35, Aug. 10, 1857 ; laid out under 
the directions of Wm. Haywood ; unconsecrated ground opened, June 24, 1856 ; 
consecrated, Nov. 16, 1857; additional ground consecrated, Aug. 5; 1862. 
Nunhead, Peckham, 50 acres, consecrated, July 29, 1840. 
Norwood, or the South Metropolitan, established, 6 & 7 Will. IV. c. cxxix., July 

28, 1836 ; consecrated and opened, Dec. 6, 1837. 
Tower Hamlets, or the St Dunstan, Stepney, and St Leonards, Bromley, 30 acres, 
established, 4 & 5 Vict. c. Ixiii., June 21, 1841 ; consecrated and opened, Sept. 
4, 1 841. 



CENSORS CHALK FARM 139 

Westminster and West London, Earl's Court, 39 acres, established, i Vict. c. cxxx., 
July 15, 1837 ; consecrated and opened, June 15, 1840. 
CENSORS. The first two created at Rome for five years, B.C. 442; reduced to 

one year and a half, B.C. 433 ; chosen from the plebeians, B.C. 131 ; next in rank 

to the dictator. 
CENSUS, the, established by Servius Tullus at Rome,B.C. circa 570. An act of 

parliament passed, 41 Geo. III. c. 15, Dec. 31, 1800, directed a census to be 

taken in England, 1801. 

CENTRAL CRIMINAL COURT, established for the trial of offenders, 4 & 5 
Will. IV. c. 36, July 25, 1834, including Middlesex, and parts of Essex, Kent, 
and Surrey. Court House built, 1773 ; destroyed by the rioters, June 6, 1780; 
rebuilt, 1809 ; subsequently remodelled. 

CENTURY, a computation of time observed in ecclesiastical history, from the year 
of Christ I. First adopted in chronological history in France. 

CEPHALONIA, Mediterranean, taken by the Venetians, 1224 ; captured by the 
Turks, 1479; retaken by the Venetians, 1489; taken by the English, 1 809. 

CEREMONIES, Master of the, an officer appointed to regulate court and public re- 
ceptions, 1627 ; Sir John Finett appointed by the King ; Beau Nash appointed 
to that office at Bath, 1704. 

CEUTA, Africa, taken by John I., King of Portugal, from the Moors, 141 5 ; an- 
nexed to the Spanish dominions, 1580; 200 houses blown down, Feb. 15, 1751. 

CEYLON, Indian Ocean. This island early known to the Greeks and Romans ; 
discovered by the Portuguese, 1506; the first settlement made by them, 1517 ; 
the Dutch attacked the settlement, 1630, and again, 1638, defeating the Portu- 
guese ; the island captured by the English, 1795 ; tlie Dutch ceded the island to 
the English, 1796 ; massacre of the British at, June 26, 1803 ; the present form 
of government established, April, 1831, and March, 1833 ; rebellion broke out 
and suppressed with difficulty, 1843, and again, 1848; Sir Hercules G. R. Robin- 
son, knt. appointed governor, 1864. 

CH^RONEA, Greece. This town is celebrated in history as being the scene of 
three great battles: first, the Athenians defeated by the Boeotians, B.C. 447; 
second, the combined Athenians and Boeotians defeated by Philip, B.C. 338; 
third, the victory of Sulla, B. C. 86. 

CHAIN-BRIDGES, the first erected in England over the Tees, 1741 ; the finest 
specimen of this description of bridge built by Telford over the Menai Straits, 
1820. 

CHAIN-CABLES, first used in the royal navy, 1812. 

CHAIN-PIER, the first erected at Brighton, by Capt. Brown, 1822. 

CHAIN-PUMPS, first used on board ship, 1787. 

CHAIN-SHOT, invented by the Dutch admiral De Witt, 1666. 

CHAINS, hanging in, a punishment which came down among the in-ational 
customs which disgraced the Saxon ancestry of England ; it was abolished by 
William IV., 1834. 

CHAIRS, Sedan, covered vehicles for holding a single person ; introduced in Lon- 
don by Sir Sanders Duncomb, 1634 ; the sole privilege of making, using, and 
selling them granted to him for 14 years ; used by the Duke of Buckingham ; 
taxed, 1694; the number increased to 300, 10 Anne; also by George I. to 400; 
several acts passed for the regulation of the chair-men, 1772, 1786, and 1787. 

CHALK FARM, Hampstead, Sir Edmundsbury Godfrey murdered in the fields at, 
1678 ; Moore and Jeffrey fought a duel here, 1806. 



140 CHALGRAVE LORD HIGH CHANCELLOR 

CHALGRAVE, Oxfordshire, battle. Made memorable by the death of the famous 
Hampden in a skirmish, June i8, 1643. 

CHALON-SUR-SAONE, France, Edward I., attended by 1000 men at arms, 
was present at a tournament held here on his return from Palestine, 1273 ; dis- 
putes arising, the English attacked and defeated the French. The town invaded 
by the allies, 1 814. 

CHALONS-SUR-MARNE, France, fortified by the Romans ; Tetricus defeated 
by Aurelian at this town, 273 ; Attila, king of the Huns, defeated by Aetius, 
451; from the loth century formed a kind of independent state till 1360; 
cathedral built, 450 ; destroyed by fire and rebuilt, 1672. 

CHALUS, France. Richard I. was wounded in his shoulder with an arrow whilst 
besieging the castle of, March 26, 1199 ; died, April 8. 

CHAMBERLAIN. The office of Lord Chamberlain made hereditary in the 
family of De Vere in the reign of Flenry I., iioo ; descended to the family of 
D'Eresby, 1625. Chamberlain of the Household appointed, 1485. 

CHAMBER OF DEPUTIES, in France, established by Louis XVIIL, June 4, 
1814; dissolved, Sept. 5, 1816. 

CHAMBERY, Savoy, founded in the loth century ; remained under the feudal 
lords till 1230, when it was ceded to Thomas, first Count of Savoy, who built 
the castle, 1240 ; burnt, 1745, and again, 1798 ; restored, 1803 ; the town taken 
by the French, 1689 ; restored to Savoy, 1713 ; annexed to France, 1792 ; cap- 
tured by the Austrians, 1814 ; restored, 1815 ; ceded to France with Savoy by 
treaty, March 24, i860. 

CHAMBRE ARDENTE, in France, for the verification of all claims upon the 
government by public creditors, 1715 ; abolished, March, 171 7. 

CHAMBRE DES COMPTES, appointed for financial business by Philip IV. of 
France ; became sedentary at Paris, 13 19 ; suppressed, 1790. 

CHAMBRE DE L'EDIT, established by virtue of the edict of Nantes, 1598, to 
determine all causes between Protestants and Catholics ; suppressed by Louis 
XIV., 1669. 

CHAMOUNIX, Savoy, the village of, destroyed by fire, July 19, 1855. 

CHAMPION OF ENGLAND, anciently hereditary in the Marmion family; 
transferred to the Dymocke family by Richard II., 1377. 

CHANCELLOR, LORD HIGH, of England, the first lay oiTice of the state 
after the royal blood. This office in ancient times was generally filled by an 
ecclesiastic. Maurice, Bishop of London, appointed Lord Chancellor, 1078; Sir 
Thomas More, the first who decided causes upon his own judgment, 1530 ; Sir 
Christopher Hatton, 1587 ; Lord Burleigh, 1591 ; vSir Francis Bacon, 1617; 



1700 


Sir Nathan Wright 


1778 


Lord Thurlow 


1705 


Hon. William Cowper 


1793 


Lord Loughborough 


1707 


Lord Cowper 


1 801 


Lord Eldon 


I7IO 


Sir Simon Harcourt 


1806 


Hon. Thomas Erskine 


I7I3 


Lord Harcourt 


1807 


Lord Eldon 


I7I8 


Lord Parker 


1827 


Lord Lyndhurst 


1725 


Lord King 


1830 


Lord Brougham 


1733 


Hon. Charles Talbot 


1834 


Lord Lyndhurst 


1737 


Lord Hardwicke 


1836 


Lord Cottenham 


1757 


Lord Plenley 


1 841 


Lord Lyndhurst 


1762 


Lord Camden 


1846 


Lord Cottenham 


1770 


Hon. Charles Yorke 


1850 


Lord Truro 


I77I 


Hon. Henry Bathurst 


1852 


Lord St Leonards 



LORD HIGH CHANCELLOR CHAPEL 141 

1852 Lord Cranworth 1861 Lord Westbury 

1858 Lord Chelmsford 1865 Lord Cranworth 

1859 Lord Campbell 1866 Lord Chelmsford 

The ofi&ce of Lord Keeper and Chancellor united, 1562 ; Vice Chancellors 
appointed, 181 3. 
CHANCELLOR, LORD HIGH, of Ireland, the first created by Richard L, Ii86, 
Stephen Ridel. 

1702 John Methuen 1806 Hon. George Ponsonby 

1703 Sir Richard Cox 1 807 Lord Manners 
1707 Richard Freeman 1827 Sir Anthony Hart 
1714 Alan Brodrick 1830 Lord Plunket 

1725 Richard West 1841 Baron Campbell 

1726 Thomas Wyndham 1846 Hon. M. Brady 
1739 Robert Jocelyn 1852 Hon. F. Blackbume 
1757 Lord Bowes 1853 Hon. M. Brady 
1761 James Hewitt 1858 Joseph Napier 
1789 John Fitzgibbon, Earl of Clare 1859 Hon. M. Brady 
1802 Baron Redesdale 1866 Hon. F. Blackburne 

CHANCELLORSHIP, LORD, of Scotland, abolished, 1708. 

CHANCELLORS of Oxford and Cambridge since the Revolution. Of Oxford :— 
James Duke of Ormond, 1688; Earl of Arran, 1715 ; Earl of Westmoreland, 
1759 ; Earl of Lichfield, 1762; Lord North, Earl of Guildford, 1772 ; Duke of 
Portland, 1792; Lord Grenville, 1809; Duke of Wellington, 1834; Earl of 
Derby, 1852. Of Cambridge : — Duke of Somerset, 1688; Duke of Newcastle, 
1748; Duke of Grafton, 1768; Duke of Gloucester, 1811 ; Prince Albert, 1847; 
Duke of Devonshire, 1861. 

CHANCELLORS OF THE EXCHEQUER. See Exchequer. 

CHANCELLORSVILLE, battle. The Confederates under Gen. R. E. Lee 
defeated the Federals, 80,000 strong, under Gen. Hooker; in this battle Gen. 
Stonewall Jackson Vi'as killed ; the Federals lost 28,000 men. May i — 3, 1863 ; 
again defeated, with great loss, May 5, 6, 1864. 

CHANCERY. A court for the petitions and supplication of the king's subjects, and 
to make out writs, &c., under the king's seal, established in the reign of King 
Ethelbert, 605. — Seldeii. But the reign of Alfred is more generally considered to 
be the more correct date. In the time of William I. it was a college of clerks, 
instituted to form and enrol the king's writs, patents, and commissions ; abolished 
by the Barebone's Parlianient, 1653. The court remodelled by 15 & 16 Vict. c. 86, 
July I, 1852 ; and its practice amended, 16 & 17 Vict. c. 98, Aug. 20, 1853. An 
act passed to facilitate the business in the chambers of the judges and the offices 
of the registrars and accountant-general, 30 & 31 Vict. c. 87, Aug. 12, 1867. 

CHANCERY, Masters in, appointed in the reign of Richard I.; abolished by 15 & 
16 Vict. c. 80, June 30, 1852. 

CHANDERNAGORE, Hindustan, a factory established by the French, 1676 ; 

taken by Clive, March 23, 1757 ; restored, 1763 ; retaken, 1778 and 1793, and 

again, 1803 ; restored, 18 14. 
CHANTING psalms in churches adopted, in imitation of the Temple worship in 

primitive times ; introduced into the Roman Catholic service by Gregory the Great, 

602. 

CHAPEL, Knights of the, the poor knights of Windsor, instituted by Edward III., 
1348; re-established by Henry VII I., 1546; Elizabeth recol^structed the order, 
1559 ; the name changed to the Military Knights of Windsor, 1833. 



142 CHAPLET CHARLESTON 

C H APLET, a string of beads first used by the Romanists in reciting their prayers, 
1094, and came into general use about 1213. 

CHARING, a small village, 1353 ; first joined by streets to London, about 1678 ; 
new buildings where it stood commenced, 1829. The Cross, in the village of 
Charing, one of the crosses Edward I. erected where the body of Queen Eleanor 
rested on its way to interment, 1291 ; it was destroyed by the Long Parliament, 
1641 ; re-erected, 1865, by Barry. The statue of Charles I. placed at this spot, 
1633 ; taken down, 1641 ; restored by Charles II. 

CHARING CROSS HOSPITAL, instituted, 1818; built, Sept. 15, 1831. 

CHARING CROSS RAILWAY, opened to Greenwich, Dec. i, 1863. 

CHARITABLE CORPORATION, the, instituted, 1708; abolished, 1734; 
bequests to aid to enforce fulfilment of, formed by statute, 1764; the present 
under an act of 1800 ; board of commissioners in Ireland for, 1825 ; the Roman 
Catholic board for, act passed, 1844. 

CHARITIES OF ENGLAND, endowed and known to exist, amounted to 
^1,500,000 per annum, 1840. &i? Lowe's Charities. 

CHARITY COMMISSIONERS, appointed to inquire into the various charities of 
England, 1601 and 1853; the act amended, 1855. 

CHARITY SCHOOLS, in London, public, first founded, 1688; 6000 children 
assembled at St Paul's, May 2, 1782 ; 160 schools established within the bills of 
mortality between 1688 and 1767. 

CHARLEROI, Belgium, a Spanish fortress erected to overawe the Low Coun- 
tries, 1666-7; ceded to France, 1668; the Lower Town built by Louis XIV., 
1676 ; the town besieged by the Prince of Orange, 1672, and again, 1677 ; restored 
to Spain, Sept. 17, 1678 ; captured by the French, June 26, 1794 ; near this place, 
at Ligny, Bonaparte drove back the Prussians upon Wavre, just before the battle 
of Waterloo, June 16, 1815. 

CHARLES I., the son of James I., born at Dunfermline, Nov. 19, 1600; 
ascended the throne, March 27, 1625 ; married Henrietta Maria, a French 
princess, June 13 ; conducted to England by the Duke of Buckingham, June 22 ; 
erected his standard at Nottingham, the signal of the civil war, Aug. 22, 1642 ; 
delivered by the Scots to the English commissioners, Jan. 30, 1647 ; beheaded 
before the banqueting-house, Whitehall, Jan. 30, 1648-9 ; buried at Windsor, Feb. 
8. Public fast to be held annually on Jan. 30, in humiliation for the murder of, 
12 Car. II. c. 30, 1660; repealed, 22 Vict. c. 2, March 25, 1859. 

CHARLES II., eldest son of the above, bom at St James's Palace, May 29, 1630; 
succeeded to the throne de facto. May 29, 1660 ; married the Princess of Portugal, 
May 21, 1662 ; died, Feb. 2, 1685 ; buried at Westminster Abbey, Feb. 14. 

CHARLES HI. of Spain, order of, founded by that king, 1771 ; confirmed by 
Pope Clement XIV., Feb. 21, 1772; abolished by Joseph Bonaparte, 1808; 
restored, 18 14. 

CHARLESTON, Massachusetts, America, colonized by the English and French, 
1680-90; injured by a storm, 1761 ; burned by the British, Jan. 17, 1775; 
British fleet repulsed with loss at, June 28, 1776 ; taken by the British, May 7, 
1779; incorporated, 1847. 

CHARLESTON, S. Carolina, America, founded, 1672 ; chartered as a city, 1783 ; in- 
jured by an explosion, Aug. II, 1762 ; destroyed by a hurricane, Sept. 15, 1753 ; 
250 houses burned, and the town much damaged, Jan. 15, 1778; taken by the 
English, May 11, 1780; evacuated by them, 1783; partially destroyed by fire. 
May, 1796 ; negro insurrection at, 1822 ; the Federals attempted to block up the 
harbour by sinking 16 vessels laden with blocks of stone, Dec. 28, 1 861 ; Fort 



CHARLOTTE CHATHAM DOCKYARD 143 

Sumter surrendered to the South, Jan. 13, 1861 ; first attack upon, by the Federal 
fleet commanded by Commodore Ingraham, they were driven off, Feb., 1863 ; a 
second attack was made by Adm. Dupont, unsuccessfully, April 7 ; third attack 
under Gen. Gilmore, Morris Island taken, July 13, 1863 ; Fort Wagner bom- 
barded by the fleet for 12 hours ; the assaults of the army defeated with a loss of 
2000 killed and wounded, July 18 ; Fort Sumter bombarded by the fleet and 
batteries on Morris Island, and reduced to a ruin, but the Federals failed to 
capture it, Aug. 1 7 — 22 ; Greek fire thrown five miles into the city, Aug. 24 ; 
Forts Wagner and Gregg evacuated, Sept. 6 ; occupied by the Federals, 200 
guns and a large quantity of cotton captured, Feb. 17, 1865 ; a fire broke out, 
which destroyed 500 bales of cotton and several hundred prisoners, Feb. 17, 1865. 

CHARLOTTE, the Royal, a man-of-war of 100 guns, burned by accident at Leg- 
horn, and only 150 of the crew saved, March 16, 1800. 

CHARLOTTE'S, Queen, Island, S. Pacific, discovered by Capt. Wallis, 1767; a 
cluster with the same name discovered by Capt. Cartaret, 1767. 

CHART A, MAGNA, the great charter, extorted by the barons from King John, at 
a spot called Runnemede, five miles east of Windsor, June 5, 1215. 

CHARTER-HOUSE, or Chartreuse, founded by Sir Walter Manny, Knt., as a 
monastery of Carthusian monks, 1341 ; dissolved by Henry VIII.; sold by Lord 
Suffolk to Thomas Sutton, May 9, 161 1, for ;^i3,ooo ; instituted as a hospital 
and school by Thomas Sutton, June 22, 161 1 ; first meeting of the governors, 
June 30, 1613 ; opened, Oct., 1614 ; an act passed for removing the school into 
the country, 30 & 31 Vict. c. viii., Aug. 17, 1867. 

CHARTERS, the first granted by English kings to their subjects were those called 
' of rights,' by Edward the Confessor and Henry I., iioo. The rights and privi- 
leges of Magna Charta renewed by Henry IV., and many times confirmed. 
Charters to corporations were given by William I., 1067. 

CHARTISTS, the name of a party of political agitators in a humble way of life, 
whose views were developed in a document called ' The People's Charter,' which 
was agreed to by them, Aug. 6, 1838 ; presented to parliament, June 14, 1839 ; 
various disturbances occurred, 1848 ; meeting called at Kennington Common, 
April 10, 1848, but prevented by the authorities ; the Duke of Wellington in 
command of the forces to be employed in case of riot ; arrest of 20 of the 
ringleaders, Aug. 16 ; trial of, at the Old Bailey, Dowling, Cuffey, Fay, and 
others, transported for life, Sept. 30, 1848. 

CHARTRES, France, the ancient capital of the Carnutes and Celtic Gauls, at the 
Roman invasion; fortified in the iith century; taken by the English, and held by 
them until 1432; taken by Henri IV., 1591. 

CHARTS, first introduced into the marine service by Prince Henry, son of John I., 
king of Portugal, about 1400 ; brought to England by Bartholomew Columbus, 
1489 ; Mercator published a chart showing the meridians and parallels of latitude, 
1556. 

CHASSEPOT RIFLE, invented by M. Alphonse Antoine Chassepot, 1866 ; the 
French army ordered to be armed with them, Aug. 30. 

CHATHAM ADMINISTRATIONS, the first formed, 1757; the second formed, 
July 30, 1766 ; terminated, Dec, 1767. Statue erected to the Earl, in the Guild- 
hall of the city of London, 1 782. 

CHATHAM DOCKYARD, begim by Queen Elizabeth, circa 1580 ; removed to 
its present situation by Charles I., 1622. The Dutch fleet under Adm. De Ruyter 
attacked Upnor Castle, and attempted to get into Chatham, but failed, after burn- 
ing several vessels, June 10, 1667. A number of houses destroyed by fire, May 11, 



144 CHATHAM ISLANDS CHEMISTRY AND DISTILLATION 

1774. A charitable foundation, called the Sea Chest, instituted by Queen Eliza- 
beth, for the relief of wounded seamen, 1558; removed, July, 1803. 
CHATHAM ISLANDS, discovered by Capt. Broughton of His Majesty's ship 

Chatham, Nov., 1 791. 
CHATILLON, Congress of, held by the four great powers allied against France, 

Feb. 4, 1814; negotiations broken off, March 18. 
CHATSWORTH, Derby. The castle built by William Cavendish, 1580 ; Mary 
Queen of Scots confined in, 1570 ; Sir John Gell held it for the Parliament, but 
capitulated, Dec, 1643 ; it withstood the siege of 400 Parliamentarians under 
Col. Gell, for 14 days, Oct., 1645. The princely mansion of the Duke of Devon- 
shire was begim, April 12, 1687, and completed, 1706 ; upon the site of the castle 
the waterworks constructed, i6go — 93 ; entertained the King of Denmark here, 
Sept. 3, 1768, and Duke Nicholas of Russia, Dec. 8 and 9, 1816. 
CHATTANOOGA, America, evacuated by the Confederates, Sept. 10, 1863 ; the 
Federals defeated at, with a loss of 10,000 men, Sept. 19 — 21, 1863 : this is 
called the battle of Chicamauga. 
CHAUCER SOCIETY, established for the publication of the text of this poet's 

works, Jan., 1867. 
CHAUMONT, treaty of, concluded betv/een the allies and Napoleon, March i, 

1814. 
CHEAPSIDE CROSS, one of Queen Eleanor's crosses, built by Alexander Abing- 
don ; re-edified by John Hatherly, 1441 ; regilt, 1522; demolished. May 2, 1643. 
CHEATS, law enacted against, 1542 ; at play, to be punished as in cases of per- 
jury, 9 Anne, 1711. 
CHEESE. By the statute 9 Hen. VI. c. 8, 1430-31, the weight of a wey of cheese 

was ordered to contain 32 cloves, and every clove to contain 7 lb. 
CHELM, Poland, 375 houses and warehouses burned. May 4, 1788. 
CHELMSFORD, Essex, bridge built over the Chelmer by Bishop Maurice, iioo ; 

chuixh fell down, Jan. 17, 1800; prison built, 1777. 
CHELSEA, Middlesex. Pope Adrian's legates assembled a synod here upon the 
question of religious reformation in England, 785. The hospital built from the 
designs of Sir C. Wren ; the foundation-stone was laid by Charles II., March, 
1682; cost ;^ 1 50, 000. The college founded by King James I., May 8, 1610. The 
garden of physic given by Sir Hans Sloane to the Apothecaries' Company, 1721. 
The water-works incorporated, 1 722. The Military Asylum founded by the Duke 
of York, June 19, 1801. Suspension bridge, leading to Battersea Park, opened, 
March 28, 1858. 
CHELTENHAM, Gloucester, derives its importance from the mineral springs ; the 
oldest discovered, 1716 ; the old chalybeate spa opened, 1803 ; the Cambray dis- 
covered, 1807 ; the Alstone spa opened, 1809. The town of, injured by a storm, 
June, 1 731 ; visited by George III., July 12, 1788; new theatre erected, 1804; 
new wells sunk by Thompson, 1806 ; magnesian salt discovered at, 181 1 ; made a 
borough under the Reform Bill, 1832 ; the grand stand broke down on the race- 
course at the spring meeting, April 13, 1866, when 300 persons were buried in 
the debris, many being severely wounded. 
CHEMISTRY AND DISTILLATION, introduced into Europe by the Moors, 
1 1 50, who obtained the art from Egypt. Hydraulic chemistry invented, 1 746. 
Many important discoveries since made ; the latest by Messrs Bunsen and Kirch- 
hoff, by means of the spectrum analysis. Dr Miller's recent publication of the 
Elements of, 1862, and Watts's Dictionary, 1866, are the best works upon this im- 
portant branch of science. The Royal College of, instituted, 1845. The Chemical 
Society of London, instituted, 1841. Journal of the Society published, 1842, 



CHEPSTOW CHESTER 145 

CHEPSTOW, Monmouthshire. The castle built by William Fitzosborne, Earl of 
Hereford, 1070 ; besieged but not taken by the Parliamentarians, 1645 ; Henry 
Martin, the regicide, imprisoned hei'e. Boat near the town upset, and five ladies 
and gentlemen drowned, Sept. 22, 1812 ; Howick fann, near, burned, Oct., 1815. 

CHERBOURG, France, captured by the English under Henry V. after a three months' 
siege, 141 8 ; retaken by Charles VH., 1450 ; naval engagement between the 
English and French, May 19, 1692, off Cape la Hogue, the latter defeated, losing 
21 vessels ; forts and arsenal of, destroyed, June 7, 1758 ; works at, resumed by 
Louis XVI. ; breakwater at, begim, 1781. Napoleon I. converted the bay into an 
arsenal of the highest rank ; opened by the Empress Maria Louisa, 1813 ; works 
of, proof against any armament whatever, 1850; further strengthened by Napoleon 
TH., and the docks opened, Aug. 5, 1858, in the presence of the Queen and 
Prince Albert ; naval action off, between the Kearsage and the Alabama, June 
20, 1864; visit of the English Fleet to, Aug. 14, 1865 ; banquet to, Aug. 15. 

CHEROKEES, a nation of Indians in N. America ; their territories surrendered 
by treaty, 1 729 ; seven chiefs visited England, 1 730 ; three in 1 762. 

CHERRIES, introduced from Pontus to Rome, B.C. 70 ; first planted in England, 
100 ; peculiar kind brought from Flanders into Kent, 1540, from the Canary Is- 
lands to Affane, in Ireland, by Sir Walter Raleigh. 

CHERTSEY ABBEY, Surrey, founded by Frithwald, Earl of Surrey, 666. 

CHESAPEAKE BAY, N. America, first settlement founded, 1607. 

CHESAPEAKE, battle, between the British and French, when the former were 
forced to retire, 1781 ; bay of, blockaded by the English, i8i2 ; American frigate 
so called, struck to the Shannon, June i, 1813. 

CHESS, game of, invented by the Hindoos at a very early period ; afterwards 
adopted by the Persians, B. C. 680 ; introduced into England in the 5th century. 
Caxton's Game of Chess published, 1474 ; the celebrated Philidor, who played 
two games at once blindfolded, died in London, 1 795 ; automaton chess-player 
exhibited in London, 1822 ; a game played by telegraph between Mr Staunton 
in Gosport and several players in London, April 10, 1845. 

CHESS CLUBS. The first met at Slaughter's coffee-house, St Martin's Lane, 
1747 ; shortly after another was founded at the Salopian coffee-house. Charing 
Cross ; and a few years later another at the Thatched House Tavern, St James's 
Street. The London Chess Club (1807) formerly met at Tom's coffee-house, 
Birchin Lane, Comhill. St George's Club in Cavendish Square, 1841, since re- 
moved to 53, St James's Street. 

CHESTER, Bishopric ; a bishop of Lichfield once removed to Chester, 1072, and 
occasioned his successors to be called bishops of Chester and Coventry ; not made 
a distinct bishopric till the dissolution of the monasteries, 1541. Cathedral part of 
the abbey church of St Werburgh founded, 670 ; enlarged, II20, part Saxon, 372 
ft long, 74 ft broad. 

CHESTER, England. The Roman occupation began, a.d. 46, and ceased, 446, 
when it reverted to the Britons ; taken by the Saxons, 828 ; destroyed by the 
Danes, 895. The castle built by Hugh de Lupus, 1080 ; the Earl of Derby after- 
wards ; Henry IV. confined in, 1580-99 ; Richard II., and also Margaret, Count- 
ess of Richmond, confined here ; rebuilt, 1 790 ; suffered greatly from the plague, 
1634; besieged by Sir W. Brereton, 1645, the garrison bemg commanded by 
Lord Byron ; the Royalists under Sir Marmaduke Langdale defeated, Feb. 3, 
1646 ; surprised by Sir George Booth, 1659. St John's church built, 689 ; water 
tower, 1322 ; nearly destroyed by fire, 1471 ; fatal gunpowder explosion at, Nov. 
5, 177^) by which many persons were killed ; the Exchange and Town-hall erected, 
1695-8 ; burnt, Dec. 30, 1862 ; threatened attack by the Fenians upon the castle 
defeated, Feb, 11, 1867; opening of Grosvenor Park, by the Marquis of West-, 

10 



146 ^CHETHAM SOCIETY CHILTERN HUNDREDS 

minster, who presented it to the town with a rent charge of a ;i^ioo a year to keep 
it in repair, Nov. 6, 1867 ; the courts of, regulated by 30 & 31 Vict. c. 36, July 
15, 1867. 

CHETHAM SOCIETY, instituted for the publication of historical and literary re- 
naains connected with the Palatine counties of Lancaster and Chester, 1843. First 
work published in 1844. 

CHEVAUX DE FRISE, first employed at the siege of Groningen, 165^. 

CHICAHOMINY, battles. The Federal anny under Gen. McClellan, and the 
Confederate commanded by Gen. Lee ; the former defeated in five battles, losing 
20,000 men, killed and wounded, 53 pieces of artillery, and immense stores of 
every description, June 25, 26, 29, 30, and July i, 1862. 

CHICAMAUGA, battles. The Federals under Gen. Rosencrans were defeated 
by the Confederates commanded by Gen. Bragg, with a loss of 10,000 men, 
Sept. 19, 20, 1863 ; the Confederates captured 7000 prisoners, 36 pieces of 
artillery, and 15,000 small arms. 

CHICHESTER, Sussex, a city of remote antiquity, destroyed by the Saxons, 491 ; 
rebuilt by Cissa, 540 ; the city taken by the Parliamentarians, 1643 ; the fortifi- 
cations destroyed by order of the Long Parliament, 1648 ; the cathedral erected, 
1 108 ; destroyed by fire, 1114 ; rebuilt, 1125 ; again burned with the city, 1189 ; 
rebuilt by Seffrid, 1199; the central tov/er erected by Bishop Neville, 1222; 
Saxon and Gothic, 386 ft long, 92 ft broad; spire 271 ft high, erected, 1387; 
blown down, Feb. 21, 1861 ; and rebuilt by Gilbert Scott, 1865-6 ; made a 
bishopric at Selsey, 709 ; removed by Stigand, the 23rd bishop, to Chichester, 1070. 

CHICORY came into use in Germany and France in the 17th century ; introduced 
into England, 1808 ; import duty the same as colonial coffee, 1832 ; permitted to 
be sold mixed with coffee, 1840 ; soon after cultivated in England ; permission to 
sell mixed with coffee rescinded, 1852, but ultimately allowed to be mixed, but 
to be labelled a mixture of chicory and coffee ; the duty upon, fixed at 6s. per cwt., 
i860; increased to 12s., 1861. 

CHIGNONS, a description of how to fasten on this false hair pubHshed in 1782. 
This barbarous fashion revived in 1866. 

CHILDREN, English, forbidden to be sold by their parents for slaves, by Canute, 
1017. Hospital for, instituted, 1851. Home for convalescent, opened, 1858. 

CHILHAM CASTLE, Kent, built by Fulbert, 1085, and rebuilt by Sir Dudley 
Digges, 16 1 6. 

CHILI, S. America, discovered by Almagro, 1535 ; partly subdued, 1546 ; the 
struggle with the Spaniards closed by a treaty, 1 722 ; revolted against the Spanish 
power, 1772; declared their independence, Sept. 18, 1810 ; invaded by the Royal 
troops, 1813 ; defeated these forces, Feb. 12, 181 7 ; their independence recog- 
nized, 1823; fresh outbreak of factions, 1826; peace restored, 1852; commercial 
treaty with Gt Britain, Oct. 4, 1856 ; Don Perez elected president, Sept. 7, 1861 ; 
declared war against Spain, Sept. 29, 1865 ; the church of La Compania, at San- 
tiago, burnt with 2000 persons, Dec. 8, 1865. 

CHILLI AN WALLAH, battle, in India, Jan. 13, 1849 ; the Sikhs were beaten, 
but not without prodigious loss on the part of the British army, from an attack 
made too precipitately ; 26 officers were killed, 66 wounded, and 731 men killed, 
and 1446 wounded ; the Sikh loss was far more considerable. 

CHILLINGHAM CASTLE, Northumberland. The seat of the Hebburns, temp. 
John, 1200; three of the towers rebuilt, tej/ip. Henry HI., 1230. Altered by 
Inigo Jones, about 1652 ; it passed into the possession of Lord Ossulton by mar- 
riage, 1695. 

CHILTERN HUNDREDS. The Chiltern Hills are a range of chalk eminences, 



CHIMNEYS CHINA 147 

separating the counties of Bedford and Hertford, passing through the middle of 
Bucks, from Tring in Hertfordshire to Henley in Oxfordshire. An officer, called 
the Steward, appointed to put down the robbers who took up their abode here, in 
later years ; a member of the House of Commons, not in any respect disqualitied, 
can only vacate his seat by accepting some nominal office ; hence the Stewardship 
of the Chiltern Hundreds, in the gift of the Chancellor of the Exchequer, is given 
to a member who desires to vacate his seat. The practice begun about 1750. 

CHIMNEYS, first introduced into England, 1200, and confined to kitchen and 
hall, there often being but one, and that generally in the middle of the building, 
in 1300, after which they became more common. A tax levied upon, called 
hearth-money, 13 & 14 Car. II. c. 10, 1662 ; abolished, i Will. & Mary, c. 10, 
1688. 

CHIMNEY-SWEEPERS, act to regulate the trade, 1789; the statute repealed, 
and regulations passed respecting, 1834; no apprentices to be taken by masters 
under sixteen years of age, 3 & 4 Vict. c. 85, Aug. 7, 1840; after July, 1842, no 
one to enter a chimney under 21 years of age; more stringent regulation made 
by 27 & 28 Vict. c. 37, June 30, 1864. 

CHINA, Asia. This ancient kingdom visited by the Portuguese, 1517 ; 15 times 
as large as England and Ireland, with as many inhabitants as all Europe ; said to 
have been an empire 2500 years before Christ ; the history becomes distinct, B.C. 
700, or about 65 1 ; Confucius flourished there, B.C. 551 ; great wall completed, 
B.C. 211 ; the art of block printing known, B.C. 202 ; creed of Tao-tsi general, 
B.C. 15 ; religion of Fo introduced, A. D. 65 ; Nankin the capital, 420 ; Nestorian 
Christians admitted, 635 ; extirpated, 845 ; seat of government transferred to Pekin, 
1260 ; the gi'eat Yu Ho canal commenced, 1400 ; Europeans arrived at Canton, 
1517 ; Macao granted as a settlement to the Portuguese, 1537 ; Jesuit missionaries 
sent there by the pope, 1576 ; conquered by the Eastern Tartars, 1649 ; earth- 
quake at Pekin destroys 300,000 persons, 1662 ; the Jesuits preach Christianity, 
1662 ; are expelled, 1724; Russia permitted to trade, 1689; a Russian embassy 
visited, 1693 ; the East India Company settled a factory here, 1699 ; a treaty 
concluded with Russia, 1727; a second earthquake destroying 100,000 persons 
at Pekin, and 80,000 in a suburb ; a shot from one of the India ships was 
accidentally fired and a native killed, the gunner was demanded, given up, and 
strangled, 1785 ; Macartney's embassy to, Sept. 14, 1793 ; ordered away, Oct. 3, 
1793; reached England, Sept. 6, 1794; the first American Consul received at 
Canton, 1802; edict against Christians, 1812 ; Lord Amherst's embassy, 1816 ; 
refused the court ceremony of the Kou-tou, and returned ; exclusive rights of East 
India Company to cease, April 22, 1834 ; free-trade ships first sail for England 
with tea, April 25, 1834 ; Lord Napier arrived as a resident superintendent, July 
25, 1834 ; died Oct. 11 ; affray between two English vessels and natives, several 
Chinese killed, Sept. 5, 1834 ; opium trade interdicted by the Chinese, Nov. 3, 
1834 ; Argyle ship and crew seized by the Chinese, Jan. 31, 1835 ; opium burned, 
at Canton by the Chinese, Feb. 23, 1835 ; Sir F. Maitland arrived at Macao, 
July 12, 1838; an edict issued to seize opium, by Lin, March 18, 1839; British 
residents forbidden to leave Canton, March 19, 1839 ; factories outraged, March 
24, 1839; the resident, Capt. Elliot, required IBritish subjects to deliver to him all 
their opium, promising full value for it from the government, March 27, 1839 ; 
half is given up as contraband to the Chinese, April 20, 1839, and the rest, 20,283 
chests, aftenvards sun"endered. May 21 ; the resident and merchants left Canton, 
May 24, 1839 ; a native killed in an affray between the natives and the British and 
American seamen, July 7, 1839 ; a British boat attacked by the natives, and the 
crew murdered, Aug. 24, 1839 ; British merchants left Macao, Aug. 26, 1839 ; 
Junks, 28 in all, attacked two British frigates, and several blown up, Nov. 3, 
1839 ; Biitish trade stopped by an imperial edict, Dec. 6, 1839, and for ever, Jan. 



^S CHINA 

5, 1840 ; Hellas ship of war attacked, May 22, 1840 ; fire-rafts sent against the 
British vessels, June 9, 1 840; Canton blockaded by the British, June 28, 1840; 
city and island of Chusan captured by the English forces under Gen. Burrell, Aug. 
5, 1840 ; Mr Stanton seized and carried to Canton, Aug. 6, 1840 ; Capt. Elliot, 
in a steamer, entered the Pei-ho river, near Pekin, Aug. 11, 1840 ; crew of the 
Kite shipwrecked, with captain's wife on board, and confined in cages, Sept. 15, 

1840 ; the mandarin Lin d'egraded ; negotiations commenced, Nov. 6, 1840 ; Mr 
Stanton released, Nov. 10, 1840 ; negotiations broken off, Jan. 6, 1841 ; Chu-en- 
pe and Tae-coc-tow taken with 173 guns ; Hong-kong ceded to the English, and 
6,000,000 of dollars agreed to be paid to England within ten days, Jan. 20, 1841 ; 
formal possession of Hong-kong taken, Jan. 26, 1841 ; the treaty rejected at 
Pekin, Feb. II, 1841 ; hostilities resumed, Feb. 22, 1841 ; Bogue Forts taken, 
with 459 guns, and Adm. Kwan killed ; the British sail up to Canton, March i, 

1 841 ; the commissioner Keshen degraded, March 12, 1841 ; a Chinese boat 
flotilla destroyed ; Canton threatened ; the foreign factories seized, and 461 gims 
taken, March 18, 1841 ; new commissioners arrived from Pekin at Canton, April 
14, 1841 ; Canton taken, and ransomed for 6,000,000 dollars, 5,000,000 paid 
down, and the British forces Mathdrawn, June i, 1841 ; trade re-opened, July 16, 
1841 ; Sir Henry Pottinger arrived ; Capt. Elliot superseded, Aug. 10, 1841 ; 
Amoy taken, and 296 gims destroyed, Aug. 26, 1841 ; Bogue Forts destroyed, 
Sept. 14, 1841 ; city of Zing-hae taken, and Chusan occupied, Oct. i, 1841 ; 
Chin-hae taken, Oct. 10, and Ning-po, Oct. 13, 1841 ; three other towns cap- 
tured, Dec. 28 ; a Chmese army of 12,000 men attacked Ning-po, and were 
routed, March 10, 1842 ; again 8000 near Tsze-kee, March 15, 1842 ; Cliapoo 
defences destroyed, May 18, 1842 ; the British ships enter the river Kiang, June 
13, 1842 ; Woosung taken, June 16, 1842, and Shang-hai, June 19 ; the squad- 
ron anchored near the Golden Island, July 20, 1842 ; the city of Chin-keang-foo 
taken, where the Tartar genera! and many of his gai'rison committed suicide, July 
21, 1842 ; the advanced ships reach the city of Nankin, Aug. 4, 1842 ; and the 
disembarkation of troops commenced, Aug. 9, 1842; Key-ing arrived to treat for 
peace, Aug. 15, 1842 ; treaty of peace signed before Nankin, on board the Corn- 
wallis, by Sir H. Pottinger for England, Key-ing, and Neu-kian for China, Aug. 
29, 1842 ; China to pay 21,000,000 of dollars, part down, and the rest within 
three years, and the island of Hong-kong ceded in perpetuity ; five ports of China 
to be open to England, &c., and ratified by the emperor, Sept. 8, 1842 ; by Queen 
Victoria exchanged with the emperor, July 22, 1843 5 the commercial treaty or 
tariff adjusted, Oct. 8, 1843 ; a supplementary treaty signed, April 4, 1846 ; Hong- 
Kong made the government station, June 26, 1843 ; Bougue Forts taken by 
the British to obtain redress for insults, April 5, 1847 ; a dreadful typhoon visited 
Hong-Kong, 1000 boat-dwellers drowned in the Canton river, Oct., 1848 ; a great 
piratical fleet of 37 sail under Shapng-tsai, destroyed by the fleet under Com- 
mander Hayes, Jan. 21, 1850 ; death of the Emperor Faou-kwan, Feb. 25, 
1850 ; the steam-ship Medea destroyed 13 pirate junks in the Chinese seas, March 
4, 1850; the Taeping rebellion broke out, Oct. 3, 1850 ; a fleet of pirate junks 
destroyed by H. M.S. Columbine and Fury, in the Bay of Tonquin ; the Tae- 
ping rebels defeated, April 11, 1851 ; they took Woo-chang, Jan. 12, 1853, and 
Amoy, March 18 ; captured Shang-hai, Sept. 7 ; defeated by the Imperialists at 
Canton, March 6, 1854; Woo-chang taken, June 26, 1856; a Lorcha, or small 
trading vessel under the British flag, seized by the Chinese authorities ; this led 
to the second war, Oct. 8, 1856 ; Canton attacked by the English on accormt of 
the seizure of this vessel, Oct. 24, 1856 ; the city taken, but the troops withdrawn 
at sunset, Oct. 29 ; bombarded by the fleet, Nov. 8 ; the Bogue Forts taken, Nov. 
13 ; the Anhunghoy Fort, Nov. 13 ; the factories destroyed, Dec. 14, by the 
natives ; Canton burnt by the Chinese, Jan. 6, 1857 ; an attempt to destroy all 
the Europeans with poisoned bread at Hong-Kong, Jan. 15 ; the celebrated 



CHINA CHITORE 149 

Porcelain tower destroyed, Feb. 10 ; the whole fleet of war junks destroyed in 
the Canton river, May 14 ; Canton attacked by the fleet, June 12 ; the Earl of 
Elgin appointed special Ambassador, April 21, 1857 ; arrived at Hong-Kong, 
July ; the French Ambassador, Baron Gros, arrived on Dec. 28 ; Canton captured by 
the allied fleets, Dec. 29 ; Commissioner Yeh taken prisoner, Jan. 5 ; arrived at 
Calcutta, March 19, 1858 ; conference at Shanghai, of the representatives of Great 
Britain, France, Russia, and the United States, the reply of the Chinese govern- 
mentnot being satisfactory it was resolved to proceed to Tien-tsin, March 30, 1858 ; 
forts at the mouth of the Peiho taken by the allies. May 19, 1858 ; the passage of 
the river forced, May 21 ; the city of Ningpo taken by the rebels. May 31, 1858 ; 
treaty of Tien-tsin signed, June 26 ; Fort Namtow destroyed, Aug. 1 1 ; treaty 
with Russia signed, June 13, 1859 ; the allied fleet repulsed at the entrance of the 
Peiho river, on their way to Pekin, and lost 450 men, June 25, 1859 ; Baron 
Gros and Lord Elgin arrived at Hong-Kong, June 21 ; the Taku forts at the 
mouth of the Peiho taken by the allies, Aug. 21 ; Tien-tsin occupied, Aug. 23 ; 
the army proceeded to Pekin, Sept. 9 ; Commissioner Parkes, de Norman, and 
Bowlley ( Times' correspondent}, and party of 26, treacherously made prisoners 
under a flag of truce, Sept. 18 ; their release demanded ; the Summer Palace of 
the emperor sacked, Oct. 6 ; Mr Parkes and 17 prisoners given up, Oct. 8, and 
the bodies of de Norman, Anderson, and the Times' correspondent, Oct. 16 ; the 
allies arrived before Pekin, Oct. 12 ; the Chinese Government submits and 
peace concluded, Oct. 24 ; the allied forces left Pekin, Nov. 5 ; treaty concluded 
between China and Russia, Nov. 14 ; Mr Bruce took up his residence at Pekin ; 
the Imperialists defeated v/ith a loss of 10,000 men, May, i860 ; Soo-chow cap- 
tured by the Tae-pings, under Chung- Wang, May 24 ; and Hang-chow taken ; 
proclamation of the English consul to defend Shanghai, May 26 ; the rebels 
defeat a small European force under Ward, Aug. 2 ; attacked Shanghai, Aug. 
18, 19, unsuccessfully; Hwang-chow captured by them, March 18, i86i ; the 
Emperor Hein-fung died at Je-hol, Tartary, Aug. 21 ; Ki-Tsiang succeeded to 
the throne, Aug. 22, 1861 ; the coup d^etat of Prince Kung, Nov. 2 ; the rebels 
capture Ningpo, Dec. 9 ; an allied force proceeded against the Tae-pings and de- 
feated them at Shanghai, March i, 1862; they retake Nekio, May 17; Macao 
ceded to the Portuguese, Aug. 13 ; the rebels defeated with great loss at Nakin, 
their leader Tieng-wang killed, July 19, 1864; Sir Richard R. Alcock, K.C. B., 
appointed Envoy Extraordinary and chief superintendent of British trade, April 
II, 1865 ; the Imperialsts defeated the rebels with great loss, 1866. 
CHINA APPLE, brought to England, 1780. 

CHINA ROSE, or Rosa Indica, first planted successfully in England, 1786, being 
brought from Asia. 

CHIN-KEANG-FOO, China, captured by the EngHsh, July 21, 1842 ; taken by 

the Tae-pings, April i, 1853. 
CHINS URA, Hindustan, taken by the English, 1795 ; restored to the Dutch, 

1814 ; ceded to England, March 17, 1824. 
CHIPPEWA, battle of, the British troops under Gen. Riall defeated by the 

Americans under Gen. Browne, July 5, 1814; the Americans defeated by the 

British, July 25. 
CHIPPENHAM, Wilts, seized by the Danes, 878 ; made a chartered town, 1554 ; 

its privileges taken away by Charles II., 1684 ; restored by James II., 1685. 

CHISHALL, or Great Chishall, Essex, upwards of 100 houses damaged at, Feb. 
22, 1798. 

CHITORE, Hindustan, taken by the Emperor of Delhi, 1303 ; surrendered to 
Bahadur Shah, King of Guzerat, 1533 ; captured by the Emperor Akbar, 1567, 
after the defenders had sacrificed their women and children ; retaken by the 



ISO CHITTLEDROOG CHOLERA MORBUS 

chief of Odeypoor, 1680 ; 6;^ temples being destroyed, taken and held by the 
Bheem Singh for some years afterwards ; restored to the Rana of Odeypoor, 
1790. 

CHITTLEDROOG, Hindustan, Hyder Ali besieged this town, but unsuccessfully, 
1776, but obtained possession by bribery, 1779. 

CHITTOOR, Hindustan, assaulted and taken by Hyder Ali, 1780 ; retaken by 
Sir Eyre Coote, Nov. 10, 1781 ; ceded to the British, 1801. 

CHIVALRY, its connection with the crusades, iioo; it declined very much during 
the reigns of King John and Henry III., but revived under Edward I., 1274; 
courts of, established in Europe as early as 900, and extended their jurisdiction 
over all matters of courtesy, and honour, and knighthood ; authority defined by 
13 Rich. II., 1389. 

CHLORINE, discovered by Scheele, 1774; Gay Lussac and Thenard published 
their experiments, 1809 ; Mr F. Smith invented an apparatus for making it, 1847. 

CHLOROFORM, discovered, 1832 ; first used by Dr Simpson, of Edinburgh, as 
an anesthetic agent, 1848. 

CHOBHAM, Surrey, Camp at, first formed, June 14, 1853 ; the troops reviewed 
at, by Her Majesty Victoria and the King of Hanover, June 21. 

CHOCOLATE, introduced into Europe, from Mexico, 1520 ; sold in the London 
coffee-houses, 1650. 

CHOCOPE, S. America. A violent rain visited this town for 40 nights, from five 
o'clock in the evening till about the same hour in the morning, 1726 ; a similar 
phenomenon occurred for 12 days, 1728. 

CHOLERA MORBUS, or 'Indian Cholera,' to distinguish it from the English dis- 
ease called Cholera, is said to have appeared first at Jessore, in Bengal, iSi 7 ; from 
thence it travelled south-west to the Mauritius, 181 9 ; south-east to Timor, which 
it reached, 1823, by Rangoon, Sumatra, and Java ; Manilla, 1820; Pekin, 1821, 
by way of Tonkin, Canton, and Nankin ; visiting most of the large towns of 
Hindustan, it reached Lahore by Delhi, 1827 ; and thence through Cabul to 
Oranburg, which it visited, 1823, 1827, 1829, and 1830, but does not appear to 
have passed westward from thence. From Bombay, 1818 and 1830, it was 
traced up the Persian Gulf to Ispahan and Yezd in one direction, and so north- 
wards to Teflis, 1830, and to Astracan, 1823 and 1830 ; whence it travelled to 
Odessa, 1830; to Moscow, 1830; to Dantzic and Warsaw, 1831 ; and from 
Dantzic to Hamburg. A second branch of its Bombay career passed to Bassora, 
1 82 1, Bagdad, Aleppo, and Damascus. In England it appeared first at Sunder- 
land, as supposed via Hamburg, Oct. 26, 1831 ; vessels from Sunderland arriv- 
ing at the Nore were ridiculously ordered to perform* quarantine, Dec. 4, 1831, 
while the roads on shore were open for passengers as usual ; the disease appeared 
in Edinburgh first on Feb. -6, 1832 ; it was fii^st observed at Rotherhithe and 
Limehouse, in London, Feb. 13, and in Dublin, March 3, 1832 : the mortality 
was considerable, but not at all equal to that on the Continent. It reached Paris 
between March and Aug., 1832, and 18,000 were destroyed by it. It raged in 
Rome, the Two Sicilies, Genoa, Berlin, and other European localities, July and 
Aug., 1837. In 1848-9, the cholera again visited England ; the number of deaths 
in London for the week ending Sept. 15, 1849, was 3183, the average being only 
1008 ; the number of deaths by cholera alone, from June 17 to Oct. 2, in the same 
year, was in London, 13,161 ; then the mortality sank and finally terminated 
about Oct. 13, 1849 ; total number of deaths 14,497 ; visited England, 1853-4 5 
finally ceased, 1856 ; Paris, 1865 ; revisited London with great violence, ;^7o,ooo 
collected by the Lord Mayor for the relief of the sufferers, July and Aug., 1866. 
In Sicily, 1837, the 7th of June to 6th of Aug., the number of deaths amounted 
to 23,546 ; till the ist of July an account was kept of the number of cases, but 



CHRISM CHRISTIANITY 151 

after that the disorder raged with such fury that it was scarcely possible to register 
even the deaths. At the first appearance of the pestilence, Palermo contained 
200,000 inhabitants, including strangers ; about 40,000 fled, so that if the deaths 
are considered with respect to the 160,000 souls that remained, it appears that in 
two months more than a seventh part of the whole population died. Of the 
higher classes and church dignitaries, 1 20 fell victims ; among these were Marchese 
Artale, President of the Supreme Court of Appeal, and the celebrated Abbate 
Scina ; of the parochial clergymen of Palermo only one survived, and of the nuns 
of the convent of Martorana not one remained alive. 

CHRISM, the consecrated oil used in the Primitive Church, St James v. 14 ; 
certain perfumes were infused in the liquid, 1541 ; it was ordered at one time that 
oil and balsam alone should be used, the one to represent Christ's human nature, 
the other his divine, 1596. 

CHRIST, order of knighthood of, in Portugal, 131 7 ; confirmed by Pope John 
XXII. , March 14, 1319. 

CHRIST'S COLLEGE, Oxford, founded by Cardinal Wolsey, 1524; the library 
completed, 1761 ; damaged by fire to the extent of /'l2,ooo, March 3, 1S09 ; 
several ordinances made for the government of, repealed by 50 & 31 Vict. c. 76, 
Aug. 12, 1867. 

CHRIST'S COLLEGE, Cambridge, founded 1442 ; endowed by Margaret, 
Countess of Richmond, 1505. 

CHRIST'S HOSPITAL, London, founded, 1552, upon the site of the monastery 
of the Grey Friars ; the charter of, foundation of Edward VI., is dated June 26, 
1553 ; a mathematical ward added by Charles II., 1673. The Hertford branch- 
school founded, 1683 ; the New Infimiary, London, added, 1822 ; the first stone 
of the New Hall laid by the Duke of York, April 28, 1825 ; the site of Giltspur- 
street Compter purchased for a playground, 1858. See Bluecoat School. 

CHRIST'S PRIORY, Hants, built, 1060; converted from a secular canonry by 
Earl Baldwin, 1150. 

CHRIST'S THORN, a shrub brought from the south of Europe before 1596 ; 
by the superstitious believed to be of the same kind with which the Saviour was 
crowned. 

CHRISTIAN, the name first given to the followers of the disciples of Christ, at 

Antioch, 42. Acts xi. 26. 
CHRISTIAN, and Most Christian, King, the title given by Pope Paul II. to 

Louis XI. of France, 1469. 

CHRISTIAN CHARITY, order of, begun in France, 1690. 

CHRISTIAN ERA, dating from Jan. i, in the middle of the 4th year of the 194th 
Olympiad ; in the 753rd from the building of Rome ; and of the 4714th of the 
Julian period. It was introduced into Italy in the 6th centuiy, but was not gener- 
ally used at first ; used in France in the 7th century ; in Portugal, 1415 ; and in 
the Eastern Empire, 1453. For modern chronology it began to be used, 516. 

CHRISTIANITY, foimded by the apostles of Christ, who suffered under Pilate, 
as supposed, m his 33rd year. The persecution of, commenced, 64. . It is said 
to have been propagated in Britain, 60 ; as well as in the reign of King Lucius as a 
Christian king, 80. Its introduction into Ireland, 402 ; and Scotland, 412. 
Constantine the Great embraced Christianity, 312 ; Clovis, in France, 496 ; 
Switzerland, 643 ; Denmark, mider Harold, 827 ; Bohemia, 894 ; Russia, 940 ; 
Poland, 992 ; Hungary, 994; Norway and Iceland, looo ; Prussia, 1227 ; Lithu- 
ania, 1386 ; Pomerania and Norway, 1200 ; reinstated in Greece in the i6th 
century. 



152 CHRISTIAN KNOWLEDGE CHUMLEIGH 

CHRISTIAN KNOWLEDGE SOCIETY, founded for distributing books of 
knowledge, 1698. 

CHRISTIANIA, Norway, founded, 1624; castle built, 1300; besieged, 1716; 
one quarter of the city destroyed by fire, April 9, 1787 ; a great part of the city, 
with Exchange and Bank, destroyed by fire, April 13, 1858. 

CHRISTMAS BOXES, originated in the Roman Paganalia, instituted by Sei-vius 
Tullius, B.C. 560, and celebrated in the beginning of the year, when an altar was 
erected in every village, where persons gave money ; two of these Paganalian 
boxes, found under Mount Caelius, at Rome, are described by Count Caylus ; they 
were used by the Roman apprentices, like those of our times, to collect their yearly 
gifts, and were made of pottery ; in one of them some denarii were found. The 
heathen plan was commuted, about 760, to collect alms for masses, in order to 
absolve the debaucheries of the season, which servants were unable to pay. 

CHRISTMAS-DAY. This festival celebrated by some Christians on Jan. r, and 
6, others on March 29 ; the Eastern Church observed it on Jan. 6, and the Western 
Dec. 25 ; the date fixed by an act of Julius I., Pope of Rome, a.d. 337 — 352 ; 
holly and mistletoe introduced into it in this country, from the usages of the 
Druids. The real Christmas-day is unknown, or at least conjectural; some au- 
thorities state that it is probable Christ was born in April or May of the Julian 
year 4709. St Chrysostom says, that in primitive times Christmas and Epiphany 
were celebrated at one and the same feast ; separated by the Council of Nice, 
325 ; a little time before that, Christmas had been celebrated at Antioch on Dec. 
25, as a distinct feast, the usage came from the west ; as late as the 12th centuiy, 
the Armenians made but one feast of both days. 

CHRISTMAS ISLAND, Pacific Ocean, so named by Capt. Cook, from having 
landed upon it on Christmas-day, 1777- 

CHRISTOPHER'S, ST, West India Islands, discovered by Columbus, 1493 ; the 
English first settled under Warner upon the island, 1623 ; the French laid waste 
the island, 1705 ; England distributed ;^ 100, 000 amongst the sufferers ; ceded to 
England, April II, 1713 ; taken by the French, Feb. 13, 1723 ; restored to 
England, 1724 ; retaken by the French, 1782 ; restored the following year. 

CHRONOLOGY, or events in the order of their time, in some form of record, 
common to most nations. The Chinese believe in the remotest antiquity. The 
Jewish is probably that which is most to be depended upon, as far back as the 
reigns of Rehoboara and Solomon, but not farther, without corroborative aids. 
The Jewish chronology commences with the creation of the world, B.C. 4004; the 
deluge, 2400 ; death of Abraham, 1821 ; the Exodus, 1491 ; death of Moses, 
145 1 ; death of David, 1015 ; revolt of the ten tribes, 975 ; kingdom of Israel 
overthrown, 721 ; Daniel carried to Babylon, 607 ; Judas Maccabeus restored the 
city, 165 ; united to the Roman empire, 63 ; Herodes I. rebuilds the temple, 40. 
Chronological Institute of London founded, a.d. 1850. 

CHRONOMETER. The first person who proposed to ascertain the relative longi- 
tude of any place or ship at sea was Gemma Frisius, 1530 ; Dr Hooke afterwards 
made some improvements, 1660 ; Christian Huygens contrived a timekeeper 
actuated by a spring and regulated by a pendulum, 1664-75; PI enry Sully, an 
English clockmaker, invented a marine timepiece, 1721 ; John Harrison obtained 
a reward from the government of ;^5ooo to proceed with his discoveries, 1736 ; 
he completed three in 1761 ; he made two voyages with them to test their accuracy 
and obtain the government reward of ;^io,ooo, Aug. 22, 1765, and the final 
;{^io,ooo in 1773. Frodsham and Dent have greatly improved the instruments 
since. Musical chronometers invented in 1630. 

CHUDLEIGH, Devon, nearly all destroyed by a fire, May 22, 1807. 

CHUMLEIGH, Devon, almost all consumed by a fire, Aug. 19, 1S03. 



CHUNAR CHURCHYARDS 153 

CHUNAR, Hindustan. The fortress is very ancient ; it is first mentioned in his- 
tory, 1491 ; garrisoned by Raber, 1529 ; taken by Shere Khan, 1530 ; recovered 
by Akbar, after a siege of sbc months, 1538 ; besieged by the Nabob of Oude, 1763 ; 
the EngHsh defeated in attempting its capture in the same year ; ceded to them, 
1768 ; treaty between the Nabob of Oude and Warren Hastings, the former be- 
ing reheved of his debts to tire East India Company, he giving up his ancestral 
property, Sept. 19, 1781. 

CHURCH, the tenn for an assembly of good men, not of ecclesiastics exclusively ; 
applied subsequently to the place of meeting, 214. Most of the earlier churches 
were of wood. The first of stone by St Ninian, Galloway, 448 ; the ancient 
church of St Piran, Cornwall, built in the 5th century, partially of stone ; there 
were 1700 in England at the Norman invasion ; the first built in London of stone, 
1087, and the first in Ireland, at Bangor, Down county, 1134. 

CHURCH OF ENGLAND. The early British Church established in this country 
in the 2nd century. York was made a bishopric, 180. There were 17 dioceses 
in England in 731 ; church benefices were not allowed to be held by foreigners. 
In the reign of Henry VIII. the Established Church was the richest in the world. 
The King empowered to erect sees, by 31 Hen. VIII. c. 9, 1539. The Church 
now consists of two archbishops, 25 bishops, exclusive of Sodor and Man. The 
other dignitaries are chancellors, deans, archdeacons, prebendaries, canons, minor 
canons, and priest vicars ; these, and the incumbents of rectories, vicarages, and 
chapelries, make the number of preferments about 12,397. The churches for 
worship in 1818 were 11,742, to which several hundred have been added, 1866 ; 
act for building new churches, passed, 9 Geo. IV. c. 42, July 15, 1828 ; Church 
Building Society established, 1818 ; incorporated, 1828 ; Church Building Amend- 
ment Act, I & 2 Vict. c. 107, Aug. 15, 1838. 

CHURCH OF IRELAND. From the Irish annals it appears that several Christian 
churches had been founded in the South of Ireland, a.d. 402. Palladius was con- 
secrated Bishop to the converted Scots in Ireland, 431. St Patrick gained many 
converts to the faith at Munster and other places, 450 ; he died, March 17, 493 ; 
he founded altogether 365 churches, and ordained 300 bishops and 3000 clergy. 

CHURCH OF SCOTLAND : this is Presbyterian, originating in the creed of 
John Knox, 1560 ; ratified, 1567 ; settled by the Scotch parliament, 1696 ; secured 
at the Union, 1 707. This Church is regulated by four courts — the general as- 
sembly, the synod, the presbytery, and kirk-session. 

CHURCFHNG OF WOMEN, derived from the Jewish rite of purification, 214. 

CHURCH MUSIC. Ambrose, Bishop of Milan, introduced a model of church 
melody, 374 — 397 ; choir music introduced, 677 ; church organs used, 1000 ; 
service first performed in English, 1559 ; Gregory the Great introduced the 
Gregorian, 1600. See Chanting. 

CHURCH RATES. Canon relating to, 970 ; divided by Athelred, 1014 ; ordered 
to be assessed in the reign of Edward III., 1285 ; the period of imprisonmeiit for 
non-payment of, limited to three months, 12 & 13 Vict. c. 14, s. 9, May 11, 1849 ; 
a bill to abolish, passed the House of Commons, July 24, 1867, but thrown out 
in the House of Lords, Aug. 8. 

CHURCHWARDENS AND OVERSEERS first appointed at the African 
Council, circa 423 ; ordered to be chosen at Easter, 1603 ; by 59 Geo. III. c. 12, 
s. 12, they may hold lands in trust, 1819. 

CHURCHYARDS first consecrated, 560 ; first admitted into cities, 742 ; fairs and 
markets were held in, until prohibited by 13 Edw. I. c. 6, 1285 ; the privilege of 
sanctuary was taken from, by 21 James I. c. 28, 1623 ; closed in the present 
century; an act passed as to the consecration of, Aug. 20, 1867. 



154 CHUSAN CIRCUMCISION 

CHUSAN, China, taken by the English, July 5, 1840; abandoned, Feb. 24, 184I ; 
retaken, Oct., 1841 ; restored, 1846. 

CIDER, or CYDER, made in England, and called wine, 1284 ; subjected to ex- 
cise regulations, 1763 ; repealed, 1830. 

CIGAR STEAM-YACHT, the Ross Winans, designed by Messrs T. & W. L. 
Winans, Americans, a cylinder in shape, like a cigai", built by Mr Hepworth, 
Cubitt Town, Millwall, launched, Feb. 19, 1866. 

CIMBRI, an ancient Celtic nation ; they left Jutland with their wives and families 
to seek a better coimtry, B.C. 113 ; attacked and defeated the Roman army of 
80,000 citizens and allies of Rome, with 40,000 servants, B.C. 105 ; they were 
afterwards defeated in the valley of the Adige by Marius, B.C. loi. 

CINCHONA, Peruvian bark, its virtues first made known in Europe, 1640 ; the 
Dauphin of France cured by it ; only obtained from the forests of Peru, S. 
America, until Mr Markham succeeded in transporting some young plants to the 
Neilgherry Hills, India, i860. 

CINCINNATI, Ohio, first settled, Dec, 1788; the city incorporated, 1819. 

CINCINNATI, order established in America during the war of 1783. 

CINNAMON, a species of laurel, a native of Ceylon, in which the Dutch first 
traded, 1 506 ; well known to the ancients ; found by Ulloa in the American 
forests, 1 736 ; the tree transplanted to Jamaica and Dominica, 1 788. 

CINQUE PORTS. Originally five, their jurisdiction being vested in barons, for 
the defence of the coast ; two more were added, 1191 ; their liberties and cus- 
toms confirmed, 1278 ; they were stripped of part of their obsolete privileges, 
1832 ; a I'egiment of fencible Light Dragoons raised, 1794. 

CINTRA, Convention of, a disgraceful treaty for the evacuation of Portugal, made 
by Sir Hew Dalrymple with Marshal Junot, the day after the battle of Vimeira, 
Aug. 22, 1808, signed, Aug. 30, permitting the French army to embark with 
arms and baggage ; approved of by a Board of Inquiry, Dec. 25. 

CIRCARS, Hindustan, amongst the earliest of the East India Company's posses- 
sions, 1759 ; remained under the rule of a native prince until 1794 ; Lord Clive 
obtained a grant of the four Circars, Aug., 1765. 

CIRCASSIA, Asia, became subject to Georgia in the 12th century ; threw off the 
Georgian yoke, 1424 ; conquered by the Tartars in the 15 th century ; regained by 
the Circassians, 1705; Russia acquired the Kuban as their possession, 1781 ; 
the Turks built the Fort of Anapa, 1 784 ; taken by the Russians, 1 807 ; re- 
stored to Turkey, 1812 ; incorporated with the Russian Empire, 1830. The Cir- 
cassians bravely resisted the efi^'orts of Russia to subdue them ; Schamyl, their 
leader, captured, Sept. 7, 1859 ; the Circassians abandoned their territories and 
sought refuge in Turkey, June, 1864. Insurrection of the Abkhasians, and mas- 
sacre of the Russians, Aug. 8, 1866. 

CIRCUIT, Judiciary, so denominated, established by the Northampton Council, 
and judges appointed to go, in England, Jan. 26, 1176 ; in Scotland, 1712 ; Eng- 
lish, into Wales, extended, 1828. 

CIRCULATING LIBRARY. The first established in Edmburgh, 1725 ; the 
first established in London by the Rev. Samuel Fancourt, 1 740. 

CIRCULATION OF THE BLOOD discovered and taught by William Harvey, 
1616 ; his treatise upon this subject published, 1628'. 

CIRCUMCISION commenced in the time of Abraham, Gen. xvii. 10 — 14, 23 — 27, 
and was, as it were, the seal of a covenant stipulated between him and God in the 
year of the world 2107, B.C. 1897. 



CIRCUMNAVIGATION CIVIL LIST 155 

CIRCUMNAVIGATION OF THE GLOBE. The first voyage was performed by 
Ferdinand Magellan, a Portuguese, in the ship Victoria, 1 5 19; he first entered 
the Pacific Ocean, 1520. The following are the names of the most celebrated 
commanders of these expeditions since Magellan: — Sir Francis Drake, 1577; 
Cavendish, 1586; LeMaire, 1615 ; Quiros, 1625; Tasman, 1642; Cowley, 1683; 
Dampier, 1703; Cooke, 1708; Clapperton, 1719 ; Roggewein, 1721 ; Anson, 
1740; Bougainville, 1763; Byron, 1764; Wallis, 1766; Carteret, 1766; Cook, 
1768, 1772, 1776 ; Portlock, 1788. Became the common voyage of merchant- 
men, 1850. 

CIRENCESTER, Gloucester, converted into a military station by the Romans ; 
called by them Corinium, the metropolis of the Dobuni. Canute held a great 
council here, 1020. In the wars between Stephen and Matilda, the castle was 
held by Robert, Earl of Gloucester, for the empress ; it was taken and burnt by 
the king's troops, 1142. The Abbey of Black Canons founded by Henry I., 
1117. The town was takeir by Prince Rupert, Feb., 1642-3 ; recovered by the 
Earl of Essex, Sept. 16, 1643. 

CISALPINE REPUBLIC, founded by the French, June, 1797, by the treaty of 
Campo Formio ; recognized by Germany, Oct. 17, 1797 ; received a new con- 
stitution, Sept., 1798; merged into the kingdom of Italy, March, 1805. 

CISBURY FORT, Wiltshire, built by Caesar, 547. 

CISTERCIANS, a religious order founded by Robert, abbot of Neoles, in Ciseaux, 
Burgundy, 1098; introduced into England, 1128; reformed, 1577; and again by 
La Trappe, 1664. 

CITATE, battle, between the Russian and Turkish troops ; the Turks were suc- 
cessful in assailing the Russian lines, Jan. 6, 1854. 

CITIES, first incorporated, 1079 ; first, with boroughs, represented in parliament, 
1265. 

CITIZEN, an individual free to carry on trade in a city ; dress of, regulated by i 
Eliz., 1558 ; the only title allowed in France at the Revolution of 1792. 

CITY CLUB, founded, 1832 ; club-house built in Broad-street, from the designs 
of Philip Hardwick, R.A., 1833; opened, 1834. 

CIUDAD RODRIGO, Spain; cathedral built, 1190; captured by the English 
under Lord Galway, Jmre 5, 1706 ; besieged and taken by the French imder 
Marshal Massena, July 11, 1810 ; invested and carried by assault by the Duke 
of Wellington, Jan. 19, 1812 ; for which he was made Duke of. 

CIVIL CROSS OF MERIT, founded in Austria, Feb. 16, 1850. The Civil Cross 
of Honour founded by the Emperor Francis 1. in 1814, and distributed by him. 
May 26, 1815. The Medal of Civil Merit founded in Bavaria, 1794; and by 
the Elector Max Joseph, 1805. 

CIVIL CROWN, Corona Civica, a garland of oak-leaves given by the ancient 
Romans to the soldier who had saved the life of a citizen in battle. 

CIVIL LAW. Gregorian law compiled, 290 ; Theodosian, 438 ; Justinian, 529 ; 
introduced into England by Theobald, a N orman abbot, II 38 ; taught by Vacarius, 
at Oxford, I150 ; Stephen prohibited the study of it, I151 ; fully established by 
Edward I. See Codes. 

CIVIL LIST. The royal revenues of England : ;i^6oo,ooo in Elizabeth's reign ; 
^800,000 in the time of Charles I. ; settled, after 1688, on the new king and 
queen at ^700,000, parliament supporting the navy and army ; increased under 
George II. to ^800,000 ; under George HI. to ^1,030,000. Debts of, paid, 
1777. In 1 831, under William IV., fixed at ;!^5 10,000 ; by i & 2 Vict. c. 2, Dec. 
23, 1837, fixed at ;^3S5,ooo — Prince Albert having an exclusive ^30,000. 



1S5 CIVIL SERVICE CLARKE 

CIVIL SERVICE, a commission appointed to examine candidates for, May 21, 
1855 > result of examination first published, May 4, 1856 ; a club established by, 
1865. 

CI VITA VECCHIA, Italy. The port built by the Emperor Trajan, 103 ; the town 
and fortifications taken and destroyed by the Saracens, chra 813 ; nearly destroyed 
by an explosion of gunpowder, 1779; captured by the English fleet, Sept. 30, 
the same year. The French expedition for the protection of Rome arrived here, 
May 25, 1849 ; again, Oct. 29, 1867 ; begun to withdraw from, Nov. 26, 1867. 

CLAIMS OF PRIVILEGE at coronations established, March 30, 1685. 

CLANDESTINE MARRIAGES forbidden by act of parliament, 26 Geo. II. c. 
33, 1753- 

CLANSHIPS, in Scotland, relics of the barbaroiis feudal times of 1008, abolished, 
by 19 Geo. II. c. 39, 1746. 

CLARE, Suffolk, monastery founded, by Richard de Clare, Earl of Gloucester, 
1248 ; castle built, 1069 ; strengthened by Earl Clare, the fortifications enclosed 
30 acres of land, citra 1083. 

CLARE, Ireland, granted by Henry HI. to Thomas de Clare. Bunvatty Castle 
built, 1277. There is still visible the remains of upwards of lOO fortified castles 
in this county. The first place that sent a Roman Catholic to parliament in Ire- 
land for 160 years, returning O'Connell, July 5, 1828, before the Relief Bill was 
passed. 

CLARE, Nuns of St, a sisterhood founded at Assize, Italy, by St Clare, 1212 ; 
settled in England, under the protection of Blanche, Queen of Navarre, wife of 
Edmund, Earl of Lancaster, in the Minories, 1293 ; suppressed by Henry VIII. , 
1539- 

CLARE COLLEGE, Cambridge. This hall founded, 1326 ; destroyed by fire, 
1342 ; rebuilt five years afterwards by the sister of the Earl of Clare ; the hall 
built, 1638. 

CLARE MARKET, erected, 1655 ; opened, 1660. 

CLAREMONT, Surrey. The original mansion was built by Sir John Vanbrugh ; 
purchased by Lord Clive, 1 769, and the present mansion built. The estate pur- 
chased by the Crown, as a residence for the Princess Charlotte, for ^66,000, 56 
Geo. HI. c. 115, July i, 1816 ; occupied by the Princess Charlotte of V/ales 
until her death, Nov. 6, 1817 ; assigned by Leopold of Coburg, her consort, to 
Prince Albert, 1840; the exiled family of France resided here, March 4, 1848 ; 
Louis Philippe, king of the French, died here, Aug. 26, 1850 ; his queen died 
here also, March 24, 1866. 

CLARENCE, the Duke of, drowned in the Tower, in a butt of Malmsey, 1478. 

CLARENDON, Statutes of, passed by a parliament held at Clarendon, Jan. 25, 
1164 ; they were 16 in number, and were the ground of the notorious Becket's 
quarrel with Henry II., because they tended to prevent ecclesiastical abuses. 

CLARENDON HOUSE, Piccadilly, the residence of the Lord Chancellor of that 
name, built, 1664. 

CLARENDON, HYDE, Earl of, bom, 1612; banished the realm, Dec. 12, 1667 ; 
died, Dec. 7, 1674. Clarendon estate sold for ;^70, 000, Dec. 11, 1750. 

CLARENDON PRINTING-PRESS, Oxford, founded, 1672; special building 
erected, 171 1 ; the present building erected, 1829; partially destroyed by fire, 
1838. 

CLARION, a species of trumpet, introduced by the Moors into Spain, 800, 

CLARKE, murder of, by Housman and Eugene Aram, discovered 13 years after- 
wards, Aug. 17, 1758. 



CLAVICHORD CLERKENWELL 157 

CLAVICHORD, a musical instrament, the forerunner of the pianoforte,' known in 
1210 ; first used at concerts, 1589. 

CLAYTON RAILWAY TUNNEL, near Brighton, 20 persons killed by a colli- 
sion, Aug. 25, 1 85 1. 

CLEHANGER HOUSE, Herefordshire, destroyed by fire, Jan. 3, 1794. 

CLEMENT'S INN, established and built, 1471 ; the hall built, 1715. 

CLEMENTINE'S WRITINGS attributed to Clemens Romanus, a Father of the 
Church, wholly apocryphal, 102 ; decretals of Pope Clement V., so called, 1312. 

CLEMENTINES AND URBANISTS, adherents and disputants of Clement VII. 
and Urban VI., 1378. 

CLEOBURY CASTLE, Shropshire, built, 1160. 

CLERGY, in England. First called clergy in the 3rd century ; increased in the 7th 
century; drunkenness forbidden them, 747; abridged of their power, 1 164; 
Becket excommunicated them, 1169 ; refused obedience to the pope, 1191 ; en- 
croached upon the royal power, 1200 ; their lands and goods seized by King 
John, 1208 ; taxed ;r^ioo,ooo in 1210 ; refused the pope's legate-money, 1247 ; 
their power reduced, 1275 ; refused to contribute to the war, but forced, 1296 ; 
armed for the war with France, 1369 ; fined ^100,000 for refusing the divorce of 
Henry VIII., 1531 ; first-fruits of, assigned to the king, 1534; excluded from 
parliament, 1536 ; 12,000 deprived of their livings, and Romanists substituted, 
1554; conference between the Protestant and the Protestant Dissenting, 1604; re- 
deem 175 slaves, 1662 ; 2000 resign their benefices rather than subscribe to 
the Act of Uniformity, 1661-2 ; no longer to tax themselves, 1664 ; Irish Protest- 
ants restored to their benefices, 1689 ; the Clergy Incapacitation Act passed, 41 
Geo. III. c. 102, July 2, 1801 ; the holding of benefices in plurality abridged, 
I & 2 Vict. c. 106, Aug. 14, 1838 ; Discipline Act passed, Aug. 7, 1840 ; report 
of commissionei-s upon the oaths and subscription taken by, Feb. 9, 1865. 

CLERGY, BENEFIT OF, a privilege claimed by them of exemption from secular 
power, afterwards much abused ; abolished by Sir R. Peel, 8 Geo. IV. c. 28, 
June 21, 1827. 

CLERGY, the Corporation of the Sons of, the annual festival at St Paul's, first 
held, 1655 ; incorporated, July i, 1678. The society for the relief of poor, pious 
clergymen, instituted, 1788. The London Clergy Widow Fund established, 1791. 
Bromley College, for the benefit of widows of poor clergymen, founded and en- 
dowed by Wamei', Bishop of Rochester, 1688. 

CLERGY of France, power abridged, Aug., 1749 ; renounced their privileges, May 
18, 1789. 

CLERGYMEN'S Widows' and Orphans' Corporation, established in England, July 
I, 1670 ; incorporated, 1678 ; in Scotland, Oct., 1794. 

CLERK, the appellation of a clergyman, originated in Normandy ; used in France, 
992. 

CLERKENWELL, Middlesex. The nunnery founded by Briset, 1 100. The Priory 
of St John of Jerusalem founded, iioo ; expelled, 1540. Hicks' Hall built and 
opened, Jan. 13, 1612 ; pulled down, 1782. Sadlers' Wells Theatre built, 1683 ; 
first used as a music-hall ; rebuilt, 1 765 ; Joe Grimaldi made his first appearance, 
1784 ; water first introduced into the performances, April 2, 1804 ; discontinued, 
1823. The Mulberry Gardens opened, 1742. The Pantheon opened, in Ex- 
mouth-street, 1770 ; closed as a place of amusement, 1776 ; opened as a chapel 
by the Countess of Huntingdon, July 5, 1777. The old churcla of St James was 
taken do\vn, 1788 ; the building of the present church was commenced, Aug. 25, 
1788; first stone laid, Dec. 16, 1788; consecrated, July 10, 1792. Coldbath 
Fields' prison began, 1788 ; finished and opened, 1794. The Middlesex Sessions 



158 CLERMONT CLOCKS 

House, built from the designs of John Rogers ; the first stone laid by the Duke 
of Northumberland, Aug. 29, 1779; finished, 1780. The House of Detention 
rebuilt, 1846, from the designs of Mr Mosely. An act passed for making a new 
street from Farringdon-street to Clerkenwell-green, July 23, 1840, but the com- 
missioners having failed to complete the street, the corporation of London under- 
took the completion ofit, Aug. i, 1851 ; the street completed, Aug., 1856. The 
Underground Railway opened, Jan. 9, 1863. 

CLERMONT, Council of, determines the first crusade in the reign of Pope Urban 
n., Nov., 1095. 

CLEVE ABBEY, Somerset, founded, 1198. 

CLEVES, Prussia. The old castle, in which Anne of Cleves, one of the wives of 
Henry VHL, was born, was built, 1439 ; the district was under the government 
of Counts from the 7th century till 141 7, when it was raised into a Duchy ; ceded 
to France, 1805 ; bestowed upon Murat by Napoleon, 1806 ; restored to Prussia, 
1815. 

CLIFFORD CASTLE, Herefordshire, built by Lord de Clifford, 1084. Fair 
Rosamond, the Inamorata of Henry I. lived here, about 1 104. 

CLIFFORD'S INN SOCIETY, established, 1315. 

CLIFTON MOOR, battle, the English being repulsed by the Scottish forces near 
this place, Dec. 18, 1745. 

CLIFTON SUSPENSION BRIDGE over the river Avon, built under 11 Geo. IV. 
c. 69, May 29, 1830 ; designed by Mr Brunei ; began, June 26, 1831 ; the first 
stone laid by Lady Elton, but stopped for want of funds, 1833 ; another act of 
parliament passed for the completion of, 6 Will. IV. c. 6, March 30, 1836 ; 
foundation-stone laid, Aug. 27, 1836 ; the chains of, oi'dered to be completed by 
24 & 25 Vict. c. 112, June 28, 1861 ; Hungerford laridge at Charing Cross pur- 
chased for ^5000, and the chains used, the bridge opened, Dec. 8, 1864 ; the 
span of the bridge is 702 ft; its height above the water, 260 ft ; the carriage way 
is 20 ft wide, and the footways 5/^ ft ; suicide of Mr Green from, May 11, 1866. 

CLIPPED MONEY called in, 1696. See Coinage. 

CLITHEROW CASTLE, Lancashire, built by Robert de Lacy, 1179 ; dismantled 

by the parliament, 1649 ; given by Charles II. to Gen. Monk, 1660. 
CLITHEROW, MRS, in Crown court, Moorfields, with 11 persons, blown up 

while making fireworks by candle-light, Nov. 3, 1791. 
CLOCKMAKERS' COMPANY, incorporated, 7 Car. I., Aug. 22, 1631 ; livery 

granted, 1767; arms granted, 24 Car. II., Jan. 13, 1671-2. 

CLOCKS. Water clocks, or clepsydra, introduced into Rome by Scipio Nasica, 
B.C. 595 ; the first supposed then to be known, presented by Pope Paul I. to Pepin, 
King of France, A.D. 756 ; Abdalla, King of Persia, sent the Emperor Charle- 
magne one in 807 ; first placed in churches, 913 ; made to strike by the Arabians, 
801 ; by the Italians, 1300 ; the keeper of the clock of St Paul's, London, men- 
tioned, 1286 ; the first one made for Canterbury Cathedral, and cost ^^30, 1292 ; 
in Westminster Abbey, 1368 ; said to be the work of three Dutchmen who were 
invited to England by Edward III., in the spring of that year ; De Vick made a 
clock for Charles V. of France, in 1370 ; there is one at Dover Castle bearing date 
1348; the great one of Strasburg, 1370; first portable one, 1530; Henry VIII. pre- 
sented Anne Boleyn with one upon their mairiage, 1532 ; at the Strawberry Hill 
sale it was purchased for Queen Victoria for ;^i 10 ; none in England went well till 
that dated 1540, now at Hampton Court ; an astronomical clock presented to 
Henry VIII. by the Bishop of Winchester, 1533 ; the celebrated one at St Dun- 
stan's. Fleet Street, London, was made by Thomas Harris, in 1671 ; Galileo first 
discovered the theory of the pendulum, 1532 ; Richard Harris made a peridulum 



CLOGHER CLUNE, MRS 159 

clock for St Paul's Church, Covent Garden, 1642 ; pendulums improved by a Dutch- 
man named Fromantil, 1656. Clocks, watches, and alarms forbidden to be imported 
by Charles I., 1631. Pinchback invented his celebrated musical clocks, 1721-2. 
In consequence of the abuse of the trade an act of parliament was passed, obliging 
every maker to put his name and place of abode on each clock, under a penalty 
of ;^20, 9 & 10 Will. III. c. 28, 1698 ; another for the same object, 27 Geo. II. c. 
7, 1754. Harrison's gridiron pendulum, 1734. Church clocks first illuminated, 
St Giles-in-the-Fields, April 23, 1827. The Westminster palace clock made by 
Mr Dent, 1855 ; the dials are considered to be the largest in tire world. Electric 
fluid made a motive power for cloclis, 1840. An electro-magnetic clock exhibited 
by Professor Wheatstone, 1840 ; since improved by Bain and Shepherd. 

CLOGHER, bishopric, founded by St Macartin, 495 ; cathedral erected, 1041, 
and rebuilt, 1295 ; merged into the See of Armagh, 1834. 

CLONDALKIN, Ireland, powder-mills at, blown up, but only two lives lost, April 
15. 1785- 

CLONFERT, Ireland, See of, founded, 558 ; merged into Killaloe, 1839. 

CLONTARF, battle, fought between the Irish and the Danes, on Good Friday, 
1039, in which the invaders were defeated. 

CLOSTERSEVEN, disgi-aceful Convention of, between the Duke of Cumberland 
and the Duke of Richelieu, by which the former, with 38,000 men, laid down 
their arms, Sept. 10, 1757. 

CLOTH, first introduced into England from Flanders, circa 1112 ; coarse woollen, 
1 191 ; 70 clothworkers' families settled here, invited by Edward III., 133 1 ; 
woollen, first made at Kendal, in 1390 ; in 1532 cloth of gold sold at 40J. a 
yard, and in 1538 cloth of silver for 38^. a yard ; medleys manufactured, 1614 ; fine 
English broad cloths sent to Holland to be dyed, 1 654 ; in England, dyed and 
dressed, 1667 ; the manufacture discouraged in Ireland, and that of linen coun- 
tenanced by parliament, 1698. 

CLOTH OF GOLD, the Field of, the meeting of Henry VIII. and Francis, June 7, 
1519. 

CLOTHWORKERS' COMPANY, incorporated by charter 22 of Edw. IV., July 
15, 1365; the shermen and fullers incorporated with this company, 19 Hen. VIII., 
Jan. 18, 1528 ; confirmed, 4 & 5 of Phil, and Mary, June 4, 1558 ; by 2 Eliz., 
July 8, 1560; by 9 Charles I., April 24, 1634; and by 3 James II., Jan. 19, 
1688. Arms granted to, 22 Hen. VIII. , 1530; crest and supporters, 29 Eliz., 
1587; confirmed, 1645. Tlieir first hall erected, 1598; destroyed, 1666, it hav- 
ing burnt for 3 days ; rebuilt, 1668 ; and again rebuilt from the designs of Samuel 
Angell, 1856-59 ; opened by Prince Albert, March 27, i860. 

CLOUD, ST, France, celebrated for its park and palace. Henry IV., King of 
Navarre, killed by a monk here, 1589 ; Napoleon assembled the council of the 
Five Hundred in this palace after his return from Egypt, Nov. 11, 1799. 

CLOVIS, King of France, the founder of the monarchy, 481 ; made Paris the 
capital of the kingdom, 494. 

CLOWES WOOD, Ireland, of 30 acres in extent, burned, Jan. i, 1805. 

CLOYNE, Ireland, See of, founded in the 6th century ; united to Cork, 1431 ; to 

Cork and Ross, 1833. 
CLUN CASTLE, Shropshire, built, by Richard Fitz Alan, first Earl of Arundell, 

1295 ; destroyed by Owen Glendower, 1403. 

CLUNE, MRS, near Lichfield, died, Jan. 23, 1772, aged 138, having lived 103 years 
in one house. 



i6o CLUNIACS COALITIONS 

CLUNIACS. This order of Monks founded by Odo, Abbot of Cluniac, Burgundy, 
912; introduced into England, at Lewes, Sussex, 1128. 

CLUNY, abbey of, founded by the Benedictines, one of the most celebrated founda- 
tions ever existing, 910 ; destroyed, 1789. 

CLYDE CANAL, made by Smeaton, and opened, July 28, 1790, connecting the 
east and west seas across Scotland. 

CLYNNOGVAWR ABBEY, South Wales, in Caermarthenshire, built, 1616. 

COACHES. See Carriages. 

COACHMAKERS' COMPANY, incorporated. May 21, 1677 ; arms granted, July 
17, 1677 ; industrial exhibition of operative coachmakers held at the hall of this 
company, Feb. i, 1865. 

COALS, discovered at Newcastle at a very early period ; first used, A.D. 853 ; a 
charter granted by Hen. III. to the town of Newcastle for digging them, 1239 ; 
first sold in London, circa 1240 ; smiths obliged to burn wood, 1273, but coal being 
supposed prejudicial to health, its use was prohibited in and near London, 1306 ; 
vessels began to bring coals from Newcastle to London, 1325 ; first became an 
article of trade from Newcastle to London, 1357, 1381 ; generally used in London, 
1400 ; a tax of 2d. per chaldron payable to the king, 1421 ; the metage and 
weighing of coals confirmed to the city of London, 3 James I., Aug. 20, 1606, 
and a duty of 8(/. per ton for that service ; again, by 12 James I., Sept. 15, 1614; 
became common in England, 1625 ; monopolized by Charles I., 1627 ; Charles 
II. levied a duty of is. a chaldron, in favour of his illegitimate son, the Duke of 
Richmond, 1677 ; converted into an annuity by George III., June, 1800; the 
annuity purchased, March I, 1 83 1 ; also a tax upon seaborne coals for the rebuild- 
ing of St Paul's, 1677, by an act passed 5 & 6 William & Mary, c. 10, 1694; 
a duty of ^d. per ton for ever granted to the city of London, and a further sum of 
6d. per ton for 50 years, continued for 35 years, 21 Geo. II. c. 29, 1748 ; continued 
by various acts of parliament, from time to time, for improvements, by i & 2 Will. 
IV. c. Ixxvi., Oct. 5, 1831 ; the duty is commuted to I2d., continued for 7 years, 
I & 2 Vict. c. ci., Aug. 14, 1838 ; duties extended to all coals coming by rail- 
way, 8 & 9 Vict. c. loi, Aug. 4, 1845 ; altered and amended by 14 & 15 Vict. 
c. cxlvi., Aug. 8, 1851 ; further altered, 24 & 25 Vict. c. 42, July 22, 1861 ; the 
supply sent to London during the year 1866 amounted from all sources to 
6,000,000 tons. 

COAL EXCHANGE, Thames-street, an act passed for rebuilding, 9 & 10 Vict, 
c. 22, June 18, 1846 ; the first stone laid, Dec. 14, 1847 ; opened by Prince 
Albert, Oct. 30, 1849. 

COAL HARBOUR, battle. The Federals under Gen. Grant defeated by the 
Confederates, June 3, 1864. 

COAL MARKET, estabhshed by 47 Geo. III. c. Ixviii., Aug. 8, 1807.— Ar Coal 
Exchange. 

COALITIONS of the European powers to replace the Bourbons over the French 
people— the first, June 26, 1792, by a manifesto of the King of Prassia, and the 
army under the Duke of I3runswick routed disgracefully by Dumourier and other 
French generals ; secondly, between England, Germany, Russia, Naples, Portu- 
gal, and Turkey, signed June 22, 1799, defeated by Bonaparte at Marengo, 1800 ; 
thirdly, by England, Russia, Austria, and Naples, Aug. 5, 1805, defeated by 
Napoleon at Austerlitz ; fourthly, by England, Russia, Prussia, and Saxony, 
1806, defeated, and Prussia conquered at Auerstadt and Jena, Oct., 1806 ; fifthly, 
by England and Austria, 1809, defeated by Napoleon ; sixthly, by Russia and 
Prussia, after Napoleon had lost his army in the snows of Moscow, March 17, 
1813 ; and Louis XVIII. returned to Paris, May 3, 1814. 



COALITION MINISTRY CODES l6l 

COALITION MINISTRY, the name given to the union between Lord North and 
Fox, April 2, 1783 ; dissolved Dec. 17, in the same year. 

COAST-GUARD. The government of this force transferred to the Admiralty, 
19 & 20 Vict. c. 83, July 29, 1856. 

COAST-GUARD VOLUNTEERS, created for the purposes of defence, 16 & 17 

Vict. c. 73, Aug. 15, 1853. 
COBALT, a mineral which furnishes the rich blue colour on porcelain, when melted 

with a species of blue glass called smalt ; known about 1540 or 1560, in Saxony, 

found also in Bohemia, and recognized in Cornwall in the present century, whence 

our supply. 
COBLENTZ, Prussia. The church of St Castor founded, 836 ; the elector's castle 

built, 1280 ; the palace built, 1779 ; the town occupied by the Russians, 1814. 
COBURG, Germany, castle or palace built, 1549 ; besieged by Wallenstein, 1632. 
COBURG THEATRE, first stone laid, Sept. 14, 1816; opened, May 11, 1818 ; 

altered to Victoria, 1833. 
COCCEIANS, a religious sect founded by John Cocceius of Bremen, 1665. 
COCHIN, Hindustan. The Portugiaese built a fort here, 1503 ; the Dutch cap- 
tured the town, 1662 ; Hyder Ali conquered the town, 1776 ; transferred to the 

East India Company, 1792 ; treaty signed. May 6, 1809. 
COCHIN CHINA, Asia ; insurrection, 1774 ; invaded by the French, 1858 ; treaty 

of peace signed, July 30, 1859; the port of Saigon thrown open, i860; made 

a French colony, 1863. 

COCHINEAL, the insect known to the Spaniards after the conquest of Mexico, 
1 5 18; known in Italy, 1548; 260, 000 lb. imported into England, 1830; 
1,081,7761b. in 1845 ; 2,360,0001b. in 1850. 

COCKELPARK TOWER, Northumberland, built before iioo. 

COCKERMOUTH CASTLE, Cumberland, built by William de Meschines, I no. 

COCKERSEND ABBEY, Lancashire, built, 1200. 

COCKFIGHTING, practised by many barbarous nations of antiquity ; earliest 
notice of it in England, 1191 ; the sport of boys on Shrove Tuesday, in the time 
of Henry II. ; prohibited by Edward III., 1365 ; Henry VIII. built a cockpit 
at Whitehall Palace, 1540; resumed by the Stuarts under James I., and pro- 
hibited by Cromwell, 1654. A cockpit erected by Charles II. at Whitehall, after 
the Restoration, called the cockpit-royal, on the property of Christ's Hospital, which 
would not renew the lease. There was formerly one in Drury Lane, Jewin Street, 
Cripplegate, and Shoe Lane. The most noted of the latter fashionable cockfight- 
ers was named Ardesoif, who died at Tottenham, April 4, 1 789, of rage for the 
loss of a battle by a favourite cock, which he thrust into the fire for losing. Pro- 
hibited in England, 5 & 6 Will. IV. c. 59, s. 2, Sept. 9, 1835 ; extended to Ire- 
land, 7 Will. IV. & I Vict. c. 66, July 15, 1837 ; amended, 12 & 13 Vict. c. 92, 
Aug. I, 1849. The Marquis of Hastings fined ^5 for permitting a cockfight at 
Donington Hall, Loughborough, June 18, 1863. 

COCK-LANE GHOST, imposition of, by one William Parsons and his daughter, 
at 33, Cock-lane, who was a ventriloquist; detected. March, 1762; punished as 
impostors, July 10, 1762. 

COCOA first introduced into England from Spain, circa 1650. 

CODES. Theodosius II. promulgated his code, 438 ; to come into operation, Jan. 
I, 439. Justinian's published, 529 ; digest of, 533. Clovis published the Salic 
Law, 798. The Venetian code revised by the Doge Tiepolo, 1242. French code 
promulgated in the 13th century. Norway — the laws codified, 1278. Sweden-— 



562 CCELESTINES COIN 

published, 1442 ; amended by Charles IX., 1608. Italy — published by Victor 
Amadeus II., 1729. Gemiany — the code of Frederic became law, 1794. French 
civil code became law, 1804; penal code, 1810. Grecian code promulgated, 
1833. Russian first code, 1649 ; promulgated by Czar Alexy Michaelovich ; 
amended, 1835. America — Louisiana penal code, 1820; civil, 1824; Massa- 
chusetts, 1836; Maine, 1841 ; Maryland, i860; New York, 1857-65. India — 
penal code, i860 ; civil procedure code, 1859 ; penal procedure code, 1861. 
England — code of Ethelbert, 590 ; Ina, King of Wessex, 695 ; Alfred the Great, 
the foundation of English common law, 887 ; a commission appointed to codify 
the EngHsh laws, 1866 ; first report, May 13, 1867. 
CCELESTINES, founded by Coelestine V., 1254, as an order of priests or hermits. 
COFFEE. The plant was taken by the Dutch settlers from Arabia to Java, 1690. 
Introduced into Venice from Constantinople, 1615 ; to Marseilles, 1644 ; to Lon- 
don, 1652; to Paris, 1669; encouraged in the British plantations, 1732; the 
yearly consumption in Great Britain and Ireland amounts to 60,000,000 lb, ; duty 
upon, 2s. a poimd, 1 732 ; reduced to ij-. 6^. subsequently, and further reduced to 
6<^., 1784, and to -^d., 1859. 
COFFEE-HOUSE, the first opened at Constantinople, 1554; one opened in Eng- 
land by a Jew named Jacobs, in Oxford, at the sign of the Angel, 1650 ; Daniel 
Edwards, an English Turkey merchant, brought with him to England a Greek 
servant named Pasqua, who first opened a coffee-house in the city, in George- 
yard, Lombard-street, 1662 ; coffee-houses were suppressed by proclamation of 
Charles II., 1675, but the proclamation was afterwards suspended. 
COFFINS were anciently made of stone ; the first mention of wooden coffins in Eng- 
land is that of King Arthur, buried in the trunk of an oak, 542 ; since made both 
in lead and iron. 
COGGESHALL ABBEY, Essex, founded by King Stephen and Queen Matilda, 

II43- 
COIF, worn by lawyers ; originally an iron skull-cap worn by knights, introduced be- 
fore circa 1200, to hide the tonsure of renegades, who chose to remain as advo- 
cates in the secular courts, in despite of canonical prohibitions ; made a part of the 
costume of a judge, 1635. 
COIMBRA, Portugal, taken from the Moors by Henri, Count of Burgundy, 1 100; 
Alfonzo Henrique, first king of Portugal, made this town his capital in the 14th 
century ; removed to Lisbon, 1433-4 ; visited by an earthquake, 1755. 
COIN. The invention of a stamped currency is attributed to the Lydians, circa 
B.C. 800. Rome had a silver coinage, B.C. 270, and a brass currency; about the 
same period iron coin was used in Sparta. Julius Caesar obtained permission of 
the senate to place his profile upon the coins issued by him, Oct., B.C. 45. First 
made in England by the Roman invaders ; coins in copper and tin made by the 
Saxons, A.D. 660 ; the Normans also made a silver coin ; silver pence increased 
in the reign of John ; gold first used in England, 1087 ; groats first issued, 1229; 
Henry III. coined both gold and silver, 1255-6 ; pence and halfpence coined by 
Edward I., 1280; gold florins, Edward III., 1337, 1345; sovereigns minted, 
1494; shillings, 1504; crowns and half-crowns struck, 1551 ; shilling of Eliza- 
beth milled, 1562; a copper coinage, 1620; modern milling introduced, 1631 ; 
halfpence and farthings coined, 1665 ; guineas first coined by Charles II., 
1663 ; Drake guineas, 1673 ; five guineas, 1673 ; half-guineas, 1673 ; a million 
sterling coined out of French louis-d'or, 1710 ; quarter-guineas, 1716 ; propor- 
tioned by Sir Isaac Newton, Dec. 22, 171 7; the value of the guineas reduced 
by proclamation to 2\s., 1717 ; seven-shilling pieces, i'J<)'] ; sovereigns and 
halves, 1816 ; florins, 1850 ; English and Irish coins assimilated, Jan. I, 1826; 
the broad gold pieces called in by the government, and coined into giiineas, 1732 ; 



COIN COINAGE 163 

twopenny pieces in copper coined, I797 5 lialf-farthings coined, 1843; copper 
money only used in Scotland and Ireland, 1399 ; copper money introduced to 
displace private leaden tokens, in London especially, 1609 ; there was an ex- 
tensive silver coinage, 1696 ; six-shilling gold pieces in the reign of Edward III., 
and nobles at six and eight-pence, with halves and quarters ; sovereigns and half- 
sovereigns of 20^. value were coined by Heniy VIII. ; angels, which bore the effigy 
of Michael and the dragon, were coined by Henry IV.; in 1347 a pound of silver 
was coined into 22 shillings, and in 1352 a pound was coined into 25 shillings ; 
in 1414 they were increased to 30 shillings ; and in 1500 a pound of silver was 
coined into 40 shillings ; in 1530 extended to 66, — 62 are delivered, four being 
retained for loss, &c. The money in Scotland, till then the same as in England, 
began to be debased, 1354 ; halfpence were issued for the Isle of Man, 1786 ; 
dollars by the Bank of England, at 4s. gd., issued March, 1797. Twenty shillings 
of the time of George III. was worth, in the reign of William II., just ^5 12s. 8}id. 
In 1402 to 1422 it was worth ;^3 os. loyid.; in 1465, £2 8j. 2%d.; in 1482 and 
1494, £2 5j. oy^d. ; in 1545 it had fallen to ;^i lis. id. ; to ^l 2s. lod. in 1613 ; 
to £1 IS. in 1671 ; in the reign of William III. to 19^-. S^sd., and in 1717 to 1762, 
reign of George III., it rose to £1. Twenty shillings of the reign of William II. 
answered to 62 of the reign of George III. In 1344 the current value of i lb. of 
old standard gold (one-eighth of a carat alloy to 23% carats of fine gold) was 
£iS- It reached £2^ 2s. 6d. in the reign of Hen. VIII., who established a new 
standard of 22 carat gold, and 2 carat alloy. This standard was confirmed by 
Charles II., 1570. The present standard legalized by Geo. III., 1817. Silver 
coin not to be considered a legal tender for moi-e than £2^ in one payment, 14 
Geo. III. c. 42, 1774. The present sovereign issued, 1817 ; florins, 1849 ; copper 
coin called in, a bronze substituted, i860. Colonial gold coin made a legal 
tender, 29 & 30 Vict. c. 65, Aug. 6, 1866. 

COIN, the clipping of The coin became so debased through this crime, that 
Henry III. prohibited the circulation of all clipped coin in 1248; and in London 
alone nearly 300 Jews suffered death for this crime in 1277-8. 

COINAGE, the manufacture of, vested solely in the crown ; and the making or 
importing of, punished with transportation, 2 Will. IV. c. 34, May 23, 1832 ; 
extended to the English colonies by 16 & 17 Vict. c. 48, Aug. 4, 1853 ; con- 
solidated and amended, 24 & 25 Vict. c. 99, Aug. 6, 1861. The coinage regu- 
lated by 56 Geo. III. c. 68, June 22, 1816 ; extended by 12 & 13 Vict. c. 41, 
July 13, 1849 ; it is now made by machinery at the royal mint, erected on 
Tower Hill, 181 1 ; the charge for coinage in all was ^421,000 for ;i^250,ooo in 
copper, ;!^i2,ooo,ooo silver, and ;^55, 000,000 gold, between i8i6and 1836. The 
operation was once performed with a hammer, the coin being placed between two 
steel dies. In 1553 a mill was invented abroad, and introduced into England by 
one Brucher, 1562 ; a second engine was invented by Balanchier, 161 7 ; Boulton 
and Watt's engine, for the purpose, was introduced 1788 ; the present mint ma- 
chinery, 181 1 ; the standard, pursuant to mint indenture, is after the rate of 66 
shillings to the pound Troy of 11 ounces, two pennyweights, fine silver, and 18 
pennyweights alloy, 1821 ; there are sixpences, twopences, threepences, and four- 
pences, coined annually for the Queen's Maundy, from 20 lb. to 24 lb. of silver 
each coinage. Within the last 10 years there have been coined at the mint 
52,696,355 sovereigns, 12,692,316 half-sovereigns, 466 crowns, 1493 half-crowns, 
14,380,157 florins, 24,154,339 shillings, 21,735,183 sixpences, 741,081 groats, 
41,580 fourpences, 18,605,101 threepences. The copper and bronze money 
coined has been 133,445,760 pence, 152,686,237 halfpence, and 4,659,200 
farthings. 

COINAGE, French, very extensive ; copper money first coined there, iem^. Henry 
III., 1580. Gold first coined at Venice, 1476. The mint of the United States of 



i64 COKESFORD PRIORY COLNE PRIORY 

America, established 1793, issued gold and silver coin ; the copper had been de- 
livered before. The gold coins are eagles, half-eagles, and quarter-eagles. The 
first is exactly 45 J-. English money, or 10 dollars American coin. The dollars are 
coined in the same divisions of half and quarter, which makes the course of ex- 
change simple, and suits the reckoning to every capacity ; 10 quarter-dollars make 
the quarter-eagle, 10 half-dollars the half-eagle, and 10 dollars the eagle. There 
is, beside, one more silver coin, which is called a dime, and is the tenth part of a 
dollar. The copper coin is called a cent, and is the tenth part of a dime. 
COKESFORD PRIORY, Norfolk, founded by Wilham Cheyney, 1149. 
COLAPOORS, Hindustan, overnm by the notorious Sevajee, 1670 ; the pirates 
ravaged the country and burned the town of Vingorla, 1804; ceded to the British, 
1822 ; rebellion at, 1844. 
COLBERG, Prussia, formerly one of the Hanse towns; fortified, 1774; besieged 
and taken by Gustavus Adolphus, 1630 ; besieged, 1758, 1760, and 1761, by the 
Russians, but unsuccessfully ; capitulated, Dec. 16, 1761 ; invested by the French, 
1807, but without success. 
COLCHESTER, Essex. The first charter granted by Richard I., 1189 ; the for- 
tification improved, 1 192. The castle erected by Eudo Dapifer, 11 18; repaired, 
1 130 ; fortified, 1199 ; taken by assault by Saher de Quincy, Earl of Winchester, 
1215 ; retaken by King John the sam.e year ; again captured by Louis, son of 
Philip II. of France, upon his invading England, 1216. The barons besieged the 
town, 1215 ; the Dutch exiles established a trade in woollen goods here, 1574; 
besieged by the Parliamentarians for three months, under Col. Fairfax ; taken, 
Aug. 28, 1648 ; Sir Charles Lucas and Sir George Lisle executed ; visited severely 
by the plague, 1665 and 1666. 
COLDINGHAM, near Berwick ; a nunnery founded in the 7th century, the nuns 
at the Abbey of which are said to have cut off their noses and lips to escape vio- 
lation on the Danish invasion, to avenge which the invaders burned the whole 
sisterhood, 870 ; King Edgar founded a priory of Benedictines, 1098. 
COLDSTREAM GUARDS, raised by Gen. Monk in the border town of that 

name in Scotland, Jan., 1660. 
COLERAINE, Ireland. The castle of De Courcey erected, 1197. Granted by 
James I. to the Irish Society of London, March 29, 1613 ; town incorporated, 
June 28, 1614; the school founded, 1705; rebuilt, 1821 ; the town-hall built, 
1856 ; Magee College founded by Mrs Magee of Dublin, Avho left ;!^20,ooo for 
that purpose, June 22, 1846 ; opened, Oct. 10, 1865. 

COLLAR, an ornament worn with certain orders of knighthood, as that of S.S. 
belonging to the Garter, originating 1399 ; one v/orn in honour of St Simplicius, 
1407 ; one given to a Lord Mayor of Dublin by Charles II., 1660. 

COLLATIONS, so called from the light repasts given in Lent before 15 13. 

COLLECTS, first appointed by Pope Gelasius, 493 ; the council of Agde, 517, 
appomted them to be repeated after the anthems ; Amalarius, 820, speaks of the 
collect after the office of matins ; king of England appointed one in Nonnandy, 
for the relief of the Holy Land, 1166; those in the Book of Common Prayer 
introduced, 1548. 

COLLEGIANTS, a religious sect formed among the Arminians of Holland, 1619. 

COLLIERIES, an act passed prohibiting the employment of women and girls in, 
and regulating the employment of boys, 5 & 6 Vict. c. 99, Aug. lO, 1842 ; the 
inspection of, provided for by 23 & 24 Vict. c. 151, Aug. 28, i860. 

COLNE PRIORY, Essex, founded by Aubrey de Vere, circa iioo. 



COLOGNE COLONIES 165 

COLOGNE, Prassia, the chief town of the Ubii, B.C. 37 ; a Roman colony estab- 
lished by Claudius at the request of his wife, A.D. 51 ; made an imperial to\\'n, 
957 ; cathedral built, 1248 ; a member of the Hanseatic League, 1260 ; Jews 
expelled from, 1425 ; the Protestants expelled, 1618 ; taken by the French, Oct. 
6, 1794 ; the bridge of, with lOO persons, carried away by a flood, Dec. I, 1747 ; 
ceded to Prussia, 1814 ; first railway opened, 1841. 

COLOMBIA, S. America, discovered by Columbus, 149S ; Caraccas formed into a 
viceroyalty, 1547; confederation of Venezuela, 1810; Bolivar defeated by the 
Spanish forces, 1816 ; the President conquered the Spaniards at Sombrero, Feb., 
1S18 ; Grenada and Venezuela united under one government, Dec. 17, 1819; the 
forces of Spain overthrown at Carabobo, June 24, 1821 ; Bolivar named dic- 
tator, Feb. 10, 1824; their independence acknowledged by England, Jan., 1825 ; 
a treaty made with the United States, May 28 ; congress at Lima selected Bolivar 
president, Aug. 18, 1826 ; he assumed the dictatorship, Nov. 23 ; conspiracy of 
Santander against him, Sept. 25, 1828; he resigned the oiifice of president, April 
14, 1830; died, Dec. 17, 1830 ; Venezuela separated, 1829; rejoined in 1830, 
and again separated, Nov., 1 83 1. 

COLOMBO, Ceylon, founded by the Portuguese, 1520 ; taken by the Dutch, 1656; 
surrendered to the British, Feb. , 1 796 ; British troops murdered at, by the Adigar 
of Candy, June 6, 1803 ; made a bishopr'ic, 1845. 

COLONIES. The first colony is mentioned in Acts xvi. 12, Philippi, in ]\Iace- 
donia. The Greeks and Romans early began to establish colonies or settlements, 
and in later times the Portuguese, the Dutch, the French, and the English in the 
reign of James I. The following is an approximation of some of the principal 
colonies, with the population and extent : — 

NORTH AMERICA. 



Hudson's Bay territory ... 

Arctic territory as far as the 78th degree 

of latitude 
Indian territory, from the Frozen Ocean 

to the Pacific 
Lower Canada 
Upper Canada 
New Bi-unswick ... 
Nova Scotia 
Cape Breton 

Prince Edward's Island ... 
Newfoundland 
Honduras ... 
Bermudas ... 

Total 



Bahama Isles 
Jamaica 
Turks Islands 

Total 



Supposed 
Sq. Miles. 


Population. 


Date of 
Possession. 


525,000 1 
1,400,000 






. Unknown 


— 


I, 800,000 
. 205,860 






. 1,111,566 


••• 1759 


141,000 


• 1,396,091 


... 1763 


27,704 .. 


250,000 


1622 


18,031 
3.125 \ •• 


• 330,699 


1622 


2,159 .. 


80,857 


••• I74S 


. 40,923 .. 


122,638 


... 1497 


13,000 


25,000 


1670 


24 .. 


11,430 


1609 


4,176,826 


3,328,281 




ISLANDS : — 






2,921 


35,244 


1629 


6,400 


441,264 


... 1655 




4,372 


1629 


9,321 


480,880 





i66 



COLONIES 






C Trinidad 
Tobago 
Grenada 
< Grenadillas 
I St Vincent 
I Barbadoes 
l^St Lucia 
Dominica 
Antigua 
Barbadoes 
Anguilla 
Virgin Isles 
Tortola 
St Kitts 
Montserrat 
Nevis ... 



CARIBBEAN ISLANDS : — 
Supposed 
Sq. Miles. 

1,754 

97 

133 

131 

166 

250 

291 

183 

166 

150 

57 

30 

103 

47 

50 



. 


Date of 




Possession. 


84,438 


•• 1797 


15,410 . 


.. 1763 


32,984 


■• 1763 


31,755 


.. 1763 


152,727 


1605 


27,480 


.. 1803 


25,666 


•• 1763 


37,125 


... 1632 


152,727 


1605 


2,934 


.. 1632 


6,051 




8,500 


... 1665 


24,303 


.. 1623 


7,64s 


... 1632 


9,822 


... 1628 



Total 



3,608 



619,567 



^ . . , ( Demerara 
^''}'^^^ )Essequibo 
Guiana j gerbice 



SOUTH AMERICA : — 

76,000 

ASIA. — HINDUSTAN : — 



British Paramount Possessions : 
Presidency, GovenTor-general's district ... 
. — Bengal 

— Madras 

- — Bombay 

— Punjaub 

— North-west provinces 

Total 



170,330 
280,200 
125,805 

137,743 
100,406 
116,493 



155,026 



14,165,161 
41,498,608 

23,127,855 
11,937,512 
14,794,611 
30,110,497 



933,722 135,634,244 



PROVINCES CONQUERED FROM THE BURMESE EMPIRE : — 



Assam 
Jynteah 
Cachar 
Arracan 



18,200 

10,350 

16,250 

STRAITS SETTLEMENTS : — 

Penang and Province Wellesley ... ... ) 

Malacca } i,57o 

Singapore ... ... ... ... ■•• ) 

TENASSERIM COAST, &C. : — 

Martaban, Tavoy, and Temegui isles ... 32,500 
Island of Ceylon ... 



Scinde 



24,500 
42,400 



602,500 
270,000 
170,000 
230,000 



154,000 



85,000 
1,421,000 

3,677,627 



1S03 



1765 
1640 
1661 
1849 



1826 



1786 

1795 
1820 



1826 
1796 
174S 



Total 



145,770 



6,610,127 



COLONIES 



167 



Travancore and Cochin 

Nizam's dominions 

Rajpoot States 

Mysore 

Berar 

Holkar 

Guicowar . . . 

Coorg 

Kumoo 

Sikkim 

Bhopaul 

Sattarah, &c. 

Cutch 

Eundelcund 



FORMERLY TRIBUTARY STATES 

Supposed 

Sq. Miles. 

9,400 

101,800 

165,000 

29,750 

64,270 

17,600 

36,900 

3.230 

3.500 
4,400 
7,360 
21,600 
6,100 



19,000 



Population. 

1,407,789 

9,136,929 
5,548,431 
2,314,602 

5,574,554 

1,526,562 

3,200,575 

189,995 

272,763 

166,038 

638,380 

2,376,000 

205,121 

638,900 



Date of 
Possession. 



1802 





Total ... 489,910 
IN AFRICA : — 


32,196,639 










Cape of Good Hope 




104,931 . 


267,096 


. 1806 


Sierra Leone 




468 . 


42, 000 


. 1787 


Gambia 




20 ) . 


6,939 • 


. 1631 


Gold Coast 




6,000 \ . 


■ 151,346 . 


. 1661 


Isle of ^lam-itius . . , 




708 . 


. 332,000 . 


. 1810 


Isle of St Helena ... 




47 • 


6,860 . 


1651 


Isle of Ascension . . . 




45 ■ 


— 


. 1810 


Natal 


Total 

AUSTRAI 


14,397 • 


■ 340,102 . 


. 1838 




126,616 


1,146,343 






.lA :— 






New South Wales 




478,861 


. 348,546 . 


■ 1787 


Western Australia 




45,000 


15,593 ■ 


. 1829 


South Australia 




300,000 


26,830 . 


. 1836 


New Zealand 




95,000 


39,968 . 


■ 1839 


Tasmania 




22,629 


89,977 ■ 


. 1803 


Queensland 




559,000 . 


30,115 • 


. 1859 


Victoria 


Total 
OTHER BRITISH 


86,944 


• 540,322 . 


. 1836 




1,587,434 
COLONIES : — 


1,291,351 










Hong Kong 




29 . 


■ 123,511 • 


■ 1S43 


Labuan 




45 • 


3,345 ■ 


. 1846 


Gibraltar ... 




II • 


16,643 


■ 1704 


Malta 


Total 


115 


143,970 . 


1800 




I90I 


387,469 





i68 COLOSSUS COMETS 

COLOSSUS, of Rhodes, a brass statue, lOO feet high, erected across the harbour, 

B.C. 290; thrown down by an earthquake, B.C. 224 ; it lay in ruins 900 years, 

when the Saracens destroyed it, and sold the metal, weighing 720,900 lbs., to a 

Jew, who loaded 900 camels with its wrecks, A.D. 672. 

COLUMBIA, BRITISH, discovery of gold fields at, in the vicinity of Vancouver's 

Island, April 21, 1858; rush of diggers from San Francisco to, May 31, 1858; 

Mr J. Douglas, C.B., appointed governor, 1858; revenue for the year 1859, 

;^ioo,ooo. Vancouver's Island united to, by 29 & 30 Vict. c. 67, Aug. 6, 1866. 

COMBE ABBEY, built in Warwickshire, founded by Richard de Camvilla, 1150. 

COMBERMERE ABBEY, Cheshire, founded by Hugh de Malbane, 1134. 

COMBINATION OF WORKMEN forbidden by law, June 21, 1799 ; and again 

by statute, 6 Geo. IV. c. 129, July 6, 1825. 
COMB-MAKERS' COMPANY, incorporated, 12 Car. I., April 4, 1636. 
COMBWELL PRIORY, Kent, founded by Robert de Thomeham, 1187. 
COMEDY. These theatrical exhibitions were first introduced into Rome, B.C. 562 ; 

into Italy, 1495 > England, 1551 ; France, 1552 ; and into Spain, 1620. 
COMETS. These constellations ai-e as yet but little known as compared with other 
astronomical observations ; first noted by Aristotle ; two whose splendour eclipsed 
the noon-day sun, and occupied a fourth of the heavens, B.C. 134; one seen at 
Rome, 44; Sozomenes described one, A.D. 400; one seen in 1006 by Hali-ben- 
Rodoan ; a very brilliant one seen, Feb. 7, 1106; remarkable one seen in Eng- 
land in the reigi^ of Edward III., described by Nicephorus Gregoras, 1337 ; 
Tycho Brahe discovered a very beautiful one in the Isle of Huen, Nov. 13, 1557 ; 
he explained their return, Dec, 1577; Kepler discovered one in Nov. , 1618; one 
visible from Nov. 3, 1679, to Maixh 9, 1680; orbits proved by Newton to be 
parabolical, 1704 ; one with several tails discovered by Chezeaux, Feb. i, 1744 ; 
it equalled Jupiter in brightness, Feb. 28; a brilliant one, 1769; one more bril- 
liant still, from March 20, 181 1, to Aug., 1812 ; another appeared, Feb. 28, 
1823. Bielas' comet, so called from its discoverer, an Austrian officer, Feb. 27, 
1826 ; one of three, whose re-appearance had been predicted, it having a revolu- 
tion of six years and thirty-eight weeks ; its second appearance was in 1832, when 
the date of its perihelion was Nov. 27 ; its third appearance was in 1839, and its 
fourth in 1845. Encke's comet, discovered, Nov. 26, 181 8, by Mr Pons, named 
after Professor Encke for his ascertaining its orbit ; it has appeared according to 
the law predicted, its revolution being three years and fifteen weeks ; re-dis- 
covered, Aug. 7, 1858. Mr Pigott discovered one at York, Nov. 17, 1783. 
Halley's comet is also called the great comet ; he proved that this comet, seen 
Aug. 23-24, 1682, was the same which had appeared in 1456, 1531, and 1607. 
He then was the first to fix the identity of comets. Halley's comet has a revo- 
lution of 76 years. It appeared, March 12, 1759, and was at its perihelion, 
March 13 ; it appeared again from Aug. 5, 1835, to May 5, 1836. The great 
comet of 1843, seen at the Cape in broad day, Feb. 21 ; in India, March 3 ; and 
in England, March 17 ; one discovered to be periodical by M. Faye, of Paris, Nov. 
22, 1843 ; one seen at Parma by M. Colla, June 2, 1845 ; M. Brorsen discovered 
one in Denmark, Feb. 26, 1846 ; M. Peters saw one at Naples, June 26, 1846 ; 
at Altona Mr Petersen discovered one with a tail several degrees long, May i, 
1850 ; one seen at Paris, June 10, 1853 ; Dr Bruhns discovered one in the con- 
stellation of the Great Bear, at Berlin, Sept. 11-12, 1853 ; one seen at New York, 
Nov. 25, and at Paris, March 31, 1854 ; in Germany, June 5 ; M. Colla discovered 
one at Parma, Dec. 24, 1854; M. D. Arrest discovered one at Leipsic, Feb. 22, 
1857 ; Dr Donati discovered one in Florence, June 3, 1855 ; seen in Great 
Britain in Sept. and Oct.; he discovered another, Nov. 10, 1857; Mr Tuttle of 
Cambridge, U. S., discovered one, Jan. 4, 1858; the elements of, determined by 



COMET STEAM-BOAT COMMON PLEAS COURT 169 

Dr Bruhns ; Dr Winnecke at Bonn, discovered one, March 8, 1858 ; the most 
splendid one of this century was seen at Florence, June 2, 1858 ; it approached 
nearest the earth, Oct. 11 ; one seen by Mr Tuttle at Cambridge, U. S., Sept. 5, 
1858 ; one of extraordinary splendour seen in London, Paris, Lisbon, and Rome, 
June 30, 1861 ; one seen at Berlin by Backer, Jan. r, 1864. 

COMET STEAM-BOAT, run foul of by the Ayr, near Greenock, and, sinking, 
50 out of 60 passengers were drowned, Oct. 21, 1825. 

COMMANDER-IN-CHIEF, sometimes called captain-general, and general com- 
manding-in-chief. Thus, the Duke of Albemarle was captain-general, 1660; the 
great Duke of Marlborough, 1702 ; and the Duke of York, 1790. The Duke of 
Monmouth was commander-in-chief, 1674; the Duke of Marlborough, 1690; the 
Earl of Stair, 1744; Sir David Dundas, 1809; the Duke of York, 181 1 ; the 
Duke of Wellington, 1827. Lord Hill was addressed as general commanding-in- 
chief, in 1828, while the Duke of Wellington was minister ; the Duke of Welling- 
ton again became commandei--in-chief, 1842, and continued up to the time of his 
decease, 1852. Viscount Hardinge, Sept. 28, 1852 ; Duke of Cambridge, July 
IS, 1856. 

COMMERCE. The interchange of commodities by different nations is of the 
highest antiquity ; the caravans of Ishmaelite merchants trading in spices from 
Gilead into Egypt, to one of whom Joseph was sold, circa B.C. 1886. The trade 
of tin with Great Britain was considerable before the Roman invasion ; encouraged 
by Magna Charta, June 19, 121 5 ; but Edward HI. during his reign greatly extend- 
ed trade and encouraged foreign workmen to come to this country. The perse- 
cutions of the Huguenots increased the number of skilled workmen, 1572 — 1685. 

COMMERCIAL TREATIES do not seem to have been known to the ancients ; 
the first English on record was in 1272, with the Flemings ; the second with Por- 
tugal and Spain, 1308, temp. Edward II. 

COMMISSIONNAIRES, Coi-ps of, formed of wounded soldiers as messengers in 
London, Dublin, Edinburgh, Liverpool, Manchester, Birmingham, and Chester, 
Feb., 1859 ; subsequently a band coips formed for playing in the public parks. 

COMMITTEE OF SAFETY appointed in England, Oct. 23, 1659; expired, 
Dec. 24, 1659. 

COMMITTEE OF SURVEILLANCE, with Murat as president, vras appointed by 
the Girondists in France, Aug. 10, 1792 ; on Aug. 30 they arrested and im- 
prisoned 3000 persons, and on Sept. 2 butchered them. 

COMMITTEES OF COUNCIL, four established, Jan. 21, 1667. 

COMMON COUNCIL OF THE CITY OF LONDON. The meetings of the 
citizens in the Saxon times were called Folk-motes ; they were held at the east 
end of St Paul's Churchyard about 3 or 4 times a year ; 40 good men of the wards 
sworn to consult with the aldermen on the affairs of the city, 1273 ; 72 elected in 
1317 ; two men from, to be elected to each ward, 1322 ; four to be elected, 7 Rich. 
II., 1383; the numbers increased to 187 in 1549; the number of members in 
Farringdon Without increased to 16, and Aldersgate to 8, 1642 ; elected under 
II Geo. I. c. 18, 1724; the number altered by act of Common Council, May 8, 
1840. An act passed to amend the 11 Geo. I., 12 & 13 Vict. c. xciv., Aug. i, 
1 849 ; again amended, and the right of voting extended to all persons rated at 
;^io per annum, 30 Vict. c. i., April 5, 1867. 

COMMON PLEAS COURT, ordered to be held in one place by Magna Charta, 
clause 14, June 15, 1215 ; fixed by King John to be held in Westminster Hall ; 
court of, built, 1 741 ; no barrister under the degree of sergeant-at-law could plead 
in this court until Aug. 18, 1846, by 9 & lo Vict. c. 54, when the restrictions were 
removed. There is also a court in Ireland of the same name and character. 



170 COMMON PRAYER COMPANIES 

COMMON PRAYER. The first book of, completed, Jan. 15, 1549; revised, 
1551 ; and again in 1559 and 1661 ; attempted to be enforced in Edinburgh, 
causing riots, 1637; voted useless, 1644; proclamation against it, 1647; the state 
services omitted in 1859. 

COMMONS. The Statute of Merton gave extensive rights to the Lords of Manors 
over common lands, 20 Hen. III., 1235-6. The enclosure statutes confirmed by 
3 & 4 Edw. VI. c. 3, 1549. An act passed for the better cultivation, improvement, 
and regulation of common arable fields, wastes and commons of pasture in England, 
13 Geo. III. c. 81, 1773. The General Enclosure Act, 41 Geo. III. c. 109, 
passed, July 2, 1801 ; intermixed rights provided for by 6 & 7 Will. IV. c. 115, 
Aug. 20, 1836 (by section 55, commons or pasture lands within 10 miles of the 
city of London, and within I ^ mile of any city or town of 15,000, 2 miles of 30,000, 
2/4 miles of 70,000, and 3 miles of 100,000, are not to be enclosed) ; extended to • 
lands commonable during part of the year only, 3 & 4 Vict. c. 31, July 23, 1840. 
The enclosure and improvement of commons facilitated by 8 & 9 Vict. c. 118, 
Aug. 8, 1845 j but by the Amendment Act no land is to be enclosed without the 
authority of parliament, 15 & 16 Vict. c. 79, June 30, 1852; an act passed for 
the improvement, protection, and better management of commons near London, 
29 & 30 Vict. c. 122, Aug. 10, 1866. 

COMMONS, House of. The first assembly of the representatives of the people was 
summoned by Henry III. to meet May 2, 1258 ; the barons appeared in complete 
armour ; the king adjourned the meeting to Oxford on June II. The first meet- 
ing of two Knights from each Shire, and rightly regarded as the first meeting of 
the House of Commons, Jan. 20, 1265, summoned by Simon de Montfort, Earl 
of Leicester ; fully recognized as a part of the legislature, and summoned to meet, 
22 Edw. I., 1294. The qualification of members fixed by 21 & 22 Vict. c. 26, 
June 28, 1858. The number of members at present is. 

County members . , . . 148 Scotch counties . . . . 30 

Universities 4 Cities and boroughs . . . . 23 

Cities and boroughs . . . . 319 Ireland — counties . . . . 64 

Welsh members for counties . . 15 University . . . . . . 2 

Cities and boroughs . . .. 14 Cities and boroughs .. 39 

658 

COMMONWEALTH OF ENGLAND, the period between the death of Charles 
I. and the return of Charles II., or between Jan. 30, 1649, and the Stuart restor- 
ation. May 29, 1660 ; Oliver Cromwell being protector, Dec. 13, 1653. 

COMMONWEALTH OF HOLLAND begun, 1572. 

COMMUNION, a rite of Christianity early practised among Christians ; bread 
alone was taken in the West, under Pope Urban II., 1096 ; ordered by the fourth 
Lateran Council to be taken at least at Easter, 1215 ; the cup denied to the laity 
by the Council of Constance, 1453 ; the communion in both kinds appointed by 
the authority of the council, 2 Edw. VI., 1548. 

COMMUTATION TAX commenced, 1784. 

COMPANIES connected with trade and commerce existed in London as early as 
960. The merchants of the Steel-yard settled in England, 1250. The weavers 
formed themselves into a society in the reign of Henry I., and 16 of their number 
were fined by Henry II., 1180. 
The first 12 of the City Companies styled honourable : — 



COMPANIES 



171 



Clothworkers 

Drapers 

Fishmongers 

Goldsmiths 

Grocers 

Haberdashers 



Incorporated 
, . 1482 

• • 1439 

salt 1433 

stock 1509 

■ • 1327 

■ . 1345 

. . 1407 



united 1536 



Incorporated 
Apothecaries . . . . . . 161 7 

Armourers and Braziers . . 1423 

Bakers 1307 

Barbers . . . . . . . . 1461 

Basket Makers 1569 

Blacksmiths . . . . . . 15 7^ 

Bowyers . . . . . . . . 1620 

Brewers . . . . . . . . 1438 

Broderers 1591 

Butchers 1605 

Camien 1606 

Carpenters . . . . . . 1344 

Clock Makers 1632 

Coach and Coach Harness 

Makers . . 

Comb Makers . . 
Cooks 
Coopers . . 
Cordwainers . . 
Curriers . . 
Cutlers . . 
DistUlers . . 

Dyers 

Fan Makers . . 
Farriers . . 
Felt Makers 
Fletchers . . 

Founders . . 

Framework Knitters 
Fruiterers . . 

Gardeners . . 

Girdlers . . 
Glass Sellers . . 
Glaziers . . 
Glovers . . 

Gold and Silver Wire Dr 
Gun Makers . . 
Hat-band Makers 
Homers . . 



1677 
1636 
1480 
1501 
1410 
1605 
1417 
1638 
1472 
1709 

1673 
1604 

1536 
1614 
1663 
1605 
1616 
1449 
1664 

1637 
1638 
1623 
1638, 
1638 
1638 



Ironmongers 
Mercers . . 

Merchant Tailors 
Salters, livery grant 

ed in 1394 
Skinners 
Vintners 



Incorporated 
. . 1464 



Innholders 

Joiners . . 

Leather Sellers 

Long-Bow-string Makers 

Loriners . . 

Makers of Playing Cards 

Masons . . 

Musicians 

Needle Makers 

Painter Stainers 

Parish Clerks 

Patten Makers 

Paviors . . 

Pewterers 

Pin Makers 

Plasterers 

Plumbers 

Poulterers 

Saddlers . . 

Scriveners 

Shipwrights 

Silk Throwsters 

Soap Makers 

Spectacle Makers 

Starch Makers 

Stationers 

Tallow Chandlers 

Tilers and Bricklayers 

Tin-Plate Workers 

Tobacco-Pipe Makers 

.Turners . . 

'Upholders 

Watermen 

Wax Chandlers 

Weavers . . 

Wheelwrights 

Woodmongers 

Woolmen 



1393 
1466 

1558 
1327 
1437 



Incorporated 

1515 
1569 
1442 
1440 
1712 
1629 
1677 
1604 
1656 
1582 
161I 
1670 
1480 

1474 
1636 
I50I 
161I 

1280 
1616 
1605 
1622 
1638 
1630 
1622 
1557 
1463 
1568 
1670 
1663 
1604 
1627 
1550 
1483 
1 164 
1676 
1605 
1484 



COMPANIES for various purposes, an act passed for the incorporation, regulation, 
and winding up of trading companies and other associations, 25 & 26 Vict. c. 89, 
Aug. 7, 1862 ; amended by 30 & 31 Vict. c. 131, Aug. 20, 1867. African, 1618, 
1672. In 1746, Government owed the Company ;!^ 11,686,800, and its divided 
capital amounted to ^10,780,000, both of which continued till 1776. African 
Institution, i8o6. Australian Agricultural Company for the cultivation of waste 



172 COMPASS CONCILIATION 

lands, 1824. Company of Bankers, London, incorporated, 1307, Bank of 
Amsterdam founded, 1609; of Venice, iiS7; of Rotterdam, 1635. Bank of 
England establislied, 1693. Bank of Scotland established, 1695. Bank of 
Copenhagen, 1736. Bank of Berlin, 1765. Bank Casse d'Escompte, in France, 
1776. Bank of Petersburg, 1786. British American Land Company incorporated, 
1834. British Herring Fishery, incorporated, 1750. British Linen erected, 1 746. 
Canada Company, for the sale of lands purchased of the Government in West 
Canada, incorporated, 1826. Copper Miners, Com_pany of, incorporated in 
England, 1691. East India, at Embden, established, 1750. East India, in 
England, established, 1600 ; a new company established, 1698 ; the old one re- 
established, and the two united, 1700; Board of Control instituted, 1784; charter 
renewed, 1813 ; their commercial character relinquished, 1834. East India, of 
Sweden, erected, March, 1731. East India, of France, established, 1627 ; 
abolished by the National Assembly, and the trade laid open, Jan. 26, 1791, 
East India, of Holland, incorporated, 1604. East-land, incorporated, 1579. 
Herring Fishery, established, Sept. 2, 1750- Hamburg, or the Hamburg Com- 
pany, 1269. Hudson's Bay Company incorporated, 1670. Mines, Royal, estab- 
lished, 1565. Lead Corporation, for smelting with pit and sea-coal, incorporated, 
1692. Royal Miners, incorporated, 1564. Russia Merchants, incorporated, 1555. 
Scotch Corporation began, 1665. Van Diemen's Land Company, 1825. 

COMPASS, the Mariner's, the inventor not known ; the Chinese acquainted with 
it, B.C. 2600 ; according to some, it was discovered by Marco Polo, 1260 ; used 
and known at Venice, 1262 ; improved by Gioja of Naples, 1302 ; the variation 
discovered by Columbus, 1492 ; dip, discovered, 1576 ; improved by Barlowe, 
1608 ; observations on, by Capt. Flinders, 1801-2 ; erroneous variations of, cor- 
rected by Mr Barlow, of Woolwich, 1824 ; observations upon, in iron vessels 
made by Capt. Johnson, 1835 ; by Mr Airy in the Rainbow and Ironsides, 1839 ; 
published, 1840 ; committee appointed at Liverpool to consider, 1854. 

COMPIEGNE, France. This ancient town was rebuilt, 876 ; several parliaments 
were held here to devise measures to check the inroads of the Northmen ; a 
charter granted to the town, 1322 ; taken by the Burgundians, and recaptured by 
Charles VI., 141 5 ; taken by the English, 141 7 ; Joan of Arc made prisoner 
here by the Burgundians, May 23, 1430. 

COMPOSTELLA, order of, instituted by the pope, July 5, 11 75, for those who 
protected pilgrims ; seized by Spain, 1493. 

COMPOUND Waters and Spirits restrained by high duties. May 29, 1729. 

COMPTER, of London, built in Giltspur-street from the design of G. Dance in 
1791, cost ^20,473 ; taken down, 1853. 

CONCEPTION, S. America, destroyed by an earthquake, Feb. 20, 1835. 
CONCEPTION, Feast of the Immaculate, of the Virgin Mary, appointed on Dec. 
8, 1389 ; Paul V. forbade anyone to doubt the doctrine, 1488. 

CONCEPTIONISTS, an order of nuns, in Italy, 1488, confirmed by Popes 
Gregory XV. and Alexander VII. 

CONCERT, the first given in England, by subscription, was at Oxford, 1665 ; the 
first in London, 1678 ; encouraged by the Society of Ancient Music, 1710. The 
Philharmonic Society's, 1814 ; British concerts, 1823 ; Sacred Harmonic Society's, 
1832; promenade concerts, 1844; new Philharmonic Society established, 1852 ; 
Tonic Sol-fa society, 1853 ; Monday popular concerts, 1859. 

CONCHOLOGY, reduced to a system by Dr Major, 1674 ; Lister's system pub- 
lished, 1685 ; that of Languis, 1722. 

CONCILIATION, Courts of, established in Denmark by Royal decree, July, 



CONCIIJATORY ACT CONGE D'ELIRE 173 

1 795 ; there is one held in the capital and one in the principal town. Established 
in France, 1 790. Lord Brougham attempted to introduce them into this country 
but failed, 1830. Council of Conciliation for adjusting differences between 
masters and workmen, established by 30 & 31 Vict. c. 105, Aug. 15, 1867. 

CONCILIATORY ACT proposed for treating with the American colonies, Feb. 

7, 1778; rejected, April 13, 1778. 
CONCLAVE, for electing a pope, said to have been first ordered by the council of 

Lyons, 1274; regulated by Urban VIII. , 1625. 
CONCORD, order of knighthood, instituted in Brandenburgh, 1660. 

CONCORDANCE. That to the Bible first made, 1227 ; that of Cruden, in 
London, 1737; Buxtorfius's, 1632; Marbeck's, 1550; Nathan's, 1524. Ayscough's 
Concordance to Shakespeare, published, 1790; Mrs Cowden Clark's, 1847. Mr 
Pendergast's to Milton, published at Madras, 1857. 

CONCORDAT, a treaty between a temporal prince and the pope, usually so called ; 
one signed between Bonaparte and Pius VII., July 15, 1801 ; a second between 
the same princes, at Fontainebleau, June 25, 1813 ; between the pope and the 
Queen of Spain, March 16, 1851; and between Austria and Pius IX. , Aug. 15, 1855. 

CONCUBINES, allowed to the clergy, 1132 ; denied Christian burial, 1225. 

CONDUITS. The great conduit of Cheap begun, 1285 ; the little conduit, 1443 5 
Lamb's conduit, Holborn, begun, 1577. 

Conduits in London. When built. Conduits in London. When built. 

Aldgate 1535 Cripplegate 1423 

Aldersgate ... ... ... 1610 Dowgate ... ... ... 150S 

Billingsgate ... ... ... 1423 Fleet Bridge ... ... ... 1478 

Bishopsgate ... ... ... 1505 Fleet-street ... ... ... 1438 

Cheapside ... ... ... 1285 Gracechurch-street ... ... 1491 

Coleman-street ... ... ... 1528 Holborn ... ... ... 1498 

Comhill, Inn in ... .. 1401 Stocks Market ... ... ... 1500 

Cornhill, Standard in ... ... 1582 

CONFECTIONER'S SHOP, the first in England, at Tottenham, Middlesex, 
kept by Zancher, a Spaniard, 1596. 

CONFEDERATION of the people at Paris, after the taking of the Bastile, to 
maintain the new constitution, July 14, 1 790. 

CONFEDERATION of the Rhine, a league of the lesser states of Germany, 
in alliance, formed by Bonaparte, having a diet at Frankfort, July 12, 1806 ; rati- 
fied at Munich, July 25 ; broken up, 1813. 

CONFERENCE, that called the Great, held at Hampton-court, between the pre- 
lates of the Church and the dissenting ministers, 1604 ; a second conference was 
held, 1 66 1. 

CONFESSION, Auricular, instituted in the Church, 1204, and enjoined, 1215. 

CONFIRMATION, a rite practised by the apostles. Acts viii. 17, and retained 
by the English Church. 

CONFISCATION COURT, erected in England, 346. 

CONFLANS, the treaty of, between Louis XL of France and the Dukes of Bourbon, 
Brittany, and Burgundy, Oct. 5, 1465 ; confirmed by the treaty of Crotoy, Oct. 
3, 1472. 

CONGE D'ELIRE, granted by Magna Charta, the king's writ or license to 
a dean and chapter to elect a bishop, 1215. By 25 Hen. VIII. c. 20, the 'leave to 
elect ' is to be accompanied with a letter containing the name of the person ap- 
pointed. 



174 CONGO CONSERVATORS 

CONGO, Africa, discovered by the Portuguese, 1484 ; first settlement made, 1490. 

CONGRESS OF AMERICA formally abolished all English authority there, May 5, 
1776 ; the first federal, held there, under Washington, 1789. 

CONGRESS OF POTENTATES : the latest, those of Soissons, 1728 ; Ant- 
werp, 1793; Radstadt, 1797; Prague, 1813 ; Chatillon, 1814; Vienna, 1814-15; 
Aix-la-Chapelle, 1818 ; Carlsbad, 1819 ; Troppau, 1820 ; Laybach, 1821 ; 
Verona, 1822 ; of the confederated States of Germany, at Frankfort, May 10, 
1850; Paris, 1856; Frankfort, 1863. 

CONGREVE ROCKETS, the Asiatic rocket improved into a formidable instru- 
ment of war, by Sir William Congreve, 1804 ; employed in setting fire to Bou- 
logne, Oct. 8, 1806 ; the Emperor of Russia bestowed the order of St Anne upon 
the inventor, 1 813. 

CONIC SECTIONS, invented by Aristseus, B.C. 240. 

CONINGSBURGH CASTLE, Yorkshire, built, 489 ; rebuilt in the 12th century. 

CONJUNCTION of the sun, moon, and planets witnessed, 1186 ; of Saturn and 
Jupiter, 1394. 

CONJURATION made felony in England, by James I., 1603 ; the law repealed, 
1736. 

CONNAUGHT, Ireland, a kingdom under the Irish pentarchy, and remained 
comparatively independent until 1590, it v/as then divided into six counties. 

CONNECTICUT, America. Two settlements formed here, 1633 and 1637 ; charter 
of, incorporation granted by Charles II., 1665 ; became one of the United States, 
1788. 

CONNOR, bishopric of, in Ireland, united to Down, 1442 j Connor and Down 
united with Dromore, Aug. 14, 1833. 

CONQUEROR, H. M. screw steam ship-of-war, loi guns, wrecked on a coral reef 
off the Bahama Bank, Jan. 29, 1862. 

CONSCIENCE, Court of, established by the Court of Common Council, of Lon- 
don, 1517 ; confirmed by 3 James I. c. 15, 1604 ; generally adopted throughout 
the kingdom ; superseded by the County Court, established by 9 & 10 Vict. c. 
95, Aug. 28, 1846 ; amended. The city of London also established a County 
Court by 10 & 11 Vict. c. Ixxi., July 2, 1847; jurisdiction extended, 30 & 31 
Vict, c 142, 1867. See County Courts. 

CONSECRATION of Solomon's Temple, i Kings viii. 12, et seq. ; churches 
consecrated, A-D. 200 ; the sepulchre of Jerusalem, 335 ; churchyards and bury- 
ing-grounds, 560. Particulars of charges for, in 1828: — 

£ s. d. 
Drawing and engrossing petition to the archbishop to consecrate ... i 5 o 
Drawing the sentence of consecration ... ... ... ... ... 2 2 o 

Drawing the Act ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... o 13 6 

Registering the above instruments and the deed at length, and parch- 
ment ... ... ... 220 

The chancellor's fee ... ... ... ... ... ... ...500 

The principal registrar's fee ... ... ... ... ... ... 5 o o 

The secretary's fee ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...500 

The deputy registrar's attendance and expenses ... ... ... 315 6 

The apparitor's fee ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... I I o 

Fee on obtaining the seal ... ... ... ... ... ... ... i i o 

CONSERVATIVE CLUB, founded, 1840. The club-house erected from the de- 
sign of Sidney Smirke, and opened, Feb. 19, 1845. 
CONSERVATORS of the River Thames- See Thames. 



CONSERVATIVES CONSPIRACIES 175 

CONSERVATIVES- This name first applied to the country party who were 
against the repeal of the corn laws, by Mr Croker, 1830 ; partially broken up, 
1843- 

CONSERVATORS OF PUBLIC LIBERTY, chosen from the barons, to limit 
the king's power, 1244; of the peace, 1344. 

CONSISTORY, the Council which meets at the Vatican under the presidency 
of the Pope for the management of spiritual and temporal affairs. The Consistory 
Court for hearing and deciding all ecclesiastical suits in England, instituted, 1085 ; 
an appeal from, to the Abp of the province, provided by 24 Hen. VIII. c- 12, s. 5, 
1532 ; proceedings against the clergy taken under i & 2 Vict. c. 106, Aug, 14, 
1838, and the 3 & 4 Vict, c 86, Aug. 7, 1840. 

CONSOLIDATED FUND, formed of the Aggregate Fund, the General Fund, and 
the South Sea, 1816, 56 Geo. III. c. 98. In the year ending March 31, 1859, 
the total payments made out of it amounted to ;^i, 940,655, of which ^546,591 
referred to Royal establishments and allowances, and ^200,395 to pensions of 
various kinds, while ;^IS7,665 was for salaries, and ^1,036,004 for 'other pay- 
ments. ' 

CONSOLS. Prices of, in 1852, looji ; Dec. 24, 1852, loi ; Dec. 24, 1844, 101% ; 
the lowest price, July 4, 1867, 94!^ ; in this century was, July, 1803, 50^ ; in the 
l8th century the highest price, reached in 1736, was 113 ; the lowest, in 1798, was 
47^. In 1865, the number of persons holding consols was 126,331. 

CONSPIRACIES AND INSURRECTIONS, remarkable. An insurrection in 
Spain, which cost the lives of 30,000 Spaniards, and double that number of 
Moors, 1560 ; at Malta, to destroy the whole order, for which 125 slaves suffered 
death, Jmie 26, 1749 ; at Lisbon, by several of the nobility, who shot at the king, 
1758 ; at Algiers, on account of tribute, 1761 ; at Madrid, when they obliged 
the king to banish the Marquis Squillace, 1769 ; at the Brazils, 1772 ; at Palermo, 
Oct. 26, 1773 ; at Stockholm, 1792, when Gustavus III. was assassinated by 
Ankerstroem ; at St Domingo, and the other French West India islands, where 
near 16,000 negroes were slain, and 400 whites, and 550 plantations destroyed, 
1794 ; in Dublin, 1803 ; of the Prince of Asturias against his father, 1807 ; of the 
inhabitants of Madrid against the French, in which many persons were killed, 
1808 ; at Algiers, 1808 ; Orsini and others against the emperor of the French, 
Jan. 14, 1858. 

CONSPIRACIES AND INSURRECTIONS in England. A conspiracy of 
the Norman barons against William L, 1074 ; against William II., 1088 and 
1093; against Henry II., by his queen and children, 11 73 5 insurrection of 
Foulk de Brent against Henry III., 1224; a conspiracy against the same 
king for cancelling Magna Charta, 1227 ; of the barons against Hemy III., 
1258 ; of the Duke of Exeter and others against the life of Henry IV., dis- 
covered by di'opping a paper accidentally, 1400; against Henry V., by the 
Earl of Cambridge and others, 141 5 ; of Richard, Duke of Gloucester, against 
his nephews, Edward V. and his brother, whom he caused to be murdered, 
1483 ; of Lambert Simnel, i486 ; of Perkin Warbeck, 1492 ; and of the Earl of 
Suffolk and others against Henry VII., 1506 ; insurrection of the London ap- 
prentices, 7th Henry VIIL, 1517 ; against Queen Elizabeth, by Dr Story, 1571 ; 
by the Duke of Norfolk and the Roman Catholic party, 1572 ; by Anthony 
Babington and others, 1586 ; by Lopez, a Jew, and others, 1593 ; by Patrick 
York, an Irish fencing-master, employed by the Spaniards to kill the queen, 
1594 ; of Walpole, a Jesuit, who engaged one Squires to poison the queen, 
1598 ; against James L, by the Marchioness de Verneuil, his mistress, and others, 
1604 ; the gunpowder plot for blowing up the House of Commons discovered, 
Nov. 4-5, 1605 ; conspiracy of the Duke of Somerset and others to murder Sir 



176 CONSTABLE CONSTANTINOPLE 

Thomas Overbury, 1612 ; of Sindercomb and others, to assassinate Oliver 
Cromwell, discovered by his associates, 1656 ; of the Puritans, 1657 ; of the Fifth 
Monarchy men, against Charles II., 1660 ; of Blood and his associates, who 
seized and wounded the Duke of Ormond, 1670 ; of the French, Spanish, and 
English Jesuits, countenanced by the pope, to assassinate Charles II., discovered 
by Dr Young and Titus Oates, 1668 ; a supposed Papist conspiracy discovered by 
Titus Oates and Sir E. Godfrey, who was found dead at Primrose Hill, Oct. 17, 
1678 ; another to assassinate him at the Rye-house farm, near Hoddesden, Hert- 
fordshire, on his way from Newmarket, called the Rye-house Plot, 1683, for 
which Lord Russell was executed, July 21, 1683 ; of Lord Preston, the Bishop of 
Ely, and others, to restore King James, 1691 ; of Granvil, a French chevalier, and 
his associates, to assassinate King William in Flanders, 1692 ; a conspiracy by the 
Earl of Aylesbury and others to kill the king near Richmond, as he came from 
hunting, discovered by Pendergrass, called the Assassination Plot, 1696 ; of 
Simon Frazer, Lord Lovat, in favour of the Pretender, against Queen Anne, 
1703 ; of the Marquis Guiscard, 1710; to assassinate George I., by James Shephard, 
an enthusiastic youth, who had been educated to consider the king as an usurper, 
1718 ; of Counsellor Layer and others to bring in the Pretender, 1722 ; of Col. 
Despard and his associates to assassinate George HI., and to overturn the existing 
government, 1 803 ; of Thistlewood and others. May, 1 820; the Fenian in Canada 
and Ireland, 1865-6. 

CONSTABLE, Lord High, of England, an ancient office instituted by the Nor- 
mans in England. "The office became hereditary in the family of the De Bohuns, 
Earls of Hereford and Essex, afterwards into that of the Staffords. The Duke 
of Buckingham executed for treason while holding the office, and it became for- 
feited, 1521. The same office suppressed in France by Louis XIII., 1607. The 
office in Scotland established by Robert Bruce, 1314, and still remains in the 
Errol family. 

CONSTABLES OF HUNDREDS AND FRANCHISES, first instituted in 
the reign of Edward I., 1285 ; the number increased, 1360 ; special constables 
appointed by i & 2 Will. IV. c. 41, 1831 ; amended 5 & 6 Will. IV. c. 43, Aug. 
31, 1835. 

CONSTANCE, a council of priests, which condemned John Huss and Jerome of 
Prague to the flames, and denounced Wycliffe, in violation of all considerations 
of policy and good faith ; first sittings, Nov. 16, 1414 ; last sittings held in 1418. 

CONSTANTINOPLE, Era of, which was adopted in that city before the 7th cen- 
tury, commences with the creation of the world, B.C. SS^^. The Russians fol- 
lowed this calculation until the reign of Peter the Great, having received it from 
the Greek Church. In this era there are two years, the Civil, which begins in the 
month of Sept., and the Ecclesiastical, which commences March 21, and some- 
times April I. 

CONSTANTINOPLE, Turkey, anciently Byzantium, became the seat of empire 
under Constantine the Great, 323 ; the walls thrown down by an earthquake, 
447 ; re-constructed, 508 ; besieged by the Saracens, 668 and 716 ; attacked by 
the Russians, 865 ; taken by them, 941 ; captured by the Latins, 1203 ; again 
taken by them and partially destroyed, 1204 ; besieged by the Turks, 1422 — they 
take it after a siege of 53 days, May 29, 1453 ; revolt of the Janissaries sup- 
pressed with considerable slaughter, 1705; again, 1822 and 1826; fire destroyed 
12,000 houses and 7000 persons, Sept. 27, 1729; damaged by fire. May 31, 
1745 > in June, 1750, 10,000 houses destroyed ; in 1751, a fire consumed 4000 
houses, and the plague took off 70,000 souls ; Sept. 2, 1754; nearly destroyed by 
an earthquake, and 3000 persons killed ; July 5, 1756, visited with the plague ; 
13,000 houses burned, and above 1000 persons ; the plague again visited, and the 
heir to the Ottoman empire died of it, 1757 ; dreadful fires in 1761, 5, 7, and 9 ; 



CONSTITUENTS CONVENTION 177 

2000 houses burned, Sept. 4, 177S; 600, Feb. 19, 1782; 7000, June 10, follow- 
ing ; and the next Aug. 10,000 houses, 50 mosques, 100 corn-mills, were de- 
stroyed ; in Aug., 17S4, 10,000 houses were destroyed, and 32,000 between 
March and July, 1 79 1 ; no less than 7000 were destroyed, 1 795 ; the suburb of 
Pera had 1300 houses and fine buildings burned, March 13, 1799. The Janis- 
saries revolted and attacked the Sultan's guards, Nov. 14, 1808. In 1812 and 
1813, 300,000 of the inhabitants were struck down by the plague ; in Aug., 1816, 
1200 houses and 2000 shops were burned ; the Christians massacred without re- 
gard of sex, March 25, 1822 ; in 1825, 12,000 houses, 30 mosques, 400 boats, and 
as many people were consumed. The Janissaries again revolted, but were de- 
feated, and 14,000 slain, June 15, 1826 ; abolished the next day. The Sultan's 
palace destroyed by fire, Jan. 21, 1839 ; a fire which destroyed 4000 houses took 
place, Aug. 12, 1852. The treaty signed between England, France, and Turkey, 
March 12, 1854. An earthquake at, Feb. 28, 1855. The Sultan installed a 
knight of the Garter by Lord Stratford de Redcliffe, Nov. 5, 1856 ; conference 
relative to the Montenegrin territories held, 1858. A serious fire broke out, Sept. 
5, 1865, and raged till the 8th, 5000 houses destroyed, besides public offices. 
Many Councils have held their sittings here. 

CONSTITUENTS, Assembly of, France, established after the dethronement of 
Louis Philippe, consisting of 900 members, m.et, May 5, 1848; they proclaimed a 
republican form of government, Nov. 12 ; suppressed at the coup d'Stat, Dec. 2, 
1851. 

CONSTITUTION, American ship of war, took the British frigate Guerriere, which 
lost 100 men killed and wounded, the Americans losing but 14 killed and 
wounded, Aug. 20, 1812. 

CONSTITUTIONAL ASSOCIATION, a clique of persons so calling themselves, 
prosecuted the publisher of Lord Byron's parody on Southey's ridiculous ' Vision 
of Judgment,' and got him fined ^100, 1824. 

CONSTITUTIONAL CLUB, The, founded for the city of London in the in- 
terest of the Conservatives at a meeting held at the London Tavern, Dec. 5, 1867. 

CONSTITUTIONAL INQUIRER. A proclamation issued by the government of 
Great Britain, to discover the author, Feb. 5, 1750. 

CONSULS. Two consuls appointed at Rome, B.C. 509 ; two elected at Milan in 
1 107 ; three appointed in France, Napoleon Bonaparte, Cambaceres, and Lebrun, 
Nov. 10, 1799 ; the first consul took up his residence at the Tuilleries, Feb. 19, 
1800 ; proclaimed consul for life, Aug. 2, 1802. 

CONSULS, mercantile agents of different nations, first appointed to Italy by Rich. 
III., in 1485 ; one appointed to Portugal, 1633 ; the whole revised by Lord 
Palmerston in 1831 ; the staff now comprises 22 consuls-general, 137 consuls, and 
90 vice-consuls, whose salaries amount to ^^141, 288. 

CONTAGIOUS DISEASES, at naval and military stations, becoming a serious 
cause of weakness to our army and navy, an act was passed to prevent, and for 
the establishing of Lock Hospitals under medical supervision, 29 & 30 Vict. c. 
15, June II, 1866. 

CONVENTICLES, a term used to describe Dissenting meeting-houses, in the act 
35 Eliz. c. I, 1593 ; the Uniformity Act passed, 1662 ; no one to preach in a 
conventicle under a penalty of ;i^50, 17 Charles II. c. 2, 1665 ; another passed to 
suppress seditious conventicles, 22 Charles II. c. i, 1670; repealed by i Will. & 
Mary, c. 18, 1688. 

CONVENTION between different powers or interests : Closterseven, 1757 ; armed 
neutrality, 1780 ; Pilnitz, 1791 ; Paris, the national, 1792 ; Cintra, 1808 ; Berlin, 
1S08; Peterswaldcn, 1813 ; Paris (allies), 1814; Vienna, 1814; Holland and 

12 



178 CONVENTION PARLIAMENTS COORG 

England, 1814; Zurich, 1815 ; Capua, 1815 ; St Cloud, 1815 ; Aix la Chapelle, 
1818 ; Paris and Allies, 1813 ; Austria with England, in which the latter agreed 
to compound for ^2,500,000 a just debt of ;if30,ooo,ooo sterling, 1824 ; Russia 
and England, 1825 ; England and United States of America, 1826 ; France and 
Brazil, i'828 ; Holland and Belgium, in London, 1839 ; England, Austria, Russia, 
Prussia, and Turkey, settling the Eastern question, 1840; France and England 
respecting the slave trade, 1845 ; England and the Argentine republic, 1849 ; at 
Paris uniting the principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia, Aug. 20, 1858. 

CONVENTION PARLIAMENTS : one voted the restoration of the Stuarts, met, 
April 25, 1660 ; a motion for the restoration of Charles II. passed, April 27 ; 
accepted by the King, May i : the other declared for the abdication of James II. 
and for William and Mary, Jan. 23, 1689 ; converted into a parhament, Feb. 23, 
1689 ; dissolved, Feb. 6, 1690. 

CONVENTS, the first in England at Folkestone, 630 ; in Scotland, 670 ; sup- 
pressed and plundered by Henry VIII. ; suppressed by Murat in the Two Sicilies, 
1809; restored, 1815 ; abolished in Spain, 1811; restored, 1814 ; 187 abolished 
by the emperor of Russia, July 31, 1832 ; 300 put down by Don Pedro, in Por- 
tugal, 1834. 

CONVICTS first transported to Ainerica, 1666 ; Governor Philip landed at Botany 
Bay, Port Philip, with 800 convicts, and founded the colony, Jan. 20, 1 788. The 
establishment of hulks for the reception of convicts, 1776; the last, called the 
Stirling Castle, abolished, and the system discontinued, Feb. 7, 1859. 

CONVOCATION OF THE CLERGY, an assembly of clergy so called in the 
earliest times, summoned to meet in the 23rd Edward I., 1294; their power 
limited by a statute of Henry VIII. ; the clergy relinquished the power of taxing 
themselves, 1664; censured and dissolved, May 10, 1717, by a special order from 
the court, and revived again in 1854. 

CONVOLVULUS FLOWER imported from the Canaries, 1690; the many- 
flowered, 1779. 

CONWAY, Wales. A castle erected here by Edward I. in 1283 ; the plague com- 
mitted dreadful ravages here in 1607 ; the town taken by the Parliamentary 
forces imder Cromwell, Aug. 15, 1646; the castle surrendered, Nov. 10, 1646. 
The suspension bridge built by Telford, begun, 1822 ; completed in 1826. 

COOK, the great circumnavigator, made his first voyage, 1768, sailing in the 'En- 
deavour,' July 30; he reached home, July 13, 1771 ; sailed again, July, 1772, and 
returned July, 1775 ; sailed on his third and last voyage from Plymouth, July, 
1776, and was killed at Owyhee, Feb. 14, 1779 ; his ships, the 'Resolution' and 
'Discovery,' I'eaching home, Sept. 22, 1780. 

COOK, Thomas, hung at Leicester for the murder of Mr Paas of London, whose 
remains he burned, Aug. 10, 1832. 

COOKS' COMPANY, incorporated 22 Edw. IV., July 11, 1472; reincorporated 
by II ChariesIL, Feb. 16. 

CO-OPERATIVE SOCIETIES, the first established at Rochdale, 1844 ; since 
then they have rapidly increased, and an act was passed for their government, 13 
& 14 Vict. c. 115, Aug. 15, 1850; and as to the value of shares to be owned by 
one member, 18 & 19 Vict. c. 63, July 23, 1855. 

COOPERS' COMPANY, incorporated by 16 Hen. VII., April 29, 1501 ; con- 
firmed, 13 Charies II., Aug. 30, 1662 ; arms granted to, Sept. 27, 1509 ; Hall 
rebuilt, 1668-71 ; state lotteries drawn in this hall — the last drawn, Oct. 18, 
1826 ; hall pulled down, 1865. 

COORG, Hindustan, remained under the government of native princes till 1773, 



COPENHAGEN COPYRIGHT 179 

when Hyder AH subdued and took possession of the country, excluding the right- 
ful heir, whom they imprisoned ; he escaped and recovered his kingdom, 1788 ; 
annexed to the British possessions, 1834. 

COPENHAGEN, presented by Waldemar I. to Absolon, Bishop of Roeskilde, who 
erected a castle here, 1168 ; obtained municipal rights, 1284 ; made a city, 1319 ; 
and capital of Denmark, 1443; 77 streets burned, 1728; palace destroyed by 
fire, Feb. 26. 1794, where 20,000,000 of rixdollars, or ^4,500,000 sterling, of 
damage was done, and above 100 persons lost their lives ; the arsenal, admiralty, 
and 50 streets destroyed by fire, with 1363 houses, June 5, 1795 ; bombarded by 
the English, under Lord Nelson, and 18 of the defending vessels out of 23 taken 
or destroyed, April 2, 1801 ; captured by the English expedition, Sept. 5, 1807 ; 
the town taken possession of on the 8th, and the fleet sent to England on the 20th 
of Oct., with 250 pieces of artillery. 

COPERNICUS, of Thorn, in Prussia, born, Jan. 19, 1473 ; died, May 24, 1543 ; 
disclosed the true solar system, 1530. 

COPES, first used in the church, 256. 

COPPER, one of the six primitive metals, very early discovered in many parts of 
the world. Mentioned in the Bible as being possessed in countless abundance, 
2 Chron. iv. 18. The importation is also mentioned of copper vessels, Ezek. 
xxvii. 13. First found in Sweden, 1396 ; in England, 1561 ; regulated and re- 
vived working, 1689; produce of Cornwall, 11,185 tons; Devonshire, 307; 
Anglesea, 575 ; Cumberland and other places in Stafford and Lancashire, 120 
tons ; other places in Wales, Ireland, &c., 1158 ; total, 1833, 13,345 tons ; value 
of that found in Cornwall for 1833, ;!^l,03i,722 ; the export from the united 
kingdom, 1834, was 781 1 tons; discovered in the Anglesea Paris mine, 1768; 
produced 3000 tons in 1785 ; in 181 7, only 350 ; in 1826, 758 tons ; in 1832, 575 : 
first imported from Virginia, Oct., 1730 ; found in New York, 1722 ; copper first 
used to sheathe ships, and copper bolts also used, 1760 ; found in large quantities 
on the shore of Lake Superior, in the United States, 1835 > the Burra-Burra 
mines of Australia discovered, 1843; the duty repealed, 1853. 

COPPER MONEY coined by the Romans and Greeks. The first coined in 
Britain by Cunobeline, about A.D. 42 ; circulated in Ireland, 1339 ; in France, 
1580 ; in Scotland, about 1600 ; in England the first legal coinage, 1609, 1665, 
and 1672 ; private traders coined tokens, 1672 ; Wood's copper coinage in Ire- 
land issued, 1723 ; forbidden to be counterfeited, 1771 ; penny and twopenny 
pieces coined, July 26, 1797 ; and halfpence, 1800. The present bronze coinage 
was issued, i860. 

COPPERPLATE PRINTING invented in Germany, 1450 ; rolling presses for 
working, about 1545 ; a mode of engraving on soft steel, invented by Perkins, 
which he afterwards hardened, 1819. 

COPPERAS, or sulphate of iron, or green vitriol, first introduced into England as a 

manufacture, 1587, by one Cornelius de Vos. 
COPYING PRESS, one patenteed by Mr Brunei, 1820. 

COPYRIGHT. An order prohibiting works being published without the author's 
consent, 1649 ; the right fully recognized and confirmed by statute 8 Anne, c. 19, 
1709 ; the right vested in the author for 14 years, 1710 ; extended to the United 
Kingdom by 41 Geo. III. c. 107, July 2, 1801 ; an extension of copyright and 
further protection granted by 54 Geo. III. c. 156, July 29, 1814; dramatic authors 
protected, 1833 ; lectures witliout the author's consent to publication protected, 
1835 ; acts extended to Ireland, 1836; international copyright passed, July 31, 
1838. The right of an author in his works to endure for his life, and seven years 
after ; but if the term of life expire earlier than 42 years, the right is still to endure 



iSo CORDELIERS CORINTH 

for that term ; for wliicla, also, the work of an author published after his death is 
also to endure, 5 & 6 Vict. c. 45, July i, 1842. Five copies to be sent to the public 
libraries: the British Museum, the Bodleian, the Public Library at Cambridge, 
the Faculty of Advocates at Edinburgh, and Trinity College, Dublin ; the follow- 
ing being discontinued : the Oxford University, Glasgow, Aberdeen, St 
Andrews, Sion College. Act relating to the colonies, July 22, 1847 ; for manu- 
facturing designs for three years, 5 & 6 Vict. c. 100, Aug. 10, 1842 ; amended, 
Aug. 22, 1843, and again, Aug. 14, 1850 ; the International Copyright Act, 
I & 2 Vict. c. 59, July 31, 1838 ; amended, 7 Vict. c. 12, May 10, 1844; ex- 
tended, 15 Vict. c. 12, May 28, 1852. 

CORDELIERS, an order of Franciscan Friars, founded, 1223. 

CORDELIERS, a club of political revolutionists established in Paris, 1789 
or 1790. 

CORDOVA, Spain, founded by Marcus Marcellus during the war with the Celtiberi, 
B.C. 152; Ccesar nearly destroyed the town after the battle of Munda, putting 
20,000 of the inhabitants to the sword ; taken by the Moors, 700, and made the 
capital of Spain, 756; nearly destroyed by fire, 917; the town captured by 
Ferdinand, King of Castile, 1235; the city taken and pillaged by the French, June 
7 and two following days, 1808 ; again sacked by the Carlists, Oct. i, 1836. 

CORDWAINERS' COMPANY existed in the reign of Henry III. ; incorporated 
by 17 Hen. VI., April 26, 1439 ; confirmed by 4 & 5 Philip and Mary, June 17, 
1558 ; by 4 Eliz., Aug. 24, 1562 ; reincorporated by 10 James I., June 3, 1613 ; 
and again by i James II., May 9, 1686. Exeter — Incorporated by 11 Rich. II., 
1387 ; confirmed, 1481 and 1555. 

CORFE CASTLE, Dorsetshire. Edward the Martyr murdered at its gate by 
order of his mother-in-law, Elfrida, 978 ; rebuilt by William the Conqueror, 
1082 ; repaired by King John ; made a prison, 1202 ; besieged by the Parlia- 
mentarians under Sir Walter Erie, who was defeated by Lady Bankes and the 
soldiers under her command, 1643 ; taken by the Parliamentary forces under Col. 
Bingham, Feb. 27, 1645, and partially demolished . 

CORFU, Ionian Islands, colonized by the Corinthians, B.C. 734, then called 
Corcyra ; Robert Guiscard seized the Islands, A.D. 1081 ; Richard I. landed here, 
1193 ; put themselves under the protection of the Venetians, 1386, who defeated 
the Turkish fleet of 60 ships of war, with 30,000 troops on board, when after a 
siege of five weeks they were obliged to retire, losing all their artillery and stores, 
July 16 — Aug. 22, 1716 ; a dreadful explosion took place here, March 11, 1789, 
when 72,ooolb. of powder and 60 bombshells exploded, and destroyed 180 per- 
sons ; ceded to France, Oct. 17, 1797; retaken, March 3, 1799, and made a 
republic ; placed under British administration by the treaty of Paris, 1815, with 
the other six islands. Prince George appointed king of Greece, and these islands 
given up by England, 1864 ; visited by a severe hurricane which did considerable 
damage, Feb. 19, 1865. 

CORINTH, Greece, kingdom of, established, B.C. 1355 ; destroyed by L. Mummius, 
B.C. 146 ; rebuilt by Julius Csesar, B.C. 44. One of the first cities that embraced 
Christianity ; visited by the Apostle Paul about the year A. D. 60 ; taken by the Turks, 
under Mahomet II., 1459 ; captured by the Venetians, 1698 ; recaptured by the 
Turks, June 20, 1714; surrendered by the Turks to the Greeks, Oct., 1822 ; the 
town almost destroyed by an earthquake, Feb. 21, 1858. 

CORINTH, S. America. Gen. Beauregard retreated after confronting the Federals 
under Gen. Halleck for several weeks, May 3, 1862 ; taken possession of by the 
Federals, May 30, 1862 ; the Confederates under Generals Van Dorn and Price 
attacked this place and defeated the Federals v/ith great loss, Oct. 3, 1864, but 



CORINTHIAN ORDER CORN iSi 

the next day they were defeated by the Federals under Gen. Rosencrans, Oct 4 
1862. 

CORINTHIAN ORDER OF ARCHITECTURE, especially characterized by 
its beautiful capital, which is said to have been suggested to the mind of the cele- 
brated sculptor, Callimachus, by a basket covered by a tile overgrown by the 
leaves of the Acanthus ; the earliest known example of its use throughout a build- 
ing is in the monument of Lysicrates, commonly called the Lantern of Demos- 
thenes, in Greece, built B.C. 335. 

CORINTHIANS, the First Epistle to the, written by the Apostle St Paul, at 
Ephesus, Acts xix. 10, xx. 31, a.d. 57-58 ; the Second Epistle a few months 
later. 

CORK, Ireland, founded in the 6th century ; fortified, 1170 ; surrendered to Henry 

II. by Dermod McCarthy, 1172 ; a charter granted by King John, 1185 ; deprived 
of its charter for assisting Perkin Warbeck, 1493 ; restored by King James I. , 1609 ; 
nearly destroyed by fire, 1622 ; taken by the Earl of Marlborough from King 
James II., 1690, and the Duke of Grafton, son of Charles II. by one of his mis- 
tresses, was slain ; the cathedral built by a coal duty between 1 725 and 1 735 ; ex- 
plosion of gimpowder at, Nov. 10, 1810 ; Queen's College, founded in 1845 5 
inaugurated, Nov. 7, 1849 ; food riots, June 10, 1842 ; Queen Victoria visited 
the town, Aug. 3, 1849 ; exhibition opened, June 10, 1852 ; Fenian outbreak at, 
1866-7 ; robbery of 200 guns from a gimsmith's, in Patrick Street, Nov. 29, 1867 °> 
funeral procession of 12,000 of the inhabitants in honour of the executed Fenians, 
Allen, Gould, and Larkin, who murdered Brett the constable, Dec. i, 1867. The 
see of, founded in the 7th century; united with Cloyne, 143 1, and again separ- 
ated, 1678 ; see of Ross added to it, 1582 ; sees of Cork and Cloyne again 
united, Aug. 14, 1833. 

CORK-TREE brought to England, circa 1690. 

CORN. Wheat, said to have been introduced into England in the 6th century ; the 
first account of any importation, 1347 ; of export, 1437 ; the first statute passed 
forbidding the exportation of, 34 Edw. III. c. 20, 1360 ; the importation of, for- 
bidden unless the price of wheat exceeded 6s. Sd, a quarter, 3 Edw. IV. c. 2, 
1463 ; 25 Hen. VIII. c. 2, 1436-7, forbidding the exportation of, repealed by i & 2 
Phihp & Mary, c. 5, 1544 ; bounties upon its importation, 1686 ; value of ex- 
ported corn, 1745, 2'68i,ooo. The first act for regulating the duties was 13 Geo. 

III. c. 43, 1773. Before that time the price of corn was ruled by circumstances, 
a larger quantity being grown than was consumed ; the exportation was pro- 
hibited when scarcity prevailed ; in 1 604-5, the introduction of corn when the 
price Avas below 32^-. the quarter was prohibited by the landowners ; after 1660, 
the duty laid on foreign wheat was i6s. ; when the price was 53^. or under, the 
price in favour of the landowner advanced 21s. in half a century, and the duty was 
to be 8s. when between 53J. and below 6t,s. ; in 1773, the duty was 24s. T,d. when 
wheat was under 50J., and when at or above 50J. it was only to be 6d. ; after the 
commencement of the French revolutionary war, 1793, when wheat was below 
63^-., the duty on foreign wheat was to be 30J'. 3^/., falhng to 7J^ when the price 
reached 65^^. In 181 5 the landowners did not consider this enough ; an act was 
passed to prohibit all importation until the price in the home-market had been 
three consecutive months above 8oj-. , and riots and tumults ensued in Westminster ; 
in 1816 the price rose from 52^. to lOOs. a quarter; in 1822, the importation of 
foreign wheat was prohibited when prices were under 70^-. , admitting it between 
70i-. and 80J. at a duty of 12s. ; when between 80s. and 85 j. a duty of 5^., and 
when above 85J. a duty of is. ; this law never operated, for early in 1827, Canning 
proposed a sliding-scale, which was to a certain extent adopted by the Cabinet 
of the Duke of Welhngton, 9 Geo. IV. c. 60, July 15, 1828, which remained 



1 82 CORN CORNWALL 

operative until Sir Robert Peel's act, 5 Vict. c. 14, April 29, 1842, which last bill 
disappeared in the annihilation of the com laws, 9 & 10 Vict. c. 22, June 22, 
1846 ; it was a sliding-scale which made the duty 20^-. with wheat at 51^. ; the 
duty reduced to is. per quarter, Feb. i, 1849. 

CORN. Wheat Prices : 1700, 40J-. ; 1706, 26s. ; 1709, 78J. 6d. ; 1712, 26s. 4^. ; 
1 718, 38J. lod. ; 1725, 48^-. 6d. ; 1730, 36^-. 6d. ; 1732, 26s. Sd. ; 1736, 40^^. ^d. ; 
1742, 34^. ; 1744, 24J. lod. ; from 1743 to 1762 inclusive, the average was 
jQi IIS. lod. for the 20 years ; after this, prices rose to 4.1s. and 48^. during the 
American War; in 1784 they fluctuated between 48J. 2d. and 41 j. lod. ; in 1785, 
between 37J-. 6d. and 34J-. 6d. ; in 1786, between 36^. 2d. and 23s. ; in 1787, from 
44J-. to 36^-. id. ; in 1788, 45^'. id. to 42^-. gd.; in 1789, the prices varied from 
54J. iid. to47J'. ; the fluctuations in the intervening years, do^^^l to the repeal of 
the com laws, were very various, the extreme (not the average) being in the market 
as high as 175^'. in 1801, and in 1835 as low as 345'.; a load of wheat sold at 
Windsor market for ^^31 a load, May 15, 1847. 

CORN, foreign prices ; the average prices in France, Belgium, and Prussia, from 
the year 1828 or 1829 down to 1850. From this it appears that from 1829 to 
1850, the average price of wheat in France has been 45 j-. yd. per quarter ; the 
highest quotation was in 1847, when it was Sjs. ^d. ; and the lowest was in 1850, 
when it was 33^'. 2d. In Belgium, from 1828 to 1850, the average has been 46s., 
the highest being 72^. 2d. in 1847, and the lowest 32^-. 2d. in 1S34 ; in 1848, 
37^. 5(/. In Prassia, from 1828 to 1850, the average has been 34J. 3d. The highest 
price in that country, as well as in France and Belgium, was in 1847, when it was 
58j-., and the lowest was 23J-. 4^. in 1836 ; in 1850, it was 31s. 6d. The cost 
of the imports of grain of aU kinds, as well as flour, for the years, 1854, 
2"2i,76o,283 ; 1855, ;^i7,5o8,7oo; 1856, ;^23,039,422 ; 1857, ;^i9,38o,567 ; 
1858, ;/^2o, 152,641 ; 1859, ^18,042,063 ; i860, ;,^3i,67i,9i8. 

CORN EXCHANGE, London, first opened, 1747 ; the new building completed 
and opened, June 24, 1828, at the cost of ;if90,ooo. 

CORN LAW LEAGUE, a combination of individuals desirous of the repeal of the 
corn laws, and resolved by all peaceable means to agitate for the same, formed 
at Manchester, Sept. 18, 1838 ; meetings in different places for the purpose, one 
held in April, 1841, and at Manchester, May 18, 1 841 ; a bazaar was held at Man- 
chester, by which ^10,000 was realized, Feb. 2, 1842 ; above 6000 deputies 
assembled and held numerous meetings from Feb. to Aug., 1842 ; the sum of 
;i^50,ooo raised to depute lecturers and to print pamphlets, Oct. 20, 1842 ; meet- 
ing at Drury-lane Theatre, March 15, 1843 ; the same at Covent-garden, Sept. 
28 ; great free-trade meeting at Manchester, Nov. 14 ; again, Jan. 22, 1845 > 
bazaar at Covent-garden opened. May 5, 1845 ; great Manchester meeting, at 
which the League proposed to raise a million, Dec. 23 ; the com importation bill 
having passed, the League dissolved, July 2, 1846. 

CORNET, a loud-sounding instnmient, made of the horn of a ram, and used by 
the Hebrews for announcing the Jubilee, Lev. xxv. 9, and for proclaiming the 
New Year. Brass instrument greatly improved in the 19th centuiy by Distin. 
Cornet, an officer in cavalry regiments, so called after cometta, a small Italian 
flag, appointed circa 1597. 

CORNHILL CASTLE, Northumberland, taken by the Scots and demolished, 
1385 ; rebuilt, and again taken by the Scots, i549' 

CORNISH, Alderman, of London, hanged and quartered on a false charge for 
high treason, in Cheapside, opposite his residence, Oct. 19, 1685. 

CORNWALL, England, the retreat of the ancient Britons beyond the Ex, where 
they defended themselves from the Saxons until 924, when Athelstan drove them 
from the Ex to the Tamar, finally subjugating the county ; governed by its own 



CORONATIONS CORPUS CHRISTI COLLEGE 183 

princes or by dukes until Edward III., in 1336, annexed it to the eldest son of 
the reigning monarch, who is heir to the crown, bom Duke of Cornwall, but 
Prince of Wales by creation ; the inhabitants of, resisted the taxes, and marched 
to London, but were defeated at Blackheath, June 22, 1497. The present Prince 
and Princess of Wales visited Cornwall in 1865 ; the income of the Prince of 
Wales from, amounted in 1866 to £S3A°3- 
CORONATIONS. Dates of the coronation of English Sovereigns in Westminster 
Abbey : Harold II., Jan. 5, 1066; William I., Dec; 25, 1066; WilHamlL, Sept. 
26, 1087 ; Henry I., Aug. 5, iioo ; Stephen, Dec. 26, 1135 ; Henry II., Dec. 19, 
1 1 54; Richard I., Sept. 3, 11 89; John, May 27, 1199; Henry III. (a second time). 
May 17, 1220; Edward I., Aug. 19, 1274; Edward II., Feb. 23, 1307; Edward 
III., Feb. 2, 1327; Richard II., July 16, 1377; Henry IV., Oct. 13, 1399; 
Henry v., April 9, 1413 ; Henry VI., Nov. 6, 1429; Edward IV., June 29, 
1461 ; Richard HI., July 6, 1483 ; Hemy VII., Oct. 30, 1485 ; Henry VIII., 
June 24, 1509; Edward VI., Feb. 20, 1547; Queen Mary, Sept. 30, 1553; 
Queen Elizabeth, Jan. 15, 1558; James I., July 25, 1603; Charles I., Feb. 2, 
1625 ; Charles II., April 23, 1661 ; James II., April 23, 1685 ; William and 
Mary, April ii, 1689 ; Queen Anne, April 23, 1702 ; George I., Oct. 20, 1714 ; 
George II., Oct. 11, 1727; George HI., Sept. 22, 1761 ; George IV., July 19, 
1821 ; William IV., Sept. 8, 1831 ; Queen Victoria, June 28, 1838. 

CORONATION BANQUETS. The first given by Edward I. in 1273 ; discon- 
tinued by William IV. in 1831. 

CORONATION OATH first administered in England by Dunstan, Abp of Canter- 
bury, to King Ethelred, 979 ; the oath of 1377 very nearly resembled that now 
in use ; it was slightly altered in 1689. 

CORONATION STONE, Westminster Abbey, brought from Scone in Scotland 
by Edward I., 1296; said to have been originally at Cash el, Ireland, and being 
borrowed by one Fergus, a Scotch king, B.C. 330, was not returned, but removed 
from Dunstaffnage to Scone by Kenneth II., 850, whence Edward I. took it. 

CORONERS, officers of the realm, in 925, for every county in England. First ap- 
pointed by statute of Westminster, 4 Edw. I., s. 2, 1276 ; mstituted in Scotland, 
1004, in the reign of Malcolm II.; appointed for life until 25 Geo. II. c. 29, 1752, 
when they were to be removed for certain causes. Coroners may appoint deputies 
in case of illness, 6 & 7 Vict. c. 83, Aug. 22, 1843 ; amended by 7 & 8 Vict. c. 92, 
Aug. 9, 1844; again amended as to election and duties, 23 & 24 Vict. c. 116, Aug. 
28, i860. 

CORONETS allowed by the Crown to the nobility, temj>. Henry III. Some state- 
ments give the coronet later to Earls, in 1604, the first being then worn. 

CORPORATIONS of boroughs in England, or municipal, given by charter as 
early as Edward the Confessor ; gi-anted by Hemy I., iioo ; by the Corporation 
and Test Act, all officers and members in corporations compelled to take the 
sacrament according to the rites of the Church of England, 13 Charles II. stat. 2, 
c. I, 1661 ; repealed, 9 Geo. IV. c. 17, May 9, 1828; an act for the reform of 
corporations passed, 5 & 6 Will. IV. c. 76, Sept. 9, 1835 ; Irish mimicipal act, 
3 & 4 Vict. c. 108, Aug. 10, 1840 ; municipal elections regulated by 22 Vict. c. 
35, April 19, 1859. 

CORPULENCE. Bright, of Essex, died in his 27th year, Nov., 1750, and weighed 
42 stone 12 lb. Daniel Lambert died at Stamford, in his 40th year, June 21, 
1809, weighing 10 lb. more than Bright. 

CORPUS CHRISTI COLLEGE founded by Bishop Fox at Oxford, 1516; the 
chapel built in 1 5 1 7 ; Turner's buildings erected by Thomas Turner, 1 706. 
Corpus Christi CoUege, called also Benedict's College, founded at Cambridge, 



i84 CORPUS CHRISTI DAY COTTON 

1352; the chapel erected by Sir Nicholas Bacon, 1573; the College partially 
rebuilt, 1823. 

CORPUS CHRISTI DAY, May 25 ; appointed a festival by Pope Urban IV., in 
1262 — 1264; confirmed by the council of Vienne, 1311. 

CORSICA, Mediterranean Sea, subjected to the Romans, B.C. 231 ; taken by the 
Genoese from the Pisans, 1312 ; after defeating the French in 1553, it was secured 
to the Genoese; in 1559 it revolted; in 1775 Gen. Pascal Paoli chosen general ; 
defeated and came to England, 1769 ; renewed efforts made by this brave man, 
crowned with success, 1793 5 ^.nd the assembly voted the union of the island with 
Great Britain, June 19, 1794 ; George III. acknowledged as king, June 17, 1794 ; 
a parliament opened, 1795 ; a revolt took place, 1796 ; the English gave up the 
island, Oct. 22, 1796, when it became subject to France. 

CORTES, the national assembly of Spain, established in the 14th century, as- 
sembled after a long interval, Sept. 24, i8io; settled a new constitution, March 
16, 1812 ; set aside by Ferdinand VII., May, 1814; opened, 1820; suppressed, 
Oct., 1823 ; summoned again, July 24, 1834. 

CORUNNA, battle between the English army of 16,000 infantry under Sir John 
Moore, who was killed, and the French army of 20,000 men commanded by Mar- 
shal Soult, Jan. 16, 1809 ; the French were repulsed, and the English embarked. 
Its arsenal destroyed by fire, March II, 1794. 

COSSACKS, a semi-civilized race of irregular horsemen in the service of Russia, 
the confines of which they inhabit ; first embodied in the i6th century ; became 
a Russian force in 1658 ; revolted in 1708. 

COSTA RICA, S. America, united to Mexico, 1821 ; it afterwards joined the 
central American confederation, 1823, but shortly afterwards became a separate 
state. Treaty of commerce with Great Britain signed at San Jose, Nov. 27, 1849. 

COTERIE, The, established at Mrs Cornely's, 1771. This was a mixed club of 
ladies and gentlemen, the ladies balloting for the gents, and the gents for the 
ladies; it was composed exclusively of people of the higliest fashion. See list, Gent. 's 
Mag. for 1770, p. 415 ; Massey's Eng. vol. ii. p. 67. 

COTTON. This plant was cultivated m Egypt, B.C. 567 ; cotton fabrics known 
in India and China for many centuries before it was brought to Europe ; Herod- 
otus called it Tire Wool ; imported from the Levant, 1430 ; exported from Bristol, 
151 1 ; some plants taken from the Bahamas to Georgia in America, 1786, where 
they flourished, and that country became the great growers of this plant ; attempts 
have been made to introduce the culture of this plant into India, with hvA. partial 
success. The first cotton mill erected at Beverley in America, 1788 ; visited by 
"Washington, 1789. The trade and manufacture of, encouraged in England in 
the 17th century; first made by machinery (invented by Louis Paul, 1736), in 
1740 ; the spinning jenny invented by Mr Hargreave, and successfully worked, 
1767; spun by Arkwright's machinery, 1769; a second engine for, invented, 1775 ; 
Crompton's mule, 1779; Cartwright's power-loom, 1787; utensils of manufactures 
of, prohibited from exportation, 1774; duty levied on cotton, 1785. In 1791, the 
quantity manufactured, 32,148,906 \h. The increase was as follows: — 1781, 
5, 101,920 lb., value ;^2,ooo,ooo ; 1784, 11,280,2361b., valued at ;!{^3, 950,000 ; 
in 1787, 22,600,000 lb., valued at ^7,500,000. From 1793 to 1824, the cotton 
manufactures of Great Britain exported, amounted to ;^365, 500,000 in value, 
the raw material of which cost ^128,000,000. The total amount of the raw 
cotton imported from 1814 to 1823, or nine of the foregoing years, was 
1,235,000,000 lb. In 1831, die raw material imported reached 280,249,6001b. ; 
in 1840, 592,000,000 lb. ; in 1843, 669,000,0001b. ; in 1 850-1, it reached to 
755,000,000 lb. In 50 years, from 58,000,0001b. of cotton to 755,000,000 lb. 



COTTON DISTRESS COUNCILS OF THE CHURCH 185 

have been annually imported, and of these the United States sent 600, 000, 000 lb. ; 
the rest came from other countries. In 185 1, the product of cotton in America 
was 3,000,000 lb. In 1841, Brazil and Portugal sent 1 6, 000, 000 lb. ; East 
Indies and Ceylon, 97,000,000 lb. ; Egypt, 8,000,000 lb., thus supplying a part 
of the rest. The application of the material, except to spun goods, cannot 
be accurately ascertained ; but of the power-looms in England in 1835, out of 
113,428, 108,632 were employed in cotton ; and in 1850, out of 288,336, no less 
than 249,627 were worked with cotton. The exports of cotton goods in 1850 
reached 1,358,238,837 yards, value ^^20, 528, 150. The cotton yarn exported, 
1850, was 131,233,1681b., value ^{^6, 380, 948. The supply of raw cotton from 
America in 1850, 663,576,8611b.; in 1S60, 1,390,938,7521b.; from India in 
i860, 204,141,1681b. In 1866, the imports amounted to 1,377,129,9361b. A 
meeting held at Manchester, Jan. 30, 1862, to protest against the Indian pro- 
tective duties of 10 per cent, on cotton goods, and 5 per cent, on yarns. 
COTTON DISTRESS. Owing to the Civil War in America, the principal supply of 
this material failed, and led to the closing of the cotton factories in Manchester, 
Preston, Rochdale, and other towns. A meeting was held at Manchester at 
which a central committee for relieving the distress was appointed, April 29, 
1862. A meeting of the bankers and merchants of London was held at the 
Mansion House, London, under the presidency of the Lord Mayor, when a 
committee was formed to assist in raising funds for the same object. May 10 ; 
another meeting was held at Bridgewater House, when Lord Derby was chosen 
president, July 19, ^10,000 being subscribed in a few hours. An act of par- 
liament passed to enable the boards of guardians in the different districts to obtain 
loans for the relief of the operatives, 25 & 26 Vict. c. no, Aug. 7, 1862. A meet- 
ing of the landowners and others was held at the Town-hall, Manchester, Lord 
Derby presiding, when ;/!i"i30,ooo was raised, Dec. 2 ; in this month nearly 5000 
operatives were supported by the various funds. In Jan., 1863, in 147 Unions the 
amount spent in relief amounted to ^15,612 to 221,945 persons, from the relief 
fund during the same week ;!f 39,474 to 374,630 persons, the total ^55,086. The 
people of the United States fitted out three American vessels with com and other 
merchandise for the relief of the distressed ; the Geoi-ge Gi-iswold arrived at 
Liverpool, Feb. 9, 1863 ; the Achilles, Feb. 24. Riots at Staleybridge, March 20. 
The total funds subscribed reached over ^2,000,000. 

COTTON FACTORIES, acts of parliament relating to, and employment in, 1825, 
1S31, 1833, 1844. 

COTTONIAN LIBRARY, the formation of Robert Cotton, 1558-60 ; purchased for 
the nation, 12 & 13 Will. HI. c. 7, 1700 ; Cotton House purchased, 5 & 6 Anne, c. 
30, 1706, for ^4500 ; in 1712 the library was removed to Essex House ; and in 
1730 to Ashburnham House ; and in 1731 to Westminster School ; part of the 
books injured by fire, Oct. 23, 1731 ; deposited in the British Museum, under the 
provisions of 26 Geo. 11. c. 22, 1753. 

COUCHMAN, Lieutenant, of the Chesterfield man-of-war, and Mr Morgan, lieu- 
tenant of marines, shot on board, at Portsmouth, pursuant to the sentence of a 
court-martial, July 14, 1749. 

COUNCIL OF FIVE HUNDRED at St Cloud, France ; dispersed by Bona- 
parte, Nov. 9, 1799. 

COUNCILS OF TITE CHURCH. The first held at Jerusalem, 48 ; at Antioch, 
269 ; at Aries, 314. The following is a list of general councils : — 



I. Nice 


A.D. 

••• 325 


IV. Chalcedon 


A.D. 

... 451 


II. Constantinople, I. 


... 381 


,V. Constantinople, II. 


- 553 


III. Ephesus 


••• 431 


VI. Constantinople, HI. 


... 608 



i86 



COUNSEL 



COURTS'-LEET 



VII. Nice, II 

viii. Constantinople, IV. 

IX. Lateran, I. 

X. Lateran, II. 

XI. Lateran, III. 

XII. Lateran, IV. 

XIII. Lyons, I. ... 



A.D. 






787 


XIV. 


Lyons, II. 


869 


XV. 


Vienna ... 


I 123 


XVI. 


Constance 


"39 


XVII. 


Basel ... 


"79 


XVIII. 


Florence 


1215 


XIX. 


Lateran, V. 


1245 


XX. 


Trent . . . 



1274 
I3II 
I4I4 
143 1 
1439 

I5I2 

1546 



There have been other provincial councils, as that of Avignon, and at Bituria in 
Tuscany, 1431 ; at Tours in France, 1448 ; at Florence in Italy, 1449 ; at Toledo 
in Spain, 1473; at Augsburgh in Germany, 1548; at Cologne in Germany, 1548; 
at Treves in Germany, 1548 ; at Cologne in Germany, 1549 ; at Mentz in Ger- 
many, 1549 ; and at Numantia in Spain, 1550- 

COUNSEL, or BARRISTERS, referred to the time of Edward L, 1284 ; allow- 
ed to persons charged with treason for defence, in 1696 ; allowed in cases of 
felony, Aug., 1836. 

COUNTIES, first division of England into, by Alfred, 900 ; first sent members to 
parliament, 1265. Ireland divided into, 1562. 

COUNTY COURTS. An act for the recovery of small debts under ;!^20 passed, 
9 & 10 Vict. c. 95, Aug. 26, 1846 ; amended, 1849 ; extended to ^50, 13 & 14 
Vict. c. 61, Aug. 14, 1850 ; since amended in several minor details ; equitable 
jurisdiction given to, by 28 & 29 Vict. c. 99, July 5, 1865 ; the jurisdiction 
amended, 30 & 31 Vict. c. 142, Aug. 20, 1867 ; for city of London, see Court of 
Conscience. 

COUNTY JAILS, cost erecting in later years : — Gloucester, ;^i8,ooo, with 170 
cells; Monmouth, ^4000, with 26 cells; Stafford, ^18,000, with 140 cells; 
Liverpool, ;!^25,ooo, with 300 cells ; Dorchester, ^12,000, with 100 cells ; 
Devon, ^20,000, with 160 cells; Tothill Fields, ;,^I45,750, with 288 cells, 
1836; Millbank penitentiary, ^550,000, with iioo cells, 1812 ; Pentonville 
model prison, ;!^85,ooo, with 1000 cells, 1846. 

COUPLAND CASTLE, Northumberland, built by Sir John de Coupland, chra 
1248 ; King David of Scotland brought a prisoner here after the battle of Nevill's 
Cross, 1346. 

COURIERS were employed before Christ, in the reign of Augustus Csesar ; in- 
stituted, as in modern times, by Charlemagne ; couriers and posts for letters were 
established by Louis XL of France, 1463. 

COURLAND, Russia, made a duchy, 1561 ; annexed to Russia, 1795 ; Serfs 
liberated by Alexander I., Sept. 24, 1818. 

COURT BARON. These Manorial Courts established by the Normans ; regu- 
lated in Scotland by 20 Geo. II. c. 43, s. 17, 1747 ; restricted by 3 & 4 Will. 
IV. c. 27, s. 36, 1833 ; abolished by the County Court Act, 9 & 10 Vict. c. 95, 
Aug. 28, 1846. 

COURT OF HONOUR, once belonged to the Court of Chivalry in England, was 
so called ; one established in Bavaria to prevent duelling, April, 1819. 

COURTS OF JUDICATURE. Citizens of London allowed to plead their own 
causes, except in pleas of the Crown, 1257. Courts of England and Ireland 
separated by law, April, 1783. 

COURTS OF LAW. A commission appointed to inquire into the constitution of 
the various courts, Sept. 18, 1867. Fees paid by suitors in the superior courts to 
provide a fund towards the expenses of building the new Palace of Justice, 30 & 
31 Vict. c. 122, Aug. 20, 1867. 

COURTS'-LEET, established by King Alfred, and improved by Henry III., 1267. 



COURT-MARTIAL COVENT GARDEN 187 

COURT-MARTIAL, established for the army by 2 Will. III. c. 6, 1690 ; for the 
navy, 22 Geo. II. c. 33, 1749. 

COURT PARTY, a term used to designate that party in the government opposed 
to the Tory Country Party, when the latter arose, 1620. Under the first two 
Georges the Court Party was generally Whig ; the leader of the Countiy Party 
most distinguished, Sir Thomas Hanmer, died, 1746. 

COURTS OF REQUEST, or CONSCIENCE, began under Heniy VII., 1493 ; 
i-emodelled, 1517 ; they extended to the recovery of 40^-. only in the country, and 
lOOi-. in London. They have been superseded by the County Debt Courts, 
which extend to ^50. Courts of Conscience were established for 40^-. in Bristol, 
Gloucester, and Newcastle, Nov. 30, 1680 ; made to extend to £'^, 1800. 

COURTRAY, Belgium, made a municipal city in the 7th century ; fortified, 
1292. The castle built by Philip the Bold, 1385; enlarged by the French and 
the citadel built, 1647. The battle of the Spurs was fought here, July 11, 1302. 
The town was taken by the Spaniards, 1683. The fortifications destroyed by the 
French, 1744. The church of Notre Dame built, 1238. The first cloth manu- 
facture established, 1260. 

COURVOISIER, Fran9ois Benjamin, executed at Newgate, July 6, 1840, for the 
murder of his master. Lord William Russell, May 5. 

COUTRAS, battle. The Huguenots, under Henry of Navarre, defeated the 
Catholics under the Duke of Joyeuse, who was slain, with 500 gentlemen and 2000 
soldiers, Oct. 20, 1587. 

COVELL ISLANDS, in the Pacific Ocean, discovered, 1832, 14 in number, 4 
deg. 30 m. N. lat. ; 168 deg. 40 m. E. long. 

COVENANT between England and Scotland formed, 1643 ; declared to be illegal, 
1662. 

COVENANTERS, those persons so called, who engaged to resist the aggressions 
of Charles I., 1638 ; after the Book of Common Prayer had been forcibly read in 
their churches, refused to conform to the Liturgy, 1637 ; abolished episcopacy, 
Nov. 21, 1638. Laud persecuted all those who would not conform, 1638 ; Mar- 
quis of Hamilton sent to Scotland, his propositions rejected, Aug. 8, 1638 ; un- 
able to pacify the people, the Marquis of Hamilton returned, Dec. 31, 1638 ; the 
Scotch resolved on war, Feb. 20, 1639 ; the king led an army against Scotland, 
March 27, 1639 ; commissioners appointed to settle the disputed points, Oct. 29, 
1640. The solemn league and covenant agreed to, 1643; abolished, 1661. 

COVENT GARDEN, built, 1633, by Inigo Jones ; the arcade (vulgarly the Piazza 
or Place) designed by the same architect. The stalls and market rebuilt, 1829-30, 
by the Duke of Bedford. St Paul's, built from the design of Inigo Jones, began, 
1631 ; consecrated, Sept. 27, 1638 ; destroyed by fire, Sept. 17, 1795 ; rebuilt on 
the former model, 1798. 

COVENT GARDEN THEATRE, built by John Rich, and opened, Dec. 7, 1732 ; 
rebuilt from the designs of Henry Holland, cost ^25,000, 1792 ; burnt, Sept. 20, 
1808, when 20 lives were lost. The Prince of Wales laid the foundation-stone of 
the New Theatre, Dec. 31, 1808; opened, Sept. 18, 1809; built from the de- 
signs of Sir Robert Smirke at a cost of ^150,000 ; remodelled by M. Albano at 
an expense of £2P^OOO ; opened as an Italian opera, April 6, 1847 ; totally de- 
stroyed by fire, March 5, 1856 ; rebuilt from the designs of Mr E. M. Barry. 'It 
is about one-fifth larger than the former, and has nearly the same proportions as 
La Scala, at Milan, the largest theatre in Europe ; it is nearly rectangular ; length 
240 feet, breadth 123 feet, height lOO feet. The principal fa9ade in Bow-street 
has for its chief feature a hexastyle Corinthian portico, 82 feet wide, and 80 feet 
high J the columns are 36 feet 6 inches high, and 3 feet 6 inches in diameter. The 



i88 COVENT GARDEN CRAPE 

statues by Flaxman and Rossi of Melpomene and Thalia, and Flaxman's well- 
known bassi-relievi which adorned the front of the former building and escaped 
the fire, are placed in the new facade.' Opened, May 22, 1858. 

COVENT GARDEN THEATRICAL FUND, instituted, 1765. 

COVENTRY, Warwickshire, a town of considerable antiquity ; a monastery 
founded by Leofric, Earl of Mercia, 1044 ; a parliament held in the city by 
Henry IV- > 1404, from which lawyers were excluded ; the walls, three miles 
round, with 26 towers, demolished by order of Charles II., 1662. Six men and 
a woman burned at, by order of Henry VIIL, to show his zeal against Luther, 
Sept., 1519 ; they were charged with teaching their children the Lord's Prayer, 
the Ten Commandments, and the Apostles' Creed, in their mother tongue. The 
manufacture of ribbons introduced, 1685 ; great distress amongst the weavers 
owing to the introduction of French goods, i860 ; subscription raised for their 
relief, ^40,cxx), Dec. 4, i860. 

COVENTRY, Bishopric of, founded, 656, by Oswy, King of Mercia ; the see 
removed to Chester, 1075 ; in 1086 to Coventry, and united with Lichfield in 
1185 ; at the Restoration, 1660, the titles reversed. — See Chester. 

COVENTRY, Peeping Tom of. A tradition that Lady Godiva, wife of Leofric 
Earl of Mercia, who taxed the citizens so heavily that she interposed in their be- 
half, when he consented to her prayer if she would ride naked through the streets, 
not supposing it possible. She consented, the inhabitants all keep to themselves 
secluded ; but one was struck dead for peeping, 1057. The present procession 
established by Charles II., 1677. 

COVENTRY, Sir John, maimed and defaced in London, Dec. 25, 1670, whence 
the Coventry Act was passed, for the punishment of like outrages, 22 & 23 
Charles II. c. I, 1671 ; repealed, 1828. 

COVERHAM ABBEY, Yorkshire, founded by Helewyse, 1212 ; partially de- 
stroyed by the Scots, 1321. 

COWDLEY HOUSE, Kent, with its valuable paintings, destroyed by fire, Sept. 
25, 1793- 

COWES CASTLE, Isle of Wight, built by Henry VIIL, 1540. 

COWLING CASTLE, Kent, built by John de Cobham, 1580. 

COW-POX, inoculation for, discovered to be a security against the small-pox, by 
Dr Jenner, 1796 ; published a treatise upon, June, 1798 ; rewarded by a grant of 
P^io,ooo, June 2, 1802, and ^{^20, 000, 1806. 

COZITATE, battle. The Russians defeated by the Turks, with a loss of 3000 
men, Jan. 6, 1 854. 

CRACOW, Poland, founded by Cracus, 700; taken by Charles XII., 1702 ; the 
sovereigns crowned there till 1 764 ; Kosciusko expelled the Russians from, March 
24, 1794 ; surrendered to Prussia, June 15, 1794 ; given to Austria as her blood- 
money, 1795 ; taken by Napoleon, 1809 ; formed into a republic by the treaty of 
1815 ; occupied by 10,000 Prussians, Sept., 1831 ; insurrection, Feb., 1846 ; 
seized and incorporated by the Emperor of Austria, Nov. 6, 1846 ; partially de- 
stroyed by fire, July 18, 1850. 

CRANBORNE PRIORY, Dorset, built, 980. 

CRANGANORE, Hindustan, captured by the Portuguese, 1505; taken and forti- 
fied by the Dutch, 1663 ; sold by them to the rajah of Travancore, 1788 ; Tippoo 
captured it. May 8, 1790 ; retaken by the English, 1791 ; ceded to them, 1792. 

CRANIOLOGY propagated as a doctrine by Dr Gall, a German, 1803. 

CRAPE, a species of stuff made of raw silk, said to have been manufactured by St 
Badour, Queen of France, 6S0, and to have been made first at Boulogne. 



470O 
5872 
5344 
3268 



CRAWLEY CRESSY 189 

CRAWLEY, Lieut. -CoL, of the Inniskillen Dragoons, tried by a court-martial, at 
Aldershot, for falsely arresting Regimental Sergeant Lilley, at Mhow, in Hin- 
dustan, who died from the effects of the treatment he suffered after a month's close 
confinement ; and for conduct unbecoming an officer at the trial of Paymaster T. 
Smales. The trial commenced Nov. 17, 1863 ; the prisoner pleaded not guilty, 
he was honourably acquitted, Dec. 23 ; the trial formed the subject of several 
inquiries by members of the House of Commons, in 1864; it cost the country 
;^i8,378 17^. M. 

CRAYONS, known in France before 1422 ; improved, 1748, when the art of fixing 
them was discovered. 

CREATION by patent to titles, first used in England, 1344. 

CREATION, Era of The differences of the date assigned for this event amount to 
140 in all. 

Usher, Blair, and Dufresnoy make it — ... ... ... ... B.C. 4004 

Josephus 

Samaritan Pentateuch ... 

Septuagint 

Authors of the Talmud 

Hundred and twenty Chronologists vary from the Septuagint date 

Dr Hales ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 5411 

i4000 
and 
4004 

The Chinese give the world as some hundreds of thousands of years old ; and the 
Chaldean records carried back the age of the world to neaiiy half a million of 
years. A period much older than that assigned to it has been proved to be cor- 
rect by geology. The era of the creation being a fixed reckoning, must count 
from some of the fixed dates above. That of 4004 is of the most general adop- 
tion. 

CREDITON, Devonshire, made an episcopal see by King Athelstan, 933 ; de- 
clared for Charles I., July, 1644 ; 460 houses destroyed by fire, property valued 
at ;^53,ooo, and 16 persons killed, Aug. 14, 1743 ; the larger portion of the same 
town burned, May 2, 1769 ; 60 houses burned, 1743 and 1759, May I, 1772. 

CREED, the Apostles', written long after their time ; translated into Saxon, 746. 

CREED, the Nicene, so called from the council that composed it, 325 ; the Atha- 
nasian supposed to have been written about 340. 

CREMENTZ, in Hungary, totally destroyed by fire, 1777. 

CREMONA, Italy, colonized by the Romans, B.C. 219 ; destroyed, a.d. 69 ; 
rebuilt, and again destroyed, 605 ; made a republic, 1 107 ; the fortifications de- 
stroyed, 131 1 ; taken by France, 1499; ceded to Austria, 1814 ; annexed to 
Sardinia, Nov. 10, 1859. 

CREMORNE GARDENS, Chelsea, formerly the residence of Lord Cremome, 
built in the 1 6th century ; opened as public gardens, 1847 ; Ashburnham House 
added, i860; a serious accident at, during a representation of the siege of 
Sebastopol, when 23 soldiers were wounded, Aug. 13, 1855 ; the wire-rope 
dancer. Carlo Valerio, killed by a fall from the rope, June 23, 1863 j visit of the 
Belgian Volunteers to, July, 1867. 

CRESCENT, order of knighthood began at Naples, 1448. ' 

CRESSY, or CRECY, battle. The English army was commanded by Edward III. 
and his son, the Black Prince, when the French army was totally defeated ; they 



190 CRESTS CRISPIN 

lost three sovereign princes, a number of the French nobility, 1200 knights, and 
30,000 private men, Aug. 26, 1346. 

CRESTS in heraldry, worn on coronets, caps, or helmets, 1 189 ; Richard II. wore 
a lion, 1377 ; James I. of Scotland a lion, 1424. 

CRETE, island of, now called Candia, conquered by the Saracens, A. D. 808; by 
the Arabs, 823 ; by the Greeks, under Nicephorus, 961 ; by the Venetians, 1194 > 
and from them by the Turks, 1669. Insurrection against the Turkish power broke 
out, Aug., 1866; a general assembly of the islanders decreed the union of the 
island with Greece, Sept. 2. In 1867 severe fighting took place : Omar Pasha 
appointed to the command of the Ottoman army, in April ; great distress of the 
islanders ; French and Russian vessels engaged in carrying away Canadian fami- 
lies, Aug. 8, et seq. ; the Arcadi Greek blockade runner destroyed by the Turkish 
cruiser, Izeddin, on her 24th voyage, Aug. 19 ; the Turks defeated at Omalos, 
after three days' fighting, Aug. 29; hostilities suspended for four weeks, Sept. 13; 
a severe shock of an earthquake felt in the island, Sept. 19-20 ; an amnesty pro- 
claimed by the Porte, Sept. 14 ; a proclamation addressed to the Cretans by the 
Grand Vizier, warning them that the amnesty had expired, Oct. 31 ; Hussein Pasha 
succeeded Omar Pasha as commander-in-chief, Oct. 31, and resumed the offensive, 
Nov. 20. 

CREWE HALL, Cheshire, the seat of Lord Crewe, built between 1615 and 
1636; destroyed by fire, Jan. 3, 1866. 

CRIBBAGE, formerly known under the name of Noddy, and is described circa 1694. 

CRICKET, the game of single, first mentioned, 1719; the first club formed at 
the White Conduit House, 1780 ; Mr Lord laid out his ground in St John's 
Wood Road, about this time. The United Eleven of England invited to and 
visited the United States, 1849 ; and Australia, 1862. 

CRICKET HALFPENNY STEAMBOAT exploded on the river Thames, killing 
five persons, Aug. 27, 1847. 

CRIMEA, Russia. Colonized by Greeks, B.C. 550 ; in the possession of the Huns for 
some centuries ; captured by the Mongols under Genghis Khan, ciixa 1237 ; the 
Genoese merchants had extensive fortified factories at Kaffa, 1261 ; taken by the 
Turks, 1475 ; invaded by the Russians, 1736; and again, 1770; incorporated 
with the Russian empire, 1783. The united armies landed at Old Ford, Sept. 14, 
1854 ; the battle of the Alma, Sept. 20'; death of Marshal St Arnaud, Sept. 29 ; 
the allied forces occupied Balaclava, Sept. 28 ; evacuated by the allies, July 12, 
1856 ; medals distributed to the soldiers for the campaign by the Queen in St 
James's Park, May 18, 1857. 

CRIMINAL LAW, a royal commission appointed to inquire into, 1833 ; made 
their first report, 1836 ; an act passed to remove some defects in the administra- 
tion of, 30 & 31 Vict. c. 35, 1867. 

CRIMPING-HOUSES in London destroyed by the mob, Sept. 16, 1794. 

CRINAN CANAL, which forms the short cut between the Clyde and the north- 
west coast of Scotland, destroyed, Feb. 2, 1859. 

CRIPPLEGATE, London, built, loio ; rebuilt by the Brewers' Company, 1244 ; 
repaired by Edward Shaw, 1491 ; again, 1663 ; pulled down and sold for ^91, 
July, 1751 ; the church of St Giles erected, circa 1090 ; the present church in 
the 13th century, partially destroyed by fire, Sept. 12, 1545. Foxe, the martyr- 
ologist, buried here, 1580 ; John Speed, the chronicler, 1629 ; John Milton, the 
poet, Nov. 12, 1674 ; and Daniel Defoe, the author of 'Robinson Crusoe,' April 
26, 1731. 

CRISPIN, a Romish saint who travelled as a shoemaker to propagate the Romish 
faith, 303 ; hence he became the tutelary saint of that trade. 



CRITICISM CROQUET 191 

CRITICISM, legality of, established in a court of law, Feb., 1794. 

CROATIA, Austria, anciently inhabited by the Pannonians ; taken by the Goths, 
489 ; incorporated with Hungary, circa 1200 ; severed from that kingdom, 1848. 

CROCKERYWARE made before the Christian era, by the Egyptians and Etrus- 
cans. The art revived of fine pottery, at Faenza, Italy, 1310. 

CROCKFORD'S, St James's. This gambling club was built in 1827; closed, 1844. 

CROMLECH, or Dolmen, is a stone table formed of three, four, or more upright 
stones, covered with a cap-stone. The most famous in England are : — Kit Cottys 
House, Kent, said to be the monument of Categern, brother to Voltigern ; 
Stonehenge, Cornwall ; and Wayland Smith's Cave, Berkshire, the work of the 
ancient Britons. 

CROMWELL, OLIVER, the great soldier and Protector of England, born, April 25, 
1599 ; was in parliament, 1628 ; reinforced Gainsborough, July 36, 1643 ; raised 
a regiment of horse, Aug. 10, 1643 ! defeated Charles I. at Marston Moor, July 
3, 1644; new modelled the army as Lieut.-Gen., 1645 ; defeated Charles I. at 
Naseby, June 14, 1645 ; defeated the King's horse at Islip Bridge, April 24, 
1645 ; Bristol surrendered to him, Sept. 9 ; Berkeley Castle, Sept. 21, 1646 ; de- 
feated the Welsh, 1648; and Sir M. Langdon, Aug. 17; and next routed the 
Scotch at Preston ; marched to Edinburgh, Berwick, and Carlisle, Oct., 1648 ; 
dispersed the Levellers on Hounslow Heath, and besieged Pontefract, 1648; 
made Lord-Lieut, of Ireland, and reached Dublin, Aug. 13, 1649 ; took Drogheda 
by storm, and put the garrison to the sword, Aug. 14, 1649 ; permitted the Irish 
to serve foreign princes, May, 1650 ; received with state on his return, and made 
Captain-General, June 26; invaded Scotland, July 16; routed the Scotch at 
Dunbar, killing 3000 and taking 9000 prisoners, Sept. 3 ; took Edinburgh Castle, 
before untaken, Dec. 24 ; took Fife and defeated the Scotch, killing 2000 and 
making 1200 prisoners, June, 165 1 ; attacked Charles II. at Worcester, killed 
3000 and took 7000 prisoners, with the king's standard and 158 colours, Sept. 3, 
165 1 ; came to London in triumph, Sept. 12 ; chose Protector of England, Dec. 
ij) 1653 ; magnificently entertained at Grocers' Hall, in the city, Feb. 8, 1654; 
united Scotland and Ireland into a commonwealth with England, April 12, with 
one parliament, which met, Sept. 4; voted Protector for life, Oct. 19, 1654; 
buried his mother in Westminster Abbey, Nov, 17, 1654 ; summoned 60 persons 
to constitute a House of Lords, Dec. 11, 1657 ; died, Sept. 3, 1658, in his 60th 
year ; his body exhumed, and hung on a gibbet at Tyburn, by Charles 11. , Dec. 
2, 1660. 

CROMWELL, RICHARD, made Protector, Sept. 4, 1658 ; laid down his authority, 

Jan., 1659, by order of the army; died, 1712. 
CROMWELL, Lord, made Vicar-Gen., Oct., 1535 ; beheaded, July 28, 1540, 

aged 50 years. 

CROMWELL, Mrs E., daughter of Richard the Protector, died at her house in 
Bedford Row, Aug. 8, 1731, aged 82 years ; and Mrs Cromwell, the great-great- 
grand-daughter of the Protector, Oliver, the last of the name, died at Cheshunt, 
Feb. 26, 1834, aged 90 years. 

CRONSTADT, a seaport and fortress of Russia, near Petersburg, founded by Peter 

the Great, 1703 ; injured by fire, 1741 ; visited by the French and English fleets, 

June, 1854, who watched it for months. 
CROOK, Japhet, his ears cut off in the pillory, 1731. 
CROPREDY BRIDGE, battle between the Royalists, under Charles I., and the 

Parhanientary forces, under Sir William Waller, the latter being defeated, June 

29, 1644. 

CROQUET. This favourite game was introduced into England from Germany, 



192 CROSBY CROWN 

circa 1830, but did not become general until 1S60 ; Mayne Reid's rules published, 
1863. 

CROSBY, BRASS, Lord Mayor of London, committed to the Tower, by the 
House of Commons, for holding one of its messengers to bail, March 27, 1771. 

CROSBY HALL, Bishopsgate-street, built by Sir John Crosbie, and called Crosby 
Place, 1470- 1 ; Richard Duke of Gloucester, afterwards Richard IH., occupied 
this mansion, 1483 ; he left it for Westminster, June 27 ; the mayoi-alty of Sir 
Bartholomew Reed was celebrated here, 1502 ; Sir Thomas More, 1523 ; who 
sold it to Antonio Bonvisi, Jan. 20, 1523 ; purchased by the Crown, Aug. 28, 
1538 ; and sold to Sir Edward North, Aug. 28, 1542 ; William Bond, alderman 
of London, purchased it. May 15, 1566 ; purchased by Sir John Spencer for 
^2560, 1594 ; the great hall converted into a Presbyterian Meeting-house, 1672 ; 
it is at present occupied by a wine merchant. 

CROSIER, the staff with a cross borne before bishops ; sometimes put for the 
episcopal crook of a bishop, circa 500. 

CROSS, sign of the, first used by the Christians, A. D. 1 10 ; used to perform miracles, 
260. 

CROSS, The Real, pretended to be found by St Helena, at Jerasalem, A. D. 307 ; 
carried off by Chrosroes II., King of Persia, 614, but recovered by Heraclius, 
who defeated him, Sept. 14, 615. 

CROSS BOWS, used by the Normans ; their use and practice anathematized by 
the Lateran Council, I139; revived in the reign of Richard I., 1190; in an 
indenture, dated 1301, of the surrender of the castle of Montgomery, 40 cross 
bows are mentioned. 

CROSS, Exaltation of the, a Popish feast, held on the 14th Sept., on the restoration 
of the true cross to Mount Calvary, 642. 

CROSS, ST, Hospital of, at Winchester, built, 1132. 

CROSS, Maids of the, a female community that vowed poverty, chastity, and 
obedience ; founded in Picardy, 1625 ; removed to Paris, 1636. 

CROSS, Order of the, instituted by the Empress Eleanora de Gonzaga, the consort 

of Leopold I., 1668. 
CROSSED or CRUTCHED FRIARS, instituted by Prior Gerard of Bologna, 

1 169 ; established in England, at Colchester, 1244. (Habit blue, with a cross of 

red cloth upon their breasts or backs. ) 

CROSSES, once erected in all parts of the kingdom. There were 12 erected to the 
memory of Queen Eleanor, at the following places : St Alban's, Charing, Dun- 
stable, Geddington, Grantham, Lincoln, Northampton, Stamford, Stony-Strat- 
ford, Waltham, Westcheap, Wobum. Cheapside boasted a splendid one, it 
had several storeys, and was much admired ; in the storeys were Scriptural 
images, and the whole structure was surmounted by a cross, supporting a dove ; 
the height of it was parallel with the houses forming Goldsmiths' -row, opposite to 
Wood-street, which street was built by Thomas Wood, goldsmith and sheriff, 
149 1 ; on May 2, 1643, parliament ordered the cross to be demolished with that 
at Charing Cross. 

CROWN. This ornament is most ancient and universal, worn by princes, Eze. xxi. 
26 ; a mitre worn by the high priests, Ex. xxviii. 36 ; Amnion's crown, which 
weighed a talent and ornamented with precious stones, was placed upon the head 
David, 2 Sam. xii. 30. The iron crown, of the Lombards, presented by Pope 
Gregory to Theoldolinda, Queen of the Lombards, A.D. 600 — 610. The crown of 
King Receswinthus made, 653 ; found at Toledo, 1858 ; the first duke of Hungary's 
crown was presented to him by the Emperor Michael Ducas, 1072 ; the first worn 



CROWN OF ENGLAND 193 

in England by Alfred the Great, 872 ; the first papal cap by Damasius 11. , 1053 ; 
a crown put round it by Julius XIX., 1276 ; a second added by Boniface VIII., 
1295 ; a third, forming the triple crown, by Benedict XII., 1334. 

CROWN (The English). King Alfred's crown had two small bells appended ; that 
of Athelstan was like an earl's coronet in every particular, 929 ; William I. wore 
his on a cap with points, 1066. Crown jewels of England deposited with the 
city of London by Richard II., for ;^2000, 1386 ; Richard III. first used the 
crosses, 1483 ; and Henry VII. the arches, 1485. The crown of Charles II. is the 
oldest remaining, made 1660 ; stolen from the Tower by Col. Blood, May 9, 
1671 ; subsequently recovered. The present crown of England made by Messrs 
Rundell and Bridge, 1838, with the jewels taken from the earlier crowns. 

CROWN OF ENGLAND, SUCCESSION :— Egbert was sole monarch of Eng- 
land, 827. From Egbert the crown descended regularly, with little deviation. 
In the three succeeding reigns it was suspended by force, till the Saxon line was 
restored in Edward the Confessor, who was not the next heir, because Edmund 
II. had a son living, Edward, an outlaw in Hungary. On Edward the Confessor's 
decease, Harold II. usurped the throne, though the right remained in Edgar 
Atheling, son of Edward the outlaw, and grandson of Edmund II. At this time, 
William I., Duke of Normandy, claimed a i-ight from a grant of Edward the Con- 
fessor, and by conquest transferred the crown to a new family. From him it de- 
scended to his second and third son, William II. and Henry I., his eldest son 
Robert being kept out of possession by his brothers. Henry I. was succeeded by 
Stephen, grandson of William I., by his daughter Adelicia, his elder brother 
Theobald waiving his claim, and Maud, the daughter of Henry I. and grand- 
daughter of Edward the outlaw, to whom the succession belonged, being excluded 
by force. Her son, Henry II., as heir to William I., succeeded Stephen ; 
though the proper heirs in the Saxon line were the sons of Malcolm, king of 
Scotland, by Margaret, the daughter of Edward the outlaw. Henry I. having 
married the daughter of Edgar Atheling, by whom he had Maud, and her son 
Henry II. coming to the crown, in some measure restored the Saxon line. From 
Henry II. the ci^own descended to his oldest son then living, Richard I., on 
whose death it was seized by his brother John, Henry II. 's youngest son, in ex- 
clusion of his nephew Arthur. On the death of Arthur and his sister Eleanor, 
without issue, the crown properly descended to Henry III., son of John ; and 
from Henry III., in an hereditary line of six generations, to Richard II., and this 
right of succession was declared in parliament by the 25th of Edward III. Richard 
II. resigned the crown, and the right resulted to the issue of his grandfather 
Edward III., and should have fallen on the posterity of Lionel, Duke of Clarence, 
the first son of Edward III. ; but Henry, Duke of Lancaster, descended from the 
third son of Edward III., usurped it, under the title of Henry IV. Parliament 
(7 Henry IV. c. 2, 1405-6) settled it on him and his heirs. Henry IV. was regu- 
larly succeeded by his son and grandson Henry V. and VI. Under Henry VI. the 
House of York, descended from Lionel, Duke of Clarence, by the mother's side, 
began to claim their dormant right, and established it in Edward IV., by parlia- 
ment. This king was succeeded by his eldest son Edward V. , who was deposed 
and succeeded by his uncle, Richard HI., his father's brother, on a pretence of 
bastardy. During this reign, Henry VII., Earl of Richmond, a descendant of the 
House of Lancaster, usurped the throne, and got his possession established by 
parliament, 1485. He marrying Elizabeth of York, Edward IV. 's daughter, the 
undoubted heiress of William the. Conqueror, the families of York and Lancaster 
were united in Henry VIII., her eldest son, who transmitted the crovs^n in succes- 
sion to his three children, confirmed by parliament, 25 Hen. VIII. c. 22, 1533-4. 
This statute was repealed by 28 Hen. VIII. c. 7, 1536, by which, after the king's 
divorce fi-om Anne Boleyn, Mary and Elizabeth were bastardized. They were 

13 



194 CROWN CRUSADES 

again legitimated, and the succession restored by 35 Hen. VIII. c. i, 1543-4. 
Parliament now asserted its right of directing the succession by I Eliz. c. i, 1558. 
An act of recognition passed, 13 Eliz. c. 3, 1558. On the death of Elizabeth, 
succeeded James VI. of Scotland, in England James I. (the lineal descendant of 
Margaret, daughter of Henry VII. and his wife Elizabeth of York, the wife of 
James IV. of Scotland), and in him were united, not only the different com- 
petitors since the Conquest, but likewise the right of the Saxon monarchs, he being 
the direct lineal descendant of Malcolm, who married Margaret, the daughter of 
Edmund II. From James I. the crown descended to his second son Charles I., 
his eldest son Arthur being dead. After him the succession was interrupted by 
the usurpation of Oliver Cromwell and his son Richard, but restored in 1660, in 
Charles II., eldest son of Charles I. He dying without legitimate issue, it passed 
to his brother James II., whom parliament excluded, and called in William of 
Orange, and his wife Mary, the eldest daughter of James II., Jan. 23, 1689, to the 
exclusion of her father and her brother. On the death of this William III., 
Anne, second daughter of James II., reigned ; and she leaving no issue, the crown 
was settled by parliament, 12 & 13 Will. III., on the Princess Sophia of Hanover, 
the youngest daughter of Elizabeth, Queen of Bohemia, who was the daughter of 
James I., and her heirs, being Protestants. She dying before Queen Anne, her 
son George I. succeeded, in which family the crown has regularly descended to 
the present queen. 

CROWN, Royal, order of knighthood instituted in France, 802. 

CROWNS AND HALF-CROWNS coined in England, in gold called the Rose, 
in the reign of Henry VIII., 1526 ; they were current for 4s. 6d. in silver, by 
Edward VI., 1551. 

CROWS, an act passed to destroy them, 24 Hen. VIII. c. 10, 1532-3. 

CROYDON, Surrey. The citizens of London retreated to this town after taking 
up arms against their sovereign, Henry III., 1264 ; the Archbishop's palace en- 
larged, 1278 ; Queen Elizabeth entertained here by Archbishop Parker, 1573 ; 
the cavalry barracks erected, 1794 ; the church destroyed by fire, Jan. 5, 1867. 

CROYLAND ABBEY, Lincolnshire, built by St Ethelbert, 716; destroyed by 
the Danes, 867; rebuilt, 945; destroyed by fire, 1091 ; rebuilt, 1 1 12; again 
burnt, about 1142 ; finally rebuilt, 1 170. 
"CROXTON ABBEY, Staffordshire, founded by Bertram de Verdun, 11 78; built, 
1 181 ; repaired, 1332. 

CRUELTY TO ANIMALS, statute to prevent, passed, called Martin's Act, 1822, 
1827, 1835 ; extended to Ireland, July 15, 1837 ; Society for Prevention of, formed, 
1824. See Animals, Dogs. 

CRUSADES, or Holy Wars for the recovery of the Holy Land from the infidels. 
The first set out, Aug. 15, 1096, to drive the Mahometans from Jerusalem ; the 
crusade was preached by Peter the Plermit, a fanatic, who urged on Pope 
Urban II., and he convened a council at Placentia to consider it, March, 
1095, and another at Clermont in the Nov. following, at which envoys from the 
Christian princes attended. The first army Godfrey of Bouillon commanded. 
Antioch taken, June 3, 1098 ; Jerusalem captured, July 15, 1099. The second 
was preached by St Bernard of Clairvaux, 1 147 ; the army commanded by Louis 
VII. of France, defeated at Damascus, 1148, and returned the next year, having 
suffered great loss. The third, under Philip II. of France, arrived at Acre, in 
which Richard Coeur de Lion joined, 1 191 ; that place captured, July 12 ; Richard 
returned, 1192. The fourth and fifth, 1203-18. The sixth was undertaken by Louis 
IX. of France, in which he was defeated and made a prisoner ; a truce for ten 
years agreed to, and Louis released ; he returned to France, 1254 ; he embarked 
m the seventh with Prince Edwai^d, son of Hemy III. of England, 1270 ; Louis 



CRYSTAL PALACE CULLEN'S WOOD 195 

died at Carthage, Aug. 25 ; but the English prince delivered Acre from a siege, 
and marched as far as Nazareth with his army, and extorted by his valour a ten 
years' truce, 1272. — Gibbon. 

CRUCIFIXION, a punishment in use among the Egyptians, Gen. xl. 19 ; the 
Carthaginians and the Persians, Esth. vii. 10 ; also practised by the Greeks and 
Romans. Jesus Christ suffered this punishment. Matt, xxvii. 35. 

CRYSTAL PALACE, Hyde Park, designed by Sir Joseph Paxton, and built by 
Messrs Fox and Henderson ; length 1851 feet, width 408 ; the transept 108 feet 
high, 72 feet wide. Contract taken, July 10 ; the first column fixed, Sept. 26, 
1850 ; opened, May i, 1851, and closed Oct. 2. 

CRYSTAL PALACE, Sydenham, erected by a company from the materials of the 
above-named exhibition, which were purchased for ^70,000; began, July, 1852 ; 
opened by the Queen, June 10, 1854 ; visited by the Emperor and Empress of the 
French, April 20, 1855. The system of water-works and fountains opened in the 
presence of the Queen, June 18, 1856. The first preliminary performance for 
the Handel Festival held at, June 15, 17, 19, 1857 ; the second, celebrated in the 
presence of 20,000 persons, July 2, 1858 ; the Festival held, June 20, 23, 25, 1859. 
The building seriously damagecl by a storm, Feb. 21, 1861. Blondin first appeared 
upon the high rope, 1861. The Handel Triennial Festival held, June 23, 25, 27, 
1862. Garibaldi entertained by the Italians, and a sword of honour presented to 
him, April 16, 1864. The northern or tropical end destroyed by fire, Dec. 30, 
1866. Visited by the Viceroy of Egypt, who presented ^500 to the restoration 
fund, July 13, and by the Sultan, July 16, 1S67, who gave £1000 towards the 
restoration ; a benefit concert given for the restoration, June, 1867. 

CUBA, one of the West India islands discovered by Columbus, Oct. 28, 1492 ; 
he again visited the island, 1494 and 1502; colonized by Velasquez ; Baracoa, 
1 5 14; Ilavannah burnt by a French privateer, 1538; and again, 1554; the town 
fortified, 1666; taken by Adm. Pococke and Lord Albemarle, Aug. 14, 1762; 
restored, 1763; earthquake at, June 21, 1791, when 3000 persons perished, and 
11,700 head of cattle, and 3700 horses ; Jesu Maria, a suburb, destroyed by fire, 
1802 ; a piratical expedition fitted out in the United States under a man of colour, 
named Lopez, attacked the island in order of revolutionize it, and wrest it from 
Spain, Aug. 12, 1851 ; Lopez executed, Sept. i. 

CUCKING-STOOL, an instrument for the punishment of scolds in use in the 15th 
and 1 6th centuries. 

CUCUMBERS brought to England from the Netherlands, 1538. 

CUDDALORE, India, reduced by the English, 1681 ; fortified by them, 1702 ; by 

the French, 1758 and 1781 ; besieged unsuccessfully by the English, 1783 ; peace 

restored to them, 1 784. 

CUIRASS, employed for a protection for the breast and back by the Persians and 
Greeks ; first used by the troops of Edward HI.,, 1325 ; revived after the battle 
of Waterloo in the English army. 

CULDEES. They were among the first order of monks that settled in the British 
isles ; their principal monastery was founded at lona in the 6th century ; they re- 
fused to submit to the authority of the Papal see. The Danes destroyed the 
monastery of Melrose, 850. The monks of St Andrews, who also preached in 
Ireland, and had an abbey in Tipperary, 1 185, were famed for their learning. 

CULLEN'S WOOD MASSACRE, Ireland, the slaughter of a great number of 
the English by the Irish, at Easter, thence called Black Monday, 1209. They 
were a colony from Bristol, inhabiting Dublin, who went to amuse themselves 
with women and children in CuUen's Wood, when the O'Brians and O'Tooles 



196 CULLERNE CUNNERSDORF 

from the mountains fell upon them without provocation, destroying, besides 
women and children, above 500 men. 

CULLERNE, Wilts, burned, and 32 families reduced to destitution, April I, 
1774- 

CULLODEN, battle, between the Duke of Cumberland and the Pretender. The 
Scots were beaten, and left 2500 men on the field or precincts, while the English 
loss was not 200 ; the Duke of Cumberland's troops behaved with great inhumanity, 
putting even the wounded to death. The Pretender fled to the isle of Uist, and 
finally escaped, ;^30,ooo was offered for his person dead or alive, April 16, 1746. 

CULVERIN, a long piece of ordnance used by the Greeks and Turks at an early 
period ; by the English, circa 1455 ; there were four culverins and 12 demi-culve- 
rins on board the Great Harry, 155 1 ; the number on board the British navy is 
given in an Inventory, March 3, 1599. 

CUM^, or CUMA, Italy, said by some chronologers to have been founded B.C. 
1050. There is little doubt of its great antiquity ; it was in a very high state of 
prosperity B .c. 700 — 500 ; it was attacked by the Etruscans, but they were re- 
pelled by the Cumseans luider the leadership of Aristodemus, B.C. 505 ; he 
afterwards seized the government and held it for 20 years, until he was expelled 
by the nobles, circa 486 ; Tarquin, the exiled King of Rome, sought refuge here, 
B.C. 496 ; the Samnites captured the city and murdered and expelled the inhabit- 
ants and established a Roman colony, B.C. 420; permission given to the people 
to use the Latin language in their public documents, B.C. 180 ; it was noted for a 
particular kind of red earthenware, and as being the abode of the Sifyl ; it was 
the last stronghold of the Gothic kings in Italy, taken by Narses, A.D. 552, and 
partially destroyed . 

CUMANA VENEZUELA, founded by Diego Castellon, 1523 ; almost destroyed 
by an earthquake, 1 766. 

CUMBERLAND, England. The earliest inhabitants were the Brigantes, who were 
conquered by the Romans, 121 ; in the year 875, the whole kingdom was conquered 
by Halfden the Dane ; the Scotch King Gregory assisted the Britons to expel 
them, 876-7 ; ceded to Scotland, 880 ; Ethelred invaded the county and defeated 
Malcolm, looi ; granted by Edward the Confessor to Siward, Earl of Northum- 
berland, 1053; fortified by William I., 1072; the city rebuilt by Rufus, 1092; 
ceded by Malcolm to Henry II., 1157; after repeated attempts to regain the 
county by the Scots, it was finally ceded to Henry III., 1237 ; almost depopu- 
lated by a pestilence. The regular border service and border laws were instituted 
by Edward I. ; Charles Stuart landed here when he made his last invasion of 
England, 1745. 

CUMBERLAND merchant vessel. Captain Barret, with only 26 hands, beat off 
five privateers, and made those who boarded prisoners, Jan. 16, 1811. 

CUNEIFORM, or arrow-headed shaped, letters found inscribed on the bricks found 
at Nineveh and Persia : there are three alphabets ; the Persian, consisting of 36 
letters, the Median about 100, and the Assyrian, which is the most simple. Col. 
Rawlinson has done much to decipher them . Pietro della Valle brought the first 
specimen to Europe. Le Brun or Eruyn first published a connected inscription at 
Amsterdam, 1714. Col. Rawlinson sent a communication (on the inscription of 
Behistan ; it is a rock inscription, and insci-ibed about 300 feet from the foot of the 
rock) to the Royal Asiatic Society, Jan. i, 1838; a fac-simile of the inscription 
issued by them with a translation, 1846 ; an analysis of the Babylonian inscription 
by Sir Henry Rawlinson, printed by the same society in 1851 ; Dr Hincks and 
M. Oppert have made several important discoveries in deciphering these in- 
scriptions. 

CUNNERSDORF, battle, when the King of Prussia with 50,000 men attacked the 



CUPER'S GARDEN CUSTOMS' DUTIES 197 

Russians with 90,000 in their camp, and routing them for the moment, pursued 

them too far, when they rallied and retrieved their fortune, taking 200 pieces of 

cannon and killing and wounding 20,000 Prussians, Aug. 12, 1759. 
CUPER'S GARDEN, Bankside, opposite Somerset House, built by Boydell 

Cuper, and opened, 1678 ; made a place of entertainment similar to Vauxhall, 

1736 ; closed, 1753. 
CURACOA, island of, settled by the Spaniards, 1527 ; captured by the Dutch, 

1634; surrendered to the British, 1798; restored, Aug. 13, 1802; retaken, March 

25, 1807 ; restored to the Dutch, Jan. i, 1814. 

CURATES, known in the Church in the 7th century. By a canon passed by Jac. 
I., 1603, not permitted to preach until the Bishop of the Diocese has examined 
them ; by 12 Anne, 2, c. 12, 1713, all curates are to be examined by the Bishop ; 
an act was passed for the further support and maintenance of, and for making 
certain regulations respecting their appointment, 36 Geo. III. c. 83, May 14, 
1796 ; further regulations made by 53 Geo. III. c. 149, July 20, 1813 ; amended 
by 57 Geo. III. c. 99, July 10, 1817; the holding of benefices in plurahty 
abridged, I &2 Vict. c. 106, Aug. 14, 1838 ; perpetual curates appointed, 2 &3 
Vict. c. 49, s. 2, Aug. 17, 1839. 

CURFEW BELL, established by William I., 1068; when it rang, at 8 p.m., all 
fires and candles were to be extinguished, under a heavy penalty. The custom 
was abolished by Henry I., Iioo. 

CURRANTS first planted in England, originally from the Levant, 1533 ; the haw- 
thorn currant came from Canada, 1705- The fruit first exported from Corinth, 
whence then- name ; only to be imported in British ships, 3 & 4 Will. IV. c. 54, 
Aug. 28, 1833. The duty was then 44^. 412'. a cwt. ; reduced to l$s. acwt., 1844. 

CURRIERS' COMPANY, founded, 1367 ; incorporated, 3 James 1., April 30, 
1606 ; hall built after the fire of 1666, and rebuilt, 1823. 

CURSITOR BARON, first appointed, May, 1610; office abolished by 19 & 20 
Vict. c. 86, July 29, 1856. 

CURTAIN, Theatre built in Holywell Lane, Shoreditch, in 1576. 

CUSHEE, piece of ordnance, invented by Richard Leake, governor of the Royal 
Prince, who nobly distinguished himself against the Dutch admiral. Van Tromp, 
1673- 

CUSTOM HOUSE, London, first erected by John Churchman, Sheriff of London, 
1385 ; a more spacious building commenced in 1559 ; burnt down, 1666 ; rebuilt 
by Sir Christopher Wren, 1668; destroyed by fire, 1718; rebuilt by Ripley, 1720; 
destroyed as before, Feb. 12, 18 14. The present building is from the design of 
David Lang, opened, May 12, 18,17 > the long room, superior to the present, gave 
way, Jan. 26, 1825, and was reconstructed by Sir Robert Smirke at an expense 
of ^180,000, in addition to the original expenditure of ;^255)O0o. 

CUSTOM HOUSE, Dublin, a quadrangular building, the finest in the city, com- 
menced, 1781 ; opened, 1791 ; the St George's Dock in connection with, finished, 
1821 ; the large store, erected in 1824, at a cost of ^103,000, 498 feet long by 1 1 1 
wide, containing property valued at ^480,000, destroyed by fire, Aug. 10, 1833. 

CUSTOMS' DUTIES, first collected, 979, under King Ethelred II.; the claim 
of the Crown to them first granted by parliament, 1274, by 3 Edw. I. ; their 
amount in 15S0 was ^14,000 ; farmed for ;^20,ooo till 1590 ; in 1592, pro- 
duced ;^50,ooo, and ^^148,075 in 1614 ; ^168,222, in 1622 ; ^300,000, in 1642 ; 
farmed for ^390,000 in 1666 ; fell off in 1675, but reached ^557,752 in 1688 ; 
from 1700 to 1 714, on an average returned ;^i,352, 764 ; in 1720, ^1,555,600 ; 
in 1721, .i^^'i, 593.000 ; in 1744, ^1,904,000; ^"6, 890,000 in 1790; ^3,412,255 
6j. 8(/. in 1795 ; 1830, ;^ 17, 894, 405 ; 1835, ;!^l8,6i2, 906 ; ^19,915,296 in 1840 ; 
^20,196,856 in 1845 ; 1S50, ;^20,995,i32 ; 1851, ;^22,oi9,783 i^s. yd. ; 1866, 



igS GUSTOS ROTULORUM CYPHERS 

;i{J'2i,276,ooo; laws consolidated, 27 Geo. III. c. 13, 1787; duties altered by 16 
& 17 Vict. c. 54, Aug. 4, 1853 ; again consolidated, by 18 & 19 Vict. c. 96, 97, 
Aug. 14, 1855. The laws relating to, amended, 22 & 23 Vict. c. 37, Aug. 13, 
1859 ; and again amended, 30 & 31 Vict. c. 82, Aug. 12, 1867. 

GUSTOS ROTULORUM, keeper of the Rolls' office, appointed by Hen. VHI., 
1545 ; confirmed, 1689. 

CUSTOZZA, battle. The Italian army under the command of Gen. La Mar- 
mora crossed the Mincio, June 23, 1866, to attack the Quadrilateral, but suffered 
a severe defeat from the Austrians commanded by Archduke Albrecht, losing 
720 killed, 31 12 wounded, and 4315 missing. The Austrians lost 960 killed, 
3690 wounded, and nearly 1000 prisoners, June 24, 1866. 

GUTCH, Hindustan. The principal town, Bhooj, destroyed by an earthquake, 
June l6, 1819 ; made a treaty with the East India Gompany, 1809 ; and again, 
1 81 6, giving them certain villages. The slave trade abolished, 1836. 

GUTTERS' GOMPANY, incorporated by Hen. V. ; confirmed by 34 Hen. VI., 
Dec. 4, 1455, and by subsequent monarchs ; reincorporated by 5 James I., July 
8, 1607 ; and by i James II., April 10, 1685 ; arms granted to, 1476 ; hall built 
in Gloak Lane, 1668. The Cutlers' Coinpany of Sheffield incorporated by James 
I., 1624 ; the first feast given in their hall, John Winter being master, Sept. 7» 
1682 ; a list of masters is given in Hunters' Hallamshire, pp. 194, 195. 

GUTLERY. Sheffield was known in the time of Edward III. for its cuttlery ; 
provisions made for the better carrying on of that trade, Sept. i, 1590 (no one to 
exercise the trade unless he had been apprenticed for 7 years) ; a bill was pre- 
sented to parliament for ' the good order and government of the cutlers of Hal- 
lainshire, March, 1621 ; a second presented by Sir John Savile, March 25, 1624; 
carried on April 12 ; an act passed to regulate the trade in England, 59 Geo. 
III. c. 7, March 23, 1819. 

CUTTAGK, Hindustan, known as Jagepore, 1212 ; annexed to Bengal, ceded to 
the Mahrattas, 1 75 1, and by them to the British, 1803. 

GUTTING for the Stone, or Lithotomy, first practised in modern times in Paris on 
a criminal, 1474. 

GYGLE of the sun or moon, or of Jupiter, the time when the days, planets, or 
festivals return again to the same day of the month ; that called the Paschal, or 
time of keeping Easter, calculated first by Victorius for a period of 532 years, 
in 463. 

GYGLOP/EDIA, a word meaning a circle of knowledge. There were some written 
in the 15th century; the most comprehensive was that of Alstadius, 1620; the 
earliest in England was that by Ephraim Ghambers, in two volumes, folio, 1728. 

GYDER, made in England, 1234 ; the more ancient potations were mead and ale ; 

duty first levied upon, by 12 Gharles II. c. 23, 1660 ; repealed by li Geo. IV. 

and I Will, IV. c. 51, July 16, 1 830. 
GYMBAL, the oldest musical instrument ; two kinds are mentioned in Ps. cl. 5, 

'loud cymbals' or castagnettes, and 'high sounding cymbals;' used at Mount 

Ida, B.C. 1546 ; the present kind of cymbals used in military bands, 1852. 
GYMMER ABBEY, Merionethshire, built, 1200. 

GYMMRODORION, or Metropolitan Gambrian institution for cultivating a taste 
for the Welsh language and antiquities, founded, Sept., 1751 ; suspended, 1773 ; 
revived, 1820. 

GYPHERS, the figures or signs used in arithmetic, invented by the Arabians, 813. 



CYPRESS DAGGER 199 

CYPRESS, seems to have been much used for boxes from an early period John of 
Gaunt speaks of a little box of cypress wood in his will in 1397 ; the tree brought 
to England, originally from the Levant, about 1441 ; the deciduous species from 
North America, 1640. 

CYPRUS, an island in the Levant, originally a Phoenician settlement. Demetrius 
invaded and captured the island, B.C. 305 ; Ptolemy hastened to its relief with 
140 ships but suffered a defeat, B.C. 306 ; he recovered the island, B.C. 295, when it 
became an integral pai't of the Egyptian monarchy ; it was made a Roman province; 
capitulated to the Saracens under Gen. Othman, A.D.648 ; taken by Harunel Rashid, 
806 ; conquered by Richard Coeur de Lion, who made it over to the Templars, 
1191 ; ceded to Venetia, 1473; taken by the Turks, 1571; several thousand 
Christians massacred, May, 1 82 1. 

CYPRUS, Knights of, an order instituted by Guy of Lusignan, 1191. 

CYR, ST, France,, celebrated for its Royal Abbey, founded by Louis XIV. at the 
request of Madame de Maintenon for the education of noble ladies, commenced, 
1685, from the designs of M. Mansard, and completed, 1686 ; suppressed at the 
Revolution ; made a military school by Napoleon, 1814. 

CYRENE, Africa, anciently called Cyrenaica, first colonized, B.C. 631 ; governed 
by the Ptolemies, B.C. 321 ; after the death of Alexander the Great it became a 
dependency of Egypt ; reduced to a province, B.C. 75 ; united to Crete, B.C. 67 ; 
conquered by the Saracens in the 7th century. 

CYZICUS, Asia. The Cyzicenes repelled Mithridates, who attacked the town, 
74. The Goths sacked and destroyed the town, 262. 

CZAR, a title assumed by Russian sovereigns, derived from Czesar ; first affirmed 
by the Golden Bull, Aug. 4, 15 14. Czar of Muscovy visited England, 1698. 
Czar Peter the Great visited Holland, 1716 ; had his secretary seized, at the re- 
quest of England, 1717 ; visited France, May 20, 171 7 ; condemned his eldest 
son to death, June 26, 1717 ; took the title of Emperor of all the Russias, Oct. 
22, 1721; died, Feb. 8, 1724-5. 

CZASLAU, battle. Frederick the Great defeated the Austrians under Prince 
Charles of Lorraine, May 17,1 742. 



D 



DACCA, Bengal, Hindustan. Jessarut Khan, the last of the deputy rulers, being 
ordered by Ali Khan to put all the English to death in the town, humanely sent 
them under a trusty guard to Calcutta, 1763 ; the town annexed to the British 
territories, 1765 j the last heir to the throne died without issue, 1845. This pro- 
vince is noted for its cotton fabrics, muslins, and linen cloth. 

DACIA, on the Danube, conquered by Trajan after a war of five years, A. d. lor — 
106 ; he built the bridge known by his name over the Danube ; it consisted of 20 
piers, each being 150 Roman feet high, 60 feet thick, and 170 feet apart ; towers 
were built at each end for its defence ; the architect was Apollodorus, who began 
this work, A.D. 103. The town invaded by the Goths, 249 ; ceded to them 
by the Emperor Aurelius, 271 ; annexed to the Eastern Empire by Gratian, 379. 

DACRE CASTLE, Cumberland, built by Ralph de Dacre, 1321-39. 

D/EDALUS, British frigate, wrecked on a shoal, July 16, 1813. 

DA GCJER, kno\vn in England, temp, of Edward L , came into general use in the reigir 



200 DAGMAR DAMIENS 

of Edward III. ; the length limited to 3 feet 10 inches by Queen Elizabeth, 1580 ; 
the use of, recommended by James I., 1622. 

DAGMAR CROSS. The beautiful Queen Dagmar, of Denmark, consort. of 
Waldemar II., died, 1212, and was buried with a costly cross upon her breast ; it 
was removed some years afterwards when the tomb was opened ; restored to 
Denmai-k, 1695. 

DAGON , the national god of the Philistines ; the temple of, at Ashdod, de- 
stroyed, B.C. 148. 

DAGUERREOTYPE, invented by M. Daguerre, 1838 ; M. Arago described 
the process to the Academy of Sciences at Paris, Jan. 7, 1839 ; a pension of 6000 
francs was voted to him by the French government, June 15 ; and 4000 to the son 
of M. Niepce, who first discovered the science, 1 824 ; Daguerre entered into part- 
nership, and Niepce died, July 5, 1833. 

DAHLIA, the flower discovered by Humboldt, Mexico, and brought to Gemiany, 
1789 ; introduced into England, and first grown at Plolland House, Kensington, 
1804 ; made a florist's flower, 1815 ; first began to attract attention, 1821 ; double 
varieties, 1830. 

DAHOMY, Africa, known to Europeans, 1724 ; when Guadyo Trudo overran the 
kingdom of Ardrah, Mr Lamb, agent of the English African Company, was taken 
and kept a prisoner, but was not ill-treated. Trudo endeavoured to destroy all the 
forts erected by the Portuguese, Dutch, and French, at the town of Jaquin, 1729 ; 
visited by Lieut. Forbes, 1849 ; King of, defeated at Abbeokuta, with the loss of 
1209 of his warriors, March 3, 1851 ; and again with great loss, March 16, 1864. 

DALMATIA, Austria, an ancient Roman province, became a republic, B.C. 180 ; 
attacked by the Romans, 155 ; finally conquered by them and made a province of 
Rome, A. D. 9 ; taken successively by the Goths and the Avari ; these were driven 
out by the Sclavonians in the 7th century ; taken by the Magyars and annexed to 
Hungary, 1005 ; invaded by the Turks, 1646 ; ceded to Austria, 1797 ; seized by 
Napoleon, 1805 ; restored to Austria, 1814. 

DAMASCUS, Syria, a most ancient city, first mentioned in the history of Abraham's 
pursuit of the defeated kings. Gen. xiv. 15 ; his steward was a native of that city, 
XV. 2 ; Josephus ascribes its foundation to Uz, a grandson of Shem. During the 
period of the Hebrew monarchy it was the head or capital of Syria, Isa. vii. 8 ; 
and the Syrian king is called King of Damascus, 2 Chron. xviii. 6 ; Jeroboam re- 
covered the city to Israel, 2 Kings xiv. 28, circa B.C. 822 ; first taken by the 
Romans, B. C. 64 ; and it was here that the Apostle Paul begun his ministry. Acts 
ix. 19 ; taken by the Saracens, A. D. 665 ; besieged unsuccessfully by the Crusaders, 
1 148; taken and almost destroyed by Timour, 1401 ; added to the Turkish 
empire, 1516 ; captured by Ibrahim Pasha, 1832 ; granted to Mehemet Ali, 1833 ; 
a number of Jews tortured and massacred, Feb. i, 1840; restored to Turkey, 
1841 ; many Christians perished by the cruelty of the fanatical Druses, i860. 

DAMASK CLOTH, cloth or silk first made at Damascus, and brought to Eng- 
land by the Dutch and Flemings, who fled from the persecutions of the Duke of 
Alva, at the end of the i6th century. 

DAMASKING. This art of ornamenting iron work invented, B.C. 490. 

DAMASK ROSE, introduced into England by Dr Linacre, physician to Henry 

VIII., from the south of Europe, 1540. 
DAMERHAM, Wiltshire, nearly destroyed by fire, July 14, 1755. 

DAMIENS attempted the life of Louis XV. by stabbing him with a knife in the 
right side, Jan. 5) 1757 j lie suffered the most cruel tortures, and was ultimately 
torn to pieces by four horses, March 28, 1757. 



DAMIETTA DANTZIC 201 

DAMIETTA, Egypt, taken by the Saracens and fortified in the nth century ; be- 
sieged by the Crusaders, several times taken by them, 1219 ; retaken by the 
Saracens ; captured by Louis IX. in the 6th crusade, 1249 ; he was taken prisoner 
shortly afterwards, and purchased his release by surrendering the city ; tire old city 
was destroyed ; Bonaparte fortified the new city, 1798, but evacuated it, 1801 ; it 
was taken by the English a few years subsequently. 

DAMPIER'S ISLANDS, discovered by William Dampier, 1699. 

DANCING, introduced by the Greeks into their comedies, circa B.C. 500 ; several 
times mentioned in the sacred writings ; dancing by cinque pairs introduced into 
England from Italy, 1541 ; the country dance (' contre-danse ') introduced from 
France. Hentzner says the English were celebrated for this accomplishment, 
1598 ; the schools of London were desci'ibed by Count Lorenzo Megalotte, 1669. 

DANEGELT, a tax levied to buy off the Danes, first raised by King Ethelred, 
991 ; Hardicanute renewed this tax, 1040 ; William I. re-established it, 10S5 ; 
abolished, 1174 ; for eveiy hide of land, church lands excepted, \s., afterwards 2.s. 

DANES, invasion of, attacked France under Rollo, 895, ravaging to the walls of 
Paris ; again ravaged France, 896 ; attacked Italy, 903 ; obtained Neustria from 
France, 912 ; whence Normandy ; appeared first on the English coast, 783 ; 
landed near Purbeck, Dorset, 787 j made a descent on Northumberland, and 
driven back and perished by shipwreck, 794 '■> invaded Scotland and Ireland, 798 ; 
took the Isle of Sheppey, 832 ; defeated in Cornwall, at Hengistdown, by Egbert, 
835 ; defeated Ethelwolf at Charmouth, 836 ; landed in Kent, and took Canter- 
bury and London, 851 ; defeated by Ethelwolf, 852 ; they took York, 867 ; de- 
feated the Saxons at Merton, 871; York conquered, 874 ; took Wareham and Exeter, 
and Cambridge, 875 ; took Chippenham, but 120 of their vessels were wrecked at 
Swansea ; they concluded a peace with Alfred ; renewed their ravages while Alfred 
was in exile, 877 ; but were afterwards defeated, 878 ; Alfred the Great treated 
with them, 882, and defeated them at Rochester ; their fleet destroyed by Alfred 
at Appledore, 894 ; defeated near the Isle of Wight by Alfred, 897 ; they ravaged 
Anglesey, 900 ; submitted to the Saxons, 921 ; defeated the Irish in Leinster, and 
killed their king, 956 ; defeated in Ireland, 978 ; invaded Dorset, 982 ; landed in 
Essex, and were paid ^^10,000 to depart from England by Ethelred, 991 ; he de- 
feated them the next year. A large force, under Sweyn, attempted to take London 
but were defeated, when they captured Essex and Kent ; again bought off for 
^16,000, 994 ; again received ;!f^20,ooo to retire, 1002 ; massacre of every one in 
England the same year ; they made new demands, and were paid ;i^36,ooo, which 
they demanded as tribute, 1003 ; ravaged Suffolk, and defeated the Saxons, lOio; 
sacked Canterbury, and put the inhabitants to death, lOli ; London taken by 
Sweyn, 1013 ; the conquest of England completed, 1017 ; settled in Scotland, 
1020 ; defeated at Clontarf, Ireland, 1039 ; driven out of England, 1041 ; landed 
at Sandwich and carried off their plunder to Flanders, 1047 ; burned York, and put 
3000 Normans to the sword, 1069 ; invaded England, but were bribed to depart 
by William I., 1074. 

DANEWIRKE, battle, between the Russians and Danes, the latter being defeated, 
April 23, 1848. In the campaign of 1864, these fortifications were abandoned to 
the Austrians, Feb. 5- 

DANNEBROG, the order of, i.e. the Banner of the Danes, founded by Waldemar 
II., 1219; revived by Christian V., Oct. 12, 1671 ; enlarged and extended by 
Frederick VI., and made an order of merit, June 28, 1808 ; the order celebrated 
a festival at the castle of Rosenburg in honour of Christian V., April 15. 

DANTZIC, Prussia, first known in history in the loth century ; the knights of the 
Teutonic order held it for over a century, and founded the cathedral, 1343-4 ; 



202 DANUBIAN TRINCIPALITIES DARMSTADT 

finished, 1503 ; it was made a free city, 1454 ; surrendered to Prussia, March 8, 
1793 ; confirmed to them by the treaty of Basle, 1775 ; besieged by the French, 
Feb. 22, 1807 ; invested, Marcli 22 ; surrendered with 900 pieces of cannon, 
March 26 ; restored to Prussia by the treaty of Tilsit, July 9 ; but France retained 
a garrison of 20,000 soldiers here, and Gen. Rapp was made the commandant ; 
after the Russian campaign the fortress was besieged by the Russian army under 
the Duke of Wiirtemberg, Jan., 181 3, and taken in the following Dec. ; the King 
of Prussia recognized as its sovereign, Feb. 3, 1814; 300 persons killed and 
wounded, and 600 houses destroyed, by an explosion of gunpowder, Dec. 10, 
1815 ; the dykes of the Vistula broke, and l0,00Qhead of cattle, 4000 houses, and 
several lives lost, April 9, 1829. 
DANUBIAN PRINCIPALITIES united, Aug. 19, 1859 ; Col. Couza elected first 
Hospodar of Moldavia, Jan. 17, 1859 ; and of Wallachia, Feb. 5 ; the two princi- 
palities united by the Sultan by the name 'Roumania,' Nov. 12, 1861 ; proclaimed 
at Jassa, Dec. 23, 1861, when Col. Couza proclaimed himself Prince of, Alexander 
Joim I. ; he proclaimed a new constitution. May 10, 14, 1864; a revolution broke 
out and he was compelled to abdicate, Feb. 23, 1866, when Prince Charles of 
HohenzoUern was elected; he agreed to accept the government. May 10; arrived 
at Bucharest, May 21 ; recognized by the Sultan, July 11 ; the Jews treated with 
great cruelty, July 12, 1867 ; the Sultan visited Rustchuk, Aug. 5, and received 
Prince Charles with great honours, Aug. 6 ; the resignation of the ministers ac- 
cepted, Aug. 14. 

DARDANELLES, Passage of, from the Mediterranean into the Sea of Marmora, 
defended by two castles built by Mahomet II., in 1465, and two more were added 
Isy Mahomet IV., in 1659. The passage forced by the English Fleet under Ad- 
miral Duckworth, Feb. 19, 1807 ; upon his return his ships sustained consider- 
able damage, and he had 45 men killed, and more than 200 wounded, March i ; 
closed by treaty to all vessels of war, July 13, 1841 ; at the breaking out of the 
Russian War, the Allied Fleets were allowed to pass the Straits, Oct. 14, 1853. 
The right of excluding vessels of war confirmed by the treaty of Paris, March 30, 
1856. 

DARIEN, Central America, discovered by Columbus, 1502 ; colonized by the 
Spaniards, 1510 ; William Paterson, the founder of the Bank of England, obtained 
the royal sanction to form a settlement, June 26, 1695 ; a company formed for carry- 
ing out thesame ; petition to the House of Lords and Commons against the company, 
Dec. 13, 1695 5 address of the Scotch parliament to the King for his support to the 
project, Aug. 5, 1698 ; the first expedition of five ships, with 1200 emigrants on 
board, sailed from the Forth, July 26, 1698 ; they landed at New Caledonia, 
Nov. I ; the Spanish Ambassador remonstrated against the expedition, May 3, 
1698 ; four ships, with 1300 emigrants on board, started from Edinburgh for 
the new colony, Aug., 1699, but before they arrived out the colonists had been 
defeated by the Spaniards and had evacuated the fort, March 14, 1700 ; Mr 
Cullen surveyed Caledonia harbour and port Escoces for an entranee to the ocean 
canal, 1854 ; it was again surveyed for the same purpose by Rear- Admiral Davis 
of the United States, 1866. 

DARLING RIVER, Australia, discovered by Capt. Sturt, 1829. 

DARLINGTON, Durham. The Collegiate Church of St Cuthbert founded by 
Carileph, Bishop of Durham, 1093 ; remodelled by Bishop Pudsey, 1230 ; part 
of the spire destroyed by fire, 1750. Queen Elizabeth established a Grammar 
School, 1563 ; and Lady Calverley the Blue Coat School, 1715. The Darlington 
Private Press established by George Allan at 'The Grange,' in the iSth centmy. 
Town incorporated by Queen Victoria, Sept., 1867. 

DARMSTADT, Germany, the capital of the Grand-Duchy of Hesse-Darmstadt, a 



DARTFORD DAVY LAMP 203 

residence of the Grand Duke ; Louis I. founded an order of merit, Aug. 24, 
1807; extended, Dec. 14, 1S31 ; and tlie order of PhilijDpe Le-Bon foun.led by 
Louis II., May I, 1840 ; constitution granted, Dec. 17, 1S20, being modified in 
1848 and 1856; Louis III., Grand Dulie, appointed co-regent, Marcli 5, 1848; 
succeeded to the throne, June 16 ; in tlie Austrian Prussian war they made com- 
mon cause witli the Austrians, and by tlie treaty of Sept. 15, 1866, several districts 
north of the river Maine were ceded to Prussia. 

DARTFORD, Kent. Isabella, sister of Henry III., married to Frederick II. of 
Germany, by proxy, in Dartford church, 1235 ; Edward III. held a tournament 
hei-e on his return from France, 1331 ; he endowed a convent of nuns at, 1355, 
converted by Henry VIII. into a palace ; priory built, 1372 ; the insurrection under 
"Wat Tyler commenced here, June, 1381 ; first paper-mill in England erected, 
1580, by Spilman, a German ; first mill for rolling iron erected by Godfrey Box, 
1590 ; four times the powder magazines in this town blew up between 1730 and 
1795, the last, Jan. i, 1795, causing great destruction ; the cotton mills damaged 
by fire, Dec. 21, 1795. 

DARTMOOR, Devon. It was called a forest in 1238; first perambulation made 
by order of Henry HI., 1240, and by James I., Aug. 16, 1609 ; a prison erected 
here for prisoners of war ; first stone laid by Sir Thomas Tyrwhitt, Lord Warden, 
March 20, 1806 ; built from the design of Mr D. Alexander, and opened, 1809 ; 
made a School of Industry, May, 1820. 

DARTMOUTH, Devon. Therendezvous of the fleet assembled to carry the Crusaders 
to the Holy Land, 1 190 ; burned by the French, who effected a landing here in the 
reign of Richard I., and again in the reign of Henry IV., but were defeated with 
great loss, M. de Chastell, three lords, and 32 knights being captured, 1404 ; the 
town incorporated, 1226; it furnished Edward III. with 31 ships, fully armed 
and manned for the invasion of France, 1338. The exportation of tin confined to 
this port by 14 Rich. II. c. 7, 1390 ; repealed the next year. The castle built by 
Henry VII., 1190 ; besieged and taken by the Royalists under Prince Maurice 
after a siege of 4 weeks, 1643 ; retaken by the Parliamentarians under Gen. Fair- 
fax, 1646. 

DATES, these first affixed to grants of land as assignments, 1290, temp. Edward 1. 

DAUPHIN of France, the old title of the king's eldest son, so called from 
Dauphine, the province ceded by Humber II., Dauphin of Vienne, to Philip on 
behalf of his grandson Prince Charles, 1349, who upon ascending the throne ordered 
that the title should be borne by the heir-apparent. The l3auphin of France, 
1419, murdered the Duke of Burgundy, and was disinherited of the crown. In- 
surrection in this province, July, 1789. 

DAVENTRE PRIORY, Northants, founded by Hugh de Leycester, 1096. 

DAVID, ST, Pembrokeshire, formerly inhabited by the Druids. The Danes did 
considerable damage to the ecclesiastical and other buildings, 91 1 ; and again visited 
the town under the command of Sweyn, 993. Cathedral of, built, 1180, partly 
Saxon, 290 ft long, 76 ft wide, 127 ft high ; the bishopric founded, 520 ; the 
palace of, built, 1335 ; St Mary's college founded by John of Gaunt, 1365. 

DAVINGTON NUNNERY, Kent, founded by Fulke de Newenham, 1153. 
DAVIS' STRAITS, N. America, discovered by John Davis, on a voyage to find 

the north-west passage, Aug. ii, 1585 ; he was killed by Japanese pirates on the 

coast of Malacca, Dec. 27, 1605. 

DAVY LAMP, invented by Sir Humphrey Davy, and explained to the Royal 
Society, Nov. 9, 1815 ; and on Jan. 11, 1816, he read a further paper and ex- 
hibited a model of the lamp which he had made himself; it is still preserved in 
the Royal Society's Museum. 



204 



DAY DEANS 



DAY, the term anciently for the time of the sun's light only, among the Greeks and 
Jews ; the Roman began at midnight ; the Italian, from smrset to sunset ; the 
Chinese, 12 parts of two hours each ; the English civil day, like the Roman, be- 
gins at midnight ; the astronomical, at noon. In chronology the day is of the ut- 
m.ost importance as to the duration of time signified. 

The following are the names of the heathen deities to which each day was de- 
dicated : — 

Dies Solis ... Sunday Dies Jovis ... Thursday 

Dies LmiEe ... Monday Dies Veneris ... Friday 

Dies Martis ... Tuesday Dies Saturni ... Saturday 

Dies Mercurii ... Wednesday 

DEAF AND DUMB. The first successful attempt to instruct persons suffering 
from this affliction made by Pedro de Ponce, a Benedictine monk of Spain, circa 
1570; Bonifacio, a monk at Madrid, published his system, 1620; in 1648 Mr 
Bulwer published a work in England upon the subject, and in 1652 Mr Wallis 
taught several persons ; the Abbe de I'Epee and Sicard were eminent in the work 
of instruction in France, in the l8th century ; the first school opened in Edinburgh, 
by Thomas Braidwood, 1773 ; removed to London, 1782-3 ; the Rev. John 
Townsend established an asylum for children, 1792 ; the first stone of the new 
asylum in the Old Kent Road laid by the Duke of Gloucester, July 11, 1807 ; Dr 
Watson was the founder. 

DEAL, Kent. It is supposed by some to be the place where Csesar landed ; Perkin 
Warbeck defeated, attempting to land here, July 3, 1495 ; Henry VIII. erected 
three castles on the coast, 1537 ; incorporated 11 Will. III., 1699 ; united with 
Sandwich and Walmer, 1831. The new iron pier designed by Mr E. Birch, is 
1 100 ft long by 25 ft wide, opened, Nov. 8, 1864. 

DEAN FOREST, Gloucestershire, defined in the 12 of Henry III., 1228, to be 
23,015 acres ; the earliest perambulation of, was in 1282 ; regulations for the 
miners issued, 1300; William, Earl of Pembroke, obtained a grant of 12,000 
cords of wood yearly, Feb. 17, 1612 ; the last Supi^eme Court of Judicature held 
at Gloucester Castle, before Henry, Earl of Holland, 1635. Sale of all the mines and 
timber to Sir John Winter by Charles I., Feb. 20, 1640, which led to serious 
riots. Upwards of 1000 trees destroyed by a dreadful storm of wind, Feb. 18, 
1662. An act passed for the increase and preservation of timber in, 20 Charles II. 
c. 3, 1668 ; by this act 8487 acres were inclosed and planted. The first mine 
law court held, March 18, 1663 ; a commission appointed to inquire into the 
condition and management, 1692 ; an act for the improvement of the I'oads passed, 
1 795 ; bread riots in, Oct. 30, 1 795, which continued for some days ; several reports 
made upon the forest, subsequently ; an attempt made to inclose the forest led 
to serious riots, June 8, 1 831. 

DEANS OF THE CHURCH OF ENGLAND, and their Emoluments. 



Bath and Wells ... in 


1864 


^1000 


Norwich 


Carlisle 


18&3 


1116 


Oxford 


Chester 


1863 


1119 


Peterborough 


Durham 


1864 


4412 


Ripon 


Ely 


1864 


891 


Rochester 


Exeter 


1863 


1511 




Gloucester and Bristol 


1864 


1607 


St Paul's 


Hereford 


1866 


1000 


Winchester .. 


Lincoln 


1863 


1 142 




Llandaff 


1866 


700 


York 


Manchester ... 


1864 


1948 





in 1864 


.^1590 


1863 


535 


1864 


1165 


1864 


1000 


( 1862 


2049 


I1863 


936 


1864 


2338 


\ 1863 


1898 


1864 


1908 


1864 


2000 



Many of them have in addition an official residence. 



DEARTH 20S 

DEARTH or FAMINE, in Scotland, where thousands were starved, 306 ; in 
England and Wales, where 40,000 were starved, 319 ; all over Britain, 325 ; at 
Constantinople, 446 ; in Italy, where parents ate their children, 450 ; in Scotland, 
576 ; all over England, Wales, and Scotland, 739 ; another in Wales, 747 ; in 
Wales and Scotland, 792 ; again in Scotland, 803 ; again in Scotland, when 
thousands were starved, 823 ; a severe one in AVales, 836 ; in Scotland, which 
lasted four years, 954 ; famines in England, 864, 974, 976, 1005 ; Scotland, which 
lasted two years, 1047 ; in England, 1050. In 1069, fourth year of William I., 
from the Norman waste in England, the dearth was so great, especially in 
Northumberland and the neighbouring covmties, that men ate horses, cats, and 
dogs in all the land between Durham and York, which lay waste nine years ; 
1086, there was a dearth of cattle, a pestilence, and famine, twenty-first year of 
William I. In 1093, reign of William Rufus, sixth year, the living were scarce 
able to bury the dead owing to famine and pestilence. In 1112, the 13 Henry I. , 
a dearth of men, cattle, and fowls, from the mortality. In 24 of the same king, 
II24, numbers perished of famine. In 1177, the 23 of Henry II., the royal 
household victuals reduced, that a measure of wheat made bread for 100 men, I2d. ; 
a fat ox, \2d.; a fat sheep, /\.d.; and provender for 20 horses, ^d. In 1205, a 
frost, so that the ground could not be tilled, and a quarter of wheat sold afterwards 
for a mark, that had been but I2d. before ; a quarter of beans or peas for a noble ; 
and a quarter of oats for 3^. 4^?., which were usually sold for 4^/. In 1222, wheat 
was sold for 12s. the quarter (silver was then is. <^d. an ounce; in modern money, 
5j. 7^.), or 36^-. at present. In the 18 of Henry III., the frost at Christmas de- 
stroyed all the ground, and all the roots in the gardens, and continued till Eeb. 2 
without snow ; the ground could not be ploughed, and poor people died for 
want of food. At that time, Walter Gray, Abp of York, hoarded his corn out of 
avarice; so that whether 'he went to God or the devil men could not determine. ' 
Henry III., by debasing the coin, caused great penury and suffering. In 1258, 
after a wet year, a quarter of wheat sold for 20s. , and it could not in some places 
be had for money ; poor people ate the bark off the trees, and also horse-flesh, 
but 20,000 were starved in London alone. In 1289, wheat rose from ^d. to 16//., 
and then to 2s. 6d. the bushel. In 1295, the king searched the monasteries for 
money, and caused wool and leather to be kept at home ; so that there was a 
dearth of com and wine (exchanged for them before), 1298; there was a great 
dearth of wine, so that the communion could not be administered, 1299. In 
London in 1304 the price of a fat cock was id. ; two pullets, id.; a fat capon, 
2d.; a goose, 4d. ; a mallard, id.; a partridge, id. ; a pheasant, 4^.; a heron, 
6d.; a plover, id; a swan, 3^-. ; a crane, I2d. ; two woodcocks, id.; a fat 
lamb, from Christmas to Shrovetide, 6d. ; the rest of the year, 4^. In 13 14, 
food was so scarce and dear, that the common people could not live, and higher 
prices were forbidden to be asked in the city than was afore fixed, but no meat 
was to be had, nor fowls ; a quarter of wheat, beans, or peas, was sold at 2s. ; 
of malt, for a mark ; of salt, 35^. In 1315, prices were not permitted to be 
fixed, but the dearth was so great through rain, that wheat sold at 4.0s ; the 
mortality was so great that the dead could hardly be buried ; the beasts and cattle 
died ; horse-flesh was esteemed a great delicacy ; the poor stole the dogs to eat 
that had fattened on the corrupted cattle ; some ate their own children ; thieves 
in prison devoured each other ; the making malt was stopped, by ordering ale to 
be sold at id. per gallon. In 1330, the corn could not ripen, peas in the green 
shells were served in place of apples and pears at Allhallow and Martinmas 
day ; there was no hai-vest till after Michaelmas. In 1355, the Irish brought in 
corn in plenty to the relief of the people. In 1358, there was a great dearth and 
pestilence, called the ' second pestilence. ' In 1 369, so great was the scarcity in 
London, that a bushel of wheat sold for 2s. 6d. ; of barley for 20fl'. ; and of oats 
for I2d. In 1379, a bushel of wheat was bought for dd. ; a gallon of white wine for 



2o5 DEATH, PUNISHMENT OF 

bd. ; and of red for 4^/. The inquest in the city of London fixed the price of 
poultry, 7 Rich. II., 1383 ; the best cygnet, 4^^. ; the best goose, bd.; the best 
capon, bd. ; the best pullet, 2.d. ; the best rabbit, with the skin, \d. ; without, 
3^. ; mallard, 3^.; snipe, \d.; lark, id.; woodcock, 312'.; partridge, /^d.; plover, 
3^.; pheasant, is.; heron, is. 6d.; bittern, is. 6d.; 12 pigeons, is. In 1391, 
there was a great dearth of corn for two years, and when green fruit came, 
the people devoured it so eagerly that they got fluxes and died. Corn was 
now imported from beyond the sea, and 2000 marks were taken out of 
the orphans' chest of London to pay for it, besides ^20 a-piece from the 
aldermen. In 1438, by reason of gi-eat storms, a scarcity was produced. In 1439, 
wheat sold in London at 3^-. the bushel ; malt at 3^. the quarter ; and oats at 8j. ; 
men ate beans, peas, and barley ; ships laden with rye came in, but the poor 
lived upon fern roots. In i486, wheat was again costly, and so in 1491, 1494. 
In 1521, wheat was zod. the bushel. In 1521, temp. Henry VIII., there was both 
famine and pestilence; wheat sold at 20s. the quarter. In 1526-27, there fell so 
much rain before the end of January, that the ground was not dry at the end of 
April, when it again rained till June, and the crops failed, and throughout England 
numbers died of want ; in London wheat came in from Dantzic, which made 
it cheaper there than in the country parts ; it was brought in by the merchants of the 
Steel Yard. In 1573, there was a great scarcity for all that had not money. In 1 586, 
the poor were relieved by the government, the price of grain being excessive, and 
wheat in London ?>s. the bushel. In 1594, grain became 8^. the bushel again. 
In 1595, wheat was from 14J. to four marks the quarter, though some importa- 
tions occurred ; the London apprentices, being in want, stole food, and were 
whipped and set in the pillory. In 1596, the last five months of the year were 
wet, and meal sold for loj-. the bushel ; but corn now flowed in from Dantzic 
through the merchants, and corn could be had for money with the price high. In 
1565, 2,000,000 were expended on the importation of com ; one in 1748 ; another 
in 1798. In 1 800- 1, wheat sold in England at the beginning of the year at 
£'] and ;^8 the quarter. The following were the average prices in the counties 
named, from March 7 to March 14, 1801 : — Middlesex, 168^. lod. ; Surrey, 
167J. 2d.; Hertford, 148^-. lod.; Bedford, 150^.; Huntingdon, l6os.; Northamp- 
ton, 140^-. ; Rutland, 138^. 6d. ; Leicester, 148^-. id.; Nottingham, 138^-. 2>d.; 
Derby, 145J. ^. ; Stafford, i6lJ. gd. ; Salop, I74r. 4^. ; Hereford, i']Os. 'jd. ; 
Worcester, 184J. M.; Warwick, 178^. id.; Wilts, 166^-. /^d.; Berks, ijos. 6d.; 
Oxford, 171^'. 6d.; Bucks, I56j-. ; Essex, 159J. ; Kent, i6is. lod.; Sussex, 164^.; 
Suffolk, 160^-. id. ; Cambridge, 15 U. ^d. ; Norfolk, I44J'. ; Lincoln, 129.?. lid.; 
York, 133J. 2d.; Durham, igos. gd.; Northumberland, 136J. 81:/.; Cumberland, 
145J. ^d. ; Westmoreland, i^^s. 2d. ; Lancashire, 157J. ; Cheshire, 156^. ; 
Gloucester, 187^. id.; Somerset, I76i-. lid.; Monmouth, 179^. 3^/. ; Devon, 
150^'. 2d.; Cornwall, 137J. 5^.; Dorset, 172^-. gd.; Hants, 170J. ^d.; N. Wales, 
136J. ; S. Wales, 133^. In the province of Vellore, in India, in 1810, 6000 per- 
sons perished of famine. In the diocese of Drontheim, Norway, in consequence 
of Sweden intercepting the supplies, 5000 persons perished. In Ireland, in 1845, 
began the failure of the potato crop, which continued for four years, causing 
pestilence, fever, and famine, to a degree never before known in these islands ; 
thousands died, many more emigrated, although ^10,000,000 was voted by 
England for their relief; but death did its work faster. When the census of 183 1 
was taken there were in Ireland 7,784,934; in 1841, there were 8,175,124 per- 
sons ; and in 1851, the return showed but 6,515,794. Many had emigrated, but 
famine and pestilence had taken more. At Orissa, Bengal, 1865-6, 700,000 per- 
sons died ; 1 500 children left orphans ; a subscription set on foot for their support, 
June 19, 1867. 

DEATH, PUNISHMENT OF. The Romans inflicted the punishment of the ckoss. 



DEATH'S HEAD DEDICATION OF CHURCHES 207 

burning, and drowning. Death was also inflicted by the Anglo-Saxons. Hanging, 
drowning, and quartering was the punishment in England in 1241. The punish- 
ment of death for many offences was abolished by the acts of 4 & 10 Geo. IV., 
1824 and 1829 ; again by acts 2 & 3 Will. IV. c. 123, Aug. 16, 1832 ; but forging 
wills and powers of attorney to transfer stock were still made capital. Death 
abolished in all cases of forgery by 7 Will. IV. and i Vict. c. 84, July 17, 1837 ; 
limited to treason and murder by 4 & 5 Vict. c. 56, June 22, 1841 ; the custom of 
reporting prisoners under sentence of death to the Crown abolished, 7 Will. IV. 
and I Vict. c. 77, July 17, 1837. 

DEATH'S HEAD. This order was instituted by Silvius Nimrod, Duke of 
Wiirtemberg, 1652 ; it fell into disuse, but was revived, 1709. 

DEATHS, Parish Register of, established by Cromwell, Earl of Essex, 1536 ; 
more formally executed, 1593, after the great plague of that year ; taxed in 1783. 
The Registration Act, 6 & 7 Will. IV. c. 86, passed Aug. 17, 1836, renders the 
parochial registers of small moment, because all deaths, births, and marriages must 
be registered by the proper officer, whether of churchmen or dissenters. 

DEBATES OF PARLIAMENT first published, 1771. 
DEBENHAM, Suffolk, fire at, and 38 houses burned, March i, 1743-4. 

DEBTORS, imprisonment of, a practice contrary to Magna Charta. 25,000 in 
prison, Dec. 6, 1758. In 18 months, subsequent to Dec, 1825, no less than 
101,000 writs of arrest for debts were issued. In the year ending Jan. 5, 1830, there 
were 71 14 persons sent to prison in London alone. On Jan. i, 1840, the number 
of prisoners for debt in England and Wales was 1372 ; in Ireland under 1000 ; in 
Scotland under 100, in consequence of the beneficial change in the law. In 1858 
there were 16,620 persons incarcerated for debt. An act passed for facilitating 
arrangements between debtors and creditors, 7 & 8 Vict. c. 70, Aug. 6, 1844; ex- 
tended to persons in custody, 23 & 24 Vict. c. 147, Aug. 28, i860; arrangements 
made between, controlled by the Court of Bankruptcy, 24 & 25 Vict. c. 134, s. 
185, e( seq., Aug. 6, 1861 ; under this act a great number of prisoners were dis- 
charged who had been in prison for many years. 

DECEMBER, the (Decern) tenth month of the Roman year as established by 
Romulus, B.C. 753. 

DECEMVIRI, ten magistrates, were chosen yearly at Rome, B.C. 450. 

DECIMAL ARITHMETIC, invented by Simon Steven of Bruges, 1602; adopted 
in France after the revolution of 1790, the franc being the standard, and the 
centime, or looth part, the smallest coin ; in America, the dollar, and the cent or 
looth of the dollar ; Russia, one silver rouble, and the kopeck, lOOth part. Pro- 
posed in England, 1852, the pound being the standard ; half-sovereign, 0'5 ; 
florin, 0"i ; shilling, -05 ; sixpence, "025 ; fourpence, "020 ; threepence, '015 ; a 
penny, "005, but in this case the copper coin alone to be altered, and made 1000 
farthings, in place of 960, to the pound, as at present ; the government reported 
favourably upon Laurie's plan in 1853. A commission appointed, 1854 ; made 
their report, 1858. An association formed, 1854 ; and the International Associa- 
tion in Paris, 1855- 

DECLARATION of American Independence, July 4, 1776. 

DECLARATION of Rights, bill of, passed Feb. 13, 1668. 

DECORATIVE ART SOCIETY estabhshedin London, 1844; their Transactions 
published, 1847. 

DEDICATION OF CHURCHES. This is a most ancient custom both amongst 
the heathens and Christians. Judas Maccabeus ordered the dedication of the 
temple, B.C. 164 It is only mentioned once in the canonical Scriptures, John x. 



2o8 DEEDS DELHI 

22. Joseplius says it was called the feast of lights. Introduced generally in the 

4th century. 
DEEDS were written in the Latin and French languages, the earliest known in 

English dates 1343 ; this language was ordered to be used in law pleadings, 1364; 

and in all law suits, 1 73 1 ; by the 7 & 8 Vict. c. 76, an act to simplify the transfer 

of property, several regulations ai-e made concerning deeds, Aiig. 6, 1844. 
DEEG, Hindustan, occupied and fortified by Soorag Mull, 1760; taken by Nudjiff 

Khan, 1776. Holkar defeated by the British forces commanded by Gen. Eraser, 

under the walls of this town, Nov. 13, 1804 ; Lord Lake captured the fortress, 

Dec. 23 ; restored to Runjeet Sing ; surrendered to Lord Combermere, 1826. 
DEERHURST PRIORY, Gloucestershire, founded by Doddo, Duke of Mercia, 

circa 804 ; rebuilt by Edward the Confessor, 1056. 
DEFENCE, a British ship-of-war, of 74 guns, stranded on the coast of North 

Jutland, when all on board, except five seamen and a marine, perished, Dec. 24, 

1811. 
DEFENCE OF THE REALM. An act passed to make better provision for ac- 
quiring lands for the defence of the realm, 23 & 24 Vict. c. 1 12, Aug. 28, i860 ; 

explained by the 28 & 29 Vict. c. 65, June 29, 1865. 
DEFENDER OF THE FAITH, a title conferred by Pope Leo X. on Henry VIII. 

of England, Oct. 11, 1521. 
DEFENDERS, the name of an Irish faction, Romanists and Presbyterians, July 4, 

1784. The friends of each party met armed, and gave origin to other factions, 

that subsequently disturbed the peace of Ireland. 
DEGRADATION, a punishment awarded to the priests, peers, or knights ; they 

were stripped of then- robes and anathematized. The patriarch Constantine suffered 

this punishment before execution in the 8th century ; St Andrew |Harcla, Earl 

of Carhsle, 18 Edw. II., 1324; Cranmer in the reign of Queen Maiy ; Capt. 

Fangel, by order of Francis I. 
DEISTS, or Freethinkers, known in France in the 1 6th century. Virot speaks of 

them in his dedication of his ' Instraction Chretienne,' published, 1563; first 

known in England, 1624. 
DE LA CALZA, an order of knighthood instituted at Venice, cii-ca 737. 
DE LA SCAMA, a Spanish order instituted by John II. of Castile, 1320. 

DELAWARE, N. America, visited by Lord de la War, Governor of Virginia, 
1610. The Swedes and Finns made a settlement here under the protection of 
Gustavus Adolphus, 1627 ; taken by the Dutch, 1655 ; captured by the English, 
1664 ; and granted by Charles II. to the Duke of York, who sold it to William 
Penn, 1682 ; became one of the United States, Dec. 3, 1787. 

DELEGATES, Court of, formerly the highest ecclesiastical court in England. 
Causes were heard here, after appeals to the pope were disallowed, 25 Hen. VIII. 
c. 19, s. 4, 1533 ; it was abohshed, 2 & 3 Will. IV. c. 92, Aug. 7, 1833 ; appeals 
to be made to the judicial committee of the privy council, 3 & 4 Will. IV. c. 41, 
Aug. 14, 1833. 

DELFT, Holland. The city founded in 1072 ; partially destroyed by fire, 1586 ; 
William of Orange assassinated here, July 10, 1584. The earliest example of 
Delft ware known to have been manufactured in this town is dated 1530 ; in the 
1 7th century there were nearly 50 manufacturers of pottery residing here. 

DELHI, Hindustan. This city was founded upon the ruins of a large Hindu town ; 
it was taken by the Mohammedans in 1 193; the present city founded, 1631 ; 
captured by Nadir Shah, Emperor of Persia, who put to the sword 100,000 of the 



DELPHI DENMARK 209 

inhabitants, and plundered it to the extent of ^16,000,000 sterling, 1739; again 
taken by the Mahrattas, I75^> who were entirely defeated and the city captured 
by the English under Gen. Lake, Sept. 11, 1803 ; besieged by Holkar in 1804, 
but unsuccessfully ; became the principal seat of the rebel Sepoys, 1857 ; besieged 
by the English in June, and captured, Sept. 20 ; the king taken and his two 
sons shot, Sept. 21. 

DELPHI, Greece, where the temple of Apollo is said to have been first erected 
by Trophonius and Agamedes, circa B.C. 900 ; burnt, B.C. 548 ; rebuilt by Spin- 
tharus at a cost of £,\i%ooo sterling ; seized by the Phocians, B.C. 357 ; restored 
to the Amphictyons, B.C. 346. 

DELPHIN CLASSICS, a collection of Latin authors printed for the use of the 
Dauphin, son of Louis XIV., suggested by the Duke de Montausier ; Huet choose 
40 editors, and proposed an extensive index. They filled over 60 volumes, and were 
completed in Oct., 1675. Valpy republished them by subscription, with variorum 
notes, 1820. 

DELUGE, the Universal, or Noah's flood, is described by Moses in the Book of 
Genesis ; chronologers have fixed 1656 from the creation, or B.C. 2293. 

DEMERARA, S. America, first settlement established by the Dutch ; taken by the 
English under Gen. White, April 22, 1796 ; again occupied by them in 1800 ; but 
restored by the treaty signed at Amiens, March 27, 1802 ; again taken by the 
English in the French war, Sept., 1804; formally ceded to England, 1814. George 
Town partially destroyed by fire, April 3, 1864 ; the yellow fever broke out in the 
1 6th regiment of foot, and a great many died of that disease, 1864. 

DENARIUS, a silver coin. It derives its name from 'a denis assibus,' the amount 
of brass for which it is changeable ; first issued by the Romans, B.C. 269, value 
about 1%d. The origin of the English penny, and the principal coin down to 
the reign of King John, 1 199. 

DENBIGH ABBEY, N. Wales, erected, 1280 ; given by Queen Elizabeth to the 
Earl of Leicester, 1578; taken by the Parliamentarians, 1645. 

DENIS, ST, France. Pepin crowned by Pope Stephen II., 753 ; the abbey built, 
1281 ; suppressed, 1792. The Huguenots and Romanists fought a desperate battle 
here, Nov. 10, 1567 ; the leader of the latter. Constable Montmorency, was killed. 

DENIS, ST, the order of, instituted in France, 1267. 

DENMARK. Canute completed the conquest begun by Sweyn, and united the 
crown of England to Denmark, 1017 ; Sweden, Denmark, and Norway united, 
1397; separated, 1523. The Reformation begun here, 152$; the palace of 
Fredericksburg purchased by Frederick II., 1560; Copenhagen besieged by 
Gustavus of Sweden, 1658; the city destroyed by fire, 1728 ; and again nearly 
destroyed, 1795 ; a royal establishment for the making of porcelain founded in 
1775; Christian VII. became deranged, March, 1784; Prince Frederick made 
Regent, 1784; liberation of the serfs, 1786; Nelson attacked Copenhagen and 
the armed neutrality dissolved, April 2, 1801 ; the town surrendered to the Eng- 
lish, Sept. 5, 1807. For the bravery shown by the Danes in the defence of the 
town, a medal or decoration of Copenhagen struck, 1801 ; the medal of merit 
for the workmen in the Royal Dockyards founded by Christian VII., Jan. 29, 
1801. Pomerania and Riigen annexed to Denmark in exchange for Norway, 1814 ; 
these two towns ceded to Prussia in exchange for Lauenburg, June 4, 1815 ; a 
commercial treaty with England signed, June 16, 1824; Jutland made an island 
by a violent storm, 1825 ; a new medal of honour founded by Christian VIII., 
July 24, 1845 ; death of Christian VIII., 1848 ; Frederick VH. succeeded to the 
throne, Jan. 20, 1848, and proclaimed a new constitution, Jan. 28 ; the Duchies 
of Schleswig and Holstein revolted, March 25 ; the Danes defeated the Holstein 



no DENNEWITZ DEODAND 

and German forces, April lo ; the Danes were defeated by the Prussians, April 
23, and Schleswig captured ; the Germans defeated by the Danes, May 28 ; Jut- 
land captured by the Pnissians, and an armistice agreed to, Aug. 26 ; extended for 
six months, July 10, 1849; peace with Prussia agreed to, July 2, 1850; the in- 
tegrity of Denmark guaranteed by England, France, Prussia, and Sweden, July 
4 ; the Danes defeated the Holsteiners at Idsledt, July 25 ; Frederickstadt be- 
sieged by the Schleswig forces, who were defeated by the Danes with great loss, 
Oct. 4 ; again defeated, Oct. 6 ; convention for the cession of the Danish posses- 
sions on the coast of Africa to Great Britain, signed in London, Aug. 17, 1850 ; 
the Duchies submit, Jan. 11, 1851 ; the treaty as to the succession of the crown 
signed, May 8, 1852 ; the Prince of Augustenburg renounced his right of succes- 
sion, Dec. 30 ; a new constitution published, Oct. 4, 1855 ; agrees to abolish the 
Sound dues, March 14, 1857. The palace of Fredericksburg built by Frederick II. 
in 1564 ; rebuilt by Christian IV., 1608 ; the Knights' hall was 154 feet long and 
42 broad; destroyed by fire, Dec. 17, 1859; the first submarine telegraph com- 
pleted between Great Britain this year ; Prussia agrees to assist the Duchies 
against Denmark, i860 ; preparation made to resist ; convention for the surrender 
of criminals made with Great Britain, April, 15, 1862 ; the constitution granted by 
charter, June 5, 1849 ; modified, Nov. 18, 1863, and the army fixed at 16,630 men ; 
treaty between Her Majesty Victoria and the King for the marriage of the Princess 
Alexandra to the Prince of Wales, signed, Jan. 15, 1863 ; pubhc departure of 
the Princess, Feb. 25-6 ; Prince William agrees to accept the throne of Greece, 
June 6. Christian IX. appointed to succeed to the throne by the great powers, 
May 8, 1852; ascended the throne, Nov. 15, 1863; the Augustenburg claim re- 
vived in Nov. ; the troops of Saxony and Hanover enter the Duchies, Dec. 27 ; 
proclamation of Prince Augustenburg to the throne, Dec. 27 ; invaded by Austria 
and Prussia, Jan. 21, 1864 ; Missunde bombarded, Feb. 2, by the Austrians, who 
seized Konigsberg and Schleswig ; the Danes withdrew from the country ; Gen. de 
Gerlach appointed commander-in-chief, March I ; Diippel bombarded by the 
Prussians, March 15 ; the town captured, April 18 ; the Danes retire from Jutland, 
April 29 ; the Prussian navy defeated. May 9 ; hostilities suspended for a month, 
May 12 ; resumed, June 26 ; the island of Alsen taken, June 29 ; the peace con- 
ference closed in London, June 22 ; meeting of, at Vienna, July 26 ; the Princess 
Dagmar betrothed to the Czarewitch Nicholas, Sept. 29 ; peace signed, Oct. 30, 
by which Denmark gave up all rights to the Elbe Duchies of Schleswig and 
Holstein, and the Duchy of Lauenberg, in favour of the Emperor of Austria and 
the King of Prussia ; the troops of Saxony and Hanover retire from the Duchies, 
Dec. 5 ; Count Bismark informed the Austrian cabinet that Prussia would not 
accept the Prince Augustenburg as the head of the Duchies, Dec. 13 ; replied to 
by the Austrian minister, Dec. 21 ; postal convention concluded _ with Prussia, 
March 7, 1865 ; the Gastein convention concluded between Austria and Prassia, 
Aug. 14, 1865 ; the Princess Dagmar embarked from Copenhagen for Russia, 
Aug. 20, 1866 ; marriage of the Czarewitch with the Princess Dagmar, at 
Russia, Nov. 9, 1866; Schleswig Holstein incorporated with Prussia, Jan. 12, 
1867 ; the 25th anniversary or the silver marriage of the King and Queen held at 
Copenhagen, May 28, 1867 ; reply to the Prussian note on the settlement of 
Schleswig, July 25, 1867 ; death of the Landgrave WiUiam of Hesse, father of 
the Queen of Denmark, Sept. 5, 1867. 
DENNEWITZ, battle. The allies, under the command of Bemadotte, defeated 
the French, under Marshal Ney, Sept. 6, 1813 ; they followed up their success on 
the 7th ; the French retreating to Torgau, they lost 13,000 men in killed, wounded, 
and prisoners, with 43 pieces of cannon, three standards, and 6000 stand of arms ; 
the allies lost 6000 men, 5000 being Prussians. 
DEODAND. This ancient custom (Deo Dandum), given to God, abolished by 
9 & 10 Vict. c. 62, Sept. I, 1846. 



D'EON DEVIZES 211 

D'EON, the Chevalier, so called, about whose sex for many years the world dis- 
puted, died, 1810, at the age of 82, and proved to be of the masculine gender. 

DEPTFORD, Kent. A royal dockyard established here by Henry VIII., circa 
1513 ; inundated, 1671 ; enlarged, 1780 ; and again, 1796. The old victualling 
office consumed by tire, July, 1639 ; again burnt, 1740, and Jan. 16, 1748-9 ; and 
the king's mill, Dec. i, 1775. The storehouse destroyed, Sept. 2, 1758. The 
guild of the Holy Trinity founded by Sir Thomas Spert, incorporated by Henry 
VIII., May 20, 1515 ; confirmed by James II., July 8, 1685; new church 
erected, 1699 ; their ancient hall taken down, 1787. Peter the Great resided at 
Sayes' court while he was visiting the dockyard, Feb. — April, 1698. Serious bread 
riots at, Jan. 23, 1867. 

DERBY, England, made a royal burgh by Egbert ; occupied by Halfolen, a Danish 
chief, 874 ; Alfred defeated the Danes and established a colony, 880 ; the Danes 
afterwards regained possession, but were again defeated, 918 ; invaded by Harold's 
brother Tostig, 1066 ; declared for the Royal cause, 1643 5 occupied by Charles 
James Stuart, son of the Pretender, in the rebellion of 1745 ; lace-making, and the 
porcelain or china manufacture, founded by William Duesbury and Alderman 
Heath, 1751 ; the Chelsea works joined to it, Feb. 5, 1770 ; the crown Derby 
first made, circa 1 780 ; during the Reform riots, the city gaol was broken open 
and the prisoners escaped, but the rioters were defeated upon an attack upon the 
county prison, several being killed, Oct. 8, 9, 1831. 

DERBY, trials for high treason, Oct. 15, 1817, and Brandreth, Turner, and Lud- 
1am, executed, Nov. 7 ; 21 prisoners tried for the murder of several miners in the 
Redsoil mine, but acquitted, March 23, 1834. 

DERBY ADMINISTRATION, the first formed, Feb. 23, 1852 ; Mr Disraeli, 
Chancellor of the Exchequer, resigned, Dec. 17, 1852; the second, Feb. 20 
1858 ; resigned, June II, 1859 ; the third ministry formed, July 9, 1866. 

DERBY RACE, established at Epsom by Edward Smith Stanley, the 12th Earl of 
Derby, 1780 ; the first winner of these stakes was Diomed, a chestnut horse, foaled 
in 1777, bred by the Hon. Richard Vernon of Newmarket, and sold to 'sir C. 
Bunbury, Bt. 

DERRY, Ireland. See Londondeny. 

DERWENTWATER, Earl of, taken at Preston, Nov. 13, 1715, with Lord Ken- 
mure, for assisting the Pretender ; tried in Westminster Hall, Feb. 9, and found 
guilty; beheaded on Tower-hill, Feb. 24, 1716 ; his estates given to Greenwich 
Hospital, 1735. 

DESEADA ISLAND discovered by Columbus, 1494. 

DESPARD'S PLOT, a conspiracy headed by Col. Despard, formed to assassinate 

George III. ; taken, Nov. 14, 1802 ; tried, and he, with six other persons, executed 

on a charge of high treason, at Horsemonger-lane, Feb. 21, 1803. 
DESSAU, Germany. The palace built, 1341 ; the whole town destroyed by fire, 

1467 ; the ducal palace rebuilt, 1748. 
DETROIT, United States, founded by the French Canadians, 1683 ; incorporated 

in the Union, 181 5. 

DETROIT FORT, Canada. The English forces captured this fort with 2500 men 
and 30 pieces of ordnance, under the American Gen. Hull, Aug. 16, 1812. 

DETTINGEN, battle, between the Anglo-Hanoverian and the French army, under 
Marshal Noailles, in which the latter was defeated, losing 6000 men, June 27, 
1743- George II. was present in this battle at the head of the British infantry, 
but Lord Stair commanded the allies. This was the last battle in which a King 
of England took a personal share. 

DEVIZES, Wiltshire. A castle built here by Roger, Bishop of Salisbury, in the 



212 DEVONPORT DIAMONDS 

reign of Henry I., 1106; taken by Stephen with the whole of the bishop's 
treasures and 40,000 marks, 1136 ; Hubert de Bui-gh, Prime Minister of Henry 
III., imprisoned liere, 1223; repaired by King John, 1216 ; and by Edward I. , 
1279; fortified by Cliarles I., 1643; the ParUamentarians, under Sir William 
Waller, attacked the town, but were compelled to retire with a loss of 2000 men, 
July 13, 1643 ; the town was taken by Cromwell, Oct. 11, 1645 ; and the castle 
demolished, 1646. 

DEVONPORT, Devon. A naval arsenal established here under the name of Ply- 
mouth Dock, by William III.; the name changed to Devonport by royal com- 
mand, 1824; constituted a borough and ordered to return two members to Par- 
liament, 2 Wdl. IV. c. 45, June 7, 1832 ; the Union Dock erected, 1762 ; and 
the North Dock, 1 789. 

DEVONSHIRE AND PITT'S MINISTRY, The. This is commonly called 
Lord Chatham's first administration, formed, Nov., 1756 ; dissolved in the follow- 
ing April. 

DEVONSHIRE HOUSE, Piccadilly, buiU by Wm Kent, cost ;^20,ooo, upon the 
site of Berkeley House, which was destroyed by fire, Oct. 16, 1833. 

DIALS. The earliest mention of a sun-dial is made in 2 Kings xx. 11 ; and 
confirmed by Isaiah xxxviii. 8, about 700 B.C. The astronomer Berosus con- 
structed a hemisphere, B.C. 540 ; the first erected at Rome, B.C. 290 ; Philippus 
made one at Rome, A.D. 164; an ancient dial, supposed to belong to Cicero, 
discovered at Tivoli, Italy. 
DIAMONDS. The third in the second row on the breast-plate of the high priest, 
Ex. xxviii. 18; xxxix. 11; and mentioned by Ezekiel among the precious stones of 
the King of Tyre, Ezek. xxviii. 13. Up to the end of the 17th century diamonds 
were wholly derived from India, from the mines of Sumbulpoor and Golconda ; 
the mine of Sierra do Frio, Brazil, discovered, 1727; some found in the Ural 
Mountains, 1829 ; declared to be combustible by Newton, 1675 ; and one of four 
carats was so volatilized with a burning glass at Florence, 1694 ; proved to be pure 
carbon by Davy, 1800 ; the art of cutting invented by Louis de Berghem, 1475 ; 
an establishment for the cutting and poHshing of, founded at Bruges, 1489 ; used 
for writing on glass, circa 1560. The largest ever found was sent to the Court of 
Portugal uncut ; it weighed 11 oz., found in 1808, said to be worth ^300,000,000. 
The Austrian or Maximilian diamond weighs 139J4 carats. 
The Hope diamond weighs 44 carats. 

The Koh-i-noor, found in Golconda, and purchased by the Emperor Baber, 
1526 ; surrendered by Dhuleep Singh to the English, 1849, and presented by 
the East India Company to the Queen, July 3, 1850 ; shown in the Great Ex- 
hibition of 1851 ; it weighed 186^ carats ; it was recut at a cost of ;!f8ooo, 
1852, and now weighs 102 carats. 
The Orloff diamond bought by Catherine of Russia for ^90,000 and an annuity 

oi £ifyoo, 1775 ; weighs 193 carats. 
The PiGOT diamond, sold by lottery in London, May 13, 1802, weighs 47>^ 

carats. 
The Regent of France, weight of, in the rough, 410 carats, purchased by 
Governor Pitt for 2" 12, 500 ; it occupied two years in cutting, and cost ;!^5000 ; 
the Regent Orleans gave ^135,000, 1717 ; its present weight is 136% carats, and 
it is the most perfect brilliant in existence ; it came from Golconda. 
The Sanci diamond weighs 55 carats, taken at Moral, 1475, and pledged to 
■ M. Sanci, 1589; subsequently sold to France, and was worn at the coronation 
of Louis XIV. ; it was stolen at the sack of the Tuileries, 1789, and purchased 
for Sir Jamsetjee Jejeebhoy of Bombay, for ;^20,ooo. 
The Star of the South, found in Brazil by a negro, 1853, weighed in the rough, 



DIANA DILETTANTI SOCIETY 213 

254/^ carats, was brought to Paris in 1855 ; in its rough state it weighs 807 -02 
grains ; when cut it will be reduced to about 127 carats, and will therefore ex- 
ceed the Koh-i-noor in size. 
DIANA, temple erected in honour of, at Ephesus, B.C. 600; burnt by Heros- 

tratus, B.C. 356. 
DIARBEKIR, Asia, enlarged by the Emperor Constantius ; taken by the Persian 
king Sapor, 359 ; retaken by the Romans, circa 530, and fortified ; Tamerlane 
pillaged and burnt it, 1393 ; captured by the Sultan Selim, 1515 ; the Persians re- 
took it, 1605; restored to the Turks, 1640. 

DICE, invented before the Christian era ; played with in England by the kings of 
Scotland, France, and Cyprus, when on a visit to Edward III., about 1347; 
the game forbidden by 17 Edw. IV. c. 3, 1477 ; stamped in England, 1775 ; act 
to regulate the licence of makers, sale, and duty of, 9 Geo. IV., c. 18, May 9, 
1828. 

DICTATOR, an officer appointed by the Romans. Titus Lartius first elected 
one of the patricians, B.C. 499. The first plebeian who held the office was C. 
Martius Rutilus, B.C. 356. Abolished by Antony, B.C. 44. — SjnitJj! s Rome. 

DICTIONARY, the oldest, that of the Chinese, perfected B.C. iioo, by Pa Out 
She, contains 40,000 characters ; the most ancient in the Latin tongue, com- 
piled by Solomon, abbot of St Gall, 1409 ; Calepini wrote one in Latin, another 
in eight languages, 1500 ; the first Latin-English Dictionary published in England 
was Sir Thomas Elyot's, in folio, 1538; Castell's Lexicon was published, 1659; 
Eayle's dictionary, 1695; Chambers', 1728; Johnson's, 1755. The oldest book 
published in America was a dictionary of the Aztec language, \yj\ ; the number 
since is considerable in all languages. 

DIEPPE, France, a small fishing village in the loth century ; Henry II. built the 
castle, 1 188; the town bombarded by the English, 1694. 

DIET OF GERMANY, composed of the three colleges of electors, of princes, and 
of the imperial towns, commenced with an edict of Charles IV., 1356. The Diet 
of Wurtzburg held, 1 179; that of Worms, 1495 ^^^^ ^S^i ; of Spires, against the 
Refomiers, 1529; of Augsburg, 1530 ; of Ratisbon, 1541 ; of the Confederation 
of the Rhine, July 17, 1806. 

DIEU-DONNE, the name given to Louis XIV. of France, because his mother had 
been childless 23 years before, 1638. 

DIEU ET MON DROIT, the motto of the royal arms, was the parole of Richard I. at 
the battle of Gisors, in which he defeated the French army, Oct. 28, 1 194 ; Queen 
Elizabeth altered the motto to Semper eadem, 1559; t)ut later in her reign she re- 
turned to the old motto ; Queen Anne, before the union of Scotland, used 
Semper eadem, 1702 ; George I. restored the old motto at his accession, 1714- 

DIGBY, Sir Edward, hanged and embowelled with the others concerned in the 
popish plot of Jan. 30, 1606. 

DIGITS, single figures, so called from the numbers expressed originally on count- 
ing the fingers, originating with the Moors, 900, introduced into Spain, 1050, and 
England, 1253. 

DIJON, France, the Roman town of Divio ; enlarged by Aurelian, 274. TheBur- 
gimdians obtained possession of this town ; it was burned, 1137 ; restored by the 
dukes of Burgundy, 1 160; the cathedral founded, 1287. Notre Dame built, 
1229 ; the clock erected, 1382. The Hotel de Ville, formerly the ducal palace, 
built in the 14th century ; it contained the tomb of Philippe le Hardi, 1404, and 
the tomb of his son Jeans-Sans-Peur, slain in 1419. The roof of the hall burnt, 
1502 ; rebuilt, 1504. 

DILETTANTI SOCIETY OF SAVANTS, established for the purpose of en- 



214 DILLINGEN DIRECTORY 

■ couraging tlie Fine Arts, 1734 ; the first work issued by the society was the 
'Ionian Antiquities,' 1769. 

DILLINGEN, Bavaria, formerly the residence of the bishops of Augsburg ; the 
university founded, 1552 ; aboUshed, 1802. 

DINAGEPORE, Hindustan, one of the provinces of Delhi, transferred to the East 
India Company, 1765. 

DINANT, Belgium, fortified in the 12th centuiy ; the town taken and the fortifica- 
tions destroyed by Philip the Good, 1466 ; rebuilt, 1470 ; captured and pillaged by 
the French, 1554; and again, 1675 ; restored by the treaty of Ryswick, 1697 ; 
again taken by the French, 1794; restored, 1814. 

DINDIGUL, Hindustan, conquered by the Mysore government, 1757 ; taken by 
the British, 1 783 ; subsequently restored to Tippoo Sultan ; ceded to the British, 
1792. 

DIOCESES, the Roman empire divided into, by Constantine, as some assert, 323. 
In England, the circuits of the bishops' jurisdiction, of which there are 24, of which 
2 1 are suffragan to Canterbury and three to York. The following are the dioceses 
in England, with the number of benefices and curates in i860 : — 



Dioceses. 


Benefices. 


Curates. 


Dioceses. 


Benefices. 


Curate 


Bath and Wells 


462 


213 


Lincoln 


797 


309 


Canterbury 


352 


166 


London 


324 


258 


Carlisle 


137 


28 


Manchester 


317 


140 


Chester 


436 


158 


Norwich 


910 


364 


Chichester 


311 


128 


Oxford 


584 




Durham 


245 


106 


Peterborough 


536 


184 


Ely 


529 


191 


Ripon 


410 


142 


Exeter 


657 


166 


Rochester ^ 


564 


240 


Gloucester and ) 
Bristol \ 


442 


189 


Salisbury 


449 


196 


Winchester 


523 


28s 


Hereford 


358 


98 


Worcester 


417 


199 


Lichfield 


.536 


154 


York 


534 


205 



DIOCLETIAN ERA, or era of the martyrs, used by Christians before the intro- 
duction of the Christian era in the sixth century ; still employed by the Copts and 
Abyssinians, dating from the day when Diocletian was proclaimed emperor at 
Chalcedon, Aug. 29, 284. 

DIONYSIUS PRIORY, Hants, built, 1124. 

DIORAMA, invented by an Englishman (Barker), 1796 ; first exhibited in Paris, 
1822 ; this well-known place of exhibition in Regent's Park was built from the 
designs of Morgan and Pugin, architects ; opened, Oct. 6, 1823 ; sold in Sept., 
1848, for ^^6750, and made a dissenting chapel. 

DIPHTHERIA, or Boulogne sore-throat, a disease with a new name, appeared with 
great virulence in England in the winter of 1857-8. 

DIPPING NEEDLE, invented by Robert Norman, a compass-maker of Radcliffe, 
circa 1576. 

DIRECTORY, a body of five members so called in France ; appointed, Aug. 22, 
1795 J installed at the Palace of Luxembourg, Oct. 26, 1795, and held the exe- 
cutive power four years ; deposed by Bonaparte, Nov. 19, 1799. 

DIRECTORY for public worship arranged by an assembly of divines at Westmin- 
ster, 1643, and established by an ordinance of parliament, 16/^4. 

DIRECTORY, the London. The first published by Sam Lee, 1677 ; the next 
arranged by James Brown, a Scotchman, and published by Mr Henry Kent, 
1732. The present Post-office Directory first published, 1800. 



DISCIPLINE DOCKS OF LONDON 215 

DISCIPLINE, Book of, drawn up by the ministers of the Church of Scotland, set- 
ting aside prelacy, 1650. 

DISPENSARIES for the relief of the sick and the dispensing of medicines, one 
founded by the College of Physicians, 1696 ; St Marylebone General Dispensary 
founded, 1785 ; the Surrey, 1777 ; Westminster, 1774, and many subsequently. 

DISPENSATIONS, first granted by Pope Innocent III., 1200; among other 
breaches of the law and former Church discipline, this aided in forcing on the 
Reformation in 151 7, in Germany, and elsewhere. Henry VIII. forbade his sub- 
jects to apply for them, 25 Hen. VIII. c. 21, s. 3, 1533. 

DISSENTERS, first separated from the Church of England, 1571 ; their first place 
of worship established at Wentworth, Nov. 20, 1572; persons going to con- 
venticles to be punished, 35 Eliz. c. I, 1593 ; an act passed to suppress seditious 
meeting-houses, 22 Charles II. c. i, 1670; meeting-houses of, pulled down by the 
mob, March I, 1709-10 ; in Birmingham, July 14, 1791, by a 'church and king' 
mob, when a number of private houses were also ravaged. Test and Corpora- 
tion acts affecting, repealed. May 9, 1828. 

DISTAFF, spinning with, introduced into England, and first taught to the women 
of England by an Italian named Bonavisa, 1505. 

DISTILLATION, originally brought to Spain by the Moors, 11 50; introduced 
into England in the 1 6th century ; known in Ireland, 1590 ; in France, 13 13. 

DISTILLERS' COMPANY incorporated, 14 Car. I., Aug. 9, 1638, for stilling 
strong waters and making vinegars ; reincorporated, James II., Sept. 13, 1688 ; 
arms granted to, March 18, 1638. 

DIU, Hindustan, captured by the Portuguese, 1515 ; plundered by the Arabs of 
Muscat, 1670. 

DIVING-BELL. An invention of this nature was first tried at Cadiz before the 
Emperor Charles V., 1509 ; used to search for some of the wrecks of the Spanish 
Armada on the coast of Scotland, 1665-7. Dr Halley greatly improved the supply 
of fresh air to the diving-bell, 1 716. Mr Spalding and his assistants drowned in 
a diving-bell in Ireland, June i, 1783 ; the 'Royal George' at Portsmouth surveyed 
by a diving-bell. May, 1817; used by Smeaton for engineering purposes, 1779; 
employed in submarine works, general, subsequently. 

DIVING-DRESS invented by Mr Dean, who surveyed the wreck of the 'Royal 
George ' in it, 1 834. 

DIVORCES FROM MARRIAGE. Provision made for such cases in the Mosaic 
and the Mahometan Law. The earliest known at Rome is that of Carvilius 
Ruga, B.C. 234. The Cotmcil of Trent prohibited divorces upon any pretence. 
Attempt to make divorces more easy of attainment, 1539 ; a bill to prevent 
women marrying their seducers brought into parliament, 1 801. Law establishing 
a court for, 20 & 21 Vict. c. 85, Aug. 28, 1857 ; amended, 21 & 22 Vict. c. 108, 
Aug. 2, 1858 ; Sir Cresswell Cresswell appointed first judge, Jan. 5, 1858 ; first 
sitting of the New Court, May 10, 1858 ; again amended, 22 & 23 Vict. c. 61, 
Aug. 13, 1859, and 23 & 24 Vict. c. 144, Aug. 28, i860; in 1865, 256 causes 
were tried. 

DIZIER, S. France, an ancient fortified town ; besieged by the Imperialists under 
Charles V. of Germany, but bravely resisted for five weeks, July, 1544 ; the town 
almost destroyed by fire, 1775. Napoleon defeated the allies upon their way to 
Paris, at this town, Jan. 27, 1814, and again in March, 1814. 

DOCKS OF LONDON for receiving vessels for commercial purposes : — 

Commercial Docks, Rotherhithe, commenced, 1725; company formed under 
the provisions of 50 Geo. III. c. ccvii., June 20, 1810; amended by 51 Geo. 



2i6 DOCKYARDS DOGGET COAT AND BADGE 

III. c. Ixvi., May 14, 1 81 1, and again 57 Geo. III. c. clxii., July 7, 181 7 ; pur- 
chased the East County Docks, 1851. 

East India Docks, estabhshed by 43 Geo. III. c. cxxvi., July 27, 1803 ; 
opened, Aug. 4, 1806; united to the West India Docks, 1838. A fire which 
destroyed much valuable property broke out, April 27, 1866. 

London Docks, established by 39 & 40 Geo. III. c. xlvii., June 20, 1800; first 
stone laid, June 26, 1802 ; opened, July 30, 1805. The Shadwell entrance 
opened, 1831. 

St Katherine's Docks, constracted upon the site of St Katherine's Hospital by 
6 Geo. IV. c. cv. , June 10, 1825, Mr Telford, engineer, and Mr Hardwick, 
architect; began. May 3, 1827 ; opened, Oct. 25, 1828 ; amalgainated with the 
London Docks, 1861 ; several warehouses destroyed by fire, Jan. i, 1866. 

Victoria Docks, established by 13 & 14 Vict. c. 1., July 15, 1850; opened, 
Nov., 1855. 

West India Docks, established by 39 Geo. III. c. Ixix., s. 2,^etscq., July 12, 
1799; commenced, 1800 ; opened, Aug., 1802. 

The following are the chief Docks in Liverpool : — 

Blythe Diy Dock, opened, Sept. 11, 181 1 ; Brunswick, April 13, 1832 ; Canning, 
1728 ; Clarence George, 1762 ; King's, 1785 ; Prince's, 1815; Queen's, 1785 ; 
Salthouse, 1738; Waterloo, Aug. 18, 1834. 
DOCKYARDS, first established by Henry VIII. for the building and protection of 

our navy : — 

Chatham, established, 1550 ; Deptford, 15 13 (it is now devoted to the victualling 
service) ; Pembroke or Milford Haven, by George III., 1814 ; Plymouth or 
Devonport, by William HI. ; Portsmouth, by Henry VIII. ; Sheerness, by 
George IV., 1823 ; Woolwich, 1509. By 12 Geo. HI. c. 24, setting fire to the 
Royal Dockyards was punished by death, 1772. An act was passed for their 
better protection, 26 & 27 Vict. c. 30, June 22, 1863. Power given to extend 
several by 28 & 29 Vict. c. 51, June 29, 1865 ; amended. May 18, 1866 ; again 
amended. May 31, 1867. 
DOCTOR OF LAW, title of, conferred by King John, 1207 ; of medicine, in the 

14th century, and music in the 15th. 
DOCTORS' COMMONS, London, founded near St Paul's by Dr Harvey, Dean 

of the Arches, in the reign of Elizabeth ; destroyed in the fire of 1666 ; rebuilt, 

1672 ; partially destroyed in making the new street from Blackfriars, 1867. 

DODONA, Greece, the seat of one of the most ancient oracles of Greece ; 
totally destroyed in the 7th century B. C. 

DOGE OF VENICE. The title conferred on the chief of the state, the first of 
whom was Paolo Luca Anafesto of Heraclia, March, 697 ; Faliero I. recognized 
as the fi.rst Doge of Venice, Dalmatia, and Croatia, 1085. The ceremony of the 
Doge marrying the sea instituted, 11 73) and observed annually until 1797- 

DOGGERBANK, North Sea, the scene of a fierce naval engagement between 
the English under Adm. Parker and the Dutch under Adm. Zoutman, Aug. 9, 
1781. 

DOGGET COAT AND BADGE. Mr Thomas Dogget, a comedian, left a sum 
of money to the Fishmongers' Company in order to provide this prize annually, 
which he established on the accession of George I. of the House of Hanover, 
Aug. I, 1716. It is an orange-colour liveiy, with a badge representing liberty. 
It is to be rowed for by six watermen that are out of their time within the past 
year, the distance being from London Bridge to Chelsea, and they are to start 
at four o'clock. The Fishmongers' Company in late years have added a prize for 
the second and third man. 



DOGS DOMINGO, ST 217 

DOGS. These useful animals are frequently mentioned in Holy Writ. They were 
used by the Hebrews as a watch for their houses, Is. Ivi. 10, and for guarding 
their flocks, Job xxx. i. A statute was passed, 1770, 10 Geo. III. c. 18, to 
prevent the stealing of these useful animals ; amended and extended by 24 & 25 
Vict. c. 96, ss. 18 — 20, Aug. 6, 1861. A tax imposed upon persons keeping them, 
1796, which was subsequently extended to Ireland, 1 808 ; prohibited from draw- 
ing carts, &c., 2 & 3 Vict. c. 47, Aug. 17, 1839 ; extended to all parts of the king- 
dom, 17 & 18 Vict. c. 60, July 31, 1854 ; regulations made for the better keeping 
of, in Ireland, 28 & 29 Vict. c. 50, June 19, 1865. The English act for the regu- 
lation and Ivceping of dogs extended to Ireland, 30 & 31 Vict. c. 116, Aug. 20, 
1867. A tax of 5J-. imposed and a licence to be applied for every person keeping 
a dog in England after April 5, 1867, and in Scotland, May 24 ; resolution 
agreed to by parliament, Feb. 18, 1867, and a bill passed, 30 & 31 Vict. c. 5, 
March 29, 1867 ; loose dogs to be taken possession of by the police in London, 30 
& 31 Vict. c. 134, s. 18, Aug. 20, 1867; between April 6 and July 31, 1867, 
656,977 licenses were issued in England, and 88,481 in Scotland. 

DOLE, France. The Duke of Bourbon repulsed in an attempt to besiege this 
town, 1435 ; destroyed by the French, 1479 ; Charles V. of Spain fortified it, 
1530; besieged unsuccessfully by Prince Conde, 1636; taken by Louis XIV., 
1668 and 1674. 

DOLOMITE, a magnesian limestone discovered in the mountains of the Tyrol 
by Buch ; the Houses of Parliament built with it ; the mountains described by 
J. Gilbert and G. C. Churchhill, 1864. 

DOLWYDDELLEN CASTLE, Caernarvonshire, erected, 500. 

DOMESDAY BOOK, wherein are registered the value, and tenure, and service of 
all land in England, ordered by William I. , and Remigius, bishop of Lincoln, 
Henry de Ferrieres, Adam Dapifer, and Walter Giffard, Earl of Buckingham, 
appointed to superintend its compilation, 1083 ; completed and ratified at a 
council held at Old Sarum, 1086. The king retained 1422 manors for his own 
use. 49 castles are described and 1 1 fortified towns. Printed by order of George 
III., 1783, and 1816 ; copied in photozincography by Col. James, 1860-5. 

DOMINGO, ST, Island of, Hayti, discovered by Columbus in his second voyage, 
Dec. 6, 1492. The city founded, April 24, 1494. The capital pillaged by Sir F. 
Drake, 1586. The western part of the island ceded to France in the i6th centuiy. 
The National Assembly passed a decree in 1791, doing away with slaveiy. The 
General Assembly of the French colonists held, Aug. 9, 1791. The Mulattoes 
revolted first, near Cape Town, Aug. 23. Port-au-Prince and the city nearly de- 
stroyed during the revolt ; 2000 white inhabitants were killed and 10,000 of the 
negroes ; nearly 200 sugar plantations, besides hundreds of indigo and cotton- 
fields, were destroyed in Sept., Oct., and Nov. Three commissioners sent out by 
France, with 8000 soldiers, to restore order, 1793, but they quarrelled and the 
commissioners called in the aid of 3000 revolted blacks to assist them in defeating 
their own countrymen, when the blacks turned round and slaughtered men, 
women, and children, and the town was almost consumed by the flames. Taken 
possession of by the British, Sept., 1793 ; Toussaint I'Ouverture appointed Gen. - 
in-Chief of the black armies, 1797, and after a sanguinary war the British forces 
were withdrawn, 1798; declared independent, July i, 1801. Gen. Le Clerc, 
with 25,000 troops, endeavoured to recover the island. This led to great slaugh- 
ter ; Toussaint was treacherously seized and conveyed to France, where he died, 
April, 1803. Dessalines took command of the blacks, and waged a war of exter- 
mination against the French, who were compelled to evacuate the whole island, 
and the standard of the blacks was hoisted on Cape Francois, Nov. 30, 1803. 
Dessalines elected emperor, and crowned, Oct., 1804; Christophe was elected to 



2i8 DOMINGO, ST DONEGAL 

rule over the southern part, and Petion over the northern, 1805. This led to a 
civil war, which lasted until 18 10, when a truce was made. Christophe was 
crowned King of Hayti (Henry I.), March, 181 1 ; he committed suicide, Oct. 20, 

1820. Gen. Boyer became the emperor, 1820 ; declared independent, Nov., 

1821. The Haytian flag first displayed in St Domingo, 1822, and the city de- 
clared to be a part of the kingdom, Jan. 9. France recognized the independence 
of the country, and an indemnity paid to them for their losses, Dec. 31, 1825. 
Great destruction of life and property by a hurricane, Oct. 30, 1867. — See Hayti. 

DOMINGO, ST. The French fleet captured hereby the English, June 27, 1747. 

DOMINICA, Island of, W. Indies, discovered by Columbus, and so called by him 
because he discovered it upon a Sunday, Nov. 3, 1493 ; taken by the English, 
1 761, and ceded to them by the French by the treaty of Paris, Feb. 10, 1763; 
taken by the French, 1778. The French fleet of 34 sail, under Adm. de Grasse, 
defeated by Adm. Rodney off this island, April 12, 1782, and the town taken. 
The French fleet attacked it unsuccessfully, 1805 ; hurricane at, 1806 ; another 
one doing considerable damage, July 23, 1813, and one of still greater violence, 
Sept. 25, 1816 ; an arrangement made, 30 & 31 Vict. c. 191, Aug. 12, 1867, for 
the payment of their loan to England. 

DOMINICANS, or Preaching Friars, a religious order of Predicants ; founded by 
Dominic de Guzman, Archdeacon of Ossuna, Castile, Spain, 1071 ; sanctioned 
and encouraged by Innocent III., 1215, and confirmed by Honorius III., 1216 ; 
known in England as the Black Friars ; first residence in Oxford, 1221 ; and in 1276 
the corporation of London gave them a place to live in, called after them, the 
Blackfriars, where they subsequently erected a monastery. Revived in England, 
1863. Monastery of the order built at Haverstock Hill, and opened, Sept. 10, 
1867. The Nuns of this order founded in 1206. 

DOMUS DEI, a house so called, erected at Dover, by Heniy III., 1227. 

DONATISTS. This sect arose in 311 ; condemned by the council held at Milan, 
316. They were restored by Julian, 362 ; but were again proscribed by Gratian, 
377- 

DONAUWERTH, Bavaria, formerly a free town of the empire; added to Bava- 
ria, 1607. The allied army, commanded by the Duke of Marlborough, defeated 
the Bavarians here, July 2, 1704 ; occupied by the French under Marshal Soult, 
1805. 

DONCASTER, Yorkshire, the Roman Damim, was destroyed by the Danes, 
circa 794. The cross of Otho de Tilli erected, 1 180-1200; pulled down and the 
present cross erected, 1793. Interview between the Duke of Norfolk, commander 
of the Royal forces, and the insurgents under Robert Aske (during the Pilgrimage 
of Grace), Oct. 26, 1536, which terminated the dissatisfaction. The town taken 
by the Parliamentarians, 1642. The races were established before 1703 ; Col. 
St Leger founded the St Leger stakes in 1778 ; the first winner (AUabaculia) was 
the property of the Marquis of Rockingham ; the Grand Stand was built by the 
corporation in 1826. The Rev. Dr Cartwright, inventor of the power-loom, 
established a manufactory here, in 1786. The Town Hall built in 1744, and 
partially rebuilt in 1800; the Shambles, in 1848 ; St James's church erected at 
the expense of Mr Denison, 1855 ; School of Industry established in 1801 ; 
cemetery erected by act of parliament, 17 & 18 Vict. c. clxxxi., July 24, 1854. 
St George's Church, founded in 1300 ; finished, 1425 ; was destroyed by fire, 
Feb. 28, 1853; rebuilt by G. G. Scott; foundation-stone laid, Feb. 28, 1854; 
the tower is 170 feet high ; the whole having cost ^45,000. 

DONEGAL, Ireland, made a county by Queen Elizabeth, 1585. Abbey founded, 
1474. 



DONELSON FORT DOUAI 219 

DONELSON FORT, Kentucky, U. S., fortified by the Confederate army, which 
was defeated by Gen. Grant, and surrendered, Feb. 16, 1862 ; an attempt to 
retake it defeated, Feb. 3, 1863. 

DONINGTON, battle fought at this village in Gloucestershire, when the Royalists 
under Lord Ashton were defeated by the Parliamentarians, commanded by Col. 
Morgan, March 21, 1645. 

DONINGTON CASTLE, Berks, built in the reign of Edward I. ; purchased by 
Sir Thomas Abberbury of Edward II., 1327, and castellated by his son, 1385 ; 
defended successfully for Charles I. by Sir J. Boys against the Parliamentarians 
under Col. Horton, 1643; destroyed by order of parliament, 1646. 

DONINGTON CASTLE, Leicestershire, built by Henry de Lacy, Earl of Lincoln, 
1296 ; purchased by Robert, Earl of Essex ; and from him by Sir William Hast- 
ings, 1595- 

DONNA MARIA, frigate, blown up at Macaco, with 200 men, Oct. 29, 1850, 
only sixteen escaped. 

DORCHESTER, Dorsetshire, the Roman town of Dumaiiana, besieged and 
burnt by Sweyn, king of Denmark, 1003 ; suffered from the plague of 1595 ; 
nearly destroyed by fire, 1613 ; fortified by the Parliamentarians, 1643. On the 
occasion of the Monmouth rebellion the assizes were held by Judge Jefferies, and 
upwards of 80 persons executed, Sept. 4, 1686. 

DORCHESTER, Oxfordshire, the ancient Durocina of the Romans. The 
cathedral built in 1093 ; nave and aisles erected by Bishop Flambard, 1 104-33 ; 
the galilee by Bishop Pudsey, 1180; chapel of the Nine Altars, founded by 
Bishop Poore, 1242, and made a bishopric ; removed to Lincoln, 1074; the build- 
ing partially destroyed by fire, Aug. 7, 1613 ; the Abbey church founded by 
Alexander, Bishop of Lincoln, 1140; school founded by Edward Hardy, Aug. 
3, 1579- 

DORP AT, Russia. The university founded by Gustavus Adolphus, 1632 ; it has 
a library of 60,000 volumes ; the town destroyed by fire, 1775. 

DORSET GARDENS THEATRE, Salisbury Court, Fleet-street ; designed by 
Sir C. Wren; built and opened, 1671 ; taken down, 1720. 

DORSINGTON, Warwickshire, greatly injured by fire, Aug. 3, 1759. 

DORT, Holland, fortified, 1231 ; the sea broke down the dykes at, in the territory 
of Dordrecht, 10,000 persons perished, and more than 100,000 round Dollart, in 
Zealand and Friesland. In the two last provinces, 300 village towers and steeples 
were seen with their tops above water, Nov., 142 1 ; the town and the cathedral 
of Notre Dame destroyed by fire, 1457 ; declared independent, 1572. The Pro- 
testant synod for considering the doctrine of Calvinism and Arminianism was held 
here, Nov. 13, 1618 ; the sittings ended. May 25, 1619. 

DORYL^UM, battle. The Crusaders defeated the Turks, 200,000 strong, com- 
manded by Kilidge-Arslan, after a severe contest, July 4, 1097. 

DOUAI, France {D?iacum), an ancient fortified town. It was captured by Philip 
the Fair, 1297, but restored to the Count of Flanders, 1368. A Popish seminary 
for refugee priests established at, by Philip II., 1568. Louis XIV. took posses- 
sion of this town in 1667 ; besieged by the allies under the Duke of Marlborough and 
Prince Eugene, April 23, 1 710; the defence was intrusted to the Marquis Al- 
bergotte and the celebrated Valory, with an army of 8000 men ; they capitulated, 
June 26, 1710 ; retaken in 1712 ; and by the treaty of Utrecht restored, April il, 
1713. The public library contains more than 35,000 vols., and 1000 MSS. from 
the suppressed convents. It was here that the celebrated Roman Catholic trans- 
lation of the Holy Scriptures was made by the authority of the Pope, and pub- 
lished, 1609. 



220 DOUGLAS CASTLE DOVER CASTLE 

DOUGLAS CASTLE, near Edinburgh, destroyed by fire, Dec. ii, 1758. 

DOURO, a river in Spain, more than 300 yards wide, crossed by the British army 
under Wellington in pursuit of the French army, commanded by Marshal Soult. 
The French, 10,000 strong, were in possession of Oporto. The English had only 
a few boats, and before 200 men had landed, the alarm was given ; but the troops 
undei Gen. Hill held their ground. The French lost 500 men killed and wounded, 
5 pieces of artillery, 50 guns, and a large quantity of ammunition. The English lost 
Gen. Paget and 20 men, killed, and 75 wounded. Several hundred French were 
left in the hospital of the town. May 12, 1809.^ — Napier. 

DOVE of Castile, order of Knighthood, estabhshed, 1379. 

DOVER, Kent. By the Romans it was called Dubris, and by the Saxons Dofris. 
Julius Cassaris said to have landed here upon his invasion of Britain, Aug. 30 or 
31, B.C. 55. The town was fortified by the Romans upon their second invasion, 
B.C. 54; made one of the Cinque Ports by William the Conqueror, who fortified 
and strengthened the castle, and appointed Odo, Bishop of Bayeux, governor, 
with power to repair the castle ; laws made by Henry IIL for its safe custody. 
The church of St Martin-le-Grand founded by Withred, king of Kent, 696 ; re- 
built by Bishop Odo, 1068 ; taken down, 1536. King John assembled his ai-my 
here to oppose the landing of Philip of France, but signed his recantation. May 
13, 1213, and formally i-esigned his kingdom to the pope on the 15th ; Henry 
III. landed at, from Boulogne, after signing a peace with Spain, 1255 ; Edward, 
Prince of Wales, was appointed constable of the castle during the king's absence 
in Palestine ; Edward II. embarked from this place to celebrate his marriage with 
Isabella of France, 1308; Edward III. resided some time in the castle, 1329; 
Plenry V. embarked with his army for France to avenge the death of his brother, 
the Duke of Clarence, 1421 ; Henry VIII. resided in the castle with Katherine 
of Arragon for 15 days, June, 1513 ; they received Charles V., Emperor of 
Germany, at the castle. May 30, 1520 ; Charles I. met the Princess Henrietta 
Maria upon her landing in England, June 13, 1625. It was taken by surprise by 
a merchant of the town (Blake), and 10 other republicans, Aug. i, 1642, and de- 
livered to the Parliamentarians ; Charles II. on his restoration disembarked at this 
town, May 29, 1660. The castle was repaired, and additional accommodation 
and fortification ordered by the Duke of Cumberland, 1745-6, and again, 1794. 
when threats of a French invasion were denounced; ^"50,000 was voted to fortify 
it ; it covers an area of 35 acres. The Fort Barracks burned, July 30 ; a part of 
the cliff fell down, Nov. 27, 1810 ; Mrs Poole, and five children, and niece, killed 
by a fall of a further part of the same cliff", Dec. 14, 1810. Louis XVIII. landed 
at this town after his restoration, when he was received by the Prince Regent with 
great state, April 23, 1814 ; the allied sovereigns landed, June 6, 1814 ; 
Queen Caroline, attended by Lady Hamilton and Mr Alderman Wood, landed 
here from the Continent previous to her trial, June 5, 1820. An act passed, 
May 15, 1822, for lighting the town with gas [3 Geo. IV. c. xv.] ; and another 
for enlarging the market and for building a new fish-market, March 22, 1826 
[7 Geo. IV. c. v.], and opened, 1827. A pier was begun by the Admiralty, 1844. 
A satisfactory report of the completion and safety of the South-eastern Railway 
to Dover, made by Major-Gen. Pasley, inspector, Feb. i, 1844 ; opened for 
traffic, Feb. 7. The Volunteers reviewed by Major-Gen. McCleverty, the army 
and navy taking part, April 22, 1867. 

DOVER CASTLE, Kent. St John's Tower built by Adam Fitzwilliam, 1069 ; 
Constable's Tower built by Gundulf, Bishop of Rochester, 1079 ; Caldescot 
Tower by Fulbert de Lucy, 1120 ; Norfolk's Tower by Hubert de Burgh, before 
1216 ; Maunsel's Tower by William Abrincis, 1215, and successfully defended 
by the Barons of the Cinque Ports against Henry HI., 1266. 



DOVER DRAMA 221 

DOVER, naval battle. Adm. Blake, with 23 sail, defeated the Dutch Adm. Van 
Tromp with a fleet of 40 sail, off here. May 19, 1652 ; Gen. Monk and Adm. 
Blake again defeated the Dutch fleet under Van Tromp and de Ruyter ; in this 
battle chain-shot was used for the first time, June 2-3, 1653. 

DOVER, treaty. Charles II. made a secret treaty with Louis XV. of France, by 
which Charles engaged to make a public profession of the Roman Catholic reli- 
gion, and to assist in subjugating Holland, for which he was to receive 3,000,000 
livres a-year for the support of the fleet, signed at Dover, May 22, 1670. — Hu?ne^s 
£ngland. 

DOWER, a Saxon usage ; the widow entitled to a moiety of the husband's property 
for life, 941 ; confirmed by Magna Charta, June 19, 1215 ; the widows of traitors 
debarred dower, 1551 ; an act passed for the amendment of the law relating to 
dower, 3 & 4 Will. IV. c. 105, Aug. 29, 1833, to come into operation, Jan. i, 
1834. 

DOWLUTABAD, Hindustan. The fortress taken and plundered, 1203 ; captured 
by Mallik Naib, 1306 ; by Ahmed Nizam, 1595, and again by the Moguls, 
1634. 

DOWN, Ireland, invaded by the Earl of Ulster, 11 77. Cathedral built, 1183 ; 
destroyed by Lord Grey, lord-deputy of Ireland, for which he was beheaded, 
1541 ; bishopric of, established, 499 ; united to Connoi", 1441, and both to Dro- 
more, 1834. 

DOWNING COLLEGE, Cambridge, founded by Sir E. Downing, Bt., Dec. 20, 
1717; charter granted, Sept. 22, 1800 ; first stone laid. May 18, 1807. 

DRAGOON GUARDS. The ist or King's Regiment formed, June 6, 1685 ; the 1st 
or Royal Regiment of Horse, 1661 ; the Royal Regiment of Scots Dragoons or 
Scots Greys, 1660 ; the 3rd or King's Own Regiment of Light Dragoons, July 17, 
1685 ; the 3rd or Prince of Wales' Regiment of Dragoon Guards raised, June 23, 
1685 ; the 4th or Royal Irish Regiment of Dragoon Guards, July 28, 1685 ; the 
4th or the Queen's Own Regiment of Light Dragoons, July 27, 1685 ; the 5th or 
Princess Charlotte of Wales' Regiment, July 29, 1685 ; the 6th Regiment of 
Dragoon Guards, or 'The Carabineers,' July 30, 1685; the 6th or Inniskillen 
Regiment of Dragoons, 1688 ; the 7th or Princess Royal's Regiment of Dragoon 
Guards, 1688 ; the 13th Regiment of Light Dragoons, July, 1715 ; the 14th or the 
King's Regiment of Light Dragoons, July 22, 1715. 

DRAINAGE OF THE METROPOLIS. Inconsequence of the frequent return of 
the cholera, measures were taken to secure a better system of drainage. The 
Metropolitan Board of Works was appointed 18 & 19 Vict. c. 120, Aug. 14, 
1855, to prevent the sewage from being conveyed into the river Thames. The 
main system of drainage ordered to be carried out by 21 & 22 Vict. c. 104, Aug. 
2, 1858 ; the same act gives them the power to embank the river Thames, and to 
levy rates for that purpose. The total sum to be assessed at 3^. in the pound, 
;^ 1 50, 389 Ts. gd. annually. 

DRAKE, Sir Francis, circumnavigated the globe ; sailed from England, Dec. 13, 
1577 ; returned to Plymouth, Nov. 3, 1580 ; his ship visited by Queen Elizabeth 
at Deptford, April 4, 1581 ; died, Jan. 28, 1595. 

DRAMA. Dramatic exhibitions are said to have been borrowed from the Etrus- 
cans, and were at first represented by means of dancing and gesticulation 
with music, but without words, B.C. 363. The first Roman author who pre- 
sented a finished work was a Greek slave named Andronicus, B.C. 292; but 
this art fell into dishonour, B.C. 72. Drama of England began with Mysteries, 
1270 ; at Chester a master of the revels appointed, 1546. The Blackfriars The- 
atre built by the Earl of Leicester, 1576; one at Bankside, 1574. License 



222 DRAMATIC COLLEGE DRESS 

granted to Shakespeare and others, 1603 ; actresses introduced about 1630 ; sus- 
pended after the death of Charles I. till the Restoration, 1660 ; scenes first intro- 
duced, 1662; licensed by Charles II., 1662. Drury Lane opened, 1663. Thea- 
tre opened in Lincoln'sTnn-Fields, 1695. Act for revising and licensing plays, 10 
Geo. II. c. 28, 1737 ; Dramatic Copy Protection Right Act, 3 Will. IV. c. 15, 
June 10, 1833 ; Dramatic Copyright Protection Act, protecting the rights of authors, 
5 & 6 Vict. c. 45, July I, 1842. 

DRAMATIC COLLEGE. The foundation-stone laid by the Prince Consort, June 
I, i860; opened by the Prince of Wales, June 5, 1865. The Viceroy of Egypt 
gave a donation of ;^5oo to the fund, July 13, 1867. 

DRAPERS' COMPANY. The mystery first established in the reign of Edward 
I. ; chartered by 38 Edward III., I364, and by Henry VI., Nov. 30, 1438 ; con- 
firmed by Edward IV., July 26, 1466, and by James I., Jan. 19, 1607 ; arms 
granted in 1439; crest, 1590 ; altered in 1614 ; settled in Throgmorton-street, 
1 54 1. Hall rebuilt after the fire in 1666, by W. Goodall, 1773 ; altered, 1867. 

DRAPIER'S LETTERS. In 1724 a serious tumult was excited in Ireland by the 
coinage called Wood's half-pence. A want ofcopper coinage had been long felt in 
that country, and a patent was granted to William Wood, an iron-master, for coin- 
ing half-pence and farthings, to the value of ^108,000 ; the issue of this coinage 
caused such a storm of clamour, that Dean Swift seized the occasion to publish 
these celebrated letters : the first is dated 1724, and signed M. B. Drapier ; the 
second is dated Aug. 4, 1724. The Privy Council made a favourable report on 
behalf of Wood, July 24, 1724. Lord Granville, the Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland, 
issued a proclamation, offering a reward of ;i^300 for the discovery of the author 
of the letters, and caused the printer Harding to be apprehended ; but the grand 
jury threw out the bill ; and a second jury dismissed the charge, and made a pre- 
sentment, drawn up by Swift himself, against all persons who should by fraud or 
otherwise impose Wood's half-pence upon the public, Nov. 28. The ministry 
withdrew the patent, and granted the patentee an annuity of ^3000 a-year for 12 
years, as compensation. — Hume, and Swift's Letters. 

DREADNOUGHT HOSPITAL SHIP, established for the reception of sick and 
diseased seamen of all nations, originally established in 1821, on board the 
'Grampus;' but this ship being decayed, the government gave them the old 'Dread- 
nought,' of 104 guns, in 1831 ; the charity was incorporated in 1833 ; an unsuc- 
cessful endeavour made to apportion some part of Greenwich Hospital for the 
purposes of this charity, 1867. 

DRESDEN, Saxony, founded circa 808 ; taken by the Russians, 1745 ; peace made 
with, Dec. 25, 1745 ; besieged by Frederick the Great, July 13, 1760 ; the allied 
army entered the town, April, 1813 ; 25,00x3 French troops surrendered to the 
allies, Nov. 6, 1813 ; dreadful explosion of gunpowder at, and many lives lost, 
June 27, 1814 ; the King of Saxony resigned the crown to his nephew, Sept. 9, 
1830. 

DRESDEN, battle. The allies, 370,000 strong, attacked Napoleon, but were 
routed with the loss of 25,000 men ; General Moreau, who had been induced to 
join the allies, was killed, Aug. 26 and 27, 1813. 

DRESDEN PORCELAIN. The manufactory of Porcelain at Meissen was 
established by Augustus II., Elector of Saxony, in 17 10. Bottcher invented the 
hard paste in 1 706, and in the next year he succeeded in making a red ware like 
jasper ; in 1709, he discovered the mode of making white porcelain, and in 1715 
he was successful in making a fine and perfect white kind ; in 1720 gilding and 
painting was introduced by Horoldt ; and Kandler in 1731 modelled numerous 
groups of animals and insects, &c. ; the earliest mark Avas the monogram A. R. 

DRESS restrained by law in England, 1363, 1463, 1545, and 1570. 



DREUX DUBLIN 223 

DREUX, battle. The Huguenots, under the command of Conde and Coligny, 
were defeated by the Royal army ; after an arduous struggle, the loss on each side 
was about 4000 ; Gen. Montmorency was taken prisoner by the former, and Conde 
was taken by the latter ; this was the first battle of the religious war, Dec. 19, 
1562. 

DREUX, France, taken and burnt by the English, 1188 ; captured by Henry IV. 
of France, after a siege of 18 days, I593> the walls being destroyed by the con- 
querors. 

DRINKING spirituous liquors attempted to be suppressed, June 24, 1751. 

DRINKING FOUNTAINS, an association established for the erection of, April, 
1859 ; the first opened at the corner of Giltspur-street, Snow Hill, April 21, 
1859 ; the foundation laid of the first one in Sheffield, Sept. 15, 1859 ; many 
have since been erected in London, and in other towns. See Fountains. 

DROGHEDA, Ireland, made its submission to Rich. II. ; granted a university by 
Edw. IV.; the town unsuccessfully besieged by O'Neill and the Irish northern 
forces, 1641 ; stormed by Oliver Cromwell, and the garrison with many of the 
townspeople put to the sword, Aug. 14, 1649 ; garrisoned by the army of King 
James II., 1690. 

DROIT D'AUBAINE, abolished in France, Aug. 5, 1790. 

DROMORE, Bishopric of, founded; united with Down, 1834; the union carried 
out, 1842. 

DRONTHEIM, Norway, founded by Olaf, 997; the cathedral founded, 1180 ; 
62 houses and 12 magazines destroyed by fire, Dec, 1788. 

DROWNING, Punishment of, inflicted in England in the reign of Rich. I., and 
in France during the revolution of 1792-3. 

DROWNING, Societies for the Prevention of : the Royal Humane founded, 1774 ; 
their house in Hyde Park built in 1 794 ; rebuilt from the design of J. B. Bunning, 
the first stone laid by the Duke of Wellington, Aug. 8, 1834. 

DRUIDS, the priests of the early Britons and Gauls. Their rise is unknown ; 
many destroyed by the Emperor Claudius, a.d. 45, and by Suetonius Paulinus 
in England and Wales, 61. 

DRUM. This instrument was introduced by the Moors into Spain, 713 ; it is said to 
have been used by St Patrick to drive the reptiles out of Ireland ; known in Eng- 
land in the 13th century. 

DRUNKENNESS OF THE CLERGY, restrained by canon law, 747 ; punished 
by death by Constantine, king of Scotland, 870 ; the laity punished by law for this 
crime, 975. 

DRURY LANE takes its name from the mansion built by the Drurys, in tne i6th 
century ; rebuilt and called Craven House, 1600 ; first paved with stone, 1605. 

DRURY LANE THEATRE, formerly a cock-pit ; opened by Killigrew as a 
theatre, April 8, 1663 ; burnt down in 1671 ; rebuilt by Sir Christopher Wren, 
and opened, March 26, 1674 ; the interior reconstructed by Adams, Sept. 23, 
1775 ; rebuilt in 1791, and opened, 1794 ; destroyed by fire, Feb. 24, 1809 ; re- 
built by Wyatt, and opened, Oct. 12, 1812 ; the portico in Brydges-street, and 
the Colonnade in Little Russell-street, added, 1831. 

DUBLIN, Ireland. City fortified by the Danes in the fifth century. Cathedral 
of Christ Church built, 1038 ; restored, 1833. A charter granted by Henry II. to 
the city of, 1173. The castle founded, 1223; Exchange erected, 1281 ; the 
greater part of the city destroyed by fire, 1283 ; the city partially destroyed by 
Edward Bruce, 1315 ; first mayor appointed, 1409; the gaol of Newgate at- 
tacked unsuccessfully by rioters, 1535 ; the University founded, 1591 ; charter 



224 DUBLIN ARCHBISHOPRIC DUCKING STOOLS 

granted by King James I., 1609; besieged unsuccessfully by the Marquis of 
Ormond, 1649 ; Cromwell relieved Dublin with 9000 foot and 400 horse, Aug. 
14, 1649 ; College of Physicians founded by Charles I., Aug. 5, 1626 ; high court 
for the trial of rebels, appointed, 1652 ; the chief magistrate addressed as Lord 
while in ofhce, 1665 ; James II. arrived at, March 24, 1688 ; statue of William 
III. inaugurated on College Green, July i, 1701 ; Foundling Hospital founded, 
1704; incorporated, 1772; Parliament House, the first stone laid, Feb. 3, 1729; 
completed, 1739; Royal Dublin Society incorporated, 1749; an attempt made 
to destroy the Smock-alley theatre, Feb. 2, 1754 ; several bankers stopped pay- 
ment, 1760; the streets paved generally, I773; Royal Exchange, first stone laid 
by Lord Townshend, Aug. 2, 1769; opened, 1779 ; new Custom House, Nov. 7, 
1 791 ; fire at the Parliament House, Feb. 27, 1792 ; converted into the National 
Bank, 1808 ; rebellion. Lord E. Fitzgerald arrested, Nov., 1798 ; union with 
Great Britain, Jan. I, 1 80 1 ; Gunnet's insurrection began, July 23, 1803 ; General 
Post Office opened, 1817 ; George IV. visited, Aug. 12, 1821 ; King's bridge 
built, 1821 ; gas first used, 1825 ; Custom House burned, Aug. 9, 1833 ; Royal 
Arcade burned, April 25, 1837 ; visited by Queen Victoria, Aug. 3, 1849 ; great 
destruction of property by a hail-storm, April 18, 1850 ; Exhibition opened, May 
12, 1853 ; the Queen again visited Dublin, 1861 ; the Earl of Rosse installed as 
Chancello'r of the University, Feb. 17, 1863 ; a disgraceful mob riot led by Mr 
O'Donoghue at a meeting held in the Rotunda to erect a monument to the Prince 
Consort, Feb. 23, 1864; National Gallery opened, 1864; St Patrick's Cathedral 
restored at the expense of Mr Guinness, and opened, Feb. 27, 1865 ; St Andrew's, 
or the Round Church, burnt, Jan. 8, i860; the Kildare-street club-house burnt, 
Nov. 4, i860. A law passed, 30 & 31 Vict. c. 95, for regidating the super- 
annuation allowances to the police, Aug. 12. 1867 ; the professorships in the 
University of, thrown open to all persons irrespective of their religious creed, 30 
Vict. c. 9, April 5, 1867. Two policemen shot on Wellington Quay, Oct. 31, one 
died (Kenna) ; Fenian procession in, after the execution of Allen, Gould, and 
Larkin at Manchester, Dec. 8 ; intended meeting prevented, Dec. 12 ; arrest of 
J. Martin, J. C. Waters, and J. J. Labor, for inciting rebeUion, Dec. 16. 

DUBLIN ARCHBISHOPRIC, founded by St Patrick, 44S ; Kildare consoli- 
dated with Dublin, 1833. 

DUBLIN EXHIBITION, built from the design of Mr Benson, at the expense of 
Mr Dargan, opened by Earl St Germains, May 12, 1853 ; visited by the Queen 
and Prince Albert, Aug. 29; closed, Nov. i. The International Exhibition 
opened by the Prince of Wales, May 9, 1865 ; closed, Nov. 9. 

DUBLIN LEARNED SOCIETIES. Dublin Gaelic Society for investigating 
and reviving ancient Irish literature, instituted, 1807 ; Dublin Geological, 
instituted, 1832 ; altered to the Royal Geological Society of Ireland, April, 1864 ; 
Dublin Library Society established in Dame-street, May 10, 1791 ; Dublin 
Microscopical Society instituted, 1840 ; Dublin Natural History Society instituted, 
1838 ; the Royal Society of Dublin instituted for improving husbandry, manu- 
factures, and other useful arts, June 25, 1731 ; his Grace the Duke of Dorset 
elected president, Dec. 4, 1731 ; incorporated by Royal Charter, 1750; Dublin 
University Philosophical Society instituted, 1842 ; their transactions first pub- 
lished, 1843. 

DUCAT, first coined in Sicily, 1240: of silver, value 4s. 6d. ; of gold, 9J-. 6d. ; the 
ducatoon of Italy, 4s. Sd. 

DUCKING STOOLS, the ancient punishment for scolds. ' Cuck, or cucking- 
stool ' mentioned in Domesday Book, as being in use in Chester, where it is called 
' Cathedra Stercoris.' In the Common Hall accounts of the borough of Leicester 



DUDLEY DUEL 225 

they are mentioned in 1467 ; last inflicted upon the landlady of the Queen's Head, 

Kingston, April 27, 1745. 
DUDLEY, Duke of Northumberland, beheaded on Tower Hill, Aug. 23, 1553. 

Lord Guildford Dudley, the husband of Lady Jane Grey, executed, Feb 12 

1554- 
DUDLEY CASTLE, Staffordshire built by Duddo, the Saxon, 700 ; restored by 

Ralph de Paganell, 1 130; garrisoned for Queen Matilda by Gervase Paganell, 

circa 1 159 ; taken and destroyed by Henry II., 1 173; rebuilt by John de Somerie, 

1 176 ; besieged unsuccessfully by the Parliamentarians, 1644 ; destroyed by order of 

the Long Parliament, 1645 ; serious fire at, doing considerable damage to the 

ruins, 1750. Dudley and Midland Geological Society instituted, 1842 ; the Geo- 
logical and Scientific Club established, 1862. 
DUDLEY PRIORY, Worcestershire, founded by Gervase Paynell before 1161. 
DUEL, Trial by. This custom of ending all differences by arms was introduced 

into England by William the Conqueror. Philip the Fair of France made several 

oi'dinances touching this custom, 1306 ; the custom condemned by the council of 

Valentia, 855. Proclamation of no pardon to any one who killed another in a ' 

duel issued, 1679 ; checked in the army and discouraged in society, 1838. A list 

of some of the most notorious duels : — 

Baddeley, Mr, and George Garrick, 1770. 

Berkeley, the Hon. Craven, M.P., and Capt. Boldero, M. P., July 15, 1842. 

Brittlebank, Mr W., and Mr Cuddie, the latter killed, June 10, 1821. 

Boswell, Sir A., and Mr J. Stuart, the former killed, March 26, 1822. 

Buckingham, the Duke of, and the Duke of Bedford, May 2, 1822. 

Burdett, Sir Francis, and Mr Paull, both wounded, May 5, 1807. 

Byron, Lord, and Mr W. Chaworth, the latter died, Jan. 27, 1765. 

Camelford, Lord, and Capt. Best, the former killed, March, 1804. 

Campbell, Major, and Capt. Boyd, who was killed, Aug. 23, 1808. 

Cardigan, the Earl of, and Lieut. Tucket, the latter wounded, Sept. 15, 1840. 

Castlereagh, Lord, and Mr Canning, who was wounded, Sept. 21, 1809. 

Corry, James, and Mr Newburgh, who was shot through the head. May 10, 1800. 

Fawcett, Col., and Lieut. Munro, the formerkilled, July I, 1843. 

Fox, Hon. C. J., and Mr Adams, Nov. 30, 1779. 

Gourlay, Capt., and Mr Westall, the former killed, Oct. 30, 1824. 

Grattan, Mr H., and Lord Clare, June il, 1820. 

Jeffcot, Sir J., and Dr Hennis, who was mortally wounded, May 10, 1833. 

Hamilton, Duke of, and Lord Mohun, both killed, 1712. 

Hill, the Rev. Mr, and Cornet Gardiner, the former was killed, 1 764. 

Kemble, Mr, and Mr Aikin, of Drury Lane Theatre, March, 1792. 

King, Col., and Col. Fitzgerald, after six rounds had been fired the duel was ad- 
journed, Oct., 1797- 

Lockyer, Major, and Mr Sutton Cochrane, who was killed, Dec. 12, 1817. 

Loftus, Lord, and Lord Harley, Dec. 10, 1839. 

Londonderry, Lord, and Mr H. Grattan, June 13, 1839. 

Macartney, Lord, and Mr Sadleir, April, 1785. 

Martin, Mr, and Mr Wilkes, M.P., Nov. 16, 1763. 

Milton, Lord, and Lord Poulett, Jan. 29, 1 771. 

Montgomery, CoL, and Capt. M'Namara, the former killed, April 3, 1803. 

Napoleon, Louis, and the Compte de Leon, prevented, March 3, 1840. 

O'Clayton, and Mr Lambrecht, the formerkilled, Jan. 8, 1830. 

O'Connell, Mr, and Mr D'Esterre, the latter killed, Feb. i, 1815. 

O'Callaghan, Theodore, and Lieut. Bailey, who was killed, Jan. 13, 1818. 

Paget, Lord, and Capt. Cadogan, May, 1809. 

Payne, George, and Mr Clark, the former killed, Sept. 6, 1810. 

15 



226 DUKE DUNDEE 

Pepe, Gen., and Gen. Carascosa, who was wounded, Feb. 28, 1823. 

Purefoy, Ensign, and Col. Roper, who was killed, Aug. 14, 1794. 

Pitt, Wm., and George Tierney, May 21, 1798. 

Scott, Mr, and Mr Christie, the foriner killed, Feb. 18, 1812. 

Shelbume, the Earl of, and Col. Fullarton, March 28, 1780. 

Stackpool, Capt, and Lieut. Cecil, the former killed, April, 1814. 

Sweetman, Major, and Capt. Watson, the former killed, Jan. 12, 1796. 

Talbot, Earl, and John Wilkes, Oct. 5, 1762. 

Thomas, Lieut. -Col. , and Col. Gordon, the former killed, 1783. 

Townsend, Lord, and the Earl of Bellamont, who was seriously wounded, Feb. 

2, 1773- 
Wellington, the Duke of, and the Earl of Winchelsea, March 21, 1820. 
York, the Duke of, and Col. Lennox, 1 789. 

DUKE. The title of duke or dux was first used among the Anglo-Saxons as a title 
of dignity; first called peers, 1321 ; title given by Edward III. to his son, the 
Black Prince, as Duke of Cornwall, March 17, 1337 ; Henry Duke of Lancaster, 
March 6, 135 1 ; Robert de Vere made Duke of Ireland, 1385 ; the first in Scot- 
land given to the king's eldest son, as Duke of Rothsay, 1398 ; became extinct, 
1572 ; revived, 1627. 

DUKE, Grand ; Cosmo de Medicis, the first who bore the title of Grand Duke, 
received it from Pope Pius V., 1569. 

DUKE OF CLARENCE ship lost in the Gulf of St Lawrence, 1803. 

DUKE OF YORK'S ISLAND, discovered by Byron, 1765, then uninhabited. 

DULWICH COLLEGE, founded by Edward Alleyn, a comedian, called God's 
Gift College, 1619 ; he was the first master, and died there, 1626 ; the pictures of 
Sir Francis Bourgeois bequeathed to it, 1810 ; the building altered by Mr C. 
Barry, 1831 ; act passed to regulate, 20 & 21 Vict. c. 84, Aug. 25, 1857. 

DUMBARTON, Scotland, created a royal burgh by Alexander IL, 122 1 ; the 
castle is of great antiquity ; visited by Queen Mary, 1563 ; Captain Thomas 
Crawford and a few soldiers took it one stormy night by escalade, 1571 ; visited 
by Queen Victoria, Aug. 17, 1847. 

DUMBLANE, Scotland. In the neighbourhood is the remains of a Roman en- 
campment for at least 20,000 men. Made a bishopric by David I., who founded 
the cathedral, 1142. About two miles from, is Sheriffmuir, which gives its 
name to the battle fought there ; the royal forces under the Duke of Argyle defeat- 
ing the rebels under the Earl of Mar, Nov. 13, 1715- 

DUNBAR, Scotland, a place of some importance in the 9th century ; it suffered 
several sieges, but the most memorable was that by the English, when Black 
Agnes, Countess of Dunbar, in the absence of her husband, held out successfully 
against the Earl of Salisbury for 19 weeks, 1337 ; an act of parliament passed for 
its demolition, 1488 ; but it was not destroyed until 1567. 

DUNBAR, battle. The Scots under Baliol defeated by the English under Earl 
Warenne with a loss of 10,000 men, April 27, 1296 ; the Scots defeated by Crom- 
well, 3000 were killed and 9000 taken prisoners, Sept. 3, 1650. 

DUNCAN, King of Scotland, murdered by Macbeth, 1039. 

DUNDALK, Ireland. Charters granted, making it a royal town, by Henry III., 

Richard II., and Henry IV. ; the head-quarters of Edward Bruce, 1315 ; he was 

beheaded here, 1318 ; and 6000 Scots, who had invaded Ireland, lost their lives; 

walls of, destroyed, 1641 ; the first manufacture of Irish cambric established here, 

1728. 
DUNDEE, Scotland. William the Lion made this town a Royal burgh by charter, 



DUNES DUNSTAN, ST 227 

1210 ; confirmed, 165 1 ; taken twice by the English in the reign of Edward I. ; 
besieged, taken, and sacked by the Duke of Montrose, 1645 ; stormed and taken 
by Gen. Monk, Sept. i, 1651 ; visited by Queen Victoria, Sept., 1844. The 
Dundee and Newtyle Railway opened, 1826; tlie Dundee and Arbroath, 1838; 
and the Dundee and Perth, 1847. Boiler explosion at Messrs Edwards' Spinning 
Works, 19 persons scalded to death, April 15, 1859. Sir David Baxter presented 
a park to the people of, opened, Sept. 9, 1863. 19 persons crushed to death at 
the entrance to a music hall in Bell-street, Jan. 2, 1865. By the 30 & 31 Vict. c. 
79 ; improved arrangement made for the management of the police in this burgh, 
Aug. 12, 1867. The British Association for the advancement of science held a con- 
gress at, Sept. 4-1 1, 1867. 

DUNES, battle. The allied armies of England and France commanded by 
Turenne, defeated the Spanish and Austrian forces, under the Prince Conde and 
Don Juan of Austria, June 24, 1658. 

DUNFERMLINE, Scotland. The Abbey of the Holy Trinity erected by Malcolm 
Canmore in the llth century. Castle built by David I. ; David II. Ijorn in ; a 
parliament held here, 1335 ; Mary Queen of Scots visited, 1561 ; this was de- 
molished by Edward I., Feb. 10, 1304, and again, 1560. The Guildhall built, 
1808. 

DUNGAN HILL, Ireland, battle between the English and Irish armies, the 
latter defeated, losing 6000 men, July 16, 1647. 

DUNKELD, Scotland. A monastery founded by the Culdees, 729 ; the cathedral 
began by Bishop Sinclair, 1330 ; the nave in 1450 ; the choir repaired in 1845 ; 
the centre of the nave is 120 feet long by 60 wide ; a body of Lowlanders were 
attacked in this building, where they had taken refuge, many were killed, 1689 ; the 
charter-house built, 1469 ; the bridge built, 1809 ; a palace begun by the Duke 
of Atholl, 1830, but not finished. 

DUNKERS, a sect of German Baptists, founded, 1708; established their first 
church in America, 1 723. 

DUNKIRK, France, founded, 965 ; the English driven out by the French, 
1558 ; restored to the Spaniards ; the French under the Duke of Enghien captured 
it from the Spaniards, Oct., 1646 ; taken by Turenne, June 23, 1658 ; delivered 
to Cromwell, June 24, 1658 ; basely sold by Charles II. to France for ;^400,ooo, 
1663 ; the works demolished, and basin filled up, under the treaty of Utrecht, 
March 13, 1713 ; the works rebuilt, but again demolished at the peace of 1763 ; 
rebuilt again, 1783 ; Duke of York defeated here by Gen. Hoche, Sept. 7, 
1793- 

DUNMOW, Essex. Priory built, mo. The town is noted for the flitch of bacon 
ceremony, instituted by Robert de Fitzwalker, te77ip. Henry III., 1244. There 
is a record of the flitch being claimed, 1445, and June 20, 1751, by John Shake- 
, shanks and his wife ; the custom revived, 1837. 

DUNMOW PARVA, or Little Dunmow Priory, Essex, founded by Juga, sister of 
Ralph Baynard, 1104. 

DUNOON CASTLE, Scotland, built, 1334. 

DUNSTABLE, Bedford. The Priory of Black Canons, foimded by Henry I., 
1 131 ; King John gave his palace to this establishment, 1204 ; a cross erected to 
commemorate the resting of the corpse of Queen Eleanor in the market-place, 
1290 ; the cross pulled down in the Commonwealth. 

DUNSTAFFNAGE CASTLE, Scotland, built, 1307. 

DUNSTAN, ST, in the East, the church of, founded, circa 960. It was described 
by Stow in 1598 as a 'fair and large church of an ancient building ;' he particu- 



228 DUNSTAN, ST DUSSELDORF 

krized the monuments of John Kennington, 1374, and William Islip, 1382 ; Lord 
Cobham built a south aisle and a porch in 1381 ; the church escaped the fire of 
1666 ; pulled down, 181 6, and the first stone of the present building laid by Dr 
Manners Sutton, Abp of Canterbury, Nov. 26, 1817; opened, Jan. 14, 1821. 

DUNSTAN, ST, in the West, the church of ; a chapel added by Thomas Duck, 
or Duke, 1421 ; the building escaped the great fire ; repaired, 1701 ; rebuilt and 
consecrated, July 31, 1833 ; the clock was purchased and removed to the Marquis 
of Hertford's mansion. Regent's Park, 1830. 

DUNSTANBOROUGH CASTLE, Northumberland, built by Thomas Planta- 
genet. Earl of Lancaster, grandson of Henry HI., 1315 ; Queen Margaret took 
refuge here after the battle of Hexham, May 15, 1464; the castle was besieged 
and taken by the Lords Wenlock and Hastings. The prioiy built, 1280. 

DUPRE'S VILLA, near Beaconfield, once the residence of Edmund Burke, 
burned down, April 21, 1813. 

DURAND, M., a French Protestant clergyman, hanged in France for assembling a 
congregation of hearers, 1732. 

DUREN, Prussia. Charlemagne held two diets here, 775 and 779 ; besieged and 
taken by Charles V., 1543; captured by the French, 1794; ceded to Prussia, 
1814. 

DURHAM, England, the principality of the Brigantes before the arrival of the 
Romans ; during the heptarchy it formed part of the kingdom of Northumberland, 
began, 547, and ended, 827 ; many of the inhabitants massacred by the Normans, 
1069 ; the castle built by William the Conqueror, 1072 ; rebuilt by Bishop 
Pudsey, I174 ; the octagonal keep and great hall by Bishop Hatfield, 1347-60 ; 
the gate-house by Bishop Langley, 141 7; the chapel by Bishop Ruthall, 
1522 ; repaired by Bishop Crewe, 1690 ; converted into the University of 
Durham, 1837. King John resided here, 1213. The suburbs were reduced to 
ashes by the Scottish invaders, 1313. The city walls repaired, 1316. Edward 
III. made this town the head-quarters of his army, 1327. Margaret, daughter of 
Henry VII., entertained here, 1503 ; 66 persons executed for the Nevill's rebel- 
lion, 1600; almost depopulated by a plague, 1640; by 25 Car. II. c. 9, 1672, 
power was given to this county to elect two members of parliament ; a serious 
fire at, 1691. Mustard first ground here, the secret being discovered by Mrs 
Clements, 1720 ; previously it was pounded in a mortar. 

DURHAM, battle between the English under Queen Philippa and Scots at Nevil's 
Cross ; 15,000 of the Scots were slain, and David Bruce, with many thousands 
of private men, nobles, and knights, made prisoners, Oct. 17, 1346. 

DURHAM, Bishopric of, fixed at Holy Island, 635 ; next at Chester-le-street, 883 ; 
Aldham, first Bishop of Dvnham, 990 ; the palatinate jurisdiction of, separated, 
June 21, 1836. 

DURHAM CATHEDRAL, built by Bishop Carileph, 1093 ; the nave and 
aisles by Bishop Flambard, 1104; the galilee by Bishop Pudsey, 1 180; the 
chapel of the Nine Altars by Bishop Poore, 1250; the west window by Prior 
Fossor, 1360 ; the building is 507 feet long, 200 feet wide ; tower 214 feet high. 

DURHAM COLLEGE, Oxford, founded by Richard de Hoton, Prior of Durham, 
circa, 1290. 

DURHAM LETTER, or Lord John Russell's No Popery cry, was written against 
the pope's Bull, for dividing England into bishoprics, Nov. 4, 1 850. 

DURHAM and Northumberland Architectural Society instituted, i860. 

DUSSELDORF, Prussia, made a principal town by Adolphus V., 1288 ; the for- 
tification destroyed, 1802 ; united to Prussia, 1815. 



DUTCH CHURCH EAGLE 



229 



DUTCH CHURCH, Austin Friars, founded by Humphrey Boliun for the Augustine 
Friars, 1253 ; rebuilt by his grandson, 1354 ; surrendered to Henry VIH., Nov. 
12, 1539; given by Edward VI. to the Dutch Protestants, June 29, 1550 ; de- 
stroyed by fire, Nov. 22, 1862; restored and re-opened, Oct. i, 1865. 

DUXBURGH, near Chorley, 26 persons drowned at, by the bridge breaking 
down, Dec. 13, 1S12. 

DWARFS. The Romans employed artificial means to check the growth of children 
whom they intended for Nani or dwarfs. They were also employed in the mid- 
dle ages as messengers by the knights in France ; they were classed with the 
Court Jester, at Constantinople ; they are even now held in esteem. The most 
famous for size and learning in ancient times was Philetus of Cos ; he was also 
the best poet of his time ; he had to put weights in his pockets to prevent being 
blown away. Bebe, a dwarf of Stanislaus, King of Poland, died in 1764. John 
de Estrix of Mechlin, at 35 years old, 1592, only 3 feet high. Jeffery Hudson, 
born, 1619 ; when a youth only 18 inches high ; he shot a Mr Crofts dead in a 
duel, 1626. Count Borowlaski, an accomplished Pole, born Nov., 1739, at 30 
years of age was but 39 inches high ; died in England, aged 98, Sept. 7, 1837. 
Tom Thumb, the American dwarf, Charles S. Stratton, born, JaiL ii,' 1832; 
25 inches high, and weighed 15 pounds at 10 years of age ; first exhibited at 
Barnum's old American Museum, New York, 1843 ; first performed in England 
at the Princess' Theatre, Feb. 21, 1844 ; first appeared before the Queen at 
Buckingham Palace, March 23 ; in Feb., 1845, he visited Paris and Spain. Com- 
modore Nutt first appeared at St James's Hall, London, Dec. 12, 1864, 20 years 
old, 29 inches high, and 24 pounds weight ; and Miss Minnie Warren, sister of 
Mrs Stratton, 18 years old, 24 inches high, and 19 pounds weight. 

DYEING. This art is of the greatest antiquity ; Moses speaks of stuffs dyed blue, 
purple, and scaidet ; the ancients give the date of the discovery, B. C. 500. Flor- 
ence, in 1338, contained upwards of 100 dye-houses. The first work upon dyeing 
appeared in Venice, 1429 ('Mariegola del' arte dei Tentori'). Cochineal first 
used in Spain, 1523 ; scarlet dye first discovered by Drebbel, 1630 ; a German 
chemist, Keffler, first brought it to England, 1643 ; used by Islloecka Fleming in 
Germany, 1647; improved by Colbert, in France, 1670. A book called Instruc- 
tion for Dyers published in Paris, 1672. By the Edict of Nantes, 1685, a fatal blow 
was given to the trade, and the fugitive workmen introduced this art into England. 
Act passed to prevent the abuse of, 23 Eliz. c. 9, 1581 ; since greatly improved 
and several new dyes discovered. 

DYERS'COMPANY, incorporated by Henry VL, Feb. 16, 1471, upon his short re- 
storation to the throne, which the battle of Tewkesbury cut short ; regranted by 
Edw. IV. upon his restoration, Dec. 2, 1471 ; confirmed by subsequent monarchs ; 
reincorporated by 3 Anne, April 26, 1704- This company was formerly one of 
the 12, but was compelled to give the precedence to the cloth-workers, in 1524 ; 
they have the right of keeping swans upon the Thames ; their ancient hall de- 
stroyed in 1666, and Dyers' Hall Wharf built upon the site ; their hall was rebuilt 
on Dowgate Hill. 



E 



EAGLE, has been borne as an ensign on standards by several nations. The Persians, 
according to the testimony of Xenophon, first adopted this royal bird. The 
Romans adopted this custom also ; but it was borne upon the tops of pikes, not 



230 EAGLE EARTHENWARE VESSELS 

upon tlieir standards. Constantine first introduced the double-headed eagle. 
Russia, Prussia, Austria, and France, still adhere to this sign. 

EAGLE, an ancient coin of base metal, current in Ireland, circa 1272 ; declared il- 
legal by statute, 27 Edw. I., 1299 ; an American modem gold coinage of eagles, 
double-eagles, half-eagles, and quarter-eagles, Dec. 6, 1792 ; the eagle is 10 
dollars, 4 '84 of which go to the ;^I sterling. 

EAGLE. Orders of knighthood. The order of the White Eagle, of Poland, in- 
stituted by Valdimir IV., 1325 ; statutes confirmed by Pope Urban VIII., 
1634; refounded, 1713 ; became extinct at the revolutioir and division of Poland, 
1795 ; restored by proclamation, July 21, 1807 ; united to Prussia, March 29, 
1835. The order of the Black, instituted by Frederick, first king of Prussia, Jan. 
17, 1 79 1. The order of the Red, instituted by George Wilham, Prince of 
Anspach, Margrave of Bayreuth, founded the ' Ordre de la Sincerite,' 1705 ; the 
order reorganized by Geo. Frederick Charles, under the title of the Red Eagle, July 
13, 1734; raised by Frederick Wm. II. to the second in rank, 1791 ; he was 
made Grand Master, June 12, 1 792 ; the insignia altered, 1757 ; a second and 
third class added, Jan. 18, 1810. 

EARL, title of. An ancient title among the Saxons, etheling or ealderman having 
charge of a shire. Alfred the Great invested with this dignity by Ethelred I., 867 ; 
the Conqueror retained the title but made it hereditary, appointing Hugh Lupus 
to the county palatine of Chester, and William Fitz-Osborn Earl of Hereford, 
1066 ; Scotland, Earl of Angus, 1937 ; Ireland, Earl of Ulster, 1181 ; first called 
peers, 14 Edw. II., 1321, in the award of the exile against the Despensers ; the 
highest rank of nobility until 1337. 

EARI, MARISCHAL OF SCOTLAND, the commander of the cavalry, attached 
to the family of Keith in the iith century ; forfeited in the rebellion of 1 716. 

EARL MARSHAL -OF ENGLAND. Camden affirms that there was a Marshal 
of England in the time of the Conqueror, Richard II., Jan. 12, 1386 ; granted 
the office of Earl Marshal to Thomas Mowbray, Earl of Nottingham ; made 
hereditary in the Howard family, Oct. 19, 1672. 

EARTH asserted to be spherical by the Greeks ; the first ship that sailed round the 
world was Magellan's, in 15 19, who did not himself live to return ; Sir Francis 
Drake was the first commander who circumnavigated the globe and returned with 
his ship, Nov., 1580 ; Mr Thomas Burnet published the first systematic theory 
upon, 1680 ; and Mr Whiston's published, 1708 ; Newton demonstrated that it 
was an oblate spheroid ; Dr Bradley discovered the variation of its axis, 1737 ; the 
])ope declared it was a plane, and gave all the west of it to Spain, being God's 
vicegerent, and imprisoned Galileo for asserting that the earth moved round the 
sun, 1633 ; the earth weighed by Mr Baily, at his residence, Tavistock-place, 
'6,049,836 millions of tons,' 1838; Mr Airy determined the mean density of 
the earth by means of the oscillation of a pendulum placed at the top and bottom 
of a coal mine, 1854 ; several celestial observations have since been made by 
Colonel James, 1855- 

P: ARTHENWARE VESSELS. This art was practised in the eariiest times by the 
Greeks — by the Etruscans, B.C. 715 ; in China, B.C. 185 ; Japan, B.C. 27; re- 
vived in Italy, 13 10 ; the finest Majolica ware made in 1444 ; known in England, 
1586. Wedgwood improved the manufacture of this ware, in Staffordshire, 1760 ; 
patent granted for, 1 762. — See Porcelain. 
The names of countries and the earthenware for the making of which they were 

noted — 
Avignon, Palissy ware, 1650. 
England : — Chelsea, ware, 1730; Derby, china, 1756; Fulham, white ware, 1642 ; 



EARTHQUAKES 



Lambeth, Dutch ware, 1640 ; Leeds, cream ware, 1770 ; Liverpool, bhie and 
white ware, 1752; Lowestoft, pottery, 1756 ; Plymouth, china, 1760; Stafford- 
shire, 1690; Wedgwood's, 1760; Minton, 1791 ; Worcester china, 1751 ; 
York, china ware, 1665. 

Epernay, enamelled Fayence, 1660. 

France, Fayence of Henri II. ware, 1520. 

Germany, Nuremberg ware, 1729. 

Holland. Delft first made in the 14th century ; the oldest specimen known is 
1530. Fayence ware, made at Lille, by the Dutch, 1708. 

Italy, Majolica ware, 1444. 

Rouen ; this earthenware was known as early as 1 542. 

Sweden, Rorstand ware, 1727. 

Wales, Swansea ware, 1 750. 

EARTHQUAKES. The most terrific of all natural phenomena. The most re- 
markable one related in the Bible, occurred in the reign of Uzziah, King of Judah, 
Zech. xiv. 5, and at the crucifixion, Matt, xxvii. 51 — 54. Josephus records one 
in which 10,000 people perished, B.C. 31. Mr Mallet, in 1S57, made some im- 
portant discoveries, not only to discover the earth waves, but t« ascertain the laws 
which govern them. The following is a list of some of the principal : — 



Acapulco, a severe shock at, causing 
serious damage to the principal build- 
ings, Dec. 4, 1852. 

Adrianople, the greater part of the city 
destroyed, Aug. 22, 1752. 

Algiers, 18,000 persons killed from 
shocks during the months of May 
and June, 1716. 

Antigua, West Indies, great loss of 
property by several repeated shocks, 
Feb. 8, 1843. 

Antioch, overwhelmed, 115; upwards 
of 1000 houses throvm down, 859. 

Antioch, Tripoli, and Damascus de- 
stroyed, and 20,000 lives lost, 11 58. 

Apello, destroyed, and several towns 
much damaged, and upwards of 
20,000 inhabitants killed, Aug. and 
Sept., 1822. 

Armenia, near Mount Ararat, 4000 
houses destroyed and many lives lost, 
July, 1840. 

Asia Minor, 12 cities destroyed, 17. 

Atlixco, in Mexico, destroyed with most 
of its inhabitants, Oct. 23, 1847. 

Attaguia, Syria, destroyed with 3000 
inhabitants. May 5, 1 796. 

Brussa, a city in Asia Minor, destroyed 
by a severe shock, Feb. 28, 1855. 

Cairo, Grand, two-thirds of the houses 
and 40,000 lives lost, Sept. 2, 1754- 

Calabria, Sicily, a city with its inhabit- 
ants lost in the Adriatic Sea, 1 186. 

Calabria, and 180 towns and villages 
destroyed, March 27, 1638. 



Calabria, the territory of Nova Casa and 
Oppido, sunk 29 ft without destroying 
any of the buildings. The earth 
opened to the extent of 500 ft, and to 
a depth of 200 ft, April 18, 1783. 

Calabria, visited again, but not so 
severe, April 10, 1785. 

Calabria, one most destructive in its 
effects, several towns and upwards of 
20,000 people killed, July, 1805. 

Calabria, a very severe shock which 
destroyed several towns and 9000 in- 
habitants, Dec. 16, 1859. 

California suffered from a shock, Feb. 
16, 1856. 

Callao, and other parts of Peru, suf- 
fered from several shocks, April 19, 
i860. 

Caraccas, the city of, and upwards of 
30 other towns, scattered over a 
space of 300 square miles, were de- 
stroyed, 80,000 persons killed, and 
thousands more wounded, March 26, 
1812. 

Carthago, Central America, overwhelm- 
ed. May, 1822. 

Castiglione, entirely destroyed, Oct. 12, 

1835- 

Catania, Sicily, many persons perish- 
ing, II37- 

Chili, the whole kingdom, with St Jago, 
swallowed up, July 30, 1730. 

Chili, raised permanently for upwards of 
100 miles, Nov., 1822. 

Chili, Santiago and other towns laid 



232 



EARTHQUAKES 



in ruins by a severe shock, Feb. 20, 

1835. 
China, Canton suffered severely from a 
shock which destroyed most of the 
pubhc buildings and 5000 inhabitants, 
May 26-28, 1830. 
Constantinople, a severe shock, killing 

thousands of the inhabitants, 557. 
Constantinople, overthrown, and Greece 

shaken, 986. 
Corinth, the temple of Minerva over- 
thrown, and only six houses left stand- 
ing, Feb. 21, 1858. 
Domingo, St, 32 houses overturned, 
April, 1793. 

Domingo, St, Cape Haytien, the town 
nearly destroyed and between 4000 
and 5000 persons. May 7, 1842. 

Dorsetshire, a considerable piece of land 
moved by a shock, Jan. 13, 1583. 

England, Worcester and Derby, and 
other parts, felt a severe shock, 
1043. 

England, one felt throughout, April 8, 
1076 ; and again, 1081, 1088, and 
1089. The most severe known in 
England, Nov. 14, 13 18. 

England, the shock of one felt from Mil- 
ford Haven to Burton- on -Trent, and 
from the Mersey to Plymouth, Oct. 6, 
1863. 

Fonti di Macchia and four other villages 
almost destroyed, July 18, 19, 1865. 

France, a severe shock felt along the 
east coast of, from Valence to Metz, 
and also in Italy, Switzerland, and 
Germany, July 25, 1855. 

Glastonbuiy, St Michael's on the Hill 
thrown down, 1247. 

Guatemala, the city of St Jago buried 
with 6000 persons, July, 1773. 

Herculaneum and Pompeii, destroyed 
by an eruption of Vesuvius, 79. 

Herefordshire, Kingston chapel over- 
thrown, Feb. 17, 1 5 71. 

Hungary, a mountain turned round, 
Oct. 23, 1736. 

India, upwards of 180,000 persons killed 
by an earthquake, 893. 

Ireland, one destroying five churches 
and about 100 houses, Aug., 1734. 

Italy, Crema in Upper ; Minguin was 
entirely swallowed up in a lake ; 
Brescia had three churches and twelve 
houses destroyed ; so violent a shock 



in Holland, as to cause the chandeliers 
in Maaslin church to vibrate two or 
three ft, Jan., 1804. 

Jamaica, Port Royal and a great number 
of the houses with 3000 of the inhabit- 
ants overwhelmed by the sea, June 7, 
1692. 

Japan, several cities swallowed up, July, 
1596. 

Japan, the city of Ohasaca destroyed, 
and a Russian frigate off Simoda 
Avrecked, Dec. 23, 1854. 

Jeddo, Japan, totally destroyed with its 
inhabitants to the number of 200,000, 

1703- 

Jeddo, Japan, 100,000 houses and 57 
temples destroyed, 30,000 persons 
being killed, Nov. il, 1855. 

Lahore, India, destroyed, and many of 
its inhabitants, Nov. 16, 1827. 

Levant, a severe shock at, March 8, 
1867. 

Lima, 74 churches, 14 monasteries, and 
15 hospitals, and the city itself and 
5000 persons and an immense amovmt 
of property destroyed, Oct. 27 to 
Nov. 20, 1746. 

Lima and Callao, much injured, March 
30, 1828. 

Lisbon, where in about eight minutes 
most of the houses and 30,000 inhabit- 
ants were destroyed, and whole streets 
swallowed up ; the cities of Coimbra 
and Braga suffered, and St Ubes was 
swallowed up ; at Faro 3000 inhabit- 
ants were buried, great part of Malaga 
was destroyed ; one-half of Fez, in 
Morocco, and 12,000 Arabs, were 
swallowed up, and above half of the 
island of Madeira destroyed ; it ex- 
tended 5000 miles ; at the Azores 
isles, where 10,000 were buried in 
the ruins, and the island divided in 
two, Nov. I, 1755. 

Lombardy, one lasting for 40 days, 1 1 1 7. 

London, Westminster suffered very 
much, and the same shock was felt at 
Dover, and in France and Belgium, 
April 6, 1580. 

London and the suburbs felt a shock, 
Feb. 8, and March 8, 1750 ; various 
other towns felt the same at different 
periods of the year ; Liverpool and 
Chester, April 2, 1750. 

Lucerne, the church of La Tour and 



EARTHQUAKES 



233 



most of the houses in, partly de- 
stroyed, April 2, 1S08. 

Lucia, St, West Indies, 900 persons 
killed, Aug., 1788. 

Lyme, Dorsetshire, nearly destroyed, 
1689. 

Macedonia, 150 cities and towns obliter- 
ated, 357. 

Manilla, the city of, destroyed by a 
violent shock, and several shocks 
felt in the Philippine Island, Sept. 22 
to Oct. II, 1852. 

Martinique Island, where nearly half of 
Port-Royal was destroyed, and 700 
persons perished, Jan. Ii, 1839. 

Mecca, visited by one which destroyed 
90 towers and 1 60 buildings, 867. 

Melfi and Barile, in Southern Italy, 
totally destroyed and upwards of looo 
persons, Aug. 14, 1851. 

Mendoza, in the Argentine Republic, 
7000 lives lost and 2000 houses de- 
stroyed, April 9, 1861. 

Messina, Sicily, overturned in a moment, 
and 18,000 persons perished, and in 
the island 60,000, Jan., 1692. 

Mexico, the city of, much injured, April 

7, 1845- 
Mileto and Monte Leone, at Lisbon, 

much damage done, Nov. 27, 1791. 
Mitylene, in the Archipelago, almost 

annihilated. May, 1755. 
Naples, 40,000 persons lost by a severe 

shock, and many towns injured, Dec. 

5, 1456. 

Naples, and 30 towns and villages in 
Capitanata, with 10,000 persons, de- 
stroyed, July 30, 1626. 

Naples, a third part of the city and 
much shipping destroyed, June 6, 7, 
1688. 

Naples, several shocks felt, great de- 
struction of life and property, Nov. 
29, 1732. 

Naples, the town of Terre del Grecco, 
and other towns in Campania, over- 
whelmed by an eruption of Vesuvius, 
June 13, 1794. 

Naples, eruption of Mount Vesuvius, 
and severe shocks felt for several 
weeks, 10,000 persons killed, and 
thousands of residences destroyed, 
Dec. 16, 1857. 

Nicomedia, Cesarea, and Nicea, de- 
stroyed with other cities, 126. 



Norway, the most violent one ever 

known there, March 14, 1846. 
Oppido, Calabria, the earth opened to 

the extent of 500 ft, and to a depth of 

200 ft, April 18, 1783. 
Palermo, Sicily, made a ruin, Sept. i, 

1726. 
Palermo, destroyed several houses, and 

a convent swallowed up, the monks 

barely escaping, Feb. 4, 1739-40. 
Palestine, 30,000 people destroyed, B.C. 

33 ; and again at the crucifixion, A.D. 

33- 

Pekin, China, with 100,000 of its in- 
habitants, destroyed, Nov. 30, 1 731. 

Peru, Callao overwhelmed and about 
5000 of its inhabitants killed, Oct. 28, 
1746. 

Quito, Peru, destroyed, April 24, 

1755- 
Quito, and the whole of the country be- 
tween Sta Fe and Panama destroyed, 
and the city of Cuzco, with 40,000 in- 
habitants, Feb. 4, 1797 ; again de- 
stroyed, March 22, 1859. 

Rajusa, in Illyrium, 6000 of the inhabit- 
ants perished, and several towns in 
Dalmatia and Albania, April 6, 1667. 

Rhodes, the Colossus at, overthrown, 
B.C. 105. 

Rhodes and Macri, much shaken on the 
mountain of Baba-Dagh fell 2000 ft, 
destroying the village of Ghedrack ; 
Bugasi overwhelmed with its inhabit- 
ants, April 2, 1851 ; a slight shock, 
which did considerable damage, felt, 
April, 1863. 

Rome and its neighbourhood suffered 
veiy considerably from a shock which 
turned a branch of the sea from its 
course, 365. 

San Salvador, in Central America, 
totally destroyed by one in 10 seconds, 
and 200 people killed, April 16, 1854. 

Sicily, a severe shock, which destroyed 
49 towns and 900 churches and 
monasteries, 90,000 persons killed, 
1693. 

Smyrna, destroyed, July 10, 1688. 

Smyrna, nearly destroyed, July, 3, 1778. 

Spain and Portugal, Lisbon and other 
towns in ; all the churches were de- 
stroyed, and 1200 residences, besides 
many persons, 153 1. 

St Thomas's, West Indies, a number 



234 



EAST ANGLES 



EASTER ISLAND 



of severe shocks succeeded each other 
in rapid succession, many of tlie 
houses in the town thrown down, and 
a great number of tlie inhabitants 
killed ; the sea retired from the 
island, and then returned like a 
wall 30 feet high, and at the rate 
of 50 miles an hour, which swept 
everything before it, and destroyed a 
number of vessels and the lower part 
of the town, Nov. 18, and Dec. 12, 
1867 ; the shocks were felt at Porto 
Rico, St Croix, and Tortola. 

Sumatra, East Indies, 300 persons 
perished, Feb. 20, 1797. 

Syria, Palestine, upwards of 5 50 towns 
and cities destroyed, 742 ; and again, 
thousands of lives being sacrificed, 
746 ; 20,000 persons are said to have 
been killed, Oct., 1759. 

Syria, Saphit and several entire villages 
with their populations utterly destroy- 
ed, Jan. I, 1837. 

Tauris, Persia, where 15,000 houses 
were thrown down, and great part of 
the inhabitants perished, March 3, 
1780. 

Teneriffe, visited by a dreadful one. 



Teniate, a severe shock killing many 
people, Feb. 14, 1840. 

Turkey, three towns, containing 10,000 
inhabitants, were lost, July 3, I794- 

Tui'key, the town of Philippolis entirely 
destroyed, 181 8. 

Tripoli, Syria, which extended near 
10,000 miles, when Damascus lost 
6000 inhabitants, and several other 
cities, with the remains of Balbec, 
w^ere destroyed, between Oct. and 
Dec, 1759. 

Truxillo, Peru, swallowed up, Nov., 

1759- 

Tuscany, the cathedral and the Bishop's 
Palace, with the adjacent town of 
Castello, &c., and Borgo di San- 
Sepolcro itself had 150 houses swal- 
lowed up by an opening of the earth, 
Sept. 30, 1789. 

Verona, greatly damaged, 1187. 

Yorkshire, Worcestershire, and Glouces- 
tershire felt a shock, Feb. 26, 1574. 

Zante, in the Adriatic Sea, many build- 
ings thrown down, above 60 persons 
perished, Dec. 2, 1791. 

Zante, one entire village swallowed up, 
Oct. 30, 1840. 



Dec. 24, 1704. 

EAST ANGLES. This division of the Anglo-Saxon kingdom, comprising Nor- 
folk, Suffolk, and Cambridgeshire, was founded by Uffa, the first king, 571 ; the 
last king was Edmund the martyr, 870 ; first converted to the Christian faith by 
Felix, a Burgundian, 530 ; the bishoprics of Elmham united, 955 5 removed to 
Norwich, 1088. 

EAST GRINSTEAD, tower at, fell down, Nov. 12, 1785 ; borough of, disfran- 
chised, 1832. 

EASTER. This festival of the Church, established to commemorate the Resurrec- 
tion of Christ by the apostles, disputes arising as to the exact day, the council of 
Nice, in 325, decreed that it should be held on the Sunday following the first full 
moon after the 14th of March ; but this leading to some confusion, it was fixed 
to be held on the first Sunday after the full moon following the 21st of March, 
by the Gregorian calendar. 

EASTER DUES OR OFFERINGS are 'customary sums' which have been paid 
from time immemorial in the Church, and are recoverable as small tithes before two 
justices of the peace by 7 & 8 Will. III. c. 6, 1690, and subsequent acts. Before 
the time of King Edward VI., offerings, oblations, and obventions (one and the 
same thing), constituted the chief revenues of the Church, and were collected at 
Christmas, Easter, Whitsuntide, and the Feast of the Dedication of the particular 
parish church ; but by the 2 & 3 Edw. VI. c. 13, 1548, it was enacted that such 
offerings should thenceforth be paid at Easter — a law or rule which is reinforced 
by the rubric at the end of the Communion Service in our Book of Common 
Prayer. 

EASTER ISLAND, discovered by Davis, 1686 ; visited by Roggewein, 1722 ; by 
Capt. Cook, March 11, 1774. 



EASTERN EMPIRE EAST INDIA HOUSE 235 

EASTERN EMPIRE divided from the western, June, 364 ; Valens elected 
emperor, 364 ; defeat and death of Maximus, by Theodosius, 388 ; he also defeated 
Eugenius and Arbogastes, with their followers, Sept. 6, 394 ; Arcadius elected 
emperor, 395; Theodosius died, Jan. 17, 395; Arcadius died. May i, 408; 
Theodosius II. elected emperor, 408 ; established public schools in Constantinople, 
425 ; Theodosian code published, Jan. 15, 438 ; an abridgment of, by Alaric, 
published, 506 ; Vitalianus, the Goth, besieged Constantinople, 514 ; the Justinian 
code published, Feb. 13, 529 ; the schools of Athens closed, 529 ; the Roman 
consulship abolished, 541 ; Constantinople nearly destroyed by fire, 563; Constanti- 
nople taken and pillaged by the Avari, 618 ; the Persians under Khosron besieged 
Constantinople unsuccessfully, 626 ; the Saracens ravaged the kingdom, 632 ; the 
Arabs commenced the siege of Constantinople, 668 ; relinquished it, 675 ; the 
Bulgarians settled on the banks of the Danube, 678 ; Justinian II. mutilated and de- 
throned by Leontius, 695 ; Leontius dethroned by Tiberius ; Justinian II. restored, 
705 ; the second siege of Constantinople by the Saracens, 716 ; the siege raised 
by Moslemah, Aug. 15, 718 ; monasteries abolished, 770 ; the Emperor Con- 
stantine assumed the government without his mother Irene, she ordered him to be 
blinded, 792 ; Dalmatia lost, 825 ; Bulgaria made a province, 1018 ; Constanti- 
nople taken by the Crusaders, July 18, 1203 ; taken by the French and Venetians, 
1204 ; Epirus made a separate kingdom, 1208 ; Michael Palseologus restored the 
Greek empire to Constantinople, July 25, 1261 ; the Turks enter Europe, 1352 ; 
Armenia conquered by the Mamelukes, 1367 ; lost all its Greek possessions in 
Asia, 1390 ; the battle of Nicopolis and defeat of Sigismund by Bajazet, and 
massacre of 10,000 prisoners by the Turks, Sept. 28, 1396 ; taken by Mohammed 
11. , and the extinction of the eastern kingdom, May 29, 1453. 

EAST INDIA COMPANY first founded by charter, Dec. 31, 1600; charter re- 
newed for 15 years by James I., 1609 ; first English factory established at Surat, 
1612 ; a rival company was chartered, 1633 ; the two united, 1649 ; charter re- 
newed by Cromwell, 1657 ; confinned by Charles II., 1661 ; the trade declared 
open, 1698 ; a new company started, having purchased a monopoly from the 
King ; amalgamated, 1702 ; and trade prohibited to any other company, Feb. 
22, 1716; Act passed for the better regulation of, 13 Geo. III. c. 63, 1773 I 
lent the government ^3,000,000 at 3 per cent., for renewing their charter, Feb., 
1743-4; the Board of Control appointed, 24 Geo. III. Sess. 2, c. 25, May 18, 
1784; renewal of charter, giving them the exclusive right of trading, abolished, 
except to China for tea, 53 Geo. III. c. 155, July 21, 1813 ; their commercial 
charter abolished, 3 & 4 Will. IV. c. 85, Aug. 28, 1833 ; the number of direct- 
ors reduced to 18, and their qualifications determined, three to be appointed by 
the Crown and 15 by the Company, 16 & 17 Vict. c. 95, Aug. 20, 1S53 ; finally 
transferred to the Queen, 21 & 22 Vict. c. 106, Aug. 2, 1858 ; amended, 22 & 23 
Vict. c. 41, Aug. 13, 1859 ; a pension of ^2000 a year granted to Gen. Sir Colin 
Campbell, and ;^iooo to Gen. Sir James Outram, for their eminent services in the 
Indian Mutiny, May 23, 1858. 

EAST INDIA COMPANY at Embden, established, 1750; of Sweden, May, 
1731 ; Dutch, incorporated, 1604 ; Scotch, incorporated, 1695 ; East India 
Company of France, established, 1627; incorporated, 1740; abolished by the 
National Assembly, and the trade opened, Jan. 26, 1791. 

EAST INDIA AND CHINA ASSOCIATION, for the Protection of Trade, 
established in London, 1836. 

EAST INDIA HOUSE, Leadenhall-street, rebuilt by R. Jupp, 1799; subsequently 
enlarged from the designs of C. R. Cockerell, R.A., and W. Wilkins, R.A. ; 
sold for ;i^ 1 5 5, 000, and taken down, June 20, 1861. Almshouses founded, 1656 ; 
college at Plaileybury established, 1809. 



236 EAST INDIA STOCK ECCLESIASTICAL COURTS 

EAST INDIA STOCK sold from 360 to 500 per cent., 1683 ; Company in great 
confusion, 1773 ; the stock fell 60 per cent., 1769; estimated revenues, 1830, 
;!^22, 054,416 ; charges, ^22,862,985. 

EAST AND WEST INDIA DOCK COMPANY, London, the West established, 
39 Geo. III. c. Ixix. s. 38 ciscq., ]v\y 12, 1799; commenced, 1800; opened, 
Aug., 1802 ; the East established by 43 Geo. III. c. cxxvi., July 27, 1803 ; opened, 
Aug. 4, 1806 ; united to the West, 1838. 

EASTLAND COMPANY, incorporated, 1579. 

EAST LONDON WATERWORKS COMPANY, incorporated, 1807. 

EBIONITES, a sect of Christian heretics established by the Jews in the ist century. 

ECCENTRIC SOCIETY, a legal debating club, established, 1801. 

ECCLESIASTES, one of the books of the Old Testament, called the ' Preacher,' 
written by King Solomon, B.C. 1015 — 975. 

ECCLESIASTICAL CENSORSHIP, ordered in Spain by the Bishop of Valencia, 
under Ferdinand VII., 1828 : — ' i. No person shall print any book, pamphlet, or 
any paper, without special licence from his Excellency, who will himself consult 
the God-fearing Censors. — 2. The Censors will read all MSS. submitted to them, 
word by word, taking special care that there be no occult meaning, as the human 
mind becomes daily more and more cunning, and there is often in modern writing 
a diabolical meaning concealed in seemingly innocent words. — 3. No person shall 
read any book printed out of Spain, nor any work printed in Spain during the 
years 1820, 1821, 1822, or 1823, without a special licence. As it has been ob- 
served, that in this wicked age people care but little for excommunication and ec- 
clesiastical censure, we enjoin and direct all in authority to fine, and enforce pay- 
ment, one thousand rials {£60), all who may read, or even possess any book, &c., 
forbidden in the thii^d article ; — all who print, or assist in printing, any book or 
paper without licence ; — all who possess handkerchiefs with crosses, or lines making 
crosses (cross-barred or chequered), and use them to wipe their noses, or for 
any other dirty purpose.' — The fine is to be rigidly enforced for a first offence ; and 
for those obdurate and wicked men who shall sin a second time, ' his Excellency 
well knows how to deal with them ! ' 

ECCLESIASTICAL COMMISSION issued, seven commissioners being invested 
with unlimited authority over the Church of England, July 14, 1686 ; annulled by 
James II., 1688 ; incorporated by 6 & 7 Will. IV. c. 77, Aug. 13, 1836 ; subse- 
quently amended, 3 & 4 Vict. c. 113, Aug. 11, 1840 ; and June 21, 1841, 4 & 5 
Vict. c. 39 ; 23 & 24 Vict. c. 124, Aug. 28, i860 ; 29 & 30 Vict. c. 3, Aug. 10, 
1866 ; power of Church Building Commissioners transferred to, 19 & 20 Vict. c. 
55, July 21, 1856 ; the estates of the Archdeaconry of Rochester vested in, 24 & 
25 Vict. c. 131, Aug. 6, 1861 ; act passed, giving them power to superannuate 
offices, 28 & 29 Vict. c. 68, June 29, 1865. 

ECCLESIASTICAL CORPORATIONS. PovN'er given them for facilitating the 
management of episcopal and capitular estates, 14 & 15 Vict. c. 104, Aug. 8, 
1851 ; amended, 19 & 20 Vict. c. 74, July 29, 1856 ; 20 & 21 Vict. c. 74, Aug. 
25j 1857 ; again amended, 22 & 23 Vict. c. 46 ; 23 & 24 Vict. c. 124, s. 28, Aug. 
28, i860 ; 24 & 25 Vict. c. 131, Aug. 6, 1861. Acts passed for removing doubts as 
to the enfranchisement of land holden of Ecclesiastical Corporations, 16 & 17 Vict. 
c. 57, Aug. 4, 1853 ; and 21 & 22 Vict. c. 94, Aug. 2, 1858. 

ECCLESIASTICAL COURTS, a part of the lay courts until after the Norman in- 
vasion, 1066 ; William I. appointed this a separate court, 1085 ; Henry I. re- 
stored the union, but a short time afterwards Stephen separated them ; Court of 
Appeal established by 23 Hen. VIII. c. 9, 1532 ; the court finally abolished, and 
the Probate Court established, 20 & 21 Vict. c. 77, Aug. 25, 1857 ; amended, 21 
& 22 Vict. c. 95, Aug. 2, 1858. 



ECCLESIAST. HIST. SOC. ECNOMUS 237 

ECCLESIASTICAL HISTORY SOCIETY, instituted in London, 1846 ; the first 
work published, 'Five Boolcs of the Church,' by Rich. Field, D. D., Dean of 
Gloucester, 1847-52. 

ECCLESIASTICAL STATES, Roman or temporal domains of the Church began, 
752 ; taken by the French, and made the Roman republic, 1798 ; Pope Pius VI. 
forced to remove into Tuscany, and then into France, 1799 ; in 1800 Pius VII. 
resumed the government of the Roman States until 1809, when Bonaparte de- 
prived him of his temporal power; restored by the allies, 1814. Pius IX. fled in 
disguise to Gaeta, and a provisional government appointed, Nov. 24, 1849 ; 
they declared the pope divested of all temporal power, Feb. 9, 1850 ; restored 
by foreign arms, 185 1, and Rome garrisoned by French troops ; withdrawal of, 
Dec. II, 1866; re-occupied by, Oct. 30, 1867. 6't'4? Rome. 

ECCLESIASTICAL TITLES ACT, 14 & 15 Vict. c. 49, subsequent to the attempt 
of the pope to establish a Catholic hierarchy in England ; Lord John Russell in- 
troduced this measure into parliament, which received the royal assent, Aug. I, 185 1. 
The committee appointed by the House of Conimons to inquire into the working 
of this act recommended the repeal of the 24 sect, of the 10 Geo. IV. c. 7, and 
the 14 & 15 Vict. c. 60, by a majority of one, there were six for and six against, 
and the chairman gave the casting vote in favour, Aug. 2, 1867. 

ECCLESIASTICUS, one of the Apocryphal Books, composed by Jesus, son of 
Sirach, B.C. 171, and admitted by the Roman Church into the canon of the Old 
Testament. 

ECCLESIOLOGICAL SOCIETY for the Study and Preservation of Ecclesiastical 
Antiquities, instituted under the name of the Cambridge Camden Society, 1838. 

ECKMUHL, battle between the French under Napoleon I. and the Austrians 
under the Archduke Charles, April 22, 1809 ; the Austrians were completely 
routed. 

ECLIPSES. The Persians, Egyptians, and Chinese were the first who calculated 
these phenomena. Dr Hincks fixes the date of an eclipse at Nineveh, Sept. 13, 
B.C. 701, in the reign of Sennacherib, but Mr Saville thinks the date must be Sept. 
12, B.C. 721. The first eclipse of the moon is recorded at Babylon, March 19, 
B.C. 721 J the second and third, March 8 and Sept. i, B.C. 720 ; the fourth of the 
moon, April 22, B.C. 621 ; the fifth lunar eclipse, B.C. 523 ; the sixth, Nov. 19, 
502 ; the seventh, April 25, B.C. 491 ; one recoi-ded at Rome, B.C. 413. C. Sul- 
picius Gallus predicted one before the battle of Pydna, which terrified the Mace- 
donian army and led to an easy victory, June 21, B.C. 168. Ptolemy noticed one 
as having taken place B.C. 228. Thales observed one at Sardis, A. D. 535. A 
total eclipse observed in France, 840 ; at Constantinople, 968. In France, Jan. 
29, 1033, dark at noon-day; in England, March 21, 1140, when it was totally 
dark at noon-day ; 1 191, June 2, in the reign of Richard I., the stars became 
visible at ten in the morning ; another total eclipse of the sun visible at the North 
Pole, June, 1295 ; in 1331, the darkness was so great that the stars faintly appeared, 
and the birds went to roost in the morning ; one visible in Scotland and long re- 
membered as the black hour, 1433 ; another gave rise to the expression of Mirk 
Monday, 1652. A total eclipse of the sun visible in London, the stars seen in the 
day-time, May 3, 1715 ; the only one visible in London for 575 years before. 
One visible in the North of Europe, 1733 ; a total one of the sun visible at 
the Alps, July 8, 1842 ; solar eclipse, May 6, 1845 ; annular one, Oct. 9, 1847 ; 
total eclipse of the sun, July 28, 1851 ; a nearly total one visible in England, 
March 15, 1858 ; one the same year visible in South America, Sept. 7 j 3- total 
eclipse observed by a party of English astronomers in Spain, July 18, i860 ; a 
lunar one seen in London, June i, 1863, and March 6, 1867. 

ECNOMUS, battle. M. Regulus and L. Manlius sailed from Italy with a Roman 



238 ECUADOR EDINBURGH 

fleet of 330 war-vessels and was attacked by the Carthaginian with a superior 
force off this place, the Romans gained a complete victoiy, B.C. 256. 

ECUADOR, S. America, discovered, 1526, by Pizarro, and remained a portion of 
the Spanish Empire of the Indies until 1812 ; became a part of the republic of 
Columbia, 1821 ; separated, 1 83 1. Ecuador, or the ancient kingdom of Quito, has 
since remained an independent republic. 

EDDYSTONE LIGHTHOUSE, off Ram Head and the coast of Cornwall, first 
erected by Winstanley, 1696, and finished, 1699 ; this destroyed by the terrible 
storm of Nov. 26-7, 1 703, and the builder with it ; a second, built by act of parlia- 
ment, 4 & 5 Anne, c. 20, 1706; burned down, Dec. 4, 1755 ; the present was 
erected by Smeaton, the engineer, Oct. 9, 1759; of granite externally, and a stone 
foundation ; its height is 85 feet. 

EDESSA, Mesopotamia. Noted in history for the memorable part its philosophers 
took in the Nestorian Controversy, A.D. 449 — 457 ; the professors were expelled by 
Martyrus, bishop of Edessa, and the college pulled down, 489, and St Mary's 
chuixh built upon its ruins. The town nearly destroyed by an earthquake, 718 ; 
restored by Justinian. Baldwin, Count of Flanders, extended his conquests over 
Armenia and Mesopotamia, and established the principality of, 1097, which sub- 
sisted for 47 years ; retaken by the Sultan Zenghi, 1 144. 

EDGAR'S TOWER, Worcester, built, 975. 

EDGEHILL, battle between Charles I. and the Parliamentary forces under Essex. 
The king lost 3CK)0 men, but the battle was indecisive, the loss being great on both 
sides, Oct. 23, 1642. 

EDICT OF THE POPE first promulgated, 560. 

EDICT OF NANTES. Henry IV. of France assented to this measure of tolera- 
tion to his Protestant subjects, April 15, 1598 ; annulled by Louis XIV., Oct. 22, 
1685. This measure caused many of their best workmen to seek a refuge in 
England and elsewhere. 

EDINBURGH, Scotland, founded, and castle built, 626 ; first noticed, 637 ; in 
856 it is described as a considerable village. Eden Town, according to Camden, 
was abandoned by the Saxons to the Scots, 960. Margaret, the consort of 
Malcolm Ceanmore, died, 1093. Abbey of Holyrood House, founded by David I., 
1 128. Castle surrendered to Henry II. of England, 1 174. Made a royal burgh 
in the 12th century by William the Lion. The town and castle taken by Edward 
I., June, 1291 ; recovered by Randolph, Earl of Moray, and 30 men, by surprise, 
1313 ; the castle repaired by Edward III. ; besieged by Sir Andrew Moray un- 
successfully, 1337 ; taken by stratagem by Sir W- Douglas, 1361, for the Scottish 
patriots ; charter granted by Robert I. giving Leith to that town. May 28, 1329 ; 
James II. crowned here, 1437, and sanctioned the building of fortifications and bul- 
warks, 1450 ; a charter granted by James HI. erecting this town into the metro- 
polis of Scotland, 1482 ; visited by a plague, 1497 ; the first parliament of James 
HI. was held here, 1466 ; the marriage of Margaret, eldest daughter of Henry 
VII., to James IV. celebrated, Aug. 8, 1502 ; a parliament held, March li, 1503; 
visited by another dreadful plague, 1513 ; plundered and burnt by the English 
forces, 1544 ; College of Justice estabhshed, 1532 ; the streets paved and lighted, 
1534 ; garrisoned by French troops, 1548 ; religious disturbances at, 1556 ; first 
assembly of the Reformed Kirk, Jan. 15, 1560 ; Mary, Queen of Scots, arrived 
from France at Leith, Aug. 19, 1561 ; and made her public entiy, Sept. i, 
1561 ; married Darnley, July 29, 1565 ; Rizzio assassinated at Holyrood Palace 
in the presence of the Queen, March 9, 1566 ; James VI. born, June 19, 
1566 ; Darnley blown up, Feb. 10, 1567 ; the castle attacked by the combined 
forces of Scots and English, but it was gallantly defended by Sir W. Kirkaldy 
for Queen Mary for 33 days ; taken and burned, Aug. 3, 1573 ; James VI. 



EDINBURGH 239 

arrived, and held his first parliament, Oct. 17, 1579. James VI. built Holy- 
rood Palace, 1565 ; university founded, 1581, by James VI., who left Edin- 
burgh as king of England, March 24, 1603 ; the Canongate Tolbooth 
erected, 1591 ; Heriot's Hospital began, 1628, completed, 1660; visited by 
James, 161 7 ; Charles I. crowned at Holyrood, June 18, 1633 ; Parliament House 
finished, 1640 ; Charles made a second visit, 1641 ; visited by a third plague, 
1645; castle surrendered to Cromwell, Sept., 1650; bank of Scotland founded 
at, 1695 ; the last year of the pageant, called the riding to parliament. May 6, 
1703 ; Capt. Porteous hanged lay the mob, 1736 ; the Pretender occupied the 
city, Sept. 17, 1745 ; took possession of Holyrood House ; Royal Exchange 
completed, 1761 ; North Bridge began, 1763; completed, 1769; a part of this 
structure gave way, killing five persons, Aug. 3, 1769 ; Theatre-royal erected, 
1769 ; South Bridge commenced, 1785 ; first stone of the present University laid, 
Nov. 10, 1781 ; Bridewell, Calton Hill, erected, 1796 ; Louis XVIII. and Charles 
X. of France resided at Holyrood, from 1795 to 1799 ; new bank commenced, 
June 3, 1 801 ; Edinburgh Review published, 1802 ; alarming riots, Dec. Ii, 
181 1 ; Union Canal completed, 1822; George IV. visited the city, Aug. 14, 
1822 ; Royal Institution erected, 1823; serious fires in High-street, Parliament- 
square, and Cowgate, 1824; Scottish Academy founded, 1826; Edinburgh and 
Dalkeith Railway opened, July, 1831 ; statue of George IV. erected, 1832 ; Ed- 
inburgh, Leith, and Granton Railway began, 1836 ; Society of Arts founded, 
1821 ; monument to Sir Walter Scott erected in Princes-street, first stone laid, 
Aug. 15, 1840 ; finished, 1844 ; railway between Edinburgh and Glasgow 
opened, Feb. 18, 1842 ; Queen Victoria visited, Aug. 31, 1842 ; held a Court at 
Dalkeith House, Sept. 5, 1842 ; monument to the political martyrs of 1793, 
the first stone laid by Mr Hume, 1844 ; visited by Queen Victoria again, Aug. 
30, 1850 ; the foundation-stone of the Scotch National Gallery laid by Prince Al- 
bert, Sept. I, 1850 ; Ramsey Terrace, erected by Lord Murray on the spur of the 
Castle Hill, fell down, March i, i860 ; the Rifle Volunteers reviewed by Queen 
Victoria, 1 8, 000 strong, Aug. 17, i860; Prince Albert laid the foundation-stone 
of the Museum of Science and Art, Oct. 23, 1861 ; the Theatre-royal destroyed 
by fire, Jan. 13, 1865 ; the foundation-stone of the General Post Office laid by 
Prince Albert, Oct. 23, 1861 ; opened. May 7, 1866 ; Reform Demonstration at, 
Nov. 17, 1866 ; explosion at a firework manufactory, six persons killed and 
several wounded, Oct. 9, 1867 ; the freedom of, presented to Mr DTsraeli and 
Mr Lowe, Oct. 29, 1867 ; public banquet given to, in the Com Exchange, Oct. 29. 

EDINBURGH, Scotland, See of, founded by Charles I., 1633 ; the sixth and 
last bishop ejected at the revolution of 1688 ; became a post-revolution bishopric 
about 1705. 

EDINBURGH LEARNED SOCIETIES. Edinburgh Botanical Society, estab- 
lished, 1836; Transactions first published, 1844; Geological Society, instituted, 
1834; Harveian Society, 1752 ; Hunterian, 1824; Juridical Society, 1773; Medi- 
cal, 1731; Royal Medical, 1737; incorporated, 1778; Philosophical, 1848; 
Royal College of Physicians, 1681 ; Society of Physicians, 1773 ; Royal Physical, 
instituted, 1771 ; incorporated, 1788; Plinian Society, 1829; Royal Society, 
established, 1782; incorporated, 1783; reincorporated, 181 1 ; Watt's Institution 
and School of Arts, 1S21 ; Wernerian Natural History Society, instituted, 1808. 

EDINBURGH REVIEW. This was the earliest review of books published in Gt 
Britain, 'an historical account of books and transactions in the learned world,' 
1688. This was followed by one published in 1755. The first number of the 
present Review, which was suggested by Sydney Smith to Jeffrey, published in 
Oct., 1802. 

EDINBURGH, the University of, founded by James VI., by charter, April 



240 EDLINGHAM CASTLE EGYPT 

24, 1582. The School of Medicme first came into repute under Br Monro, 
1 720 ; the new building erected by Mr Adams from the designs of Mr Playfair, 
Carlyle installed as Rector, April 2, 1866. Conferred the title of LLD. upon Mr 
D'Israeli and Mr Lowe, Oct. 30, 1867. 
EDLINGHAM CASTLE, Northumberland, erected fe;«/. Henry I., 1100-35. 

EDMONDSBURY, ST, Monastery of, at Bury St Edmunds, Suffolk, built, 663 ; 
enlarged, 1031 ; arches near the East Gate, built, 1148. 

EDMUND HALL, ST, Oxford, founded in 1226, by Edmund le Riche, Archbishop 
of Canterbury ; refounded in 1559. The chapel consecrated by Bishop Fell, 
April 7, 1682. 

EDMUNDS, Mr, Clerk of the Patents, appointed by Lord Chancellor Brougham, 
in 1833 ; subsequently appointed clerk to the patent commission, Oct., 1852 ; 
charged with embezzling ,,^9000 of the public money, allowed a pension of ;£'8oo 
a year by the Lords, on the recommendation of Lord Chancellor Westbury, Feb. 
17, 1865, who conferred the office upon hi* son. A committee of the Lords ap- 
pointed to inquire into the subject, March 7, 1865 ; first sitting of, March 16 ; re- 
port confirming the charges. May 2 ; the pension rescinded. May 9 ; the report 
communicated to the Commons, May 1 1 ; vote of censure upon Lord Westbury, 
moved by Mr Hunt, carried, July 3 ; resignation of, July 4. 

EDUCATION. National Schools established upon the principles of Dr Bell, of 
Madras, 1810 ; the different schools incorporated, 181 1. Sunday schools estab- 
lished, 1781-82. Parochial schools established in Scotland, 1494. The salary 
of schoolmasters fixed, 1696, and by the 43 Geo. III. c. 54, June 11, 1803. The 
Society for propagating Christian Ivnowledge, incorporated, 1709 ; encouraged, in 
Ireland, each incumbent to teach a school, 1537 ; various sums granted to the 
different societies established for the purpose of education, a board of commissioners 
appointed for National Education, 183 1. The number attending district schools 
was 33,826 in 1852. Central Society of Education established in London, 
1837- 

EGHAM, Surrey. The manor of, granted by Henry VIII. to Lord Windsor, set- 
tled by Charles I. upon his Queen, as her jointure ; sold by the commissioners for 
the Commonwealth for ^1201, in 1653. St John's Church founded by the Nor- 
mans ; taken down, 181 7 ; foundation-stone of the present laid, April 9, 181 7; 
opened, March 16, 1820. The Coopers' school and almshouses, founded by Mr 
H. Strode, March 16, 1703 ; built in 1706. The bridge over the Thames at 
Staines, built, 1796; cost;!^9000; the centre arch gave way, 1797. Iron bridge 
began, 1801 ; completed, 1803; cost ;^4900 ; this fell down the same year. 
The present bridge built from the design of Mr G. Rennie, and opened by William 
IV., April 23, 1832. Magna Charta signed at Runnymede by King John, June 
i5> 1215. 

EGLINGTON TOURNAMENT, held by the Eari of, at his castle, Aug. 28, and 
the four following days, 1839. 

EGYPT. The first king, of Menes, began to reign B.C. 2717 ; Amenophisl. made 
king of, 1821 ; the government of Joseph began, 1876; Jacob came into the 
country, 1867 ; the Exodus took place, 1652. King Aahmes founded the l8th 
dynasty ; Rameses II. began to reign, 1340 ; the kingdom divided between 12 
kings, 685 ; Alexander took Egypt, 332 ; Ptolemy succeeded to the kingdom, 
323 ; Phoenicia subjected, 314 ; Cyprus reduced, 315 ; Palestine taken by Anti- 
gonus, 311 ; an embassy sent to Rome, 274 ; the kingdom invaded by Antiochus, 
168 ; civil war between Physcon and his brother, Philometer, 154 ; Physcon 
ascended the throne, 146 ; the kingdom visited by a plague, 145 ; Thebes sacked 
and destroyed, 88 ; Gabinius, the Roman general, conquered the army and subju- 



EGYPTIAN ERA EISENACH 241 

gated the country, 55 ; Caesar attacked Alexandria and the library destroyed, 48 ; 
Cleopatra and Antony ruled with great licentiousness, 41 ; defeated at the 
battle of Actium, Sept. 2, 31 ; Octavius subsequently invaded the country; An- 
tony and Cleopatra destroyed themselves, and Egypt fell under the power of Au- 
gustus, 30. Revolt of the Jews, A.D. 115. Hadrian visited here, 130, and again, 
134; rebellion, and Avidius Cassius assumed the purple, 175. The Christians per- 
secuted by Trajanus Decius, 250. Zenobia reduced this country under her rule, 
270 ; revolt, and Achilles raised to the purple, 288 ; reduced under the Roman 
sway, 292 ; Alexandria taken and Achilles slain, 297 ; Diocletian's Edict pub- 
lished, 303 ; the Persians ravaged the country, 501 ; Chosroes stripped Heraclius 
of the whole, 616 ; invaded by the Moslems, under Amr-Ibn-El-A, 639 ; Alexan- 
dria taken after a siege of 14 months, Dec. 22, 640 ; the famous library destroyed ; 
the foundation of the Ahmad dynasty, 870 ; the Fatimite dynasty began to rule, 
970 ; the government seized by the Mamelukes, 1250 ; these Vv^ere subdued by 
Sultan Selim, 1520 ; the Mamelukes again obtained power, 1798 ; the French in- 
vade Eg}'pt, under Napoleon, 179S ; the English expel the Frencli, 1801 ; Mo- 
hammed Ali Bey destroyed the power of the Mamelukes, 181 1, when many 
thousands were slain ; declared their independence, 181 1; Belzoni makes several 
valuable discoveries, 1816 ; the Mahmoud canal completed to the Nile, 1820 ; 
Mohammed revolted against the Porte, 1831 ; defeated the forces of the Sultan, 
June, 1S39, and acknowledged as Viceroy of Egypt ; the revolt of the Egyptians, 
under Mohammed Ali, 1839 ; they were defeated by the English forces at Bey- 
rout, 1840 ; the insurrection quelled, 1841 ; Said Pacha succeeds as Viceroy, 
July 14, 1854 ; the Prince of Wales visits Cairo, March 27, 1862 ; the Viceroy 
visits England, June 3, 1862 ; Ismail Pasha succeeds as Viceroy, Jan. 18, 1863; 
the Sultan visits the country. May, 1863. A part of the Suez canal opened, 
Aug. 15, 1865. The Viceroy visits England, July 6, 1867 ; received by the 
Queen at Windsor, July 8 ; entertained by the Lord Mayor of London at the 
Mansion Plouse, July 1 1 ; the Corporation of London present him with an ad- 
dress at Dudley House, July 16 ; visited the Crystal Palace, and presented 
;CS°° towards its restoration, July 13 ; entertained by the United Service Club, 
July 12 ; left London, July 18 ; returned to Cairo, Sept. 16. 

EGYPTIAN ERA. The ancient Egyptian year consisted of 365 days ; and a 
tropical year of 12 months, of 30 days to each month. This was called the 
' vagLie year,' B.C. 1500 ; abandoned by order of Augustus, B.C. 24, who estab- 
lished the Julian year. 

EGYPTIAN SOCIETY, London, instituted for the study of hieroglyphics, 1819 ; 
the Syro-Egyptian Society instituted, 1844. 

EHRENBREITSTEIN, Prussia. This celebrated fortress was built by the Romans, 
and during the Middle Ages was the palace of the electors of Treves ; the French 
under Marshal Boufflers, aided by the great engineer Vauban, besieged it in vain, 
1688 ; they again besieged it and took it after a 14 months' siege, Jan. 24, 1799 ; 
destroyed the defences, Feb. 9, 1801 ; since 1814 the Prussians have entirely re- 
fortified it. 

EICHSTADT, Bavaria, a Roman town, and surrounded by walls and fortified, 908 ; 
the cathedral built, 1259 ; the Town-hall, 1440 ; came into possession of the 
Bavarians, 1805 ; made the capital and bestowed by Napoleon I. on Prince 
Eugene Beauhamois, Duke of Leuchtenberg, 1 807. 

EINSIEDELN, Switzerland, is annually visited by 150,000 pilgrims to the Bene- 
dictine abbey; the abbey founded in the loth century ; rebuilt, 1719; Ulrich 
Zwingli, the Swiss Reformer, preached against the abbey at one of these festivals, 
1 5 1 7 ; the treasury plundered by the French, 1 798. 

EISENACH, Germany. The original tov/n founded, 1140 ; the refuge of Luther, 

16 



242 EISENSTADT ELECTRIC LIGHT 

1521 ; an independent principality formerly, but fell to the dukes of Saxe-Weimar, 
1 741. 

' SENSTADT, Hungary. It is here that the splendid palace of Prince Esterhazy 
was built by Prince Paul, Palatine of Hungary, 1683 ; enlarged, 1805. 

EISTEDDFOD, or^annual session of the Welsh Bards ; a schism took place 
amongst them in the 5th century; they held the session of 11 76 at Cardigan 
Castle ; the last meeting, convened by royal authority, 9 Eliz., Oct. 20, 1567 ; 
they were revived at the beginning of the present century ; the last was held at 
Caermarthen, Sept. 4, 1867. 

ELBA, Mediterranean, has in turn been ruled by Etruscans, Carthaginians, and 
Romans. Charles V. ceded the territory of Porto Ferrajo to the Duke of Tuscany, 
1548 ; Philip III. of Spain fortified Porto Longone, 1596 ; the Neapolitans re- 
mained masters of the island until 1 796 ; taken by the British forces, July, 1 796 ; 
ceded to France by the treaty of Amiens, 1802 ; reunited to Tuscany, 1807 ; 
erected into a sovereignty by the treaty of Paris, 1814 ; Napoleon here kept a 
prisoner from May 3, 1814, to Feb. 26, 1815 ; upon his second abdication it re- 
verted to Prussia. 

ELBING, Prussia, founded, 1237, and was one of the most important members of 
the Hanseatic League ; united to Prussia, 1772 ; convention concluded here be- 
tween the King of Prussia and Napoleon I., 1807. 

ELCHINGEN, battle. The French army, under Marshal Ney, defeated the 
Austrians, Oct. 14, 1805 ; for these services he was created Duke of Elchingen. 

ELDERS. In Jewish history probably they are the heads of tribes, or great families ; 
Moses and Aaron treated the elders as representatives of the nation, Exod. xii. 16 
— 21 ; they subsequently became governors over the several tribes, Deut. xxxi. 28; 
magistrates, xvi. 18 ; in the New Testament they are described by St Luke as 
Presbyters. 

ELECTION PETITIONS against the return of members of parliament formerly 
tried by the whole House ; act passed referring them to a select committee chosen 
by ballot, 1770, 10 Geo. III. c. 16 ; amended by 9 Geo. IV. c. 22, May 23, 
1828; election by ballot repealed, 1839 ; acts relating to, consolidated by 11 & 12 
Vict. c. 98, Sept. 4, 1848 ; amended, 28 & 29 Vict. c. 8, April 7, 1865. 

ELECTORS. Qualifications of persons who had the right of voting for knights of 
the shire, were declared by 8 Hen. VI. c. 7, 1429, to be freeholders of lands at 
the annual value of 40^., equivalent to ^^20 of present value ; amended by 10 Hen. 
VI. c. 2, 1432 ; further amended by 14 Geo. HI. c. 58, 1774 ; every man to have 
a freehold in counties to the value of 4.0s.; the Reform Act, 2 Will. IV. c. 45, 
June 7, 1842, extended the right of voting; the numbers of electors largely increased 
by the Reform Bill of 1867. — See Reform. 

ELECTORS OF GERMANY. The origin of the electoral dignity is somewhat 
doubtful ; it is traced by some to the loth century. The number of electors was 
settled by the golden bull of Charles II., 1356 ; the Abps of Mayence, Treves, and 
Cologne, the King of Bohemia, the Count Palatine, the Duke of Saxony, and the 
Margrave of Brandenburg, 1648 ; the Duke of Bavaria was put in the place of the 
Count Palatine ; he was afterwards reinstated, and a 9th added in 1692 ; the num- 
bers increased to 10 by the Diet of Ratisbon ; the empire declared hereditary, 1804. 

ELECTRIC CLOCKS. The application of this science to clocks adopted with 
success by Mr Bain, 1841 ; improved by Mr Shepherd of Leadenhall-street, 1850 ; 
the clocks in the Exhibition of 185 1, by the same maker, failed. 

ELECTRIC LIGHT. A lamp upon this principle invented by Messrs Greener 
and Staite, 1846 ; Dr Watson illuminated Westminster Bridge with this light, 
1858 ; the same light was introduced into the South Foreland Lighthouse, 1859. 



ELECTRICITY ELGIN 



243 



ELECTRICITY. Thales, the philosopher of Miletus, first noticed that amber 
rubbed possessed the property of attraction, B.C. 600 ; and Theophrastus and 
PHny both mentioned this power; Eustathius also recorded this fact, A.D. 415 ; 
but Dr Gilbert Colchester discovered and founded this science, 1600 ; the cele- 
brated Mr Boyle added many new facts, 1675 ; Otto Guericke made some further 
discoveries. Newton seems to have made the first glass electrical machine ; his ex- 
periments were tried at the Royal Society, and found successful, Jan. 13, 1676 ; 
Mr F. Hawksbee communicated several new discoveries in this science, 1705 ; Mr 
Gray followed, 1720 ; Mr Dufay gives the names of two kinds of electricity, 
vitreous and resinous ; the Leyden jar or phial invented, 1745 ; Dr Franklin raised 
these discoveries into a science, and conceived the necessity of lightning conductors, 
1752 ; Professor Richman killed by an explosion of, Aug. 6, 1753 ; found to con- 
tain caloric, and that it would inflame spirits, 1756 ; galvanic electricity discovered 
by Galvani, 1790, but fixed by Volta in the voltaic pile, 1800 ; H. C. Oersted of 
Copenhagen discovered that a magnetic needle deviated to the right or left, ac- 
cording to the direction of the current, 1820 ; Dr Faraday discovered the magneto- 
electricity ; the Hydro-electric machine invented by Mr Armstrong, 1841 ; the 
Electrical Society founded in London for the study of this science, 1837 ; Trans- 
actions and Proceedings of, first published, 1841. 

ELECTRIC TELEGRAPHS.— i"^^ Telegraph. 

ELECTRICAL DISPENSARY, founded in London, 1793. 

ELECTRO-MAGNETISM, discovered by H. C. Oersted of Copenhagen, 1820; 
M. Arago discovered the power of developing magnetism in iron and steel, Sept. 
25, 1820 ; Dr Seebeck subsequently discovered that currents can be produced by 
heat alone. 

ELECTROTYPE, discovered by Volta, 1799, and by Messrs Nicholson and 
Carlisle, May 2, 1 800. The earliest instance of the deposition of metals by 
electrolysis, 1801 ; Mr Henry Bessemer first brought it into practical use, 1834 ; 
Mr John Wright discovered the process, Dec, 1837 ; Messrs Elkington patented 
their process, July, 1838 ; amended patent, March 25, 1840 ; magneto-electric 
machine patented by Mr Wolrich, Aug., 1842; patent granted to Messrs Mill- 
ward and Lyons, for depositing the silver bright, March, 1847. The first manu- 
factory of plated goods was established at Soho, Birmingham, by Mr Boulton, 
1 764. Printing by electrotype followed plating. 

ELEPHANT, White, of Denmark, order of knighthood founded by Canute, 1190 ; 
renewed by Christian I., 1458 ; statutes altered by Christian V., 1693 ; managed 
by the chapter of the royal order, established at Copenhagen, June 28, 1802. 

ELEPHANTS, used by Darius against Alexander, B.C. 331 ; and by Porus against 
the same commander, at the battle of Hydaspes, when Alexander captured up- 
wards of 50, B.C. 327 ; the Romans first saw them at the battle of Heraclea, B.C. 
280. 

ELEPHANT ERA. This era commenced amongst the Arabs in the year when 
the Abassines were vanquished in their expedition against Mecca, and in which 
Mahomet was born, A.D. 57^- 

ELEUSINIAN MYSTERIES, a great festival observed every fourth year by the 
Celeans and Phliasians, and other nations ; introduced by Eumolpus, at Athens, 

B.C. 1356. 

ELEVATION of the Host, introduced by the Pope, 1222. 

ELGIN, Scotland, a royal burgh ; the cathedral founded, 1224 ; destroyed by fire, 
1270, and subsequently rebuilt ; it was again burnt with part of the town, 1390 ; 
afterwards rebuilt ; the lead stripped off the roof by order of the Privy Council, 
1568 ; the great tower fell, 171 1, and the whole is noAV a ruin. 



244 ELGIN MARBLES ELY CATHEDRAL 

ELGIN MARBLES, collected by Lord Elgin, 1 801-2, from the Acropolis of Athens, 
the work of Phidias, B.C. 500 ; the government offered to purchase the collection, 
181 1, for ^30,000; this was declined, but they were purchased in 1815 for 
;^35,000, and deposited in the British Museum. 

ELIS, Greece. This kingdom was early inhabited by the Pelasgians, who presided 
over the festivals at Olympia, but were deprived of it, B.C. 747 ; they were the 
allies of Sparta in the Peloponnesian war to the peace of Nicias, B.C. 421 ; fought 
against them at the battle of Mantineia, B.C. 418; defeated by the Arcadians, 
B.C. 365 ; the presidency of the Olympic festival restored to them, B.C. 362 ; the 
festival aboUshed by Theodosius, A.D. 394 ; Alaric devastated the country, 396. 

ELIZABETH CASTLE, Jersey, built, 1586. 

ELIZABETH, East India ship, wrecked off Dunkirk, and only 22 persons saved, 
Dec. 30, 1810. 

ELIZABETH, ST, order of, instituted for ladies at Manheim, Oct. 13, 1766. 

ELIZABETH THERESE, the order of, founded by Elizabeth, Queen of Charles 
VL of Austria, 1750; remodelled, 1771. 

ELL, a measure fixed by Henry I., iioi, a yard and quarter ; the yard was fixed 
from the length of his arm. 

ELLIS, ELLEN, of Beaumaris, Anglesey, aged 72, brought to bed of her tenth 
child. May, 1776. She had been 46 years married, and her eldest child was 45 
years old ; she had not borne a child for 25 years previously. 

ELOPEMENT of a wife from her husband deprived her of dower, unless her hus- 
band became reconciled to her, 13 Edw. I. c. 34, 1285. 

ELPHIN, Ireland, Bishopric of, founded in the fifth century ; united with Kilmore, 
Aug. 14, 1833. 

ELSINORE, Denmark, created a city by Erick of Pomerania, 1425 ; the castle of 
Kronborg built by Frederick II., 1580 ; it was here that Caroline Matilda, Queen 
of Christian VII., was imprisoned on a charge of adultery until the interfer- 
ence of her brother George III., 1772. The British fleet under Sir Hyde 
Parker and Nelson forced the passage of the straits, 1801, previous to storming 
Copenhagen ; Adm. Gambler did the same previous to the siege of 1807. The 
right to the Sound dues, held by Denmark since the 15th century, abolished, March 
14, 1857, an agreement being entered into with the various nations to pay a cer- 
tain sum as compensation. 

ELSTREE, Cambridgeshire, almost destroyed by a fire, April 3, 1774. 

ELTHAM, Kent. The palace built, 1269 ; Henry III. kept a grand festival here, 
1270 ; Anthony Bek, bishop of Durham, made considerable improvements, 
1302-4; Isabella, Queen of Edward II., was delivered of a son, called John 
of Eltham, 1315 ; Edward III. held a parliament, 1329, 1375 ; and in 1364 
sumptuously entertained his prisoner King John of France here ; repaired by Ed- 
ward IV., 1482 ; Henry VIII. frequently resided in the Palace, and during the 
civil war it was occupied by the Earl of Essex, who died here, 1646. 

ELY, Cambridgeshire. Ethelreda, daughter of Annas, king of the East Angles, 
founded the monastery, 673 ; destroyed by the Danes, 870 ; rebuilt by Bishop 
Ethelwold, 970 ; the cathedral founded by Simeon, a Norman abbot, 1083 ; com- 
pleted, 1189 ; St Mary's Chapel, now Trinity Church, the most elegant stmcture 
of its time, founded in the reign of Edward II., 1320 ; made a bishopric by 
Henry I., 1109. 

ELY CATHEDRAL. The foundation laid by Simeon, 1083 ; the nave begim, 
1093; finished, 11 74; the western tower begun, 1 1 74; finished, 1 1 89; the choir 



ELY HOUSE EMIGRATION 



24^ 



finished, 1252 ; whole length, 535 feet ; transept, 190 feet ; ceiling restored by 
Styleman le Strange, 1863. 

EI>Y HOUSE, Holborn, bequeathed by John deKirkeby, bishop of Ely, to his suc- 
cessor, 1290; the Gatehouse ei-ected by Thomas de Arundel, 1388; John of 
Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster, died here, 1399 ; pulled down, 1780. 

EMANCIPATION ACT, for abolishing slavery throughout the British colonies, 
and for promoting the industry of the manumitted slaves, and compensating slave- 
holders, passed, Aug. 28, 1833, 3 & 4 Will. IV. c. 73 ; emancipation of slavery 
in the United States by proclamation of President Lincoln, Jan. i, 1863 ; Roman 
Catholic Emancipation Act passed, April 13, 1829, 10 Geo. IV. c. 7 ; society 
founded for the abolition of slavery in America, 1862. — .^ev Slavery. 

EMANUEL COLLEGE, Cambridge, founded by Sir Walter Mildmay, 1584 ; 
damaged by fire, Oct., 1811. 

EMANUEL HOSPITAL, Westminster, founded by Lady Anne Dacre, Dec. 20, 
1594 ; the charter of incorporation granted, Dec. 17, 1660 ; the management in- 
vested in the Mayor and Aldermen of London, 1623. 

EMBALMING practised by the most ancient nations. Many of the mummies found 
in Egypt are still perfect ; Joseph commanded the physicians and servants to em- 
balm his father Jacob, and they embalmed Israel in 40 days, Gen. 1. 2, 3 ; and 
Joseph was embalmed in Egypt, ver. 26. The method described by Herodotus, ii. 
86 — 89. The art of, practised during the American civil war. 

EMBANKMENTS. The oldest in England is that of Romney Marsh. Under the 
government of Cromwell upwards of 425,000 acres of fens and morasses were 
recovered, 1 649- 5 1 . — See Thames. 

EMBARGO laid in England to prevent the exportation of corn, 1766 ; one for the 
detention of all Russian, Swedish, and Danish ships, Jan 14, 1801. 

EMBER WEEKS, established by the Church in the 3rd century, are the Wednes- 
day, Friday, and Saturday of Quadragesima Sunday after Whit-Sunday, after Holy- 
rood-day, Sept. 14, and St Lucia's-day, Dec. 13. 

EMBROIDERERS' COMPANY incorporated, 34 Eliz., Oct. 25, 1591 ; hall 
built in Guthurun's Lane in the reign of Henry VIII. 

EMBROIDERY. The art made use of to decorate the tabernacle by Moses, and 
the artist contrasted to the cunning workman. Exodus xxxv. 35 ; a machine for 
making, invented at Paris, 1854; not allowed to be imported by 22 Geo. II. c. 
36, 1749- 

EMESA, battle. Zenobia defeated at, 272. 

EMERALD, one of the precious stones on the breastplate of the high priest 
Aaron, Exodus xxviii. 18, xxxix. 11, B.C. 1491 ; imported to Tyre from Syria, 
Ezek. xxvii. 16. The emeralds were anciently procured from Ethiopia ; Pope 
Julius adorned the Papal tiara with an African one, 1510 ; one belonging to 
Charlemagne, weighing 28 lb., presented to the church ; the one best known in 
England is in the possession of Mr Hope, it weighs six ounces. 

EMIGRATION. The Book of Genesis, xiii. 8— 11, affords a striking illustration of 
emigration. Lot taking possession of all the plains of Jordan. The countries to 
which emigration has mainly extended during the last 50 years, are — N. America, 
United States, Australia, Van Diemen's Land, New Zealand, and the Cape of 
Good Flope. In 1825 the distress in trade gave an impetus to emigration, and it 
was intrusted to the colonial office to carry out, 1 840 ; commissioners appointed 
to superintend; an act passed, 1835, for the conveyance of; amended, 1842. 
The number of emigrants from the United Kingdom from 181 5 to 1866 : — 



246 EMINENCE ENGINEERS 

To the United States 3. 758,7^9 

N. American Colonies 1,286,020 

Australia and New Zealand 929,182 

Other places 132,401 

6,106,392 
EMINENCE, Title of, first borne by cardinals, 1644, by a decree of Pope Urban 

VIII., Jan. 10, 1631. 
EMIR. This Eastern title of dignity awarded by Fatima, the daughter of Mahomet, 

to the descendants of the prophet, 650 ; the Emir wears a green turban. 
EMLY, Bishopric of, an extinct Irish see, 448 ; incorporated with Cashel, 1568. 
EMPALEMENT, a punishment of very ancient date ; a stake being passed longi- 
tudinally through the body, which is then placed upright. The assassin of Gen. 
Kleber in Egypt was staked or impaled, 1800 ; abolished in England by the 
statute relating to the interment of the remains of any person found yt-^ de se, but 
that they should be buried between 9 and 12 o'clock of a night, 4 Geo. IV. c. 52, 
July 8, 1823. 
EMPEROR, from the Latin wiperator, at first a military title. Augustus Ceesar 
was the first Roman emperor, B.C. 27 ; Valens, the first Emperor of the East, 
364 ; Emperor of the West, Charlemagne, 800 ; Emperor of Russia, Peter the 
Great, 1721 ; the title has been often adopted in modern times, the last being 
Napoleon III., Emperor of the French, 1852. 
ENAMELLING, art of, known in England in the time of Alfred the Great, 837 ; 

improved subsequently. 
ENCAUSTIC PAINTING, art restored, 1749, by Count Caylus and others. 
ENCUMBERED ESTATES, acts passed to facilitate the sale of, in Ireland : il 
& 12 Vict. c. 48, Aug. 14, 1848 ; 12 & 13 Vict. c. 77, July 28, 1849 ; 15 & 16 
Vict. c. 67, June 30, 1852 ; 23 & 24 Vict. c. 82, Aug. 6, i860. 
ENDOR in the territory of Issachar possessed by Manasseh, Josh. xvii. 11. It was 

here Saul consulted the witch, i Sam. xxviii. 7 — 20. 
ENFIELD, Middlesex. Humphrey de Bohun had the king's permission to fortify 
his mansion, 1347 ; Princess Ehzabeth resided here, and the news of the 
death of Henry VIII. was brought to Prince Edward, afterwards Edward VI., 
who was residing at, Jan. 30, 1546-7 ; Queen Elizabeth frequently stayed at 
Hatfield House during her reign, Sept. 8—12, 1561 ; July 25— 30, 1564; Richard 
Gough, the antiquary, resided here ; died at his residence in the town, 1789 ; 
visited by the plague, Oct., 1788. Races established, 1789-90; Enfield chase 
enclosed, 41 Geo. III. c. cxliii., July 2, 1801. The earliest parish register is 

1550- 
ENFIELD RIFLE, adopted by the British Government, 1853 ; works begun at 

Enfield, 1854 ; first guns produced, 1858 ; they now manufacture 2000 guns per 

week. 
ENGHIEN, battle, between William III. of England and Marshal Luxemburg, the 

English being defeated, Aug. 3, 1692. 
ENGHIEN, Duke d', arrested at Ettenheim, March 15, 1804 ; condemned after a 

mock trial at Vincennes on the 20th, and shot at six o'clock in the morning of the 

2ist. 
ENGINEERS, civil and military; the latter were once called trench masters, 1622 ; 

the chief engineer, camp master-general, 1634 ; the corps of the engineers of the 

army was once a civil corps, but made a military one, and directed to act with 

the artillery, April 25, 1787. 



ENGINEERS ENGLAND 247 

ENGINEERS, Institution of Civil, in London, established, 1818 ; incorporated, 
June 3, 1828 ; corps of Royal, instituted in London, 1838 ; Smeatonian Society 
of Engineers, established in London, 1771 ; the Society of Engineers instituted in 
London, 1854. 

ENGLAND, said to have been so named by King Egbert, 829, in an official form ; 
generally supposed to be derived from the Saxon Angles, and loud or land for 
country. Originally inhabited by a branch of the Gauls or Celts ; the extreme 
west, or Cornwall, seems to have been known to the Phoenicians and Carthagin- 
ians, who traded there from Gades, or Cadiz, for tin, B.C. looo. The western 
part, in the time of Julius Csesar, inhabited by the Belgse, the northern by the 
Brigantes, South Wales by the Silures, and Norfolk and Suffolk by the Iceni. In- 
vaded by Julius Csesar, Aug. 26, B.C. 55 ; again, 54 ; subdued by Claudius, A. D. 44 ; 
Caractacus taken prisoner to Rome, 52 ; Boadicea defeated by the Romans, previ- 
ously having burnt London, 61 ; the conquest of England completed by Agricola, 
79. Hadrian's Wall erected, 121 ; Antoninus's, 138. Constantine the Great born 
at York, 274. St Alban, the first Christian martyr in Britain, suffered at St Al- 
bans, 304. Constantine raised to the Imperial power, 306. The Romans departed, 
418 ; ravaged by the Picts, 448 ; the Saxons invited to aid the Britons, 450 ; con- 
quered by the Saxons, 455 ; they divided it into seven kingdoms, called the hept- 
archy ; erected into a kingdom by the union of all the kingdoms of the heptarchy, 
near 400 years after the arrival of the Saxons, 827 ; it was called England by order 
of Egbert, the first king of England, in a genei-al council held at Winchester, 829 ; 
the name of England, and of Englishmen, had been used as far back as 688, but 
had never been ratified by any assembly of the nation. The Danes first appeared 
off Teignmouth, 787 ; made several attacks, but were totally routed at Plengestdown, 
Cornwall, 835. The Danes defeated the Saxons at Merton, Ethelred being killed, 
871 ; Mercia taken by them, 872 ; invade Wessex, 876. Alfred driven to seek 
refuge in the island of Athelney, 878 ; he defeated the Danes, and recovered his 
kingdom, 880 ; enlarged his navy, 883 ; divided England into counties and hun- 
dreds, 886 ; published his Code of Laws, 890 ; Hastings repulsed by Alfred at 
Exeter, 894 ; a general survey made, and the rolls deposited at Winchester, 896 ; 
the war terminates in England, and the Danes retired, 897 ; a league formed by 
the Danes, Scots, and other nations ; Athelstan defeated them with great slaughter ; 
Constantine, king of Scotland, and five other kings slain, 938. Sweyn and Olaus, 
kings of Denmark and Norway, sail up the Thames with 94 vessels, Sept., 994 ; 
they harassed the kingdom to such an extent, that Ethelred II. made an inglori- 
ous peace with them, and agreed to pay tribute annually, besides ;^io,ooo in 
money, provided they retired and discontinued their invasions. The Danes con- 
tinuing their depredations, Ethelred devised a scheme for their massacre, which 
was carried out, Nov. 13, 1002. Sweyn returned to England to revenge this mas- 
sacre, 1002, but desisted from his purpose, on payment of ;!^36,ooo of silver, 
1007 ; this was the origin of a land-tax, called Danegelt. Sweyn invaded England 
again, and conquered it, 1010-13. Ethelred retired to Normandy, 1013 ; Sweyn 
died, Feb. 3,1014; Ethelred recalled, 1015. Canutechosenkingby the Danish fleet, 
and invaded England, 1015 ; five battles fought between Canute and Edmund 
Ironsides, 1016 ; crowned king of England, Norway, Denmark, and Sweden, in 
1017 ; visited Rome, 1027. Edward the Confessor restored the Saxon line, 1042. 
Harold II. defeated at Hastings, by William, Duke of Normandy, Oct. 14, 1066, 
who established a Norman dynasty. The Danes landed at the Humber, and were 
joined by Edgar, Sept., 1069. Hampshire depopulated to make the New Forest, 
1079 ; a tax of 6^. was ordered to be levied upon every hide of land, and a new survey 
made of England, and the register, called Doomsday Book, began, 1085 ; finished, 
1086. The taxes were levied according to this survey until the 13 Hen. VIII., 
1522. Odo, bishop of Bayeux, assisted by some of the Norman nobles, revolted, 
1088 ; invaded by Malcolm III., king of Scotland, who reduced Alnwick Castle, 



248 ENGLAND 

Nov. 13, 1093. The sea overflowed 4000 acres of land belonging to the Earl 
Godwin, since known as the ' Godwin Sands,' 1 100. Normandy made an English 
Duchy, 1 1 16. Prince William, the heir-apparent, wrecked at Cape Race with 140 
young noblemen and ladies of rank, Nov. 25, 1 120. David I., king of Scotland, in- 
vaded the northern counties, but was defeated at Alleiton, Aug. 22, 1 138. Matilda, 
daughter of Henry I., claimed the throne, landed at Portsmouth, Sept. 30, 1139. 
Stephen defeated at Lincoln, and imprisoned in Bristol castle, Feb. 2, 1140. Ma- 
tildi crowned at Winchester, April 7, 1141 ; retired to Normandy, 1145 ; Stephen 
restored. Henry, Duke of Normandy, son of Matilda, arrived in England to claim 
his hereditary right to the throne, and was supported by the Barons ; a compromise 
was effected at Wallingford, Nov. 7, 1153, by which Stephen should reign for life, 
and Henry to succeed him. The first of the Plantagenets, Henry II., crowned, 
Dec. 19, 1154; conquered Ireland, 1171-2. Thomas a Becket made Lord Chan- 
cellor, 1 155 ; made Archbishop of Canterbuiy, May 24, 1162 ; a council met at 
Clarendon, and passed certain Constitutions, Jan. 26, 1164 ; Becket killed, Dec. 
29, 1 170; Henry II. does penance at Becket's tomb, July 12, 1174. William I., 
the Lion, of Scotland, invaded Northumberland ; taken prisoner, July 12, 11 74. 
England divided into six circuits for the administration of justice, 11 76. The king 
again repeated his devotion at Becket's tomb, 11 78. Digests of the Civil Law, by 
Ranulph de Glanville, 1180. Richard crowned, Sept. 3, 1189; and ordered the 
massacre of the Jews in England ; joined Philip of France, on the plains of Vizelay, 
to engage in the Crusades, 11 90; made prisoner, Dec. 28, 1192 ; ransomed for 
;rf30o,ooo, Feb. 4, 1194. The battle of Gisors, 1198; the watch-word given, 
Dieu et mon droit, has become the national motto. King John defeated, and 
Normandy joined France, 1205 ; excommunicated, Nov., 1209; does homage to the 
pope before his legate, at Dover, May 15, 1213. Magna Charta signed at Runny- 
mede, June 15, 1215. Louis of France lands at the invitation of the Barons, 1216; 
defeated at Lincoln, Sept. 22, 121 7. The m.ayor first sworn before the Exchequer, 
1251. The Barons revolted under Simon de Montfort, and defeated the king at 
Lewes ; the king taken prisoner. May 13, 1264. The first Parliament met at West- 
minster, Jan. 28, 1265. Edward escaped and collected an army, with which he de- 
feated the Barons at Evesham, Aug. 4, 1265. David, Prince of Wales, executed 
at Shrewsbury, Sept. 20, 1283 ; and Wales united to England, March 19, 1284. 
Edward defeats Llewellyn at the battle of Llandilovawr, Dec. 11, 1292; made 
arbitrator of the Scottish succession, claimed the crown for himself and made 
Baliol his vassal, 1292. Wales subdued, 1295. The rights of raising supplies 
vested in the representatives of the people, Oct. 10, 1297. Wallace executed, 
Aug. 24, 1305; Gaveston beheaded by order of Guy Earl of Warwick, at 
Warwick Castle, June 19, 13 12. The Barons and King reconciled, 131 3. 
Scotland invaded by Edward II. defeated by Bruce at Bannockburn, June 24, 
1 3 14. Bruce landed at Carrickfergus, and burnt Dundalk, 1315 ; crowned 
King of Ireland, 1316; peace restored for 13 years. May 30, 1323. Edward 
deposed, Jan. 7, and murdered at Bei^keley Castle, Sept. 21, 1327. Bruce invaded 
Cumberland and Durham, and compelled Edward III. to withdraw his claim to 
the Scottish crown, March 17, 1328. Mortimerarrested and executed, Nov. 29, 1330. 
Edward invaded Scotland to assert his right, and gained the battle of Halidon 
Llill, July 19, 1333. The French fleet destroyed off Sluys, June 24, 1340. 
Queen Philippa defeated the Scots at Neville's Cross, Oct. 17, 1346. France in- 
vaded by Edward III., 1340 ; the battle of Cressy fought, Aug. 26, 1346; 
Calais surrendered, Aug. 4, 1347. The Order of the Garter established, 1349. 
Edward the Black Prince, at Poictiers, took John King of France prisoner, Sept. 
19, 1356 ; returned with him as a prisoner to London, May 24, 1357 ; Edward 
III. landed at Calais with a large army, 1359. The treaty of Bretigny signed, 
Oct. 24, 1360. The English language used in law, 1362 ; Sir Henry Green, 
Chief Justice, fined and removed for extortion, 1365. Truce between England and 



ENGLAND 



249 



France, 1374. Insurrection Wat Tyler, killed by Sir William Wallace, in Smith- 
field, June 15, 1 38 1. The Scotch and French made several incursions in the North, 
Edinburgh, Perth, and Dundee being reduced to ashes, 1385. The battle of Otter- 
burn between Percy and Douglas, Aug. 10, 1388 (this gave rise to the old ballad of 
Chevy Chace). The first Navigation Act passed in 1392. The Duke of Gloucester 
seized and murdered at Calais, 1397. Wager of battle between the Duke of Here- 
ford and Norfolk interrupted by the King, and the Dukes banished, 1398. 
Henry of Bolingbroke landed at Ravenspur, July 4, 1399. Richard taken 
prisoner and resigned the crown, Sept. 29, 1399. The Scots defeated by dae 
Percies at Homildon Hill, Sept. 14, 1402 ; the Percies rebelled, 1402; defeated at 
Shrewsbury, Hotspur being slain, July 21, 1403. Scroope, Archbishop of York, 
rebelled and beheaded, 1405. The Duke of Northumberland again rebelled, and 
was slain at Bramham Moor, Feb. 19, 1408. Wickliffe's books condemned by 
the University of Oxford, 1409. Lord Cobham suffered for heresy, Sept. 25, 
1413. Hemy V. invaded France, 1415 ; took Harfleur, Sept. 22; defeated the 
French army at Agincourt, Oct. 25. Sir John Oldcastle condemned as a traitor and 
heretic, and burnt, 1418. Treaty of Troyes, May 21, 1420. Marriage of Henry V. 
to Catherine of France, June 2. Jack Cade's insurrection, June, 1450. The civil war 
commenced with the battle of St Albans, May 23, 1455. The battle of Bloreheath, 
Sept. 23, 1459 ; Henry VL taken prisoner at Northampton, July 10, 1460. The 
battle of Wakefield Green, Richard, Duke of York, killed, Dec. 31, 1460. Second 
battle of St Albans, the Earl of Warwick routed, Jan. 17, 1461. The battle of 
Mortimer's Cross, the Yorkists gained the day, Feb. 2, 1461. The Lancastrians 
defeated at Towton, on Palm Sunday, March 29, 1461. Edward the IV. 's first 
parliament met, Nov. 4, 1461. Queen Margaret returned with fresh troops, and 
fought unsuccessfully the battles of Hedgley Moor, April 25, and Hexham, May 
15, 1464. Edward married Lady Elizabeth Grey, May i, 1464 ; Edward retired 
to Holland, 1470, and Henry VI. resumed the crown, but Edward landed with 
a foreign army in the next year, captured the king and the city of London, fought 
the battle of Barnet, April 14, 1471, Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick, being slain ; 
defeated the Lancastrians again at Tewkesbury, May 4, 1471, Henry's eldest son 
being slain ; with this battle ended the War of the Roses. The Duke of Clarence 
drowned in a butt of Malmsey wine, in the Tower, Feb. 17, 1478. A plague in 
London, 1479. The Scots ravaged the borders, but were successfiilly opposed by 
Richard Duke of Gloucester ; the Duke of Gloucester usurped the throne as 
Richard III., June 26, 1483 ; Prince Edward V. and the Duke of York murdered 
in the Tower, Aug., 1483 ; the Earl of Richmond landed at Milford Haven, Aug. 
7, 1485, defeated and slew Richard III. at the battle of Bosworth Field, Aug. 22, 
1485. The statutes of Richard I. expressed in the English language. Henry VII. 
married the Princess Elizabeth of York, Jan. 18, 14S6. Lambert Simnel claimed 
the crown, i486 ; totally defeated at the battle of Stoke, June 16, 14S7. Perkin 
AVarbeck acknowledged as Duke of York, 1492 ; married the daughter of Lord 
Huntley, and, with the assistance of the King of Scotland, invaded England, 1496 ; 
taken and executed at Tyburn, Nov. 23, 1499. Lord Warwick, after being kept 
a prisoner for 15 years, beheaded on Tower-hill, Nov. 28, 1499. Henry VIII. 
married Catharine of Arragon, his brother's widow, June 7, 1509 ; Empson and 
Dudley beheaded, Aug. 18, 1510 ; Wolsey m.ade almoner to the king, 1510. 
Henry invaded France and fought the successful battle of Guinegate, or the battle 
of Spurs, Aug. 16, 1513- Wolsey made Abp of York, Aug. 5, 1514; received a 
cardinal's hat, Sept. 11, 1515 j made sole legate, June 29, 1519. King Henry 
and Charles V. met at Dover, May 26, 1520. Henry and Francis I. of France 
metat Ardres, on the field of the cloth of gold, June 7, 1520. Duke of Buckingham 
beheaded. May 17, 1521. Henry made Defender of the Faith by Pope Leo X., 
Oct. II, 1521. Queen Catharine pleaded her cause before the king and the legates, 
June 21, 1529. Wolsey deprived of the great seal, Oct. 17, 1529; died, Nov. 29, 



250 ENGLAND 

1530. The clergy acknowledged the king's supremacy, May 4, 1531. The 
Parliament abrogated the papal supremacy, and final rupture with the Court 
of Rome, 1534. Bishop Fisher beheaded, June 22, and Sir T. More, July 
6, 1535. The birth of Prince Edward, Oct. 12, 1537. The great monasteries 
dissolved, 1538. The statute of the Six Articles passed, May 5, 1539. T. Crom- 
well beheaded, July 29, 1540. Margaret, Countess Dowager of Salisbury, the last 
of the Plantagenets, beheaded, May 27, 1541. Queen Catherine Howard and 
Lady Rochford beheaded, Feb. 12, 1542. Birth of Mary, Queen of Scots, 1542; 
Edinburgh taken in May, and Boulogne, Sept. 14. Treaty of Crespy, Sept. 17, 
1544. The French fleet threatened hostilities in the Channel, but were driven off 
by Lord Lisle, July 18, 1545. Peace with France, June 7, 1546. The Earl of 
Surrey beheaded, Jan. 19, 1547. Henry VHI. died at "Whitehall, Jan. 28, 1547 ; 
succeeded by Edward VL Lord Seymour beheaded, March 20, 1549. Kett's re- 
bellion put down by Dudley, Earl of Warwick. Protector Somerset sent to the 
Tower, Oct. 13. Boulogne restored to France, March 24, 1549. The Protector 
Somerset readmitted to the council, March 31 ; beheaded, Jan. 22, 1552. Mar- 
riage of Lord Guilford Dudley to Lady Jane Grey, May 25, 1553. Edward VL 
died, July 6. Lady Jane Grey proclaimed Queen, July 10 ; relinquished the crown, 
July 19 ; Mary proclaimed, July 18. Lady Jane and Lord Guilford Dudley be- 
headed, Feb. 12, 1554. Sir Thomas Wyatt's rebellion suppressed, and he exe- 
cuted, April II. Mary married to Philip of Spain, July 25. Parliament restored 
the Roman Catholic religion, Nov. 29, 1554. The Protestants persecuted by Mary : 
John Rogers the first martyr, Feb. 4, 1555 ; Bishop Hooper, Feb. 9 ; Bishop Ferrar, 
March 29 ; Bishops Ridley and Latimer, Oct. 16 ; Cranmer martyred at Oxford, 
March 21, 1556. Cardinal Pole made Abp of Canterbury, March 22. King 
Philip finally left England, July 7, 1557. Calais lost to the English, after being 
in their possession for 210 years, Jan. 7, 1558. Queen Maiy died, Nov. 17. Eliza- 
beth crowned, Jan. 13, 1559. Act of Uniformity passed, Jan. 21, 1559. 
Maiy Queen of Scots took refuge in England, May 16, 1568. Babington's 
conspiracy discovered, Aug. 4, 15S6 ; he executed, Sept. 20. Mary Queen of 
Scots tried, Oct. 11 ; beheaded, Feb. 8, 1587. The Spanish armada de- 
feated, July 29, 1587. Tyrone created a rebellion in L-eland ; Essex sent 
as Lord-Deputy and offended the Queen by treating with him, Sept. 8, 1599; 
Essex beheaded, Feb. 25, 1601. The Spaniards defeated in Ireland by Lord 
Moimtjoy, Dec. 24. Queen Elizabeth died, March 24, 1603; and James VI. of 
Scotland ascended the throne as James I., uniting the two crowns. The style of 
King of Gt Britain first assumed, Oct. 24, 1604. The gtmpowder plot discovered, 
Nov. 5, 1605. Pavd V. forbade the Romanists of England taking the oath of 
allegiance, Sept. 3, 1606. Game Law Act passed, i James I. c. 27, 1604. Perse- 
cution of the Puritans, May 6, 1608. The League between England and France 
renewed, 1610. The New Translation of the Bible, published by authority, May 

2, 161 1. First creation of baronets by purchase. May 22. Henry Prince of Wales 
died suddenly, Nov. 6, 1612. Dissolution of the parliament, June 7, 1614 ; King 
James resorted to raise money by way of benevolence, and obtained ^52,909 ; the 
King gave up the cautionary towns pledged to Elizabeth, May 27, 1616. Sir 
Walter Raleigh beheaded, Oct. 29, 1618. Lord Bacon convicted of bribery. May 

3, 1 62 1. The Earls of Oxford and Southampton, Coke, Selden, and Pym, im- 
prisoned, 1622. James I. died, March 27, 1625. Marriage of King Charles with 
Henrietta Maria, June 13 ; the first parliament met, June 18 ; petition of 
right, June 17, 1628. Buckingham assassinated by Felton, Aug. 23; Prynne, 
Bastwick, and Burton pilloried by the Star Chamber, June 30, 1637. Judgment 
against Hampden for ship money, June 12, 1638 ; judgment cancelled, Feb. 26, 
1641 ; Wentworth, Earl of Strafford, beheaded. May 11. Charles demanded the 
five members, Jan. 3, 1642 ; the royal standard erected at Nottingham, Aug. 22 ; 
battle of Edgehill, Oct. 23. Hampden wounded at Chalgrove, June 18, 1643; 



ENGLAND 251 

died, June 24. Bristol taken by storm, July 26 ; first battle of Newbury, Sept. 20 ; 
Parliament held at Oxford, Jan. 29, 1644 ; battle of Marston Moor, July 2 ; 
second battle of Newbury, Oct. 27; Abp Laud beheaded, Jan. 10, 1645 > treaty of 
Uxbridge failed, Feb. 22 ; battle of Naseby, June 14; Bristol surrendered, Sept. 10. 
Charles surrendered himself to the Scots at Newark, May 5, 1646 ; the Scots de- 
livered him to the parliament, Jan. 30, 1647 ; imprisoned at Carisbrook Castle, 
Nov. 13 ; trial of, Jan. 20, 1649 ; beheaded, Jan. 30. The House of Lords 
abolished, Feb. 5 ; Duke of Hamilton and Lords Holland and Capel beheaded, 
March 9 ; the execution of Montrose, May 21, 1650. Battle of Worcester, Sept. 3, 
165 1. War between England and Holland, May, 1652. Cromwell dissolved 
the Long Parliament, April 20, 1653 ; Barebone Parliament met, July 4 ; 
Cromwell proclaimed Lord Protector, Dec. 16 ; war between England and 
Spain, March 12, 1656. Oliver Cromwell died, Sept. 3, 1658; succeeded by his 
son Richard. The Long Parliament restored. May 7, 1659 ; finally dissolved, 
March 16, 1660. Convention Parliament, April 25, 1660 ; invited Charles H. 
to return to London and receive his crown. May 7 ; Richard Cromwell resigns, 
May 13, 1659. King Charles IL restored. May 29, 1660; Argyll beheaded, 
May 27, l66i ; Marriage of Charles H. to Catherine of Portugal, May 20, 
1662 ; Sir Henry Vane beheaded, June 14. The great plague, Jime 29, Dec. 12, 
1665. The Dutch fleet defeated by Rupert and Monk, June 26, 1666. The great 
fire, Sept. 2-4, 1666. The Dutch sailed up the Med way and destroyed several 
ships, June 3, 1667. Lord Clarendon resigned the great seal and was banished, 
Dec. 18 ; the Cabal ministry formed. Attempt of Blood to steal the crown, 
May 9, 1671 ; the king shut the Exchequer, Jan. 2, 1672. Test Act passed, 
March 29, 1673. Peace between England and Holland signed, Feb. 9, 1674. 
Buckingham, Shaftesbury, Salisbury, and Wharton, sent to the Tower, Feb. 15, 
1677- The Popish Plot discovered, Sept. 6, 1678. Habeas Corpus Act passed. 
May 27, 1679 ; the distinction of Whig and Tory arose, 1680. Viscount Stafford 
beheaded, Dec. 29, the last victim to the Popish plot. The Rye-house plot 
discovered, June 23, 1683. Lord Russell beheaded, July 21. Charles II. died, 
Feb. 6, 1685. Monmouth rebelled, and was defeated at Sedgemoor, July 6 ; 
executed, July 15. Trial of the seven bishops, June 29, 30, 1688. Prince of Orange 
lands at Torbay, Nov. 5 ; James II. withdraws, Dec. 23 ; William and Mary 
proclaimed, Feb. 13, 16S9. Habeas Corpus suspended the first time, March 
16. Bill of Right passed, Dec. 16. Battle of the Boyne, defeat of James IL, July i, 
1690. The national debt was ^3, 130,000, 1691. Marlborough deprived of office, 
Jan. 10, 1692. Queen Mary died, Dec. 28, 1694. Sir John Trevor, Speaker of 
the House of Commons, expelled for bribery, March 18, 1695. Peter the Great 
came to England incognito, Jan. Ii, 1698. Act of Settlement passed, June 12, 
1701. James II. died, Sept. 6. King William HI. died, March 8, 1702. Anne 
crowned, April 23. England suffered from a great storm, Nov. 26 — Dec. i, 1703. 
Charles HI. of Spain arrived at Spithead, Dec. 26, 1703. Union with Scotland, 
6 Anne, c. 11, March 6, 1707- Dr Sacheverell preached a seditious sermon at St 
Paul's, Nov. 5) 1709 j convicted of high treason and suspended from his office 
for three years, ■ March 23, 1710. Peace of Utrecht signed, March 31, 1713. 
Queen Anne died, Aug. i, 1714- George I. ascended the throne, the first of the 
Hanoverian dynasty, Aug. i, 1714. The Riot Act passed, i Geo. I. stat. 2, c. 
5, 1714- Execution of Lords Derwentwater and Kenmure for treason, on Tower- 
hill, Feb. 24, 1 716. An act extending the duration of parliament to seven years, 
I Geo- I. stat. 2, c. 38, 1715. The South Sea Company established, April 7, 
1720 ; dissolved, Sept. 29. The Duke of Marlborough died, June 16, 1722. 
George I. quarrelled with the Prince of Wales and forbade him the palace. Sept, 
14, 1737. Queen Caroline died, Nov. 20. Sir Robert Walpole resigned his office 
of Prime Minister, Feb. 11, 1742. Battle of Dettingen, June 16, 1743, the last 
battle in which the King of England commanded the troops in person. Charles, 



52 ENGLAND 

the young Pretender, defeated the Royalists at Prestonpans, Sept. 20, 1745 ; in- 
vaded England; reduced Carlisle, Nov. 17 ; established himself at Manchester, 
Nov. 29 ; returning to Scotland, he fought the battle of Falkirk, Jan. 1 7, 1 746 ; 
defeated at Culioden, April 16 ; escaped to France, Sept. 20. Lords Kilmarnock 
and Balmerino executed on Tower- hill, Aug. 18, Lovat, Dec. 8. Frederick, 
Prince of Wales, died, March 20, 1751. The new style introduced and the 
calendar altered, Sept. 3 being called the 14, and the year made to begin on Jan. 
I instead of March 24, Sept. 3, 1752. The Marriage Act, 26 Geo. IL c. 33, passed, 
June 7, 1753. Seven Years' War began. May 18, 1756. Indecisive action 
off Minorca, May 20 ; Adm. Byng shot, March 14, 1757. Montreal surrendered 
to Gen. Amherst, Sept. 18, 1760 ; Canada conquered ; George IL died, Oct. 
25. George III. married Charlotte Sophia, Sept. 8, 1761 ; crowned, Sept. 22. 
Pitt resigned the office of Foreign Secretary, Oct. 5. Peace of Paris, Feb. 10, 
1763. Lord Chief Justice Pratt decided against general warrants. May 6. 
American Stamp Act, 5 Geo. III. c. 12, passed, March 22, 1765 ; repealed, 
March 18, 1766. Parliamentary reports in the newspapers, permitted. May 8, 
1771. America renounced allegiance, 1773 ; hostilities commenced, April 19, 
1775. Lord Chatham addressed the Lords for the last time on the American War, 
April 7, 1778; died. May 11. Alarm of invasion, Aug., 1779. The Irish trade 
opened, Dec. 13. Lord George Gordon's riots in London, June 2, 1780 ; tried 
and acquitted, Feb. 8, 1 781. Charles James Fox made Secretary of State, March 
27, 1782. The independence of the United States acknowledged, Dec. 5, 1782 ; 
Mr Adams, the first American ambassador, received at St James, June i, 1785. 
The sinking fund adopted, March 29, 1786. Hastings impeached, 17S6; tried, 
Feb. 13, 1788; accjuitted, April 23, 1795. Severe iUness of the king, Nov. 19, 
1788; recovered, Feb. 19, 1789 ; great rejoicing throughout the kingdom. War 
declared against France, Feb. 11, 1793. Habeas Corpus Act suspended, May 23, 
1794. Hardy, Home Tooke, and others, tried for constructive treason, Oct. 29. 
The Prince of Wales married Caroline of Brunswick, April 8, 1795. The Princess 
Charlotte bom, Jan. 7, 1796. Commercial panic, the Bank of England stopped 
cash payment, Feb. 27, 1797. Mutiny at Spithead, April, 1797 ; at theNore, June, 
1797. Battle of the Nile, Aug. i, 1798. Union with Ireland, Jan. i, 1801. The 
liabeas Corpus Act again suspended, April 19. The treaty of Amiens concluded, 
March 27, 1802. War with P' ranee renewed. May 18, 1803. Death of Lord Nelson 
at Trafalgar, Oct. 21, 1805. Death of Mr Pitt, Jan. 23, 1806. Death of Mr Fox, 
Sept. 13. Ti-ial and acquittal of the Duke of York, March 17, 1809. The jubilee of 
George III. celebrated, Oct. 25. Riots in London pending the arrest of Sir F. 
Burdett, April 6, 1810. The king's last illness, Dec. 20. The Prince of Wales 
appointed Regent, Feb. 5, 181 1. Mr Perceval assassinated by Bellingham, May 
II, 1812. Peace restored to France, May 30, 1814 ; the allied sovereigns visited 
London, June 7 ; peace concluded with the United States, Dec. 24. The battle of 
Waterloo, June 18, 1815. Property tax repealed, March 19, 1816. Marriage of 
the Princess Charlotte to Prince Leopold, May 2. Habeas Corpus Act again 
suspended, March 4, 181 7. Death of the Princess Charlotte, Nov. 6. Spa- 
fields riots, Dec. 2. William Hone tried for libel and acquitted, Dec. 18. 
Habeas Corpus Act restored, Jan. 28, 1818. Death of Queen Charlotte, Nov. 17. 
Birth of Queen Victoria, May 24, 1819. Reform riots at St Peter's-field, Man- 
chester, Aug. 16. Death of George III., Jan. 29, 1820. Cato-street conspiracy 
discovered, Feb. 23 ; Thistlewood executed, May i. George IV. crowned, July 
19, 1821. Queen Caroline died, Aug. 7. Commercial panic, Dec. 8, 1825. 
Lord Canning made Premier, April 30, 1827 ; died, Aug. 8. The Wellington 
Ministry appointed, Jan. 25, 1828. The Catholic Emancipation Act, 10 Geo. 
IV. c. 7, passed, April 13,1829. Metropolitan pohce established, Sept. 29. George 
IV. died at Windsor Castle, June 26, 1830. The Liverpool and Manchester Rail- 
M'ay opened, Mr Huskisson killed, Sept. 15. Earl Grey succeeded the Duke of 



ENGLAND 253 

Wellington as Prime Minister, Nov. 22. The Reform Bill introduced in the Com- 
mons by Lord Russell, March I, 1831. The cholera first known at Sunderland, 
April 26. Coronation of William IV. and Queen Adelaide, Sept. 9. Reform riots 
at Bristol, Oct. 8. Reform Act, 2 Will. IV. c. 44, passed, June i, 1832. The first 
parliament under the New Reform Bill met, Feb. 5, 1833. A bill for the ex- 
tinction of slavery in the British colonies, 3 & 4 Will. IV. c. 72, Aug. 28, to come 
into operation on the ist of Aug., 1834. The New Poor Law, 3 &4 Will. IV. c. 
40, passed, Aug. 14. The Houses of Parliament destroyed by fire, Oct. 16. Sir 
Robert Peel made Premier, Dec. lO. The Corporation Reform Act, 5 & 6 Will. 
IV. c. 76, passed, Sept. 9, 1835. The English Church Reform Bill and New Mar- 
riage Act, 6 & 7 Will. IV. c. 86, passed, Aug. 17, 1836. King William died, June 
30, 1837. Queen Victoria crowned, June 28, 1838. The first war with China com- 
menced, Aug. 31, 1839. Theuniformpenny post came into operation, Jan. 10, 1840. 
The Queen married to her cousin. Prince Albert, Feb. 10. Edward Oxford made 
an attempt upon Her Majesty's life, June 10. Birth of the Princess Royal, Nov. 21. 
Tower of London nearly destroyed by fire, Oct. 30, 1841. The Prince of Wales 
bom, Nov. 9. Prince Albert laid the foundation-stone of the New Royal Ex- 
change, Jan. 17, 1842. The King of Prussia visited the Queen, Jan. 24, 1842. 
The life of the Queen attempted by John Francis, May 30, and by J. W. Bean, 
July 3. The Thames Tunnel opened, March 25, 1843. The Duke of Sussex 
died, April 21. The Queen visited Louis Philippe, Sept 2. The Emperor of 
Russia visited England, June i, 1844. Louis Philippe visited the Queen, Oct. 6. 
The New Royal Exchange opened, Oct. 28. The Queen and Prince Albert visited 
the King of Prussia, Aug. 9, 1845. The Corn Laws repealed, June 26, 1846. The 
proposed rising of the Chartists frustrated, 150,000 citizens enrolled as special 
constables ; a meeting was held on Kennington Common, April 10, 1848. 
William Hamilton fired at the Queen, May 19, 1849. The Queen visited Ire- 
land, Aug. I. Adelaide, Queen Dowager, died at Stanmore Priory, Dec. 2 ; 
buried at Windsor, Dec. 13. The Britannia Tubular Bridge opened, March 6, 
1850. Her Majesty attacked by Robert Pate, May 27. Sir Robert Peel fell 
from his horse, Jvme 29 ; died, July 2. The Duke of Cambridge, seventh son of 
George III., died, July 8. The Queen visited Belgium, Aug. 21. Louis Philippe 
died, Aug. 26. The electric telegraph between Dover and Calais laid, Aug. 28. 
Gen. Haynau attacked by Barclay and Co.'s men in Southwark, Sept, 5. The 
Great Exhibition in Hyde Park opened. May I, 185 1. The Duke of Wellington 
died, Sept. 14, 1852 ; his public funeral, Nov. 18. The review of the Baltic fleet 
at Spithead, jNIarch 11, 1854. Treaty of alliance between England, France, and 
Turkey signed, March 12. War declared against Russia, April 26. The King 
of Portugal, and his brother, the Duke of Oporto, visited Queen Victoria, June 2. 
The Crystal Palace opened at Sydenham, June lO. An inquiry into the conduct 
of the Crimean war ordered, Jan. 29, 1855 ; committee appointed, Feb. 23. 
The Emperor and Empress of the French arrived on a visit to the Queen, 
April 17 ; received the address of the Corporation of London at the Guildhall, 
April 19 ; returned to Paris, April 21. Crimean medals distributed by Her 
Majesty in St James's Park, May 18. Sunday Trading Bill riots in Hyde Park, 
June 24. The Queen visited the Emperor of the French, Aug. 18. Prince Fred- 
erick of Prussia visited the Queen, Sept. 15. Visit of the Queen to the wounded 
Crimean soldiers at Chatham, Nov. 28. The King of Sardinia visited Her Majesty, 
Nov. 30. A treaty of peace between Russia and the allies signed, March 30, 1856 ; 
proclaimed, April 28. Public entry of the Guards into London, July 9, 1856. The 
Duchess of Gloucester died, April 30, 1857. Rebellion of the Sepoys in India 
broke out in May. The Grand-Duke Constantine of Russia visited the Queen at 
Osborne, May 31. Letters patent granting the title of Prince Consort to Prince 
Albert, issued June 25. The Victoria Cross distributed, June 26. The Emperor 
and Empress of the French visited Queen Victoria at Osborne, Isle of Wight, 



254 ENGLAND 

Aug. 6. Suspension of the bank charter, Nov. 12. Arrival of the Siamese 
ambassadors at Portsmouth, Oct. 27 ; received by the Queen, Nov. 16. Marriage 
of the Princess Royal with Prince Frederick William of Prussia, Jan. 25, 1858 ; 
departure of, for Berlin, Feb. 2. Riots at Dublin upon the entry of the Earl of 
Eglinton, Lord-Lieut., March 12, 1858. Visit of the Queen and the Prince Con- 
sort to Birmingham, May 15, 1858 ; visit of, to Cherbourg on the opening of the 
Napoleon Docks, Aug. 5, 1858 ; visit of, to the Princess Frederick William of 
Prussia, Aug. 10, 1858. Visit of the Queen to Leeds to open the new Town 
Hall, Sept. 7, 1858. The Indian mutiny suppressed, March, 1859. The de- 
tection of the great gang of bank forgers, May 13, 1859. Her Majesty distributed 
the Victoria Cross at Buckingham Palace, June 8. The Handel Festival at the 
Crystal Palace, June 20. The Great Eastern steam-ship launched, Sept. 14. 
Pullinger's frauds on the Bank of London, April 19, i860. The Anglo-French com- 
mercial treaty signed, Jan. 23, i860. Capt. Harrison of the Great Eastern drowned, 
Jan. 21. The Nuttall Will case tried, March 19. Her Majesty held a levee for the 
Volunteer officers, March 7, upwards of 2500 were present ; the Queen reviewed 
the Rifle Volunteers of England in Hyde Park, when upwards of 20,000 were 
present under arms, June 23 ; the National Rille Association opened by Her 
Majesty, July 2. St Martin's Hall destroyed, Aug. 26. The Empress of France 
privately visited the Queen, Dec. 4. A violent gale visited the Metropolis, doing 
serious damage, Feb. 21, 1861. Death of the Duchess of Kent, March 16. Indian 
Famine Relief Fund formed, March 28. The seventh decimal census taken, April 8. 
The Queen and the Prince Consort visited Ireland, Aug. 21. Accident in the Clay- 
ton Tunnel, Aug. 25 ; Post Office Savings' Banks established, Sept. 16; the seizure 
of Messrs Mason and Slidell on board the Trent, by the San Jacinto, Nov. 9 ; Her 
Majesty held her first investiture of the most exalted Order of the Star of India, 
at Windsor Castle, Nov. I ; Messrs Mason and Slidell surrendered to England, 
Dec. 29 ; the Prince Consort died, Dec. 14 ; buried at Windsor, Dec. 23. A 
terrible explosion at the Hartley Colliery, 204 persons killed, Jan. 16, 1862 ; Mr 
G. Peabody gave ;!^i5o,ooo to the Metropolis, March 12; the International Ex- 
hibition opened, May i ; closed, Nov. I ; the sluice of the Middle Level Drain 
at King's Lynn, having burst, the whole country was inundated. May 4 ; the 
new Westminster Bridge opened, May 24 ; return of the Prince of Wales from 
his Eastern tour, June 14 ; the marriage of the Princess Alice, July I ; the Gari- 
baldian riots in Hyde Park, Oct. 5. Accident to the Princess Alice at Osborne, 
Jan. I, 1863 ; Metropolitan Railway opened, Jan. 9 ; Prince Alfred elected King 
of Greece, Feb. 3 ; the Prince of Wales took his seat in the House of Lords, Feb. 
5 ; presented with the freedom of the Fishmongers' Company, Feb. 12 ; the ar- 
rival and reception of the Princess Alexandra, March 7 ; the Corporation of 
London presented the Princess with a diamond necklace and earrings, valued at 
;^io,ooo, March 9 ; marriage of, with the Prince of Wales, March 10 ; Lord 
Palmerston installed Lord Rector of the University of Glasgow, March 29 ; ac- 
couchement of the Princess Louis of Hesse, April 5 ; the Queen visited the Royal 
Victoria Hospital, Netley, May 8 ; the Viceroy of Egypt arrived in London, June 
3 ; the city entertained the Prince and Princess of Wales, June 8 ; visit of, to Ox- 
ford, June 16, 18 ; Captains Speke and Grant, the discoverers of the source of the 
Nile, arrived in London, June 18 ; visit of the Prince of Wales to Halifax, Aug. 
3 ; the Queen visits His Majesty the King of the Belgians, Aug. II ; a shock of 
an earthquake felt in England, Oct. 6 ; refusal of the English government to 
sanction the International Congress in Paris, Nov. 27 ; New Southwark-street 
opened, Jan. I, 1864 ; birth of a son to the Prince and Princess of Wales at 
Frogmore House, Jan. 8 ; christened at Buckingham Palace, March 10 ; the 
Charing Cross Railway opened, Jan. 1 1 ; intercession of England with the powers 
who were parties to the settlement of 1852, relative to the affairs of Denmark, Feb. 
23 ; material aid refused to, Feb. 25 ; conference upon the affairs of Denmark, 



ENGLAND 255 

April 25 ; conclusion of, without any definite result, June 25 ; the Saxon mer- 
chant vessel captured by a United States man of war, Feb. 29 ; the Bradfield reser- 
voir, Sheffield, burst, causing considerable damage, and 270 persons killed, March 
1 1 ; the Queen visited the Royal Horticultural Gardehs, being the first time she ap- 
peared in public since the death of the Prince Consort, March 30 ; Garibaldi ar- 
rived in England, April 3 ; made his entry into London, April 1 1 ; received the free- 
dom of the city, April 20 ; left England suddenly, April 27 ; - the Tercentenary of 
Shakespeare kept throughout England, April 23 ; review of the Volunteers in 
Hyde Park by the Prince and Princess of Wales, May 28; visit of, to Cambridge, 
June 2, 4 ; action between the Kearsage and the Alabama, June 20 ; the Georgia 
British merchant vessel captured by the Niagara United States war frigate, Aug. 
24 ; the Prince and Princess of Wales left London for Denmark, Sept. 3 ; I'eturned, 
Nov. 7 j explosion of two gunpowder magazines at Erith, Oct. i. Letter of the 
Queen upon railway accidents, Jan. I, 1865 ; Parliament assembled, Feb. 7 ; an 
address of condolence of both Houses to the United States upon the assassination of 
President Lincoln, May i ; visit of the Prince of Wales to Ireland on the opening 
of the Dublin International Exhibition, May 9; birth of a second son to the Prince 
and Princess of Wales, June 3, christened July 7 ; cattle plague broke out in vari- 
ous counties, June 20, 27 ; an act passed for the concentration of the law courts, 
28 & 29 Vict. c. 49, June 19 ; dissolution of parliament, July 12 ; the foundation- 
stone of Blackfriars Bridge laid, July 20 ; the Prince and Princess of Wales visited 
Cornwall, July 24, 27; failure of the 4th attempt to lay the Atlantic cable, Aug. 
1 1 ; general election, July, Aug. ; visit of the French fleet to Portsmouth, Aug. 
31 ; visit of the Queen to Germany, Aug. 8 ; returned, Sept. 8; funeral of Lord 
Palmerston, in Westminster Abbey, Oct. 27 ; explosion of a gasometer at Nine 
Elms, nine men killed and several wounded, Oct. 31 ; the Pneumatic Despatch 
Tube opened to the General Post-office, Nov. 7 ; Confederate Cruiser, Shenandoah, 
suiTendered to H. M. Ship Donegal, and given up to the United States, Nov. 9 ; 
treaty of commerce with Austria, Dec. 16. Parliament opened by the Queen, the 
first timesince 1861, Feb. 6, 1866 ; the Albert Medal for saving life from shipwreck 
established, March 7 ; the Queen's letter to Mr Peabody, March 28 ; Reform Bill 
introduced into parliament, March 12; defeated, June 18 ; first appearance of the 
cattle plague in Ireland, May 12 ; marriage of the Princess Mary of Cambridge to 
Prince Teck, June 12 ; and the Princess Helena to Prince Christian, July 5 ; riots 
in Hyde Park, the railing thrown down and several persons wounded, July 23 ; 
message from the Queen to the President of the United States, congratulating him 
upon the successful laying of the Atlantic cable, and the reply of the President, July 
28 ; visit of the Prince and Princess of Wales to York, Aug. 9 ; recovery and com- 
pletion of the Atlantic cable of 1865, Sept. 8 ; visit of the English Volunteers to 
Belgium, Oct. 10 ; the great meteoric showers seen in London, Nov. 13 ; visit of 
the Queen to Wolverhampton, Nov. 30. A great snow storm which destroyed 
many of the over-house telegraphs in London, Jan. 2, 5, 1867 ; great distress at the 
East end of London, 40,000 persons dependent upon charity, Jan. and Feb. ; de- 
signs for the New National Gallery exhibited, Jan. and Feb. ; 40 persons drowned 
in the Regent's Park by the breaking of the ice, Jan. 15 ; the lions at the base of 
Nelson's Column uncovered, Jan. 31 ; the Queen opened the second session of the 
7th parliament, Feb. 5 ; the designs for the new Palace of Justice exhibited, Feb. 
8 ; the Fenians attempted to surpiise Chester Castle, Feb. II ; Reform demon- 
stration at the Agricultural Hall, the procession starting from Trafalgar Square, 
Feb. 12 ; the Princess of Wales delivered of a Princess at Marlborough House, 
Feb. 20; resolutions upon reform introduced into the Commons by Mr D'Israeli, 
Feb. 25 (see Reform) ; robbery of ;^2000 in bullion, upon the River Thames, Feb. 
27 ; Savoy Chapel restored at the expense of the Queen, and reopened, April 21 ; 
the Queen laid the foundation-stone of Hall of Arts and Science, Kensington, May 
10 ; the International College at Kew opened by the Prince of Wales, July 10 ; 



2S6 ENGLAND, KINGS AND QUEENS OF 

the Viceroy of Egypt visited London, July 6 ; received by the Queen at Windsor, 
July 8 ; left London, July i8 ; visit of the Belgian Volunteers, July ii (see Volun- 
teers) ; the Sultan arrived in London, July 12 ; visited the Queen at Windsor, 
July 13 ; Naval Review at Spithead, in honour of, July 17 ; departure of, July 
23 ; meeting of the Reform League in Hyde Park, to protest against the Royal 
Parks Bill, Aug. 5 ; the Reform Bill received the royal assent, Aug. 15 ; the 
Prince and Princess of Wales left London for Wiesbaden, returned, Oct. 18 ; 
private visit of the Queen of the French to Her Majesty at the Isle of Wight ; 
Fenian riots at Manchester, the leaders Deasy and Kelly rescued, and the police- 
man Brett killed, Sept. 18 ; McDonnell, a bandsman in the Royal Life Guards, 
shot by Fenians at Bloomsbury, Sept. 18 ; visit of the Queen of Holland to Eng- 
land ; a deputation of 80 Fenian sympathizers, headed by Mr Finlan, whom Mr 
Hardy, the Home Secretary, refused to receive, forced their way into the Home 
Office and held an indignation meeting, Nov. 18 ; a deputation visited Windsor 
to present a petition to Her Majesty, Nov. 22 ; procession through London from 
Clerkenwell Green to Hyde Park, Nov. 24 ; opening of the third session of the 7th 
parliament, owing to the war with Abyssinia, Nov. 19 ; resolution to increase the 
Income Tax, brought in by the Chancellor of the Exchequer, Nov. 26 ; royal assent 
given to, Dec. 7, and the House of Commons adjourned until Feb. 13, 1868 ; 
visited by a severe storm doing considerable damage, Dec. I ; arrival of the 
brother of the Tycoon of Japan, and reception by the Queen at Windsor, Dec. 4 ; 
explosion of gunpowder at Clerkenwell Prison, by Fenians ; the Prison wall par- 
tially blown down, several houses destroyed, and seven persons killed, 1 1 1 
v/ounded, and the loss of property estimated at ;^4000, Dec. 13 ; the Gunpowder 
Mills of Messrs Hall & Son, at Faversham, exploded, killing 1 1 men, Dec. 28. 

ENGLAND, THE KINGS AND QUEENS OF. 

Hengist, first monarch of Britain, landed in the Isle of Thanet, 449 ; laid the 
foundation of the monarchy, 455 ; defeated Vortimer at Crayford, Jan., 457 ; 
massacred 300 British nobles on Salisbury Plain, May i, 474. He bore in his 
standard the white horse, blazoned in the same manner as that now borne by the 
dukes of Branswick. He was born at Angria, in Westphalia ; reigned 34 years ; 
died, 488. 

Ella, second monarch, landed at Shoreham, in Sussex, 477 ; assumed the 
title of King of the South Saxons, 490 ; died, 499. 

Cerdic, third monarch, arrived in Britain, 495, and overcame Arthur near 
Chard, Somerset, 519 ; began the kingdom of the West Saxons the same year ; 
died, 534. 

Cynric, second king of the West Saxons, fourth monarch, eldest son of Cerdic, 
succeeded, 534 ; died, 560. 

Ceaulin, the third king of the West Saxons, and fifth monarch, succeeded his 
father, 560 ; seized on Sussex, 590 ; abdicated, 591 ; died in banishment, 593. 

Ethelbert I., fifth king of Kent, and sixth monarch, 560 ; St Augustine first 
arrived in his dominions, who, with his followers, were entertained by the king 
at Canterbury, where they settled ; to whose doctrine Ethelbert became a con- 
vert ; he gave Augustine an idol temple without the walls of the city, as a 
burial-place for him and his successors, which was converted into the first monas- 
tery ; died. May 26, 604, and was buried at Canterbury. 

Redwald, third king of the East Angles, seventh monarch, 599 ; died, 624 

Edwin the Great, king of Northumberland, succeeded as eighth monarch, 
617. He was the first Christian and the ninth king of Northumberland. He 
lost his life in a battle at Hatfield, Oct. 4, 633. 

Oswald, tenth king of Northumberland, and ninth monarch of Britain, 633. 
He was slain at Maserfield, in Shropshire, Aug. i, 642. 

OswiN, nth king of Northumberland, loth monarch of Britain, Oct. 13, 642. 



ENGLAND, KINGS AND QUEENS OF 257 

He defeated Penda, the Mercian, and Etlielred, king of the East Angles, Nov. 
6, 655 ; died, Feb. 15, 670. 

Adulf, sixth king of the Mercians, nth monarch, 664; died, 675, and was 
buried at Peterborough. 

Ethelred, seventh king of Mercia, and 12th monarch, 675. He desolated 
part of Kent, and in 677 destroyed Rochester, and many religious foundations ; 
to atone for which he became a monk, 704, and died abbot of Bradney, 716. 

Cenreu, his nephew, eighth king of Mercia, and 13th monarch, 704 ; reigned 
four years, and following his uncle's example, became a monk. 

Ceolred, son of Ethelred, ninth king of the Mercians, and 14th monarch, 709 ; 
was killed in battle with the West Saxons, 716, and was buried at Lichfield. 

Ethelbald L, tenth king of the Mercians, 15th monarch, 716 ; built Croy- 
land Abbey, in Lincolnshire. He was slain by his own subjects, and was buried 
at Repton, in Derbyshire, 755- 

Offa, the nth king of the Mercians, and the i6th monarch, 755. He was 
born lame, deaf, and blind, which continued till he arrived at manhood. He took 
up arms against Kent, slew their king at Otterford, and conquered that kingdom. 
He caused a great trench to be dug from Bristol to Basingwerk, in Flintshire, as 
the boundary of the Britons who harboured in Wales, 774. Offa first ordained the 
sounding of trumpets before the kings of England, to denote their appearance, and 
require respect. He admitted his son, Egfrid, a partner in his sovereignty ; and, 
out of devotion, paid a visit to Rome, where he made his kingdom subject to a 
tribute, then called Peter-pence, and procured the canonization of St Alban. At 
his return he built St Alban's monastery, in Hertfordshire, 793. He died at 
Offley, June 29, 794, and was buried at Bedford, in a chapel since swallowed 
up by the river Ouse. 

Egfrid, 12th king of the Mercians, and 17th monarch, July 13, 794; but 
died, Dec. 17, following, and was buried at St Alban's. 

Cenulf, 1 3th king of the Mercians, and i8th monarch, 794. He conquered 
Kent, and gave that kingdom to Cutbred, 798. He built Winchcomb monastery, 
in Gloucestershire, where he led the captive prince, Pren, to the altar, and released 
him without ransom or entreaty ; died, 819, and was buried at Winchcomb. 

Egbert, 17th king of the West Saxons, and 19th, but first sole monarch of the 
English. He conquered Kent, and laid the foundation of the sole monarchy, 
823, which put an end to the Saxon heptarchy, and was solemnly crowned at 
Winchester, when, by his edict, he ordered all the south of the island to be called 
England, 827 ; died, Feb. 4, 838, and was buried at Winchester. 

Ethelwolf, eldest son of Egbert, succeeded to his father, notwithstanding, 
at the time of Egbert's death, he was bishop of Winchester. In 853, he or- 
dained tithes to be collected, and exempted the clergy from regal tributes. He 
visited Rome in 855, and confirmed the grant of Peter-pence, and agreed to pay 
Rome 300 marks per annum. His son Ethelbald obliged him to divide the 
sovereignty with himself, 855 ; died, Jan. 13, 857, and was buried at Steyning, 
Essex. 

Ethelbald II., eldest son of Ethelwolf, succeeded, 857 ; died, Dec. 20, 860, 
and was buried at Sherborne, but removed to Salisbury. 

Ethelbert II. , second son of Ethelwolf, succeeded, 860 ; died, 866, was 
buried at Sherborne, and was succeeded by 

Ethelred I., third son of Ethelwolf, 866 ; he was wounded at Wittingham, 
which occasioned his death, April 27, 871. He was buried at Wimborne, in 
Dorsetshire. 

Alfred, the fourth son of Ethelwolf, succeeded, 871, in the 22nd year of his 
age ; was crowned at Winchester, and is distinguished by the title of Alfred the 
Great. He was born at Wantage, in Berkshire, 849 ; died, Oct. 26, 901, and was 
buried at Winchester. 

17 



258 ENGLAND, KINGS AND QUEENS OF 

Edward the Elder, his son, succeeded him, and was crowned at Kingston- 
vipon-Thames, May i6, 902. In 911, Leolin, Prince of Wales, did homage to 
Edward for his principahty. Died at Farringdon, in Berkshire, 925, and was 
buried at Winchester. 

Athelstan, his eldest son, succeeded him, and was crowned with far greater 
magnificence than usual, at Kingston-upon-Thames, 925. He made the Princes 
of Wales tributary, 939. Died, Oct. 17, 941, at Gloucester. 

Edmund L, the fifth son of Edward the Elder, succeeded at the age of 18, 
and was crowned king at Kingston-upon-Thames, 941. On May 26, 946, he was 
stabbed by Leolf, a noted robber, whom he had sentenced to banishment, and died 
of the wound. He was buried at Glastonbuiy. 

Edred, his brother, aged 28, succeeded, 946, and was crowned at Kingston- 
upon-Thames, Aug. 17 ; died, Nov. 23, 955, and was buried at Winchester. 

Edwy, the eldest son of Edmund, succeeded, and was crowned at Kingston- 
upon-Thames, 955 ; died of grief, Oct. i, 958, after a turbulent reign, and was 
buried at Winchester. 

Edgar, at the age of 16, succeeded his brother, and was crowned at Kingston- 
upon-Thames, 958, and again at Bath, 973 ; died, July 8, 975, and was buried 
at Glastonbury. 

Edward the Martyr, his eldest son, succeeded him, being but 12 years of 
age, and was crowned by Dunstan, at Kingston-upon-Thames, 975. He was 
stabbed by the instructions of his mother-in-law, as he was drinking at Corfe- 
castle, in the Isle of Purbeck, in Dorsetshire, March 18, 978, and buried at Ware- 
ham, without any ceremony, but removed three years after, in great pomp, to 
Shaftesbury. 

Ethelred II. succeeded his brother, and was crowned at Kingston-upon- 
Thames, April 14, 979 ; took refuge in Normandy from the Danes, 1012. 

SwEYN was proclaimed king of England, 1013 ; he was killed, Feb. 3, 1014, 
at Thetford, in Norfolk. 

Canute, his son, was proclaimed, March, 1014, and endeavoured to gain the 
affections of his Enghsh subjects, but without success ; retired to Denmark, and 
Ethelred returned at the invitation of his subjects. Canute returned, 1015, soon 
after he had left England, and landed at Sandwich. Ethelred retired to the north, 
but by evading a battle with the Danes, he lost the affections of his subjects, and 
retiring to London he expired, April 23, 1016. 

Edmund Ironside, his son, was crowned at Kingston-upon-Thames, April, 
1016; but by a disagreement among the nobility, Canute was crowned at South- 
ampton. In June following, Canute totally routed Edmund, at Assendon, in Essex, 
who soon after met Canute in the Isle of Alney, in the Severn, where a peace 
was concluded, and the kingdom divided between them. Edmund did not sur- 
vive above a month after, being murdered at Oxford, Nov. 30, 1017, before he 
had reigned a year. He left two sons and two daughters. 

Canute was established, 1017 ; made an alliance with Normandy, and married 
Emma, Ethelred's widow, 1018 ; died at Shaftesbuiy, Nov. 12, 1037 ; buried at 
Winchester. 

Harold L, his son, began his reign, 1035 ; died, March 17, 1040 ; and was 
succeeded by his younger brother, 

Hardicanute, king of Denmark, chosen king, 1040 ; died at Lambeth, 
1042 ; buried at Winchester, and succeeded by a son of Queen Emma by her 
first husband, Ethelred II. 

Edward the Confessor was bom at Islip, in Oxfordshire, began his reign in 

the 40th year of his age. He was crowned at Winchester, April 3, 1043 ; 

married Editha, daughter of Godwin, Earl of Kent, Jan. 23, 1045 ; he was the first 

< king of England that touched for the king's evil, 1058 ; died, Jan. 5, 1066, aged 

65 ; was buried in Westminster Abbey, which he rebuilt, where his bones were 



ENGLAND, KINGS AND QUEENS OF 259 

enshrined in gold, set with jewels, 1066. Emma, his mother, died, 1052. He 
was succeeded by 

Harold II., son of the Earl of Kent; crowned, Jan. 6, 1066; defeated his 
brother Tostig and the king of Norway, who had invaded his dominions, at 
Stanford Bridge, Sept. 25th, 1066 ; but was killed by the Normans at Hastings, 
Oct. 14 following. 

William I., Duke of Normandy, a descendant of Rollo, bom, 1027 ; paid a 
visit to Edward the Confessor, in England, 105 1 ; betrothed his daughter to 
Harold II., 1058 ; made a claim of the crown of England, 1066 ; invaded Eng- 
land, landed at Pevensey, in Sussex, the same year ; defeated the English troops 
at Hastings, Oct. 14, 1066, when Harold was slain, and William assumed 
the title of Conqueror. He was crowned at Westminster Abbey, Dec. 25, 
1066 ; invaded Scotland, 1071 ; subverted the English constitution, 1074 ; re- 
fused to swear fealty to the pope for tire crown of England ; wounded by his 
son Robert, at Gerberoy, in Normandy, 1078 ; invaded France, 1087 ; soon after 
fell from his horse at Mantes, and contracted a rupture ; he died at Hermentrude, 
near Rouen, in Normandy, Sept. 9, 1087 ; was buried at Caen, and succeeded in 
Normandy by his eldest son, Robert, and in England by his second son, 

William II., born, 1057 ; crowned at Westminster, Sept. 26, 1087 ; invaded 
Normandy with success, 1090 ; killed by accident as he was hunting in the New 
Forest, by Sir Walter Tyrrel, Aug. 2, 1 100, aged 43 ; was buried at Winchester, 
and succeeded by his brother, 

Henry I., born at Selby, in Yorkshire, 1068; crowned, Aug. 5, iioo ; 
married Matilda, daughter of Malcolm HI., king of Scots, Nov. 11 following; 
his brother Robert landed at Portsmouth with a large army, July 19, iioi ; 
made peace with his brother, iioi ; invaded Normandy, 1105 ; attacked by 
Robert, whom he defeated at Tinchebrai, and took prisoner, Sept. 28, 1106, and 
sent him to England, where he was detained a prisoner for 28 years ; betrothed 
his daughter Matilda to the Emperor of Germany, 1 100 ; challenged by Louis of 
France, II17 ; lost his queen, May i, 1118 ; his eldest son and two others of his 
children shipwrecked and lost with 1 80 of his nobility, in coming from Normandy, 
Nov. 25, II 20; married Adelais, daughter of Geoffrey, Earl of Louvain, Feb. 2, 
II21 ; surfeited himself with eating lampreys, at St Dennis, in Normandy, and 
died, Dec. I, 1 135, aged 67 ; his body was brought over to England, and buried 
at St Mary's Abbey, Reading. He was succeeded by his nephew, 

Stephen, third son of his sister Adela, by the Earl of Blois, born, 1105. Ma- 
TILDA, or Maud, daughter of Henry I., born, iioi ; married to Henry IV., Em- 
peror of Germany, 1109 ; the English nobility swear fealty to her, 1126 ; buried 
her husband, 1127 ; married Jeffrey Plantagenet, Earl of Anjou, 1130 ; set aside 
from the English succession by Stephen, 1135 ; he was crowned at Westminster, 
Dec. 26 ; she landed in England, and claimed a right to the crown, Sept. 30, 
1 139 ; defeated Stephen at Lincoln, Feb. 2, 1140, and confined him in Bristol, 
II41 ; Matilda crowned at Winchester, 1141 ; besieged in Oxford, and fled from 
a window of Oxford Castle by a rope, in the winter of 1142 ; retired to Nor- 
mandy, 1 147 ; her son Henry concluded a peace with Stephen, 1153. Stephen 
died, Oct. 25, 11 54, and was buried at Faversham Abbey, Kent. 

Henry II., born at Mans in Maine, 1133 ; began his reign, Oct. 25, 1154 ; ar- 
rived in England, Dec. 8, and was with his Queen, Eleanor, crowned at Westminster, 
the 19th of the same month ; crowned at Worcester, Dec. 25, 1 157 ; began his long 
and memorable struggle with the Papal power, I162 ; Becket installed archbishop of 
Canterbury, May 24, 11 62 ; killed, Dec. 29, 1 1 70; the Constitutions of Clarendon 
passed, Jan. 25, 1164; Ireland annexed to the British crown, 11 71-72 ; had his son 
Henry crowned King of England, June 14, 1 170 ; imprisoned his queen on account 
of Rosamond, his concubine, 11 73; took the King of Scotland prisoner, and obliged 
him to give up the independency of his crown, 1175 ; named his son John Lord 



26o ENGLAND, KINGS AND QUEENS OF 

of Ireland, 1 1 76 ; had, the same year, an amour with Alicia of France, the in- 
tended princess of his son Richard, I181 ; lost his eldest son Henry, June 11, 
1183 ; his son Richard rebelled, I185 ; his son Geoffrey trodden under- foot and 
killed at a tournament in Paris, Aug. 19, 1186 ; made a convention with Philip 
of France to go to the holy wars, 1188 ; died of grief at the Castle of Chinon, 
July 6, 1 189, aged 61 ; was buried at Fontevraud, in France, and succeeded by 
his son Richard. Eleanor, queen to King Henry II., died, June 26, 1202. 

Richard I. was born at Oxford, Sept. 13, 1157 ; crowned at London, Sept, 3, 
1 189 ; embarked at Dover, Dec. 11, 1 189 ; set out on the crusade, and joined Philip 
of France on the plains of Vizelay, June 29, 1190; took Messina the latter end 
of the year ; married Berengaria, daughter of the king of Navarre, May 13, 1191 ; 
taken prisoner near Vienna, on Iris return home, by Leopold, duke of Austria, 
Dec. 28, 1 192 ; ransomed for ;^40,ooo, and set at liberty at Mentz, Feb. 4, 1194; 
returned to England, March 29 following ; wounded with an arrow at Chains, 
near Limoges, in Normandy, and died, April 8, 1199 ; buried at Fontevraud, and 
succeeded by his brother 

John, the youngest son of Henry II., bom at Oxford, Dec. 24, 1166; crowned 
at Westminster, May 27, I199 ; divorced his wife Avisa, and married Isabella, 
daughter of the Count of Angouleme, and they were both crowned at West- 
minster, Oct. 8, 1200; went to Paris, 1200; took his nephew, Arthur, prisoner, 
Aug. I, 1202, whilst he was besieging the castle of Mirabeau, whom he caused 
to be murdered, April 3, 1203 ; was excommunicated, 1209 ; landed in Ireland, 
June 8, 1210 ; surrendered his crov/n to Pandulf, the pope's legate. May 15, 
1213 ; absolved, July 20 following; signed Magna Charta, June 19, 1215 ; died 
at Newark, Oct. 19, 1216 ; buried at Worcester, where his coi"pse was dis- 
covered nearly entire, 1797, having been buried 580 years. He was succeeded 
by his son, 

Henry III., bom at Winchester, Oct. i, 1207 ; crowned at Gloucester, Oct. 
28, 1216 ; received homage from Alexander of Scotland, at Noithampton, 1218 ; 
crowned again at Gloucester, May "j, 1219 ; (he laid the first stone of the New 
Abbey Church, at Westminster, 122 1 ;) married Eleanor of Provence, dowager 
of the Earl of Pembroke, Jan. 14, 1236 ; the first House of Commons met, Jan. 
24, 1258 ; obliged by his nobles to resign the power of a sovereign, and sell 
Normandy and Anjou to the French, 1258-9 ; shut himself up in the Tower 
of London, for fear of his nobles, 1261 ; taken prisoner at Lewes, May 13, 
1264 ; wounded at the battle of Evesham, Aug. 4, 1265 ; died, aged 66, at 
Bury St Edmund's, Nov. 16, 1272, buried at Westminster Abbey, Nov. 20, and 
was succeeded by his son Edward. Eleanor, Henry III.'s queen, died in a monas- 
tery at Ambersbury, about 1292, where she had retired. 

Edward I. born at Westminster, June 18, 1239 ; proclaimed at Temple Bar, 
Nov. 20, 1272 ; married Eleanor, princess of Castile, daughter of Ferdinand HI., 
1254 ; succeeded to the crown, Nov. 16, 1272 ; wounded in the Holy Land with a 
poisoned dagger ; recovered, and landed in England, Aug. 2, 1274 ; crov^'ned at 
Westminster, Aug. 19, 1274, with his queen ; 280 Jews hanged in London for 
clipping the coin, Nov., 1278 ; went to France and did homage to the French 
king, 1279 ; reduced the Welsh princes, and annexed Wales to England, 1283 ; 
the Jews banished the kingdom, 1290; Eleanor, his queen, died of a fever on her 
journey to Scotland, at Grantham, in Lincolnshire, Nov. 28, 1290, and was con- 
veyed to Westminster, when elegant stone crosses were erected at each place where 
the corpse rested ; married Margaret, sister of Philip HI. , the king of France, Sept. 
12, 1299 ; conquered Scotland, 1296, and brought to England their coronation 
chair; died of a flux at Burgh-upon-the-Sands, in Cumberland, July 7, 1307; 
buried at Westminster, Oct. 27, where, on May 2, 1774, some antiquaries, by con- 
sent of the chapter, examined his tomb, they found his corpse unconsumed, 
though buried 466 years. He was the first sovereign that quartered the arms of Eng- 



ENGLAND, KINGS AND QUEENS OF 261 

land and France, and who was called Lord of Ireland on his coin. He was suc- 
ceeded by his son, 

Edward II., born at Caernarvon, in Wales, April 25, 1284; was the first king 
of England's eldest son that had the title of Prince of Wales, with which he was 
invested, 1284. He ascended the throne, July 8, 1307 ; married Isabella, daughter 
of the French king, Feb. 24, 1 308 ; and was crowned with his queen at West- 
minster, Feb. 25, 1308 ; obliged by his barons to invest the government of the 
kingdom in 21 persons, March 16, 1309 ; went on a pilgrimage to Boulogne, Dec. 
13, 13 13 ; declared his queen and all her adherents enemies to the kingdom, 1325 ; 
conveyed his French dominions to his son Edward, Sept. 10, 1325; dethroned, 
Jan. 20, 1327, and succeeded by his son Edward III. ; murdered at Berkeley 
Castle, Sept. 21 following, and was buried at Gloucester. 

Edward III., bom at Windsor, Nov. 13, 131 1 ; succeeded to the crown, Jan. 
20, 1327; crowned at Westminster, Jan. 29 following; he married Philippa, 
daughter of the Earl of Hainault, Jan. 24, 1327 ; claimed the regency of 
France, 1328 ; confined his mother Isabella, and caused her favourite, Earl 
Mortimer, to be hanged at Tyburn, Nov. 29, 1330 ; defeated the French at the 
battle of Crecy, Aug. 26, 1346 ; the Scots defeated at Neville's Cross, Durham, 
Oct. 12, 1346 ; instituted the order of the Garter, 1344 ; resumed the title of 
King of France, 1369 ; Philippa, his queen, died at Windsor, Aug. 15, 1369, 
and vyas buried at Westminster ; Edward died at Shene, now Richmond, 
June 21, 1377, buried at Westminster, and succeeded by his grandson, Richard 
II., son to Edward the Black Prince. Edward was born, June 15, 1330; created 
Duke of Cornwall in full parliament, March 7, 1337, the first in England that 
bore the title of Duke ; created Prince of Wales, 1344 ; died of a consumption, 
June 8, 1376, and was buried at Canterbury. John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster, 
fourth son of Edward III., born, 1339 ; married Blanche, daughter of the Duke of 
Lancaster, 1359, by whom he became possessed of that dukedom and title ; she 
died, 1396, and he married the daughter of the king of Castile and Leon, 
and took that title ; in 1397, he married a third wife, Catherine Swinford, from 
whom descended Henry IV. ; he died, 1399, and was buried at St Albans 
Abbey. 

Richard II., born at Bordeaux, Jan. 6, 1366 ; had two royal godfathers, 
the kings of Navarre and Majorca ; made guardian of the kingdom, Aug. 
30, 1372; created Prince of Wales, 1377; succeeded his grandfather Edward 
III., June 22, 1377, when not 11 years old, and crowned at Westminster, 
July 16; married Anne, daughter of Charles IV., emperor of Germany, and 
king of Bohemia, Jan., 1382, who died without issue at Shene, and was buried at 
Westminster Abbey, Aug. 3, 1393 ; married Isabella, daughter to the king of 
France, Oct. 31, 1396. He was taken prisoner by Henry, Duke of Lancaster, his 
cousin, and sent to the Tower, Sept. 2, 1399 ; resigned his crown, Sept. 29 fol- 
lowing, and was succeeded by Henry IV. Richard was murdered in Pontefract 
Castle, Feb. 13, 1400, and buried at King's Langley, but removed to Westmin- 
ster 14 years afterwards. — Thomas, Duke of Gloucester, uncle to Richard II., was 
smothered, Feb. 28, 1367. — Thomas Beaufort, Duke of Exeter, half-brother to 
Richard II., died without issue, Dec. 24, 1424, and was buried at St Edmonds- 
buiy, where his body was discovered uncorrupted, 1772, after being buried 348 
years. 

Henry IV., Duke of Lancaster, grandson of Edward III., bom at Boling- 
broke, Lincolnshire, 1366 ; married Mary de Bohun, daughter of the Earl of Here- 
ford, who died, 1394, before he obtained the crovim ; fought with the Duke of 
Norfolk, 1397, and banished ; returned to England in arms against Richard II., 
who resigned him his crown, and Henry was crowned, Oct. 13, 1399, when he 
created 47 knights of the Bath, including his three sons ; conspiracy against 
betrayed, Jan. 4, 1400 ; married a second queen, Joan of Navarre, widow of the 



262 ENGLAND, KINGS AND QUEENS OF 

Dukeof Bretagne, 1402 ; she was crowned with great magnificence, Feb. 27 follow- 
ing, and died, 1417. He died of apoplexy in the Jerusalem Chamber, at West- 
minster, March 20, 1413 ; and was buried at Canterbury, and succeeded by his son, 
Henry V., who was born at Monmouth, Aug. 9, 1388, and, when Prhice of 
Wales, was committed to prison for insulting one of the judges, 1412 ; crowned 
at Westminster, April 9, 141 3 ; claimed the crown of France, 1414 ; invaded 
France, Aug., 141 5; defeated the French at Agincourt, Oct. 25 ; invaded Normandy 
with an army of 26,000 men, 141 7; declared regent, and married Catherine of 
France, June 2, 1420 ; she was crowned at Westminster, Feb. 24 following ; out- 
lived Henry and was married afterwards to Owen Tudor, grandfather of Henry 
VII. Henry died of a pleurisy at Vincennes, near Paris, Aug. 31, 1422, aged 34 ; 
was buried at Westminster, and succeeded by 

Henry VI., born at Windsor, Dec. 6, 1421 ; succeeded to the throne, Sept. I, 
1422 ; proclaimed king of France the same year ; crowned at Westminster, 
Nov. 6, 1429 ; crowned at Paris, Dec. 17, 1430 ; married to Margaret, 
daughter of the Duke of Anjou, at Southwick, Hampshire, April 22, 1445, 
who was crowned at Westminster, April 30 following ; Henry taken prisoner 
at St Albans, 1455 ; but regained his liberty, 146 1 ; and deposed, March 2 
following, by his fourth cousin, Edward IV. ; iled into Scotland, returned to 
England, and taken prisoner in Lancashire and brought to London, treated 
with great barbarity, and imprisoned in the Tower of London, July, 1466 ; re- 
stored to his throne, Oct. 9, 1470 ; taken prisoner again by Edward, April 
II, 1471 ; Queen Margaret and her son taken prisoners at Tewkesbuiy by 
Edward, May 4, 1471 ; the prince killed in cold blood. May 21, and Henry 
murdered in the Tower, June 20 following, and buried at Chcrtsey Abbey, 
aged 49 ; afterwards removed to Windsor. — Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester, 
fourth son of Henry IV., was strangled by the order of his nephew, Henry VI., 
and buried at St Albans, Feb., 1447. 

Edward IV., born at Rouen, April 29, 1441 ; descended from the third son of 
Edward HI. ; elected king, March3, 1461 ; crowned at Westminster, March 4, 1461 ; 
sat publicly with the judges in Westminster -hall, 1462 ; married Lady Elizabeth 
Grey, widow of Sir John Grey of Groby, March i, 1465 ; crowned May 26 follow- 
ing. Edward caused his brother, the Duke of Clarence, who had joined the 
Earl of Warwick, to be drowned in a butt of malmsey wine, Feb. 17, 1478 ; died 
of a fever at Westminster, April 9, 1483 ; and was buried at St George's Chapel, 
Windsor, where his corpse was discovered undecayed, March 11, 1789, and his 
dress nearly perfect, as were the lineaments of his face. He was succeeded by 
his infant son, 

Edward V., bom at Westminster, Nov. 4, 1470 ; proclaimed king at London, 
April 9, 1483 ; deposed, June 26, following ; and, with the Duke of York, his 
brother, smothered soon after by their uncle, who succeeded him. 

Richard HI., Duke of Gloucester, brother to Edward IV., born at Fothe- 
ringhay Castle, Northamptonshire, Oct. 21, 1450; took Prince Edward, son of 
Henry VI., prisoner, at Tewkesbury, and helped to murder him in cold blood ; 
afterwards married his widow ; made Protector of England, May 27, 1483 ; 
elected king, June 26, and crowned, July 6 following ; crowned at York, 
Sept. 8 ; lost his queen, March 16, 1485 ; slain in battle, at Bosworth, Aug. 
22, 1485 ; was buried at Leicester, Aug. 25, and succeeded by 

Henry VII., born at Pembroke, Jan. 21, 1457 ; he landed at Milford Haven, 
Aug. 7, 1485 ; defeated Richard III. at Bosworth-field, Aug. 22, 1485 ; elected 
king, 1485 ; crowned, Oct. 30, the same year ; married Elizabeth, daughter 
of Edward IV., Jan. 18, i486, who was crowned Nov. 25, 1487 ; received 
of the French king, as a compromise for his claim on that crown, ;^ 186, 250, 
besides 25,000 crowns yearly, 1492 ; married his eldest son, Arthur, to Princess 
Catherine of Spain, Nov. 14, 1501 ; Prince Arthur died, April 2, 1502; Queen 



ENGLAND, KINGS AND QUEENS OF 263 

Elizabeth died in child-bed, Feb. II, 1503, and was buried at Westminster. 
— Mary, his third daughter, married Louis XIL of France, Oct. 9, 15 14, by 
Avhom she was left without issue, and she married. May 2, 15 15, Charles Brandon, 
Duke of Suffolk, by whom she had issue, and died, 1533, and was buried at Bury 
St Edmund's, where her corpse was discovered, Sept. 6, 1784, in a perfect state. 
She was grandniother of the unfortunate Lady Jane Grey. — Henry married his 
daughter Margaret to James IV. of Scotland, June 25, 1503 ; the king died of 
consumption at Richmond, April 21, 1509, aged 54 ; was buried at Westminster, 
in the chapel which bears his name, and succeeded by his son, 

Henry VIII., born at Greenwich, June 19, 1491 ; married Catherine, Infanta 
of Spain, widow of his brother Arthur, June 7, 1509 ; crowned, June 24 follow- 
ing ; had a personal interview with Francis I., king of France, at Ardres, 
June 7 — 24, 1520, and again at Boulogne, Oct. 11, 1532; received the title 
of Defender of the Faith, Oct. 11, 1521 ; in Nov., 1534, he was declared Head 
of the Church by parliament ; divorced Queen Catherine, and married Anne 
Boleyn, Jan. 25, 1533 ; Anne crowned, June i, 1533 ; assumed the title of 
Head of the Church of England, in the presence of his whole court, and received 
the first-fruits and tenths ; was excommunicated by Pope Paul, Aug. 30, 1535 ; 
Catherine, his first queen, died at Kimbolton, Jan. 7, 1536, aged 50 ; he put 
Anne, his second queen, to death, May 19, and married Jane Seymour, May 20, 
1536, who died in child-bed, Oct. 24, 1537 ; married Anne of Cleves, Jan. 10, 
1540; divorced her, July 10, 1540 ; married Catherine Howard, his 5th wife, 
Aug. 8 following, and beheaded her on Tower-hill, with Lady Rochford, Feb. 
13, 1 541 ; his title of King of Ireland was confirmed by act of parliament, Jan. 
24, 1544, to this king and his successors ; married Catherine Parr, his 6th wife, 
July 12, 1543. He died of a fever and an ulcerated leg, at Whitehall, Jan. 28, 
1547, in the 56th year of his age ; buried at Windsor, and succeeded by his only 
son, 

Edward VI., born at Hampton Court, Oct. 12, 1537 ; crowned at West- 
minster, Feb. 28, 1547 ; died of consumption, at Greenwich, July 6, 1553 ; was 
buried at Westminster, and succeeded, agreeably to his will, by his cousin, Jane 
Grey, bom, 1537 ; proclaimed Queen, July 10, 1553 ; deposed and sent to the 
Tower, where she, with Lord Dudley, her husband, and her father, were beheaded, 
Feb. 12, 1554, aged 17. 

Mary, born at Greenwich, Feb. 18, 1516; proclaimed, July 18, 1553; and 
crowned Oct. i, following ; married Philip of Spain, July 23, 1554 ; died of 
dropsy, Nov. 17, 155S ; buried at Westminster, Dec. 14, and succeeded by her 
half-sister, 

Elizabeth, born at Greenwich, Sept. 7, 1533 ; sent prisoner to the Tower, 
1554 ; began to reign, Nov. 17, 1558 ; crowned at Westminster, Jan. 15, 1559 ; 
a marriage proposed between the Queen and the Duke of Anjou, 1571 ; but 
finally rejected, 1582; died at Richmond, March 24, 1603 ; buried at Westminster, 
April 28, 1603 ; succeeded by the son of Mary, Queen of Scots, then James VI. 
of Scotland. 

James I., born at Edinburgh, June 19, 1566 ; crowned King of Scotland, July 
29, 1567, at 13 months, eight days old ; married Anne, Princess of Denmark, 
Aug. 20, 1589 ; succeeded to the crown of England, Pvlarch 24, 1603 ; crowned at 
Westminster, July 25, 1603 ; first styled King of Great Britain, 1604 ; arrived at 
London, May 7 following ; lost his eldest son, Henry, Prince of Wales, Nov. 6, 
1612, aged 19 ; married his daughter Elizabeth to the Prince Palatine of the 
Rhine, Feb. 14, 1613; went to Scotland, March 14, 1617; returned, Sept. 15, 1618; 
lost his queen, March 2, 1619 ; died of an ague, March 27, 1625 ; buried at 
Westminster, and was succeeded by 

Charles I., bom at Dunfermhne, Fifeshire, Nov. 19, 1600 ; succeeded to the 
crown, March 27, 1625; married Henrietta, daughter of Henry IV., king of 



264 ENGLAND, KINGS AND QUEENS OF 

France, June 22 ; crowned at Westminster, Feb. 6, 1626, and at Holyrood, 
Tune 18, 1633 ; seized by Cornet Joyce, at Holmby, June 3, 1646 ; escaped from 
Hampton Court, and retreated to the Isle of Wight, Nov. 11, 1648 ; closely con- 
fined in Carisbrook Castle, Dec. i ; removed to Windsor Castle, Dec. 23, to St 
James's, Jan. 15, 1649 ; tried in Westminster-hall, Jan. 20, condemned, 27, be- 
headed at Whitehall, Jan. 30, aged 49 ; buried in St George's Chapel, Windsor. 
His queen, Henrietta, died in France, Aug. 10, 1669. 

Oliver Cromwell, bom at Huntingdon, April 25, 1599 ; chosen member of 
parliament for Huntingdon, 1628; made a Lieut. -Gen., 1643 5 made Protector 
for life, Dec. 16, 1653 ; was near being killed by falling from a coach-box, Oct., 
1654 ; re-admitted the Jews into England, in 1656, after their expulsion of 365 
years ; refused the title of king, May 8, 1657 ; died at Whitehall, Sept. 13, 1658; 
and was succeeded by his son, 

Richard Cromwell, proclaimed Protector, Sept. 14, 1658 ; resigned, April 
22, 1659 ; died at Cheshunt, Hertfordshire, July 12, 1713, aged 86. 

Charles II., bom at St James's Palace, May 30, 1630 ; escaped from St 
James's, April 23, 1648 ; landed in Scotland, 1650 ; crowned at Scone, Jan. i, 
1651 ; defeated at the battle of Worcester, Sept. 3, 1651 ; escaped into Normandy, 
Oct 17 ; landed at Dover, May 25, 1660, and restored to the throne, May 29, 
1660 ; crowned, April 23, 1661 ; married Catherine, Infanta of Portugal, May 20, 
1662 ; died, Feb. 6, 1685, aged 55, of apoplexy ; buried at Westminster, and 
was succeeded by his brother James. Catherine, his queen, died, Dec. 30, 1705. 

James II., bom in Edmburgh Castle, Oct. 15, 1633 ; married Anne Hyde, 
Sept. 3, 1660, who died, March 31, 1671 ; married the Princess of Modena, 
Sept. 30, 1673 ; succeeded to the throne, Feb. 6, 1685; crowned at Westminster, 
April 23; Monmouth, natural son of Charles II., landed in England, June 15, 
1685 ; proclaimed king at Taunton, in Somersetshire, June 20 following ; defeated 
near Bridgewater, July 6 ; beheaded on Tower-hill, July 15, aged 35 ; James's 
queen had a son, bom, June 10, 1688 ; the king fled from his palace, Dec. 10, 

1688 ; was seized soon after at Faversham, and carried back to Whitehall ; left 
England, Dec. 11 ; landed at Kinsale, in Ireland, with a French force, March 12, 

1689 ; defeated and returned to France, July, 1690 ; died at St Germains, Sept, 
16, 1701. 

William III., Prince of Orange, bom at the Hague, Nov. 14, 1650 ; created 
Stadtholder, July 3, 1672 ; married the Princess Mary of England, Nov. 4, 
1677 ; landed at Torbay, in England, with an anny, Nov. 5, 1688; declared King 
of England, Feb. 13, 1689 ; crowned with his queen, April 11, 1689 ; a plot laid 
for assassinating him, Feb., 1690 ; fell from his horse, and broke his collar-bone, 
Feb. 21, 1702 ; died, March 8, aged 52 ; was buried April 12 following, and left 
his sister-in-law, Anne, his successor to the crown, by the Succession Act, 13 & 14 
Will. III. a 6, June 12, 1701. Mary, William's queen, born, April 30, 1662 ; 
proclaimed (with her husband) queen regent of England, Feb. 13, 1689 ; died of 
the smaU-pox, Dec. 28, I&94, aged 32, and was buried at Westminster. 

Anne, bora at St James's Palace, Feb. 6, 1665 ; married to Prince George of 
Denmark, July 28, 1683, by whom she had seventeen children, all of whom died 
young ; she came to the throne, March 8, 1702 ; crowned, April 23 ; lost her son, 
William, Duke of Gloucester, by a fever, July 30, 1700, aged 11 ; lost her 
husband, who died of asthma and dropsy, Oct. 28, 1708, aged 35 ; the queen 
died of apoplexy, Aug. i, 17 14, aged 49 ; buried at Westminster, and was suc- 
ceeded by 

George L, Elector of Hanover, Duke of Brunswick-Lunenburg, bom. May 28, 
1660; created Duke of Cambridge, &c., Oct. 5, 1706. Princess Sophia, his 
queen, mother of George II., died May 28, 1714, aged 83. He was proclaimed, 
Aug. I, 1714; landed, Sept. 18, following; crowned, Oct. 20; died on his 
journey to Hanover, June 11, 1727, of a paralytic disorder. 



ENGLAND, KINGS AND QUEENS OF 265 

George II., bom, Oct. 30, 1683 ; created Prince of "Wales, Sept. 27, 1714; 
married the Princess Carolina Wilhelmina Dorothea, of Brandenburgh-Anspach, 
Sept. 2, 1705; ascended the throne, June 11, 1727; crowned, Oct. 11 ; died, 
Oct. 25, 1760, aged 77, and was succeeded by his grandson, George III.— 
Frederick Lewis, Prince of Wales, son of George II., bom Jan. 20, 1707 ; ar- 
rived in England, Dec, 1728 ; married Augusta, Princess of Saxe-Gotha, April 
27) 1736 ; forbidden the court the year following ; died, March 20, 1751, aged 
44 ; having had issue, Augusta, born, Aug. II, 1737, afterwards Duchess of Bruns- 
wick ; George Augustus, afterwards King of England ; Edward Augustus, born, 
March 25, 1739, died Duke of York, Sept. 17, 1769 ; Eliza Caroline, born, Jan. 
10, 1740, died, Sept., 1759 ; William Henry, born, Nov. 23, 1743, Duke of 
Gloucester, died, Aug. 25, 1805 ; Henry Frederick, born, Nov. 7, 1745, Duke of 
Cumberland, married, Oct., 1 771, Anne Horton, daughter of Lord Irnham, and 
died without issue, Sept. 18, 1780 ; Louisa Anne, bom. May 29, 1748, died, 
May 21, 1768 ; Frederick William, bom. May 24, 1750, died. May 10, 1765 ; 
Caroline Matilda, bom, July 22, 1 75 1, died Queen of Denmark, 1775- His 
princess died of a consumption, Feb. 8, 1772, aged 52. 

George III., eldest son of Frederick, late Prince of Wales, was born, June 
4, 1738; created Prince of Wales, 1751 ; succeeded his grandfather, Oct. 25, 
1760; proclaimed the next day; crowned, Sept. 22, 1761 ; married Charlotte 
Sophia, Princess of Mecklenburgh Strelitz, Sept. 8, 1761 ; died, Jan. 29, 1820; 
buried at Windsor. His issue were : 1. George, Prince of Wales (afterwards 
George IV.), born, Aug. 12, 1762; married, April 8, 1795, Caroline Amelia 
Augusta, the second daughter of the Duke of Brunswick (by Augusta, the eldest 
sister of George HI.), born, May 17, 1768, by whom he had issue, Charlotte 
Caroline Augusta, born, Jan. 7, 1796, who died, Nov. 6, 1817. 2. Frederick, 
Duke of York, Bishop of Osnaburg, born, Aug. 16, 1763 ; marriedat Berlin, Oct. 

1, and again by the Archbishop of Canterbury, Nov. 21, to Frederica Charlotta 
Ulrica Catherina, Princess-Royal of Prussia, who was born. May 7, 1767 ; died, 
Jan. 5, 1827, 3. William, born, Aug. 21, 1765, Duke of Clarence; passed 
through all the ranks of the navy, but received no command (afterwards William 
IV.). 4. Charlotte Au^sta Matilda, born, Sept. 29, 1766; married, May 17, 
1797, to Frederick William, Duke (afterwards king) of Wiirtemburg, who died, 
1816. 5. Edward, Duke of Kent, born, Nov. 2, 1767; died, Jan. 23, 1820. 6. 
Augusta Sophia, born, Nov. 8, 1768. 7. Elizabeth, bom. May 22, 1770. 8. 
Ernest Augustus, Duke of Cumberland, bom, June 5, 1 771 ; married to the Dow- 
ager Princess of Salms, Aug. 29, 1814. 9. Augustus Frederick, Duke of Sussex, 
born, Jan. 27, 1773. 10. Adolphus Fredenck, Duke of Cambridge, born, Feb. 24, 
1774; died, July 8, 1850. Ii. Mary, born, April 25, 1776 ; married to William 
Frederick, Duke of Gloucester, July 22, 1816. 12. Sophia, born, Nov. 3, 1777. 
13. Octavius, bom, Feb. 23, 1779 ; died. May 3, 1783. 14. Alfred, bom, Sept. 
22, 1780; died, Aug. 20, 1782. 15. Amelia, born, Aug. 8, 1783; died, Nov. 

2, 1810. 

George IV., eldest son of George III., bom at St James's, Aug. 12, 1762; 
married first Mary Anne Smythe, widow of Colonel Fitzherbert, Dec. 21, 
1785 ; second, the Princess Caroline of Brunswick, April 8, 1795 ; assumed the 
office of Regent, Feb. 5, 181 1 ; succeeded to the throne, Jan. 29, 1820 ; crowned 
at Westminster, July 19, 1821 ; died, June 26, 1830; buried at St George's, 
Windsor. Queen Caroline died of a broken heart, Aug. 7, 1S21 ; buried at 
Brunswick. — Princess Charlotte of Wales bom, his only issue, Jan. 7, 1796 ; 
married Prince Leopold of Saxe-Coburg, afterwards King of Belgium, May 2, 
1816; died in child-bed, Nov. 6, 1817. 

William IV., born, Aug. 21, 1765 ; married, July 13, 1818, Adelaide, sister of 
the Duke of Saxe-Meiningen, born, Aug. 13, 1792; died, Dec. 2, 1849; was 
appointed Lord High Admiral in 1827 ; succeeded his brother, George IV., 



266 



ENGLAND, KINGS AND QUEENS OF 



June 26, 1830; crowned at Westminster, Sept. 8, 1831 ; died, June 20, 1837; 
succeeded by 

Victoria, only daughter of the Duke of Kent, born at Kensington, May 24, 
1819 ; crowned at Westminster, June 28, 1838 ; married, Feb. 10, 1840, 
her cousin Albert, the Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, and has had issue : 
Victoria Adelaide Mary Louisa, born, 'Nov. 21, 1840 ; married Frederick 
William of Prussia, Jan. 25, 1858. Albert Edward, Prince of Wales, Nov. 9, 
1841 ; married, March 10, 1863, the Princess Alexandra of Denmark. Alice 
Maud Mary, April 25, 1843 ; married, July I, 1862, to Prince Louis of Hesse. 
Alfred Ernest Albert, Aug. 6, 1844. Helena Augusta Victoria, May 25, 1846; 
married, July 5, 1866, to Prince Christian of Schleswig-Holstein. Louisa Carolina 
Alberta, March 18, 1848 ; Arthur William Patrick Albert, May i, 1850; Leopold 
George Duncan Albert, April 7, 1853 ; and Beatrice Mary Victoria Feodore, April 
14, 1857. Prince Albert, the Prince Consort, died, Dec. 14, i86i. 

THE HEPTARCHY. 

KINGS OF THE EAST ANGLES. 

The kingdom commenced in 571- Ethelbert murdered by Ofifa, king of Mercia, 
upon his arrival in that monarch's territories to marry his daughter Etheldritha, 
792. The kingdom consisted of Norfolk, Suffolk, Cambridge, and the Isle of 
Ely. 



575 


Offa 


664 


Aldulf 


582 


Titilus 


713 


Selred 


599 


Redwald 


746 


Alphnald 


624 


Erpwald 


749 


Beorna and Ethelred 


629 


Sigebert 


758 


Beorna alone 


632 


Earig 


761 


Ethelred 


637 


Anna 


790 


Ethelbert 


654 


Ethelric 


792 


Ofifa of Mercia 


655 


Ethelwold 


832 

KINGS OF jCENT. 


Egbert 


455 


Hengist 


685 


Edric 


488 


Esca 


694 


Wihtred 


512 


Octa 


725 


Eadbert 


542 


Ermenric 


748 


Ethelbert II. 


550 


Ethelbert 


760 


Alric 


616 


Eadbald 


794 


Edbert Prasn 


640 


Ercombert 


796 


Cuthred 


664 


Egbert 


805 


Baldred 


673 


Lotherdire 


823 


Egbert 



KINGS OF MERCIA. 

The kingdom contained the counties of Gloucester, Hereford, Chester, Stafford, 
Worcester, Oxford, Salop, Warwick, Derby, Bucks, Northampton, Notts, Lincoln, 
Bedfordshire, Rutland, and part of Herts and Huntingdon. 

584 Crida 709 Ceolred 

597 Wibba 716 

6x5 Ceorl 755 

626 Penda 794 

656 Peadd and Wulfhere 819 

675 Ethelred 821 

704 Cenred 823 



Ethelbald 

Bernred and Offa 

Egfrid and Cenulf 

Cenelm and Ceolwulf 

Burnwulf 

Ludecan 



ENGLAND, KINGS AND QUEENS OF 



267 



825 Wiglaf 
838 Bertulf 



852 Burhred 
874 Ceolwulf 



Deira, Northumberland. The kingdom began 560, united to Bernicia, 658. It con- 
tained the counties of Lancaster, York, Cumberland, Westmoreland, Durham, 
and Northumberland. 



560 Ella 
590 Edwin 
634 Osric 



THE KINGS OF DEIRA. 



KINGS OF BERNICIA. 



547 Ida 

560 Adda 

567 Clappa 

572 Heodwulf 

573 Feodwulf 
580 Theodric 
588 Ethelric 
593 Ethelfrith 
617 Edwin 

634 Eanfrid 

635 Oswald I. 
642 Oswald II. 
670 Egfrid 
685 Aldfrith 
705 Osred 
716 Cenred 
718 Osric 

Sussex and Surrey, Ulla lands in, and subdued the country; acknowledged as 
king, 490. The kingdom taken by Ceanlin and annexed to Wessex from 514 to 
640 ; again conquered and finally added to Wessex, 725. 

490 Ulla 648 Edilwald 

514 Cissa 688 Authun and Berthun 

Wessex, the kingdom of, founded by Cerdic, 519, and contained the counties of 
Berks., Hants., Wilts., Dorset., Devon., and part of Cornwall. 



644 


Oswine 


652 


Adelwald 


729 


Ceolwulf 


738 


Eadbert 


757 


Oswulf 


759 


Ethelwald 


765 


Alchred 


774 


Ethelred I. 


778 


Alfwold 


789 


Osred 


790 


Ethelred II. 


795 


Eardwulf 


808 


Alfwold 


810 


Eardwulf 


843 


Eanred 


862 


Osbert 


863 


Ella 


867 


Ivar the Dane 



519 Cerdic 

534 Cynric 

560 Ceawin 

591 Ceolric 

597 Ceolwulf 

611 Cynegils 

643 Cenwal 



043 Cenwal 

672 Sexburga, Cenwal's Queen 

674 Escwine 



676 Centwine 

686 Cead walla 

688 Ina 

728 Ethelheard 

740 Cuthred, his brother 

754 Sigebert 

755 Cynewulf 
784 Brithric 
800 Egbert 



268 



ENGLAND, KINGS AND QUEENS OF 



England, duration of Reigns of Sovereigns of, corresponding 
with the year of the christian era, 

from 1066 TO 1867. 



Wm. Conq. 

Oct. 14. 

I 1066 
21 1087 


Edward I. 

Nov. 16. 

I 1272 
35 1307 


Richard III. 
June 22. 
I 1483 
3 1485 


James II. 
Feb. 6. 
I 1685 
5 1689 


Wm. Rufus. 
Sept. 9. 
I 1087 
13 IIOO 


Edward IL 

July 7- 
I 1307 
20 1327 


Henry VII. 

Aug. 22. 

I 1485 
24 1509 


Wm. & Mary. 
Feb. 13. 
I 1689 
14 1702 


Heniy I. 
Aug. I. 

I IIOO 

36 1 135 


Edward HI. 

Jan. 25. 

I 1327 
51 1377 


Henry VIII. 

April 21. 

I 1509 
38 1547 


Anne. 
March 8. 
I 1702 
13 1714 


Stephen. 

Dec. 2. 

I "35 

19 "54 


Richard II. 

June 21. 

I 1377 
23 1399 


Edward VI. 
Jan. 28. 
I 1547 
7 1553 


George I. 

Aug. I. 

I 1714 
13 1727 


Henry II. 

Oct. 25. 

I "54 

35 "89 


Henry IV. 

Sept. 29. 

I 1399 
14 1413 


Queen Mary. 
July 6. 

I 1553 
6 155S 


George II, 
June 1 1. 
I 1727 

34 1760 


Richard I. 

July 7- 
I 1189 
10 1199 


Henry V. 
March 20. 

I 1413 
10 1422 


Elizabeth. 

Nov. 17. 

I 1558 

45 1603 


George HI. 

Oct. 25. 

I 1760 
60 1820 


John. 

April 6. 

I 1199 

18 1216 


Henry VI. 

Aug. 31. 

I 1422 
39 1461 


James I. 
March 24. 

I 1603 
23 1625 


George IV. 

Jan. 29. 

I 1820 
II 1830 


Henry III. 
Oct. 19. 
I 1216 

57 1272 


Edward IV. 

March 4. 

I 1461 
23 1483 


Charles I. 

March 27. 

I 1625 

24 Jan. 30, 1649 


William IV. 
June 26. 
I 1830 
7 1837 




Edward V. 
April 9. 
I 1483 


Charles II. 
May 29. 
I 1660* 
26 Feb. 6, 1685 


Victoria. 
June 20. 
I 1837 



* It is sometimes the custom to omit twelve years, during the Commonwealth, and to give 
the date from the death of Charles I. to Charles 11. 

N.B. — Every king's reign begins at the death of his predecessor: for example, George 
IV. began, Jan. 29, 1820 ; the first year of his reign is complete Jan. 28, 1S21. 



ENGLAND, NEW EPERNAY 269 

ENGLAND, NEW, N. America, colonized by the Puritans, 1620, and named by 
them. The Plymouth Company settled here about the same date. 

ENGLISH COLLEGE at Rome founded, 854. 

ENGLISH HISTORICAL SOCIETY instituted for the publication of old chro- 
nicles, 1838. 

ENGLISH LANGUAGE. The Celtic tongue spoken by the natives before the 
Roman invasion. The Saxons having over-run the country, their language was 
generally adopted, and was used in all legal documents until 1066. The Latin, 
or Norman French, was then ordered to be used. The English language ordered 
to be substituted in Law Pleading, 1344 ; extended to Ireland, 1536 ; before the 
close of the l6th century our language had attained its present form and structure ; 
first taught in public schools, 1500. 

ENGRAVING on precious stones mentioned by Moses, Exod. xxviii. 9, and xxxv. 
32, B.C. 1491 ; diamonds first engraved, 1564; the earliest-known print from a 
metal plate by Maso Finiguerra, 1460 ; copper-plate engraving appeared in 
Germany, 1461 ; etching ascribed to Albert Diirer, 1518 ; engraving by dots, an 
Italian invention, 1509; linear engraving first executed in the 14th century ; steel- 
plates first known, 1805, made public, 1818 ; mezzotinto invented by Silgen and 
improved by Prince Rupert, 1648 ; crayon engraving invented in France by 
Bonnet, 1769 ; wood engraving practised by the Chinese, B.C., revived by 
Albert Diirer, 1 5 1 1, and in England by Bewick ; on glass by M. Boudier of Paris, 
1709; lithography by Senefelder, 1798; introduced into England, 1817; act to 
protect the copyright of, 17 Geo. III. c. 57, 1777 ; International Copyright Act, 
7 & 8 Vict. c. 12, May 10, 1844 ; amended, 15 & 16 Vict. c. 12, May 28, 1852. — 
Medals, a machine invented for engraving, by M. Collas, 1830 ; the electro- 
magnetic machine used in Germany, 1854 ; America, 1858. An etching of 
Rembrandt, 'Christ healing the Sick,' The Himdred Guilder, sold at Messrs 
Sotherby's in the sale of Sir C. Price for ^1180, Feb. 23, 1867 ; the same en- 
graving was bought in 1847 for ^133. 

ENLISTMENT. No person to enlist in foreign armies, 1819 ; enlistment in the 
navy for five or ten years, 5 & 6 Will. IV. c. 24, Aug. 21, 1835 ; for the army, 
Infantry 10 years. Cavalry 12, 10 & 11 Vict. c. 37, June 21, 1847 ; the Marines 
limited to 12 years, 10 & II Vict. c. 63, July 2, 1847 ; the Naval Coast Volun- 
teers five years, 16 & 17 Vict. c. 73, Aug. 15, 1853 ; the Royal Naval Volunteers, 
22 & 23 Vict. c. 40, Aug. 13, 1859. 

ENNISKILLEN, Ireland. The town refused to acknowledge Elizabeth, 1595; 
incorporated by James I., 1612 ; successfully resisted the innovations of James 
II., 1689, but the rebels, upwards of 6050 strong, led by Gen. M'Carty, were de- 
feated by 1600 of the king's troops, many prisoners being taken, July 20, 1689. 

ENTAIL. This custom commenced by the 13 Edw. I. c. I, 1285 ; the statute of 
Westminster altered in the reign of Henry VIII., and the power of leasing 
amended by 19 & 20 Vict. c. 120, July 29, 1856. 

ENTERTAINMENT, places of, to be licensed by law, 1752. 

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON, instituted, 1833 ; Transactions 
of, first published, 1834. 

ENTOMOLOGY. Gesner, a Swiss, made several valuable discoveries in, which 
were published in 1634, and Ray's method printed, 1765 ; made a science by 
Linnffius, 1739. 

ENVELOPES invented, 1840; stamped envelopes. May, 1840 ; a machine for 
folding, invented by Messrs Hill and De la Rue, 1845. 

EPERNAY, France, besieged and taken by Henry IV., 1592 ; noted for its en- 
amelled Fayence pottery, first made, 1650; ceased, 1780. 



270 



EPHESIANS EPOCHS 



EPHESIANS, St Paul's Epistle to, written from Rome, a.d. 62. 
EPHESUS, Asia Minor, one of the 12 Ionian cities, well known for its magical arts, 
the books of which were publicly burnt ; seized by Croesus, B.C. 559 ; Ephesus at- 
tacked by Thrasyllus unsuccessfully, B.C. 407 ; became tributary to the Persians, 
B.C. 352 ; the Temple of Diana built, B.C. 552 ; captured by Cyrus, B.C. 544 ; 
the temple destroyed by fire, B.C. 356, on the natal day of Alexander the Great ; 
rebuilt, taking 220 years in its construction ; the city destroyed by an inundation, 
B.C. 322 ; rebuilt upon higher ground by Lysimachus, B.C. 300 ; made the capital 
of Asia, B.C. 129 ; destroyed by an earthquake, A.D. 17 ; visited by St Paul, Acts 
xix.; the Temple of Diana destroyed by the Goths, A.D. 262 ; several councils 
were held here ; at the third, 431, many ecclesiastical riots took place. 
EPICUREANS. This philosophical sect was founded by Epicurus, B.C. 312, at 

Mitylene and Athens ; he died B.C. 271. 
EPIGRAM, a short inscription, either moral, satirical, or mortuary, invented by the 
Greeks : of the Romans, Martial, 90, and Ausonius, 390, have left the best speci- 
mens of ancient ; the modern authors are numerous. 
EPIPHANY, feast of, instituted by Pope Julius, 340. 

EPIRUS, Greece. Admetus crowned king, B.C. 480; Alexander captured several 
provinces and added them to this kingdom, B.C. 332 ; succeeded to the throne, 
B.C. 272. This country espoused the cause of Perseus against the Romans, who 
defeated them and destroyed 70 cities with their inhabitants ; became part of 
Macedonia, B.C. 146 ; added to the empire of the East, and remained so until A.D. 
1204 ; annexed to the Turkish empire, 1466. 
EPISCOPACY.— ^'^^f Bishops. 

EPOCHS, eras and periods which regulate dates of events of inferior moment : the 
era of Nabonassar is remarkable because of its connection with the astronomical 
observations made at Babylon ; it began Feb. 26, B.C. 747; the Hegira, or flight of 
Mahomet from Mecca, July 16, A.D. 622 ; the Romans reckoned from the build- 
in o- of their city, 3113 from the creation of the world, and afterwards from Aug. 
16^ 3936 of the world ; Spain being conquered by the Emperor Augustus in the 
year of Rome 715, 39 years before the birth of Christ, a new era of Spain was 
founded, Jan. i, A.U.C. 716, and B.C. 38 ; it was also used in Portugal, Africa, and 
the southern provinces of France ; abolished in Catalonia, 1180 ; Aragon, 1350 ; 
Valencia, 1358 ; Castile, 1393 ; and in Portugal, 1415. The following is an 
alphabetical list of the principal epochs : — 

Epochs and Eras. Date of commencement. 

Abraham, the era of, Oct. i, B.C. 2015 

Actian era, Jan. i, B.C. 30 

Actian era in Egypt, Sept. i, B.C. 30 

Alexandrian era, ... ... •■• Aug. 29, B.C. 55°^ 

Antioch, the ecclesiastical era, ... Sept. i, B.C. 5492 

Armenian era, July 9, A.D. 552 

Ascension era, Nov. 12, A.D. 295 

Augustinian era, Feb. 14, B.C. 27 

Calippic period, ... ••• •■• The new moon of summer solstice, 

B.C. 330 

Ccesarean era of Antioch, Sept. i, B.C. 48 

Christian era, Jan. i, A.D. i 

Constantinople, civil era, Sept. i, B.C. 5508 

Constantinople, ecclesiastical era, ... March 21, or April i, B.C. 5508 
Constantinople, the indiction of, ... Sept. i, B.C. 3 

Creation, B.C. 5502 

Daniel's epoch, 70 weeks, Vernal eqmnox, B.C. 458 

Deluge, B.C. 2348 



EPSOM 



ERMINE 



271 



Diocletian era, 

Galilasan era, 

Grecian year of the world, 

Hegira era, 

Jerusalem, destruction of, 

Jewisli civil era, 

Jewish mundane era, 

Julian period, 

Julian year, 

Maccabees era. 

Martyrs era, 

Metonic cycle. 

Mundane era, 

Nabonassar era. 

Olympiads era, 

Philippsean era. 

Pontifical indiction, ... 

Roman era, 

Sidonian era, 

Solomon's Temple, the building of, 

Spanish era, 

Syro-Macedonian era, 

Troy, the destruction of, 

Tyrian era, 

Zezdegird, or Persian era. 



Sept. 17, A.D. 284 
March 14, A.D. 1079 
Sept. I, B.C. 5598 
July 16, A.D. 622 
Sept. I, A.D. 69 

Oct. B.C. 3761 

Vernal equinox, B.C. 3761 

Jan. I, B.C. 4713 

Jan. I, B.C. 45 

Nov. 24, A.D. 166 

Feb. 23, A.D. 303 

July 15, B.C. 432 

Oct., B.C. 4008 

Feb. 26, B.C. 747 

New moon of summer solstice, 

776 
June, B. c. 323 
Dec. 25, or Jan. i, B.C. 3 
April 24, B.C. 753 
Oct., B.C. no 
May, B.C. 1015 
Jan. I, B.C. 38 
Sept. I, B.C. 312 
June 12 or 24, B.C. 1184 
Oct. 19, B.C. 125 
June 16, A.D. 632. 



EPSOM, Surrey, the manor of, belonged to the monastery of Chertsey, at the Con- 
quest, 1066 ; Henry VIII. obtained possession of it, 1538 ; given to Edward 
D'Arcy, by Queen Elizabeth, 1589. The medicinal qualities of its waters discover- 
ed, 161 8, — these are well known as ' Epsom Salts ;' Lord North writes in their 
praise in 1645 ; Pepys speaks of this fashionable town and its waters, 1663 ; in 
the London Gazette of June 19, 1684, there is an announcement that the post will 
go every day to the town during the season ; Dr Grew published his treatise upon 
the Bitter Cathartic Salt in the waters, 1695 ? 2, ball-room added to the Old 
Spa, 1697 ; a New Spa discovered, 1706. The races established by James I., 1730; 
the Oaks stakes, so called from the seat of Earl Derby, established, 1779 ; the 
Derby established, 1780 ; the Grand Stand erected by an association, built from 
the designs of E. W. Trendallarch, Nov. 27, 1828-9, cost ;^25,ooo. The church 
rebuilt from the design of Mr Hatchard ; first stone laid. May 19, 1824. 

EQUITES, or knights, organized by Servius Tullius, B.C. 576 ; it was confined to 
men of fortune, B.C. 400 ; first received pay, B.C. 303. 

ERFURT, Prussian Saxony. In the time of Charlemagne this was one of thechief 
commercial cities in Germany ; Luther entered the Augustine monastery as a 
monk, July 17, 1505; annexed by Prussia, 1803; taken by the French under 
Gen. Murat, Oct. 15, 1806 ; the memorable interview between Alexander of 
Russia and Napoleon took place here, Sept. 27, 1808 ; restored to Prussia, 1814. 

ERICSSON'S steam engine propelled by hot air — tried on the Thames, 1853, and 

although partially successful, failed. 
ERITH, great explosion of gimpowder at ; the two magazines belonging to Messrs 

Hall exploded with terrific violence, killing 10 persons ; the shock was felt to a 

great distance, Oct. i, 1864. 

ERMINE, order of knighthood instituted by John IV., Duke of Brittany, 13S1 ; in 
Naples, 1463 ; became extinct in the i6th century. 



272 ERNEST AUGUSTUS ETHNOLOGY 

ERNEST AUGUSTUS of Hanover, established an order of merit, the Cross, Aug. 
9, 1845 ; the order of merit for saving Hfe from danger fomided the same time. 

ERZEROUM, Asia Minor, fomided by a Byzantine Gen. of Theodosius II., a.d. 
415 ; besieged and taken i)y the Russians mrder Paskewitch, July 20, 1829; visited 
by Col. Wilbraham, 1837; partially destroyed by an earthquake, 1580 persons 
killed, June 15, 1859. 

ESCURIAL, the Royal Palace and Convent of Spain, dedicated to St Law- 
rence, and ordered to be built in the form of a gridiron by Philip II., 1557; 
first stone laid by Juan Bautista de Toledo, the architect, April 23, 1563 ; com- 
pleted by his pupil Juan de Herrera, Sept. 13, 1584 ; it covers 2002 square feet of 
ground, and contains 63 fountains, 12 cloisters, 80 staircases, 16 courtyards, and 
cost 6,000,000 ducats. The bones of St Lorenzo deposited here. May 28, 1569 ; 
Philip II. died here, Sept. 13, 1598; the building was sacked by the French under 
Gen. La Houssaye, Dec, 1808, and many of the masterpieces, as well as the library, 
containing 30,000 printed books and 4300 MSS., were carried away, some subse- 
quently returned. 

ESHER PALACE, Surrey, built, 1414; once the residence of Cardinal Wolsey. 

ESPARTO GRASS, used for paper-making : the first specimen was brought to this 
country, July, 1857 ; a cargo reached the Tyne, 1861 ; the imports for 1861 
were 17,000 tons; in 1866 it reached 50,000 tons. 

ESPIERRES, battle, the French attacked the English and Austrians, but were re- 
pulsed. May 22, 1794. 

ESQUIRE, a title first given to attendants upon knights, 1245 ; to persons of fortune, 
1350- 

ESSAYS AND REVIEWS. This work was published by Parker, i860 ; Messrs 
Williams and Wilson were prosecuted for their contributions to, and found guilty ; 
sentence pronounced by Dr Lushington, Judge of the Court of Arches, Dec. 15, 
1862 ; judgment reversed by the Privy Council, Feb. 8, 1864. 

ESSEX, England. The Romans landed imder Caesar, A.D. 55 ; became a Saxon 
kingdom under King Erchenwin, 527; overrun by the Danes, 836 ; the insurrection 
of Wat Tyler against the Poll Tax, 1381. 

ESSEX CONSPIRACY. Robert Devereux, second Eari of, tried for high treason, 
Feb. 19, 1601 ; beheaded on Tower-hill, Feb. 25. 

ESSLING, battle between the French and the Austrians, May 21, 22, 1809, 
when the bridge over the Danube being destroyed, the French were compelled to 
retreat, but regained their superiority at Wagram, soon afterwards. 

ESTE, Lombardy ; the castle is of great antiquity, and the seat of the family of 
Este ; the founder of this family, Alberto Azzo, was born, 996. 

ESTHER, the Book of, supposed to have been written by Mordecai, B.C. 462-452. 

ESTHONIA, Russia, sold by the Danes to the Teutonic knights, 1346, and became a 
province of Sweden, 1560 ; captured by Peter the Great, and added to Russia, 1710. 

ETCHING CLUB, instituted in London, 1838 ; it first published Goldsmith's 
'Deserted Village,' illustrated with 80 designs by the members, 1841. The Anti- 
quarian Etching Club instituted, 1848. 

ETHER. The method of preparing this substance described by Valerius Cordus, 
1540; nitric, discovered by Kunkel, 1681 ; muriatic, 1759; acetic, by Count 
Lauraguais, the same year ; hydriodic by Gay Lussac, and phosphoric by M . 
Boullay ; used to deaden pain in surgical and obstetrical operations ; the discovery 
as to the aesthetic qualities of ether made by Mr Morton of Boston, 1846 ; as to 
chloroform, by Dr Simpson of Edinburgh, 1848. 

ETHNOLOGY. The first decade of anatomical descriptions published by Blumen- 



ETNA, MOUNT EVESHAM 273 

bach, 1 790, gives the best definition of this science ; a society established in Paris, 
1839, and one in London, 1843. 

ETNA, MOUNT, eruptions of : 1693 years before Christ, and 734, 777, and 425, 
125, 121, and 43. After Christ, 40, 252,420, 1012, 1159, 1329, 1408, 1444, 
1536, 1537, 1564, 1669, 1766, 1787, 1809, 1811 ; seven new craters opened in 
1830; thetovv'n of Bronte destroyed, Nov. 18, 1832. 

ETON COLLEGE, founded by Henry VI., Sept. 12, 1441 ; the charter of 
foundation is dated Oct. 11 ; exempted from first-fruits and tenths, by 27 Hen. 
Vni. c. 42 ; Geo. IH. and his Queen visited, Sept. 25, 1762 ; the first stone of 
the new buildings laid by Prince Albert, June 20, 1844. The montem, a triennial 
procession held by the scholars at Salt Hill, at which a collection was made for the 
king's scholar ; it was originally held the 6th of Dec. ; in 1759, the day was changed 
from the 23rd of Jan. to Tuesday in Whitsun week ; the first triennial montem 
was held, 1778; abolished, 1846. 

ETRURIA, Italy, first mentioned in history, B.C. 538, as a naval power ; their fleets 
defeated by Hieron of Syracuse, B.C. 474 ; the coasts of, ravaged by pirates, B.C. 
453 ; the Romans captured Veil, B.C. 396 ; they were totally defeated by that 
power near Lake Vadimon, B.C. 309, and ceased to be a separate nation, B.C. 265. 

EU, France, given by Richard I., Duke of Normandy, to his natural son, Geoffroy, 
996 ; Henry HI. of England defeated the French forces here, Oct. 12, 141 5 ; the 
town burned by order of Louis XL, to prevent its falling into the hands of the 
English, 1475 ; the chateau or castle built by the Duke of Guise, 1581, upon the 
site of a palace erected by Rollo, Duke of Normandy ; enlarged by Louis 
Philippe ; Her Majesty Victoria visited him here, Sept., 1843. 

EUBCEA, ^gean Sea, colonized by the Athenians, B.C. 500 ; reduced by Pericles» 
B.C. 445 ; revolt of the inhabitants and the defeat of the Athenian fleet, B.C. 411. 
The Venetians held it, A.d. 1210 ; taken from them, 1469, by Mahomet II., and 
remained in the hands of the Turks until the Greek insurrection, 1821. 

EUCLID. See Geometry. 

EUNOMIANS, an Arian sect founded by Eunomius, Bishop of Cyzicus, 360. 

EUPATORIA, Crimea, a Tartar town; the chief mosque, Devlet-Ghiri Khan, built, 
1552; occupied by the allied forces, Sept. 14, 1854; fortified, Sept. 30; attacked by 
the Cossacks, who were repulsed, Oct. 1 1 and 15 ; again attacked by a large Russian 
force, but unsuccessfully, Feb. 18, 1855 ; restored to the Russians, May 31, 1856. 

EUROPA, Indian troop ship destroyed by fire, with one ofiicer and 16 soldiers of 
the 6th Dragoons, May 31, 1854. 

EUSTATIUS, ST, West Indies, Island of, settled by the Dutch, 1632 ; taken by 
the French, 1689 ; by the English, 1690; again, Feb. 3, 1781, by Adm. Rodney; 
retaken the same year ; taken by the English, 1801, and 1810 ; restored, 1814. 

EUTAW SPRINGS, battle. The English under Col. Stewart defeated the 
Americans at Eutaw Springs, near Charlestown, Sept. 8, 1781. 

EVANGELISTS. Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John are so denominated ; the first 
wrote in the Hebrew, the other three in the Greek tongue. There were 200 varia- 
tions in the readings of the Evangelists found at the Council of Nice, 325. 

EVESHAM, Worcestershire. In this town Egwin, third bishop of Worcester, 
founded a monastery as early as 701 ; he retired to it in 714. The town incor- 
porated by James I., 1605 ; and the Grammar School refounded by Prince Henry, 
the eldest son of that monarch, 1605-6 ; a woman burned for petit treason at, 
1740; St Lawrence church rebuilt, 1838. 

EVESHAM, battle. The English Barons, under De Montfort, were defeated 
by Prince Edward, De Montfort being killed, and Henry III. released, Aug. 4, 
1265 ; the Earl of Leicester and 160 knights slain. 

18 



274 EVIL EXCHEQUER OFFICE 

EVIL, the King's, Touching for the. It appears that Edward the Confessor ,1058, first 
undertook tliis miraculous work, and all the sovereigns of England followed the 
example, till the accession of the House of Hanover. A form of prayer used for 
the occasion, and surreptitiously withdrawn, will be found in old prayer-books. 
The royal touch — such is the force of imagination — -was often effective, whether of 
a Richard III. or a Henry VIII., equally with our more exemplary monarchs. 
William HI. touched 8577 persons. Dr Samuel Johnson was touched by Queen 
Anne in 1712. George I. had the good sense not to pretend to this marvellous 
power ; but the French kings kept up the farce till 1775. Louis XV. touched 
no less than 2000 persons, and his predecessors, 2500. Licences to subjects to cure 
the, issued by the Church until 1 743. 

EVIL MAY-DAY, a disgraceful riot of the apprentices and populace of London, 
who were guilty of frightful outrages against all foreigners, because they were per- 
mitted to trade in England, May i, 1517 ; fifteen of them were hanged, and 400, 
with ropes about their necks, were pardoned by Henry VIII. 

EWAS HARROLD CASTLE, Herefordshire, built by William Fitz-Osborne, Earl 
of Hereford, 1066-70. 

EXALTATION of the Cross, a feast of the Roman Church, first instituted, 629. 

EXCHANGE, the Royal, London, founded by Sir Thomas Gresham ; the 
first stone laid, June 6, 1566; opened by Queen Elizabeth, and from her styled 
' Royal,' Jan. 23, 1571 ; destroyed in the great fire of 1666 ; rebuilt from the de- 
sign of Edward Jerman ; Charles II. fixed the first pillar, Oct. 23, 1667 ; 
opened, Sept. 28, 1669 ; it cost ^58,962 ; burned, Jan. 18, 1838 ; the present 
building designed by W. Tite, F.R.S; Prince Albert laid the foundation-stone, 
Jan. 17, 1842; opened by Her Majesty Queen Victoria, Oct. 28, 1844 ; first opened 
for business, Jan. I, 1845 ; cost /■ 150, 000. 

EXCHEQUER, Court of, financial and judicial, but subsequently separated, insti- 
tuted by William I., in 1079, or Henry I., 1 102-7 5 once included the Common 
Pleas, separated in 121 5. The Chancellor of the, is the chief officer. 'It was 
sometimes called Curia Regis ad Scaccarium ; and its name was derived,' accord- 
ing to Foss, ' from the covering of the table at which it sat, which was ' ' a four- 
cornered board, about ten feet long, and five feet broad, fitted in manner of a 
table to sit about, on every side whereof is a standing ledge or border, four fingers 
broad. Upon this board is laid a cloth bought in Easter Term, which is of black 
colour, raived with sh-ekes, distant about a foot or span, like a chess-board. On the 
spaces of this Scaccarium, or chequered cloth, counters were ranged, with denot- 
ing marks, for checking the computations. " ' The Barons of, were first appointed, 
July 6, 1234 ; Chief Barons, July 17, 1310. The Court was remodelled by Eliza- 
beth, in 1579 ; appeals from the King's Bench to be determined by 27 Eliz. c. 8, 
1585 ; amended by an appeal to one court from the other, 11 Geo. IV., and I Will. 
IV. c. 70, July 23, 1830, and a final appeal can be made to the House of Lords 
from either of these courts ; an act passed to regulate the office of Queen's Re- 
membrancer, and to amend the practice and procedure on the Revenue side of the 
Court, 22 & 23 Vict. c. 21, Aug. 13, 1859 ; the procedure and practice of, 
amended, 28 & 29 Vict. c. 104, July 5, 1865. The Chancellor of the Exchequer 
is one of the judges of this Court, and when the judges are divided in opinion, he 
is called upon to decide. Sir Robert Walpole did so in 1732, and again in 1735. 
The public payments were always made out of it. The Exchequer stopped pay- 
ment in the time of Charles II., from Jan. 2, 1672, until May, 1673, ^^13,000 
or ;^ 14,000 of bankers' property being lodged there ; the king applied to parlia- 
ment to repay the money he had thus seized, 1673-4. Exchequer bills first invent- 
ed, 1696 ; first circulated by the bank, 1706 ; English and Irish Exchequers con- 
solidated, 1816. 
EXCFIEQUER OFFICE robbed, 1303 ; papers of, sold as waste, attracted parlia- 
mentary attention, 1838. 



EXCHEQUER EXECUTION 275 

EXCHEQUER, Chancellors of, from 1800. 

1 80 1 Henry Addington 1835 Lord Monteagle 

1804 William Pitt 1839 Francis T. Baring 

1806 Marquis of Lansdowne 1841 Henry Goulbm-n 

1807 Spencer Perceval 1846 Sir Charles Wood 
1812 Lord Bexley 1852 Benjamin D'Israeli 
1823 Viscount Goderich 1852 William E. Gladstone 
1827 George Canning 1855 Sir George C. Lewis 

1827 John C. Herries 1858 Benjamin D'Israeli 

1828 Henry Goulbum 1859 William E. Gladstone 
1830 Viscount Althorpe 1866 Benjamin D'Israeli 
1834 Sir Robert Peel 

EXCISE DUTIES. These were levied by the parliament to support the contest 
against Charles I., May 16, 1643. Excise first levied on spirits, soap, &c., by an 
ordinance of parliament, July 22, 1643. The Oxford Parliament imitated the ex- 
ample, and conferred the duties upon the king in 1644. The malt duties levied, 
1695 ; hops included in 1711. Charles II. annexed them to the Crown in 1660. 
They do not appear to have been so much the subject of general reprobation as 
when they were increased and riveted on the realm by Sir Robert Walpole, about 
1733 ; they were increased in order to take off taxes from the land, the owners 
of which desired to throw the burthen upon the people at large. Officers of the 
Excise were not allowed to vote in parliament, 1782. In 1851, the duties on 
foreign wines and spirits, on tea, coffee, and tobacco, and numerous articles, being 
taken off and added to the Customs branch of the revenue, the Excise was joined 
to the Stamp Office in Somerset House, under the general name of the Inland 
Revenue Office, by 12 Vict, c, i, Feb. 27, 1849. 

EXCISE OFFICE, London. Office in Smithfield pulled down, June 24, 1647, 
and the business removed to Old Cockaine House, 1680 ; from thence to Sir John 
Frederick's mansion, in Frederick's Place, Old Jewry, and then to Broad-street. 
Office in Broad-street, built by G. Dance, 1 768-9, on the site of Gresham College, 
which was purchased by the Crown, 1768 ; used as a temporaiy Exchange, 1838 ; 
removed to Somerset House, 1848. 

EXCLUSION, Bill of, to exclude the Duke of York, carried by a majority of 
79 votes in the House of Commons, but thrown out m the Lords, May 15, 1679. 
The people clamoured for the bill, 1680 ; passed again by the Commons, at 
Oxford, 1 68 1. 

EXCOMMUNICATION, an interdict from all Christian communion, inflicted 
oftener from secular than religious motives. That exercised by the Christian Church 
was instituted by our Lord, Matt, xviii. 15-18, A. D. 42; it was practised and 
commanded by St Paul, I Tim. i. 20, i Cor. v., A.D. 64; forbidden in England, 
1 39 1 ; by bell, book, and candle in the Roman Church, introduced by Gregory 
VII., who excomnumicated Henry IV. of Germany ; King John and all England 
excommunicated for six years, in 1208 ; Henry VIII. deposed by Pope Paul III., 
Dec. 17, 1538; Queen Elizabeth excommunicated, 1570, by a bull of the pope. 

EXECUTION. This in all cases must be carried out by the Sheriff or his deputy. 
In 1818- 19-20, the number executed was 312 ; in 1850, the number had decreased 
to 16. There is no age fixed by the English law at which perpetrators of heinous 
crimes may not be executed. A child between 8 and 9 years of age, executed in 
England, for murder, in 1629 ; one at York, aged 10, 1748 ; one at Edinburgh, 
aged 16, for murder, 1812. The last person executed for attempted murder was 
Martin Doyle, at Chester, for wounding with intent, Aug. 27, 1861. The follow- 
ing is a list of the principal executions since 1 700 : — 



276 


EXECUTION 




NAME. 


CRIME. 


WHERE EXECUTED. 


DATE. 


Abershaw, Lewis J. 


Murder 


Kennington Common 


^ Aug. 3, 1795. 


Allen, Gould, and Larkin 


Murder 


Manchester 


Nov. 23, 1867. 


Alvarez, Hughes, ' j 
O'Brien, and Thomas ' 


> Murder 


Kirkdale 


Sept. II, 1863. 


Aram, Eugene 


Murder 


York 


Aug. 16, 1759. 


Armitage, R. 


Forgery 


Old Bailey 


June 24, 1 8 II. 


Ascrofts, father and 2 sons Murder 


Lancaster 


Sept. 8, 1 81 7. 


Atkinson, Matthew 


Murder 


Durham 


Mar. 16, 1865. 


Austen, Noah 


Murder 


Oxford 


Mar. 24, 1863. 


Baker, Frederick 


Murder 


Winchester 


Dec. 24, 1867. 


Balmerino, Lord 


High Treason 


Tower Hill 


Aug. 18, 1746. 


Bankes, William 


Burglaiy 


Horsemonger Lane 


Jan. II, 1830. 


Barnett, Edward 


Murder 


Monmouth 


Apr. 29, 1829. 


Barthelemy, Emanuel 


Murder 


Old Bailey 


Jan. 22, 1855. 


Beale, John William 


Murder 


Wilton 


Jan. 12, 1858. 


Bellingham, John 


Murder 


Old Bailey 


May 18, 181 2. 


Bishop, John 


Burking 


Old Bailev 


Dec. 5, 1831. 


BlackbuiT., Joseph 


Forgery 


York 


Jan. 5, 1846. 


Blakesley, Robert 


Murder 


Old Bailey 


Nov. 15, 1841. 


Blanco v 








Durauno / 








Lopez > Spaniards 


Piracy & Murder 


Old Bailey 


Feb. 22, 1864. 


Lyons \ 








Watto •' 








Bordier, Louis 


Murder 


Horsemonger Lane 


Oct. 15, 1867. 


Bousfield, William 


Murder 


Old Bailey 


Mar. 31, 1856. 


Brandreth, Jeremiah 


Treason 


Derby 


Nov. 7, 181 7. 


Bricknell, Charles 


Murder 


Old Bailey 


Aug. I, 1864. 


Britten, George 


Murder 


Wolverton 


Aug. 29, 1867. 


Brooks, Joseph 


Murder 


Old Bailey 


Apr. 27, 1863. 


Browning, Martha 


Murder 


Old Bailey 


Jan. 5, 1840. 


Brownrigg, Mrs 


Murder 


Tyburn 


Sept. 14, 1767. 


Brunt, Thomas 


Treason 


Old Bailey 


May I, 1820. 


Bucknell, Thomas B. 


Murder 


Taunton 


Aug. 24, 1858. 


Burdock, Mary Ann 


Murder 


Bristol 


Apr. 15, 1835. 


Burke, William 


Murder 


Edinburgh 


Jan. 28, 1829. 


Burton, Robert 


Murder 


Maidstone 


Apr. II, 1863. 


Cadman, Joseph 


Forgery 


Old Bailey 


Nov. 21, 1821. 


Campbell, Major 


Murder 


Armagh 


Oct. 2, 1808. 


Carter, Henry 


Murder 


Warwick 


Apr. 6, 1863. 


Cashman, John 


Felony 


Skinner-street 


Mar. 12, 1817. 


Charhon, William 


Murder 


Carlisle 


Mar. 15, 1862. 


Chesham, Sarah 


Murder 


Chelmsford 


Mar. 25, 1 85 1. 


Connor, Joseph 


Murder 


Old Bailey 


Jime 2, 1845. 


Cook, Eliza 


Burking 


Old Bailey 


Jan. 9, 1832. 


Cook, James 


Murder 


Leicester 


Aug. 10, 1832. 


Cooper, Edward 


Murder 


Shrewsbury 


Apr. II, 1863. 


Cooper, Robert 


Murder 


Old Bailey 


Nov. 17, 1862. 


C order, William 


Murder 


Bui7 St Edmunds 


Aug. II, 1828. 


Courvoisier, T. B. 


Murder 


Old Bailey 


July 6, 1840. 


Crawley, Michael 


Murder 


Chelmsford 


July 23, 1857. 


Gumming, William 


Murder 


Edinburgh 


Jan. 25, 1854. 


Currie, John 


Murder 


Maidstone 


Oct. 12, 1865. 


Davidson, William 


Treason 


Old Bailey 


May I, 1820. 



EXECUTION 



m 



Davis, Thomas R. 
Delane, Dennis 
Derwentwater, Lord 
Despard, Colonel 
Devine, John 
Dodd, Dr 
Donellan, John 
Dove, William 
Doyle, Martin 
Ducker, John 
Emmett, Robert 
Faimtleroy, Henry 
Penning, Eliza 
Fenton, John 
Ferguson, Richard 
Ferrers, Lord 
Forbes, Patrick 
Foster, Catherine 
Foster, George 
Gardell, Theodore 
Garside, William 
Gearing, Mary Ann 
Gilbert, George 
Gould, John 
Grant, Jeremiah 
Green, John 
Greenacre, James 
Hackman, James 
Haggart, David 
Haggarty, Owen 
Haler, Henry 
Hatfield, John 
Hibner, Esther 
Hocker, Thomas 
Holden, Mr 
Holloway, John 
Holt, Ahce 
Hope, WiUiam 
Hunter, Joseph 
Hussey, Charles 
Ings, James 
Jeffery, John Richard 
Kelly, Joseph 
Kelly, William 
Kidd, Captain 
Kilmarnock, Lord 
Kohl, Ferdinand 
Lani, Giovanni 
Lees, William 
Lewis, John 
Lovat, Lord 
Lowe, Edward* 
Luke, Charles 



Murder 

Murder 

High Treason 

High Treason 

Murder 

Forgery 

Murder 

Murder 

Attempt Murder 

Murder 

Treason 

Forgery 

Poisoning 

Murder 

Highway robbery 

Murder 

Murder 

Murder 

Murder 

Murder 

Murder 

Murder 

Murder 

Murder 

Burglary 

Murder 

Murder 

Murder 

Murder 

Murder 

Murder 

Forgeiy 

Murder 

Murder 

Murder 

Murder 

Murder 

Murder 

Murder 

Murder 

High Treason 

Murder 

Murder 

Highway robbery 

Piracy 

High Treason 

Murder 

Murder 

Murder 

Murder 

High Treason 

Coining 

Murder 



WHERE EXECUTED. 

Old Bailey 

Limerick 

Tower Hill 

Horsemonger Lane 

Old Bailey 

TybuiTi 

Warwick 

York 

Chester 

Ipswich 

Dublin 

Old Bailey 

Old Bailey 

Nottingham 

Aylesbury 

Tyburn 

Newcastle 

Bury St Edmunds 

Old Bailey 

Haymarket 

Horsemonger Lane 

Lewes 

Winchester 

Reading 

Maiyborough 

Cambridge 

Old Bailey 

Tyburn 

Edinburgh 

Old Bailey 

Old Bailey 

Carlisle 

Old Bailey 

Old Bailey 

Tyrone 

Old Bailey 

Chester 

Hereford 

Edinburgh 

Pennenden Heath 

Old Bailey 

Old Bailey 

Wexford 

Old Bailey 

Execution Dock 

Tower Hill 

Chelmsford 

Old Bailey 

Old Bailey 

Cardiff 

Tower Hill 

Old Bailey 

Kirkdale 



Nov. i6, 1857. 
Apr. 13, 1S63. 
Feb. 24, 1 716. 
Feb. 23, 1803. 
May 3, 1864. 
June 27, 1777. 
April 2, 1 781. 
Aug. 9, 1856. 
Aug. 27, 1861. 
Apr. 14, 1863. 
Sept. 20, 1803. 
Nov. 30, 1824. 
July 26, 181 7. 
Aug. I, i860. 
April, 1800. 
May 5, 1760. 
Aug. 24, 1850. 
Apr. 17, 1847. 
Jan. 18, 1803. 
April 4, 1 761. 
Nov. 25, 1834. 
Aug. 21, 1849. 
Aug. 4, 1862. 
Mar. 14, 1862. 
Aug. 29, 1 816. 
Jan. 2, 1864. 
May 2, 1837. 
Apr. 16, 1779. 
June II, 1821. 
Feb. 23, 1807. 
Jan. 10, 1853. 
Sept 3, 1803. 
Apr. 13, 1829. 
Apr. 25, 1845. 
Aug. 27, i860. 
Feb. 23, 1807. 
Dec. 28, 1863. 
Apr. 15, 1863. 
Aug. 22, 1700. 
Aug. 3, 1 81 8, 
May I, 1820. 
Oct. 9, 1866. 
Aug. 10, 1863, 
Mar. 24, 1829. 
May 23, 1 701. 
Aug. 18, 1746. 
Jan. 26, 1865. 
Apr. 26, 1858. 
Dec. 16, 1839. 
July 25, 1857. 
April 9, 1747. 
Nov. 22, 1827. 
Jan. 9, 1864. 



The last drawn on a hurdle to the place of execution. 



278 


EXECUTION 




NAME. 


CRIME. 


WHERE EXECUTED. 


DATE. 


MacPhail 


Murder 


Kirkdale 


Apr. 25, 1863. 


Manning and wife 


Murder 


Horsemonger Lane 


Nov. 13, 1849. 


Mansell, Tliomas 


Murder 


Maidstone 


July 6, 1857. 


Marley, Robert 


Murder 


Old Bailey 


Dec. IS, 1856. 


Masterson, Peter 


Murder 


Maidstone 


Sept. 19, 1861. 


Maycock, John 


Murder 


Horsemonger Lane 


Apr. 23, 1807. 


M'Naughton, John 


Murder 


Scotland 


Dec. 15, 1761. 


Moir, Captain 


Murder 


Chelmsford 


Aug. 2, 1830. 


Mosley 


Murder 


Horsemonger Lane 


Nov. 25, 1834. 


MUller, Franz 


Murder 


Old Bailey 


Nov. 14, 1864. 


Mullins, James 


Murder 


Old Bailey 


Nov. 19, i860. 


Nesbett, James 


Murder 


Pennenden Heath 


July 31, 1820. 


Nicholson, Philip 


Murder 


Pennenden Heath 


Aug. 23, 1813. 


O'Coigley, James 


High Treason 


Pennenden Heath 


June 7, 1798. 


Ockold, Wilham 


Murder 


Worcester 


Jan. 2, 1863. 


Palmer, William 


Murder 


Stafford 


June 14, 1856. 


Parker, Richard 


Mutiny 


Sheerness 


June 30, 1797. 


Patch, Richard 


Murder 


Horsemonger Lane 


April 8, 1806. 


Peele, John 


Forgery 


Pennenden Heath 


Jan. 26, 1827. 


Pegsworth, John 


Murder 


Old Bailey 


Mar. 7, 1837. 


Perreau, Daniel & Robert 


Forgery 


Tyburn 


Jan. 17, 1776. 


Phipoe, Mrs 


Murder 


Newgate 


Dec. II, 1797. 


Platts, John 


Murder 


Derby 


April I, 1847. 


Price, John 


Murder 


BunhiU-fields 


May 21, 1718. 


Price, Francis 


Murder 


Birmingham 


Aug. 20, i860. 


Pritchard, Dr 


Murder 


Glasgow 


July 28, 1865. 


Probert, William 


Horse Stealing 


Old Bailey 


June 20, 1825. 


Rann, John, l6 String Jack Highway robbery Tyburn 


Nov. 30, 1774. 


Redanies, Dedea 


Murder 


Maidstone 


Jan. I, 1857. 


Redgard, Joseph 


Highway robbery Old Bailey 


Mar. 24, 1829. 


Reid, Henry 


Murder 


Liverpool 


Jan. 3, 1859. 


Reid, Patrick 


Murder 


York 


Jan. 8, 1848. 


Rogers, Captain 


Murder 


Liverpool 


Sept. II, 1857. 


Ross, Elizabeth 


Murder 


Old Bailey 


Jan. 8, 1832. 


Rush, James Bloomfield 


Murder 


Norwich 


Apr. 21, 1849. 


Sattler, Christian 


Murder 


Old Bailey 


Feb. 8, 1858. 


Sheppard, John 


Housebreaking 


Tyburn 


Nov. 16, 1724. 


Simmons, Thomas 


Murder 


Hertford 


Mar. 7, 1808. 


Slade, Joshua 


Murder 


Huntingdon 


Sept. I, 1827. 


Smithers, Jonathan 


Murder 


Old Bailey 


July 9, 1832. 


Southey, Ernest Walter 


Murder 


Maidstone 


Jan. II, 1866. 


Stevens, Charles 


Murder 


Aylesbury 


Aug. 5, 1864. 


Tapping, James 


Murder 


Old Bailey 


Mar. 24, 1845. 


Tawell, James 


Murder 


Aylesbury 


Mar. 28, 1845. 


Taylor, William 


Murder 


Kirkdale 


Sept. 13, 1862. 


Thistlewood, Arthur 


High Treason 


Old Bailey 


May I, 1820. 


Thomas, Charles 


Forgery 


Old Bailey 


June 24, 181 1. 


Thompson, John 


Murder 


Paisley 


Jan. 14, 1858. 


Thoriey, Richard 


Murder 


Derby 


Apr. II, 1862. 


Thurtell, John 


Murder 


Hertford 


Jan. 9, 1824. 


Tidd, Richard 


High Treason 


Old Bailey 


May I, 1820. 


Turpin, Richard 


Horse-stealing 


York 


Apr. 10, 1739. 


Twigg, Samuel 


Murder 


Wolverhampton 


Dec. 17, i860. 


Wall, Joseph 


Murder^ 


Old Bailey 


Jan. 28, 1802. 



EXECUTION DOCK 



EXETER COLLEGE 



279 



CRIME. 


WHERE EXECUTED. 


DATE. 


Murder 


Chelmsford 




Dec. 27, 1864. 


Murder 


Kirkdale 




Sept. 13, 1862. 


Murder 


Belfast 




April 8, 1863. 


Murder 


Taunton 




April 5, 1 86 1. 


Murder 


Stafford 




Jan. 13, 1844. 


Arson 


Old Bailey 




Jan. 2, 1827. 


Murder 


Old Bailey 




Oct. 15, 1867. 


Burking 


Old Bailey 




Dec. 5, 1831. 


Poisoning 


Old Bailey 




Oct. 20, 1862. 


Murder 


Kirkdale 




April 25, 1863. 


Murder 


Horsemonger 


Lane 


Jan. 12, 1864. 


Murder 


Norwich 




April 4, 1846. 


Murder 


Horsemonger 


Lane 


Sept. 4, i860. 



Wane, Francis 
Ward, John 
Ward, Daniel 
Wedmore, two brothers 
Westwood, Sarah 
White, C. J. 
Wiggins, John 
Williams, Thomas 
Wilson, Constance 
Woods, George 
Wright, Samuel 
Yarham, Samuel 
Youngman, William G. 

EXECUTION DOCK, Wapping. Pirates and sea-rovers hanged here as early as 
18 Hen. VI. Williams the pirate hung here, March 14, 1735. 

EXETER, Devonshire, city of, before the reign of Athelstan the capital of the 
Cornish Britons, whom that king drove beyond the Tamar ; held by the Saxons 
and Danes ; castle built, 680 ; surrendered to Alfred the Great, 894 ; the town 
taken by Sweyn, 1003, and the inhabitants massacred; besieged by William I., 
1067; the castle surrendered to King Stephen, 11 36; first ruled by a mayor, 
1200; Edward I. held a Parliament here, 1286; the chapel of St Bartholomew 
fell down, Sept. 26, 1459; rebuilt, 1481 ; the Guildhall built, 1466; re-edified, 
Nov. 2, 1592 ; the town besieged by Sir W. Courtenay, 1469 ; assaulted by Perkin 
Warbeck, 1497 ; Welsh, the vicar of St Thomas, hanged on his own church 
tower for being a leader in the Cornish rebellion, July 2, 1549 ; the cathedral began 
by Bishop William Warelwast, 1107 ; west front finished, 1194; the style Gothic, 
390 feet long, 74 broad, and 140 high; the nunnery founded, 1236 ; the old bridge 
built, 1250 ; the Black Prince visited the city, 1371 ; conduit made, 1466 ; annual 
festival established, 1549 ; the city incorporated by Philip and Mary ; taken for 
Charles I., Sept. 4, 1643 ; surrendered to the Parliament, April, 1646 ; visited 
by Charles II., July 23, 1670; mint established by James II., 16S6 ; surrendered 
its charter, and another granted, March 20, 1677-8 ; new bridge built, 1778 ; the 
theatre erected, 1783 ; lunatic asylum founded, 1795 ; George III. and Queen 
Charlotte visited the city, 1789; county jail built, 1796; library founded, 1807; 
new city prison built, 1818 ; remnant of the ancient walls taken away, 1818 ; 
public baths erected, 1821 ; new cemetery begun, 1837 ; twenty houses burnt, 
Aug. 22, 1844; the Bristol Railway opened, 1844; Post Office erected, 1849; 
bread riots at, Nov. 4, 1867. 

EXETER, Devonshire, See removed to, 1040 ; once two Sees, one at Crediton, 
Devon, the other at St Germains, Cornwall, united, 1050 ; Leofric, the first 
bishop of Exeter, 1049. 

EXETER, Marquis of. Lord Montague, and Sir Nicholas Carew, beheaded, Dec. 
31, 1558- 

EXETER CHANGE, London, built by Dr Barbon, temp. Will. & Mary; 
Chunee, the famous elephant, shot, 1826 ; removed, 1829 ; an arcade or pass- 
age so called, at some distance from where Exeter Change stood, connecting 
Wellington and Catherine-streets, built from the design of Mr Sydney Smirke, 
1843 ; opened, 1845 5 taken down, 1863. 

EXETER COLLEGE, Oxford, founded by Walter de Stapleton, Bishop of Exeter, 
1314 ; refronted with Bath-stone, 1835. The chapel rebuilt from the designs of 
Mr Scott, at an expense of ^17,000, 1857-58. Hall built in 1618, by Sir John 
Aclandj restored by Nash, 18 18. Library erected, 1856. 



28o EXETER EXHIBITIONS 

EXETER DIOCESAN ARCFIITECTURAL SOCIETY, instituted, 1841. 

EXETER HALL, Strand, London, built from the designs ofGandy Deering, began, 
1829. Tlie Great Hall opened, 1831 ; subsequently enlarged ; it is now 131 feet 6 
inches long, 76 feet 9 inches wide, and 45 feet high ; enlarged, 1 850. The organ 
built by Walker, in 1S40 ; it has 21S7 pipes. The first meeting held here for the 
extinction of slavery under the presidency of Prince Albert, June I, 1840. 

EXETER HOUSE, Strand, built, 1612. The Court of Arches, Admiralty Court, 
and Will Office of the Prerogative Court of Canterbury held here after the fire of 
1666. 

EXETER-STREET, Strand, built, 1677. 

EXHIBITION. The idea of, first conceived by Sully, and the first one held at 
Paris, 1798 ; there were no exhibitors. Great Industrial, of 1 851 ; date of pro- 
clamation, June 3, 1850 ; meeting at the Mansion House in support of the scheme, 
Jan. 25, 1850 ; building decided to be of glass and iron, and desigii of Mr Paxton 
accepted, July 16, — 1848 feet long, 408 wide, 72 high, with a transept 105 feet 
high, covering an area of 989,784 feet, or about 18 acres ; the tender of Messrs 
Fox and Henderson accepted, July 26, ^79,800; commenced, Sept. 26, and 
nearly all completed, Jan. i, 1851. Opened by the Queen, May i, when 10,678 

. packages had been received, carried up to ii,iS6, the number of exhibitors being 
15,000. Visitors :— 

May, 1851 734,782 

June ,.. ... ... ... ... ... ... 1,113,116 

July 1,314,176 

Aug. 1,023,435 

Sept 1,155,240 

Oct. II days 846,107 



Total visitors 6,186,856 



The cost of the building was ... ... ... ... ... ... .^170,743 



/: 


s. 


d. 


556,071 


12 


6 


64,344 








40,000 









Receipts at the doors 
Subscriptions 
Subscription tickets 

Total ... 460,415 12 6 

Memorial of, inaugurated by the Prince of Wales at the Horticultural Gardens, 
June 10, 1863. 

EXHIBITION. The International, designed by Capt. Fowkes ; the building con- 
sisted of two large domes of glass, 250 feet high, and 160 feet in diameter ; the 
nave was 800 feet long, 100 feet high, and 85 feet wide ; the whole structure 
covered 16 acres of ground ; opened by the Duke of Cambridge, May i, 1862 ; 
declaration of prizes to exhibitors, July 1 1 ; banquets to foreign workmen, Aug. 
5, at Freemasons' Hall, — to the French workmen at the Exhibition, Aug. 26; closed, 
Nov. I. 

EXHIBITIONS. Amsterdam, opened, Aug. 16, 1864. Calcutta, Jan. 25, 1S55. 
Cork, June 10, 1852. Dublin : the first. May 12, 1853 ; the second, Jan. 12, 1864. 
Florence, Sept. 15, 1861. Manchester : the first, May 5, 1857 ; the second, March 
2, 1866. New York, July 14, 1853. Paris : the first, 1798 ; second. May 15, 
1855 ; the third, April i, 1867. TAe Indzistrial Working Men^s, Bristol, Sept. 19, 



EXPENSES OF ENGLISH WARS 281 

1865. Coventry, June 19, 1867. Glasgow, Dec. 12, 1865. Leeds, March 2, 
1867. London : the East London, at Beaumont Institution, Mile End Road, 
1866; North London, at the Agricultural Hall, Islington, Oct. 17, 1864 ; South 
London, at the Lambeth Baths, Feb. i, 1865 ; West London, at the Floral Hall, 
Covent Garden, May I, 1865 ; the City of London, at Guildhall, March 6, 1866 ; 
the Anglo-French, at the Crystal Palace, Aug., 1865. Preston, Sept. 21, 1865. 
York, July 24, 1866. 

EXPENSES OF ENGLISH WARS. William HI., ;^30,446,382 ; Queen Anne, 
;^43,36o,ooo ; George I., ^6,048,267 ; George II., 1739, ;^46,4i8,689 ; war of 
1756, George II. and III., ;,^i 1 1,271,996 ; the American war, ;,f 139, 171,876, 
Spanish and Russian proportions, ;i^2, 800,000 ; debt contracted from the com- 
mencement of the war to replace the Bourbons to the conclusion of the war in 
1815, ;^374, 789,425, expended on the same object. — In 1814, the sums expended 
for the army, navy, and ordnance, amounted to £li,6^6,']0'], and if to this sum is 
added the interest of the debt, all of which had been incurred in the prosecution of 
wars, it will be seen that these branches of expenditure amounted in that one year 
to ;i{^lOl, 738,072. The lavish expenditure of the war placed the country in astate 
unfavourable for taking advantage of the alteration in the years that followed the 
final overthrow of Napoleon, or they must have been years of the highest pros- 
perity. The prices of articles of which we were buyers, fell ; the goods which we 
had to offer in exchange, rose in value. During the ten years between 1 805 and 
1814, the government expenditure exceeded ^800,000,000. According to the 
official returns, the wars cost the country, during the present century, upwards of 
1000 millions of money, 63 per cent, of which was expended in the 14 years of 
war, and the remaining 37 per cent, only in 22 years of peace, viz. : — • 





14 Years, 1801 


22 Years, 1815 


Total, 36 Years, 




to 1814. 


to 1836. 


1801 to 1836. 




£ 


£ 


£ 


Navy 


... 237,441,798 


137,719,606 


... 375,161,404 


Army 


•■• 337,993»9i2 


204,406,907 


... 542,400,819 


Ordnance 


58,198,904 


34,176,949 •■• 


• •• 92,375,853 



^633,634,614 376,303,462 1,009,938,076 

One source of public expenditure bore very hard, consisting of subsidies paid to 
foreign countries. The following statement shows the expenditure of each year 
under this head, from 1793 to 1814. The aggregate sum thus abstracted from the 
national resources in those 22 years amounted to ^46,289,495, of which about 
two-thirds, ;(^30,582,259, were expended in the 10 years that preceded 18 14. 

£ £ 

1793 — Hanover ... 492,650 

Hesse Cassel ... 190,623 

Sardinia ... ... ... ... ... ... 150,000 



1794 — Prussia 1,226,495 

Sardinia 200,000 

Hesse Cassel ... ... ... ... ... 437,105 

Hesse Darmstadt 101,073 

Baden ... 25,196 

Hanover 559,37^ 



833,-73 



2,539,245 



1795 — Germany Imperial Loan (35 Geo. HI. c. 93) 4,600,000 

Baden ij794 

Carried forward ... 3j372>5^^ 



28?, 



EXPENSES OF ENGLISH WARS 
Brought forward 



Brunswick 
Hesse Cassel ... 
Hesse Darmstadt 
Hanover 
Sardinia 

1796 — Hesse Darmstadt 
Brunswick 

1797 — Hesse Darmstadt 
Brunswick 
Germany Imperial Loan {35 Geo. III. c. 59) 

1798 — Brunswick 
Portugal 

1 799 — Prince of Orange ... 

Hesse Darmstadt 
Russia 

1800 — Germany 

German Princes 

Bavaria 

Russia 

1801 — Portugal 

Sardinia 

Hesse Cassel ... ... 

Germany 

German Princes 

1802 — Hesse Cassel ... 

Sardinia 
Russia ... 



1803- 



-Hanover 
Russia .. 
Portugal 



1804 — Sweden 

Hesse Cassel 

1805 — Hanover 
1 806 — Hanover 

Hesse Cassel 
Germany 



1807- 



-Hanover 
Russia 
Hesse Cassel 
Prussia ... 



97,722 
317.492 

79,605 
478,348 
150,000 

20,076 

i?>794 

57,015 

1,571 

1,620,000 

1,000 
120,013 

80,000 

4,812 

825,000 

1,066,666 
500,000 
501,017 
545,494 

200, 1 14 
40,000 
100,000 
150,000 
200,000 

33,451 

52,000 

200,000 

117,628 
63,000 
31,647 

20,119 
83,304 

35,341 

76,865 

18,982 

500,000 

19,899 
614,183 

45,000 
180,000 



3,372,518 



5,724,961 



32,870 



1,678,586 



121,013 



909,812 



2,613,177 



690,114 



285,451 



212,275 



103,423 
35,341 



595,847 



859,082 



Carried forward 



17,234.470 



EXPENSES OF ENGLISH WARS 



Brought forward 



1808— Spain 1,497,873 

Sweden 1,100,000 

Sicily 300,000 

1809 — Spain 529,039 

Portugal ... ... ... ... ... ... 600,000 

Sweden ... ... ... ... 300,000 

Sicily 300,000 

Austria 850,000 

1810 — Hesse Cassel 45>i5o 

Spain 402,875 

Portugal 1,237,518 

Sicily 425,000 

1811 — Spain 220,690 

Portugal 1,832,168 

Sicily 275,000 

Portuguese sufferers ... ... ... ... ... 39,555 

1812 — Spain 1,000,000 

Portugal 2,167,832 

Portuguese sufferers ... ... ... ... ••• . 60,445 

Sicily ' 400,000 

Sweden 278,292 

Morocco ... ... ... ... ... ... 1,952 

1813 — Spain 1,000,000 

Portugal ... ... 2,644,063 

Sicily ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 600,000 

Sweden ... ... ... ... ... ... 1,320,000 

Russia ... ... ... ... ... ... 657,500 

Russian sufferers ... ... ... ... ... 200,000 

Prussia ... ... ... ... ... ... 650,040 

Prince of Orange ... ... ... ... ... 200,000 

Austria 500,000 

Morocco ... 14,419 

1814 — Spain 450,000 

Portugal ... ... ... ... ... ... 1,500,000 

Sicily ... ... .., ... ... 316,667 

Sweden ... ... ... ... ... ... 800,000 

Russia ... ... ... ... ... 2,169,982 

Prussia 1,319,129 

Austria ... ... ... ... ... ... 1,064,882 

France (advanced to Louis XVIH. , to enable him to 

return to France) 200,000 

Hanover ... ... .v. ... ... ... 500,000 

Denmark 121,918 



283 

£ 
17,234,470 



2,897,873 



2,579,039 



2,110,543 



2,367,413 



5,521 



7,786,022 



7,620,660 



821,918 



^47,326,459 



2S4 



EXODUS 



FACTORIES 



The direct payments under the form of loans and subsidies did not form the whole 
of the contributions made by this country to its allies. The value of the arms, 
clothing, and other stores that were furnished to our allies in the year 1814 alone, 
were all in addition to the subsidies in the foregoing statement :— 

11,042 

385,491 

136,338 

88,845 
^1,582,045 



AUSTRIA. £ 

Arms and clothing ... 410,751 

FRANCE. 

Arms sent to the south of 

France 31,932 

HANOVER. 

Arms and clothing ... 239,879 

HOLLAND. 

Arms and clothing ... 267,759 

OLDENBURG. 

Clothing 10,008 



PRUSSIA. 

Arms 

RUSSIA. 

Provisions and stores 

SPAIN. 

Stores 

Miscellaneous arms and 
clothing supplied to va- 
rious foreign corps 



EXODUS, or the going out of the children of Israel from Egypt, occurred B.C. 
i^gi.^Arc/i. Ussher. Described by Moses in one of his five books. 

EXTREME UNCTION, since the 12th century made one of the seven sacraments 
of the Roman Catholic Church ; decreed a sacrament by the Council of Trent. 

EYE, Infirmary for Diseases of the, founded, 1804. 

EYLAU, battle. The Russians, commanded by Gen. Benningsen, at first defeated 
the French under Marshal Augereau, but Napoleon arriving upon the field, the 
battle was renewed, and the Russians compelled to retreat. The former lost 7000 
in killed, and the Russians 20,000, Feb. 8, 1807. 

EYNESFORD CASTLE, Kent, founded by Leofric the Saxon, 1050 ; possessed 
by WiUiam d'Eynesford, 1162-70. 

EYNSHAM ABBEY, Oxfordshire, built, 1005. 

EYRE, Justices in, the office instituted, 1184, by Henry II., an itinerant court of 
justice. They once went their circuit every three years to punish abuses in the 
king's forests. The last was held in the time of Charles II., 1671. 

EZEKIEL, the Book of, written by the prophet, B.C. 593. 

EZERGHAN, on the borders of Armenia, destroyed by an earthquake, when 6300 
of the inhabitants perished, July 28, 1784. 

EZRA, the Book of, written partially in Hebrew and Chaldee, by Ezra, a descend- 
ant of Aaron, B.C. 536—457. 



FACTORIES. Act passed for the preservation of health and morals in, 42 Geo. 
III. c. 73, June 22, 1802 ; persons under 18 years of age prohibited from working 
more than 12 hours a day, and children under nine not to be employed, 3 & 4 
Will. IV. c. 103, Aug. 29, 1833 ; amended, 4 & 5 Will. IV. c. i, Feb. 20, 1834; 
amended, 7 & 8 Vict. c. 15, June 6, 1844 ; amended, 19 & 20 Vict. c. 38, June 
30, 1856 ; and again, 23 & 24 Vict. c. 78, s. 8, Aug. 6, i860. The labour of 
children regulated in print works, 8 & 9 Vict. c. 29, June 30, 1845 ; the hours of 
labour altered, &c., 13 & 14 Vict. c. 54, Aug. 5, 1850 ; an act passed for the ex- 
tension of, 30 &31 Vict. c. 103, Axig. 15, 1867. 



FAENZA FALKLAND 285 

FAENZA, Italy, the ancient Faventia. Carbo and Norbanus were defeated here 
by MeteUus, B.C. 82 ; in the time of Pliny it was noted for its linen manufacture. 
Totila, the king of the Goths, ravaged the town in the 6th century ; taken and almost 
destroyed by Frederick II., 1244 ; Manfredi restored the town, but was defeated 
and the town taken by Csesar Borgia, 1500 ; it passed into the power of the 
Venetians and Bolognese soon after (15 10) ; afterwards captured by the French ; 
taken by the Imperialists, 1 708 ; by the French, 1 796 ; the Pope's troops ex- 
pelled, 1797 ; since restored ; annexed to Sardinia, 1859 ; famed for its pottery as 
early as 1290. 

FAHRENHEIT, S. D., first conceived the idea of substituting mercury for spirits 
of wine in thermometers, 1 720. 

FAIRLOP OAK AND FAIR, Essex. Mr Daniel Day founded a festival here the 
first Friday in July, 1 720, and it afterwards led to a fair being held here upon 
that day. The founder was buried in a coffin made out of a fallen branch of the 
oak, Oct., 1767; the tree was partially destroyed by fire, June, 1805; the 
withered trunk blown down in a storm, Feb., 1820 ; it measured 30 feet in cir- 
cumference ; the pulpit of St Pancras new church was made out of its remains. 

FAIR OAKS, battle. The Confederates under Gen. Lee defeated the Federals 
under Gen. Casey, capturing 19 guns and all their baggage. May 31, 1862. 

FAIRS estabhshed in England by its earliest kings : Edward III. passed several 
statutes for regulating, 2 Edw. III. c. 15, 1328; 5 Edw. III. c. 5, 1331 ; Court 
of Pie Poudre established for disputes at, 17 Edw. IV. c. 2, 1477 ; regulation for 
holding fairs made by 27 Hen. VI. c. 5, 1448-9 ; persons to be appointed to col- 
lect the tolls at horse fairs, 2 & 3 Ph. and Mary, c. 7, 1555 ; an act passed for the 
further regulation of, IO& II Vict. c. 14, April 23, 1847; another to enable the 
commissioners of woods and forests to extinguish tolls, 15 & 16 Vict. c. 62, s. 6, 
June 30, 1852. 

FAKENHAM, Norfolk, fire at, much injury done to the village, Aug. 4, 1738. 

FALAISE, France. In the Norman castle, the ancient seat of the Dukes of Nor- 
mandy, William the Conqueror was born, 1027 ; the Prince Arthur was imprisoned 
here by his uncle. King John, Aug., 1202 ; the castle was captured by Henry V., 
1440 ; besieged successfully by Henry IV., 1589 ; repaired, 1835. 

FALCON COURT, Fleet-street. Wynkyn de Worde, the celebrated printer, lived 
at the corner in Fleet-street at the sign of the Falcon, 1667. 

FALCONRY. This sport is of Saxon origin, and was practised by the Court of 
Ethelbert, 860. Regulations made concerning, 34 Edw. III. c. 22, 1361. Col. 
Thornton continued this sport in Yorkshire until 1805. A subscription club for, 
in Scotland, till 18 19. 

FALCZI, Peace of, concluded between Peter the Great of Russia and the Sultan of 
Turkey, July 10, 171 1. 

FALKIRK, battle between Edward I. and the Scotch under Wallace, in which 
40,000 of the Scotch were slain, July 22, 1298 ; also, a skirmish between some of 
the English forces and the Scotch rebels under Prince Charles, in which the 
former were worsted with the loss of 300 men, Jan. 1 7, 1 746. 

FALKLAND ISLANDS discovered by Capt. Davis, Aug. 14, 1592 ; visited by 
Strong, 1690 ; and Commander Hawkins, 1594. The French established a colony, 
1764; the English, 1766; the Spaniards took possession of the whole islands, 
1767 ; England gave them up to that power, 1771 ; claimed by the republic of 
Buenos Ayres, 1820; settlement destroyed by the Americans, 183 1 ; the British 
retook possession of the islands, 1833. 

FALKI.AND, Scotland, noted for its Royal Palace of the Macduffs, forfeited the 
crown, 1424 ; made a royal burgh by James II., 1458 ; the palace enlarged and 



286 FALMOUTH FARNHAM 

improved by James V., who died here, 1542 ; the charter incorporating the town 
renewed by James VI., 1595 ; the oaks in the forest of, destroyed by order of 
Cromwell; visited by Charles II., 1650; seized by Rob Roy M'Gregor, 1715, 
who levied a contribution before he left the town. 

FALMOUTH, England, granted to Sir John Killigrew by James I., 1613 ; he 
afterwards built a New Quay, 1670; incorporated, 1661, by Charles II. ; made 
the station for the West Indian Mail, 1668 ; 22 houses and the theatre destroyed at, 
by fire, Aug. 21, 1792 ; an act passed discontinumg a separate court of quarter 
sessions and gaol in the borough of, 28 & 29 Vict. c. 103, July 5, 1865. 

FAMARS, France, battle. The English attacked the French camp with success 
at this place, May 23, 1 793. 

FAMILIES, Agricultural, in Great Britain : while the total number of families in 
Great Britain increased, between 1811 and 1831, from 2,544,215 to 3,414,175, or 
at the rate of 34 per cent., the number of families employed in agriculture in- 
creased only from 895,998 to 961,134, or at the rate of 7>4 per cent. From a 
table designed to show the progress of agriculture in England during each of the 
75 years between 1760 and 1835, it appeared that in the ten years from 1760 to 
1769, when the average number of inhabitants of England and Wales was 
6,850,000 souls, the quantity of wheat produced was more than sufficient for the 
home use by 1,384,561 qrs. 

FAMILY COMPACT between France, Spain, and Naples, signed, Aug. 15, 
1761. 

FAMILY OF LOVE, a religious sect, called also Philadelphians, who assembled 
at Nottingham, under David George of Holland ; he had before propagated his 
harmless tenets in Switzerland, 1556 ; his books were answered, by digging up 
his body and burning both. See Agapemone. 

FAMINE. The first recorded in the Bible is that of Abraham after he had 
pitched his tent on the east of Bethel— 'The famine was grievous in the land,' 
Gen. xii. 10; on the second famine desolating the land, this patriarch found refuge 
with Abimelech, king of the Philistines, in Gerar, Gen. xxvi. I et seq. The Seven 
Years' Famine in Egypt is described in Gen. xl. i et seq. The next most remark- 
able famine was that in the reign of the Fatimee Khaleefeh, El-Mustansir Billah, 
which is the only instance on record of one of seven years' duration in Egj'pt since 
the time of Joseph, A.H. 457 — 464. See Dearth. 

FANCOURT, Samuel, a dissenting clergyman, who first set on foot circulating 
libraries, b. 1678, d. 1768. 

FANMAKERS' COMPANY incorporated, 8 Anne, April 19, 1709. 

FANS. Pharaoh, 3000 years ago, had his fan-bearers. They are also spoken of by 
Terence and Ovid as used by the slaves to cool the apartments. They were in- 
troduced into England from Italy, 1570. Gosson, in his 'Pleasant Quippes for 
Upstart Gentlewomen,' gives a full description of their use, 1596. 

FAREWELL NUNNERY, Staffordshire, founded by Roger, bishop of Chester, 
1 140. 

FARLEIGH CASTLE, Hungerford, Somersetshire, built by Sir Thomas Hunger- 
ford, 1 1 70; reduced to ruins, 1797. 

FARNE ISLAND CELL, Northumberland, the residence of Aidan, first bishop 
of Lindisfame, who died, 651 ; Priory founded, 1291. 

FARNHAM, Surrey, annexed by Ethelbald to the See of Winchester. The Danes 
defeated here by King Alfred, 893. Henry de Blois, the brother of King Stephen, 
built a castle here of great strength, 1 145 ; demolished by Henry II. ; rebuilt by 
the bishops of Winchester ; visited by Queen Elizabeth, Aug., 1567, and Sept. 16, 



FARNLEY WOOD PLOT FAWKES, GUY 287 

1591 ; blown up by Gen. Waller, Dec. 29, 1642 ; restored by Bishop Morley, 
1662-84. William Cobbett born in this town, 1762. Poor Law inquiry into 
the mismanagement of the workhouse opened, Nov. 13, 1867 ; concluded, Dec. 
6, 1867. 

FARNLEY WOOD PLOT, formed by a few fanatics to overthrow the government 
of Charles II. ; they took arms, Oct. 12, 1663, but were defeated, and tried by a 
special commission at York, Jan., 1664 ; Robert Atkins, John Errington, and 
Henry Watson were executed on Chapel Town Moor, Jan. 19, 1664. 

FARNOVIANS, an heretical offshoot from the Socinians, 1568 ; ceased, 161 7. 

FARRIERS' COMPANY incorporated, 25 Car. II., Jan. 17, 1670. 

FARRINGDON, Berkshire. The castle built by Robert, Earl of Gloucester, 
1 142 ; the castle destroyed, 1202, and the site given for an abbey. 

FARRINGDON MARKET, London, established by the Corporation of London 
upon the removal of Fleet Market by act of parliament, 5 Geo. IV. c. cli., June 
21, 1824; opened, Nov. 20, 1826; cost, ;/^3 1,186. 

FARRINGDON WARD, London, called the Ward of ' Fletestrete,' or the Ward 
of Anketin de Auvergne, in the reign of Edward I.; William de Farndone, gold- 
smith, purchased the Ward or Soke of Newgate and Ludgate, or Farringdon Ward 
within, 1279, and became alderman of that ward; he purchased subsequently the 
Ward of Anketin de Auvergne and united the two wards ; made separate wards 
within and without, 17 Rich. II., A.D. 1393-4 ; Blackfriars annexed to the ward 
without, March 11, 1736 ; Whitefriars to the wai'd within, Feb. 28, 1806. 

FARTHINGALES. The petticoat or under supporters of the ladies' dresses were 
much in use both in the reign of Elizabeth and James. Philip Stubbes, in his 
' Anatomic of Abuses,' gives a humorous account of this article of dress, 1583. 

FARTHINGS, in silver, coined by King John, in Ireland, 1210 ; in silver, by 
Henry VIII., in England, 1522; in copper, by Charles II., 1665 and 1672; 
half-farthings first coined in the reign of Victoria, 1843. 

FASTS. The number of fasts in the Jewish calendar is now 28. Samuel pro- 
claimed a national fast and gathered all Israel to Mizpeh, i Sam. vii. 6 ; Jehosha- 
phat appointed one throughout all yudah when he was preparing for war against 
Moab and Ammon, 2 Chron. xx. 3 ; in the reign of Jehoiakim, one was proclaimed 
in Jerusalem, when the Prophecy of Jeremiah was publicly read by Baruch, Jer. 
xxxvi. 6 — 10. The Roman calendars, with their feasts, games, and ceremonies 
for the year, designed by Festus Pompius and Numa ; the custom ceased, 450 ; fasts 
came into general practice upon special occasions, 240. Telesphorus instituted 
Lent ; Pope Calixtus instituted the Ember Fasts, 219. Fast and Day of Humilia- 
tion held throughout England on account of the insurrection in India, Oct. 7, 1857. 

FAUNTLEROY, Henry, a London banker, executed for forgery at Newgate, Nov. 
30, 1824. 

FAUST, or FAUSTUS, who claimed the invention of printing, and on that ac- 
count has been often coupled with the devil in stories and legends ; he died, 1466. 

FAVERSHAM, Kent. The abbey founded by King Stephen and Queen Matilda, 
1 147 — 1 149 ; the abbot had a seat in parliament until 1325 ; the Grammar 
School founded, 1527; built, 1577; Henry VIII. incoi-porated the town, 1545. 
35 persons killed by an explosion of gun cotton at the works of Messrs Hall, 
July 14, 1847 ; explosion of Messrs Hall and Son's gunpowder works, four men 
killed, April i, 1867 ; Mr Hall's gunpowder mills exploded and three men killed, 
.Aug. 15, 1S67 ; again, Dec. 28, 11 men killed. 

FAWKES, GUY, executed in Parliament-yard, Jan. 31, 1606, for being a conspir- 
ator in the gunpowder plot. 



288 FAYETTE FENIANS 

FAYETTE, Marquis de la, rewarded by the Americans with 200,000 dollars, and 
a complete township of land, in remembrance of his services in the cause of 
American independence, 1825. 

FE, SANTA, Spain, erected by Ferdinand and Isabella during the siege of Granada, 
149 1. 

FEALTY to the pope refused by William I., 1073. 

FEARNS, Scotland, roof of the church of, fell, and killed 60 persons, Oct. 19, 
1742. 

FEASTS, or FESTIVALS. These are numerous in the universal Church. 
The religious ones ordained by the Mosaic Law are : 1st, those formally con- 
nected with the institution of the Sabbath ; 2nd, the historical or great festivals ; 
3rd, the day of atonement. The Primitive Church had but few, Sundays, Easter, 
and Pentecost, A.D. 127; the worship of saints began about 317; the number 
of festivals greatly increased by the Council of Laodicea, 366 ; the Council of 
Auvergne, 535, increased the number ; Rogation days were appointed, 469 ; the 
Council of Mayence, 813, decreed the following festivals, Easter Sunday, Mon- 
day, Tuesday, and Wednesday, Ascension day, Pentecost, and a few others ; All 
Souls, instituted by the Lateran Council, Jan. 31, 993 ; the Synod of Oxford, 
under Stephen, Abp of Canterbury, fixed the festivals, 1222 ; Pope Urban IV. 
instituted the feast of Corpus Christi, 1264 ; jubilee, by Boniface VIII., 1300, at 
first observed every 100 years, then every 50 years, afterwards every 25 years ; in 
1545 Paul III. instituted the festival of the Seven Sorrows of Our Lady ; Michael, 
Abp of Auxerre, abolished many, 1300 ; Clemangis several, I416. In the list of 
public grievances presented to the Emperor Charles V. by the Germans, they 
make grievous complaints against these festivals, 1522 ; Erasmus censures their 
excess, 1524. 
FEATHERSTONE CASTLE, Northumberland, founded by Thomas de Feather- 
stonehaugh, 1272 ; confiscated by the Parliament because Timothy Featherstone- 
haugh fought for the king at the battle of Worcester, 1651. 
FEBRUARY in the first ages of Rome was the last month of the year ; placed as at 

present, B.C. 452. 
FEDERATION, the fete of the, celebrated by the Revolutionists in France, in the 
Champ de Mars, in the presence of 60,000 federates. Louis XVI. took his oath 
to the Revolution after the bishop of Autun had celebrated high mass, July 14, 
1790. 
FEES, an act passed to provide for the collection of, in the Superior Court at West- 
minster and offices by means of stamps, 28 & 29 Vict. c. 45, June 19, 1865. 
FELTMAKERS' COMPANY incorporated, 2 Jac. I., Aug. 2, 1604. 
FELTON, John, affixed the bull of Pope Pius V., excommunicating Queen Eliza- 
beth, to the gates of the bishop of London's palace, April 25, 1570. 

FEMALE SERVANTS taxed, 1785 ; discontinued, 1792. 

FENCING SCHOOLS prohibited in London, as introducing duelling, 13 Edw. I., 
1285; the present method introduced, 1600. 

FENIANS, a body of discontented Irish and Irish Americans, who are said to 
derive their name from Fin, an Irish chieftain, the son-in-law of King Cormac 
(other authorities derive their cognomen from Phcenicians,) established for the 
severance of Ireland from England, and the establishment of an Irish republic ; 
the redistribution of electoral rights, and of all property real and personal. 
First heard of in Ireland, 1862, and in America, 1863, and in Dublin, 1864. 
The first Fenian congress held at Cincinnati, United States, Jan., 1865. Several 
conspirators arrested in Dublin, Sept. 15, 1865, and the office of the Irish People 



FENWICK FERENTINUM 289 

newspaper seized ; several arrests made of suspected persons in Cork, Sept. 16, 
in Manchester and Sheffield, Sept. 20 ; a congress of, met at Philadelphia, Oct. 
16 ; the Head Ceiiti-e, James Stephens, arrested at Dublin, Nov. 10 ; escaped 
from Richmond Bridewell, Nov. 24 ; trial of suspected Fenians at Dublin, Nov. 
27 ; Thomas Luby, O'Leary, and Donovan sentenced to penal servitude, Dec. 
I — 13 ; a special commission opened for the trial of prisoners at Cork, Dec. 14. 
The Habeas Corpus Act suspended in Ireland, 29 & 30 Vict. c. i, Feb. 17, 
1866, to be in force until Sept. 6. A meeting of American Fenians held at Nash- 
ville, America, Feb. 19 ; another in New York, March 4 ; the Head Cent7-e, 
Stephens, arrived at New York, May 10 ; attempt to invade Canada, Fort Erie 
captured, May 31 ; defeated, and their leader. Col. O'Neil, killed, June 2 ; pro- 
clamation issued condemning their proceedings by the President of the United 
States, June 7. The Habeas Corpus Act further suspended in Ireland by 29 & 
30 Vict. c. 119, Aug. 10, 1866. Threatened attack upon Chester Castle, Feb. 
II, 1867 ; 500 of the Scotch Fusileers Guards arrived from London, Feb. 12; 
outbreak in Dublin and other places, Feb. 13 ; again, March 5 ; the Police Bar- 
racks at Kilmallock attacked by 200 Fenians, commanded by Dunne, who shot 
Mr Bomiie, the manager of the Union Bank ; the police by accident shot Dr 
Cleary in an attack upon these ruffians, March 6 ; the military under the com- 
mand of Sir Hugh Rose scoured the country, 14 — 20 ; special commission ap- 
pointed to try the prisoners at Dublin, Cork, and Limerick, April and May ; 
landing of Fenians at Chunegar, June 3 ; outbreak at Manchester, the leaders, 
Kelly and Deasey, rescued by an armed mob from the prison-van, policeman 
Brett being killed, Sept. 18 ; several arrests made, Sept. 18, 19, 20 ; M'Donnell, 
a bandsman iir the Life Guards, shot in Bloomsbury, Sept. 28 ; special commis- 
sion opened for the trial of the prisoners at Manchester, Oct. 26 ; Allen, Gould, 
and Larkin sentenced to death ; executed, Nov. 23 ; demonstration of sympathy 
with these murderers held on Clerkenwell-green, and a procession marched to 
Hyde Park, Nov. 24, and at Birmingham, Manchester, and New York ; in- 
vasion of the Home Office by these sympathizers, Nov. 19 ; deputation to Windsor 
Castle, Nov. 22 ; demonstration in Dublin and funeral procession of 16,000 with 
bands, &c., Dec. 8 ; proposed procession in Dublin prohibited, Dec. 12 ; ad- 
dress of the brotherhood of America to the Fenians in England, Dec. 12 ; pro- 
cession in New York, Dec. 12 ; the arrest of Col. Burke and Casey in London, 
Nov. 20 ; attempt to rescue them from the house of detention, Clerkenwell ; 
a barrel of gunpowder exploded, blowing down part of the prison wall and de- 
stroying several houses in Corporation Row, seven persons killed and 1 1 1 wounded, 
Dec. 13 ; Jeremiah Allen, Timothy Desmond, and Anne Justice captured, Dec. 
13 ; four more of the conspirators taken, Dec. 20 ; swearing-in of special constables 
throughout London, Dec. 20, et seq. A Government Martello Tower at Foaty, 
Cork, surprised and captured, the stores and fire-arms taken, Dec. 26 ; boxes of 
phosphoric compound found in the branch Post Office in George-street, Dublin, 
Dec. 26 ; 8 persons captured in Wales, Dec. 31 ; robbery of fire-arms from the 
shop of Mr Allport, a gunsmith in Patrick-street, Cork, in the open day, Dec. 
31- 

FENWICK, Sir John, beheaded on Tower-hill, Jan. 29, 1697. 

FERDINANDO, Mau. de Paleotti, brother to the Duchess of Shrewsbury, hanged 
for murder at Tyburn, Feb. 28, 1717-18. 

FERE CHAMPENOISE, battle, between Marshal Marmont and the Austrians 
under Prince Schwartzenberg, who were defeated, March 25, 1814. 

FERENTINUM, Italy, now Ferento, an Etrurian colony inhabited by the Vol- 
scians, who were defeated by the Romans, B.C. 413, and the country given to the 
Hernicians, who in their turn revolted against Rome, and the city was taken by 
assault, B.C. 361 ; the country ravaged by Hannibal, B.C. 211. 

19 



290 FERNANDO PO FIDLERS' MONEY 

FERNANDO PO, Africa, discovered by a Portuguese of that name, 1471 ; Spain 

took possession of it, 1778, but abandoned it, 1782; made an English settlement, 

1827 ; relinquished, 1834 ; taken by the Spaniards, 1844. 
FERNDALE COLLIERY, Glamorgan, S. Wales, explosion at, 170 lives lost, 

Nov. 8, 1867. 
FERNS, Bishopric of, Ireland, existed, 598; united with Leighlin, 1600; to the 

bishopric of Ossory, Aug., 1833. 
FEROZESHAH, Hindustan. Sir Hugh Gough, commanding the British army, 

attacked the Sikhs' camp, and after a most severe contest, carried it, Dec. 21, 

1845. 
FERRARA, Rome, built and walled in by Ravenna, 585 ; made the seat of a 

bishopric, 659 ; the family of Este made hereditary princes of, 1240 ; made an 

archbishopric, 1735 ; taken by the French, 1796 ; restored to the Pope, 1814 ; the 

public library founded, 1 740. 

FERRARS, George, a member of parliament, taken in execution for debt, de- 
manded by the Speaker, and the demand resisted ; then taken by force, and the 
magistrates, creditor, and officers committed, 1542. 

FERRERS, Earl, committed to the Tower for the murder of his steward, Feb. 13, 
1759-60; tried, condemned, and hanged at Tyburn, May 5, 1769- 

FERROL, Spain, abortive British expedition to, under Sir Edward Pellew and 
Sir James Pulteney, when 10,000 men landed and re-embarked, Aug. 25, 1800. 

FETE DE DIEU, established at Angers, 1619, to atone on the part of the arch- 
bishop for his non-belief of transubstantiation when first propagated by the pope. 

FETE DE D'ETRE SUPREME, a theatrical exhibition of very questionable taste, in 
which Robespierre played the part of High Priest, was held in Paris after the 
French National Representatives had acknowledged the existence of a Supreme 
Being, June 8, 1 794. 

FETE DE VERTU, estabhshed by Lady Hercourt, at Newnham, Gloucester- 
shire, 1789. 

FEUDAL LAWS, the tenure of land by suit and service to the lord or owner of it 
introduced into England by the Saxons about 600. The slavery of this tenure in- 
creased under William I., 1068 : this was dividing the kingdom into baronies, 
giving them to certain persons, and requiring those persons to furnish the king with 
money, and a stated number of soldiers. It was discountenanced in France by 
Louis XL, about 1470; abolished, 1492; restrained and limited in England 
by Henry VII., 1495; abolished by statute, 12 Charles II. c. 24, 1660; finally 
abolished in Scotland, 20 Geo. II. c. 50, 1747. 

FEUILLANS, order of, founded in Paris, 1587. A society of that name formed 
there to oppose the Jacobins, Dec, 1791 ; ministiy formed, June, 1792 ; club in 
Paris closed, 1792. 

FEZ, Africa, the kingdom of, founded by Edris, 793 ; contained 700 temples in the 
1 2th century. 

FIDENvE, Italy, an ancient Latin city, conquered by the Romans, B.C. 496; they 
revolted and slew the Roman ambassadors, B.C. 438 ; again conquered by the 
Romans, B.C. 426, and the inhabitants sold as slaves. In the reign of Tiberius, 
at an extraordinary gladiatorial show, the theatre fell down, destroying nearly 
50,000 persons. 

FIDLERS' MONEY, so called from its being a small coin, and mentioned in Ben 
Jonson's Masque of the Metamorphosed Gipsies as being given to the fidlers and 
pipers, 1621. Fidlers to be prevented playing in inns and taverns, 1656. 



FIEF FINSBURY FIELDS 291 

FIEF, known in France, 511; first applied to benefices, when they became here- 
ditary, 884 ; in Spain, before 710 ; a Saxon tenure. 

FIELD OF THE CLOTH OF GOLD. Henry VIII. embarked from England, 
May 30, 1520 ; the king's retinue amounted to 3997 persons and 2087 horses, 
the Queen's to 11 75 persons and 778 horses; and held several interviews with 
Francis I. of France, between Ardres and Guines, extending over 18 days, June 
7—24, 1520. 

FIESCHI'S attempt to assassinate Louis Philippe of France by an infernal machine 
of 25 musket barrels well loaded ; Marshal Mortier was killed, a number of 
officers wounded, and upwards of 40 persons besides killed or hurt, July 28, 1835. 

FIFTEENTHS, a tax imposed upon cities, boroughs, and towns, and so called be- 
cause it amounted to a fifteenth part of that which each city or town was valued at, 
or a fifteenth of every man's personal estate, according to a reasonable valuation. 
On occasion of the Spanish Armada, the parliament gave Queen Elizabeth two 
subsidies and four fifteenths, 1588. 

FIFTH-MONARCHY MEN, appeared in England, 1646; conspiracy dispersed by 
Oliver Cromwell — a religious sect that expected the millennium, and a universal 
monarchy under Christ. 

FIG-TREE, introduced into England, 1550. The Australian species brought, 1789. 

FIGUERAS, Spain, built by Ferdinand VL, 1750 ; it is of great strength and has 
accommodation for 16,000 men ; it was taken by the French, Nov. 24, 1794; 
also in 1808, 181 1, and 1824. 

FILTERS. Several attempts were made to construct a vessel of this description ; 
a patent granted to Mr Peacock, 1791 ; earthenware filters invented by Mrs 
Johanna Hempel of Chelsea, 1790 ; Mr Robins subsequently patented and im- 
proved them. 

FINANCE, new system of, introduced by Pitt, 1797 ; turned out a delusion, and 
ended in a 10 per cent, income-tax, 1798; increased pressure on the public by 
these measures 1799. 

FINCHALE-UPON-THE-WEAR, Durham, monastery founded and endowed by 
Hugh de Pudsey, Bishop of Durham, 11 70. 

FINE ARTS, Society for the Encouragement of, instituted in London, 1858; 
Rules of, published, 1859. 

FINE ART CLUB, established in London, 1858 ; merged into the Burlington Fine 
Art Club, 1867. 

FINISTERRE, Cape of. Lord Anson defeated the French fleet off, capturing six 
men-of-war, May 3, 1747 ; Sir Robert Calder defeated the Spanish fleet off, cap- 
turing two men-of-war, July 22, 1805. 

FINLAND, Russia. The Finns retained their own sovereign and barbarous prac- 
tices until conquered by the Swedes, 1 260 ; taken by Russia, 1721, and annexed 
to the Russian Empire by the treaty of Nystadt ; the Swedes defeated, 1803 ; ceded 
to Russia, Sept. 19, 1819 ; the Emperor Alexander II. assembled the four estates 
after an interval of 50 years, Sept. 19, 1863. 

FINSBURY FIELDS, London. Watch-fires lighted in these fields, Jan. 4, 1556 ; 
a wager shot by the bowmen in, April 19, 1557 ; on May 27 a woman was killed 
by a stray arrow while passing over the Fields ; a wager shot between Lord 
Dudley and others in the Fields, June 19, 1561. The Finsbury prebend leased to 
the corporation of London, by Edward Moyle, prebendary of Halliwell and Fins- 
bury, for 90 years, Dec. 14, 1554 ; renewed by Dr Wilson for 99 years, 1768 ; now 
possessed by the Ecclesiastical Commissioners ; bill introduced into the House of 
Commons to appropriate part of the estates for the relief of spiritual destitution 



292 FIRE-ARMS FIRES 

in the metropolis, April lo, 1866 ; -vvithclrawn, July 25 ; reintroduced, Feb. 6, 
1867; adjourned, Feb. 13. Made a borough, 1832 ; the first election for members 
of parliament, Dec, 1832, Mr Robert Grant and Mr Sergt. Spankie returned. The 
houses in Artillery-place designed by Dance, 1777 ; the square laid out, 1799; 
the Artillery Company obtained the use of their ground, 1641. Large plague 
pits were dug here, 1665. The Militia barracks, built from the designs of Joseph 
Jennings ; the first stone laid, by Col. Wilson, Dec, 1856 ; completed, Jan. i, 
1858; cost ;!f 14,960 igs. lid. ; fittings, £ioc)0 ly. gd. — 6"^^ Bunhill Fields. 

FIRE-ARMS, invented by Schwartz, 1378 ; introduced into England, 1388 ; a 
corps of Harquebusiers formed by Edward IV., 1476; matchlocks first used in 
the battle of Rhejan, 1525 ; muskets first used, 1570 ; the flint-lock, 1588 ; per- 
cussion caps first used by the French army, 1830. See Gims. 

FIRE BRIGADE. The Fire- Watch of London established, 1798 ; the Insurance 
Companies each kept its own engine and establishment of firemen until 1832, 
when eight companies combined and established the ' London Fire-engine Estab- 
lishment,' which commenced operations in 1833 ; London was divided into five 
districts, having 37 engines, 96 men, and two floating engines ; reconstructed 
and placed under the control of the Metropolitan Board of Works by 28 & 29 
Vict. c. 90, July 5, 1865, to come into operation Jan. I, 1866. 'The Metro- 
politan Fire Brigade : ' the force now consists of a chief superintendent, Capt. 
Shaw, and 350 officers and men, four steam floating engines, four large land and 
27 smaller steam engines, and 37 hand-engines. 

FIRE-ENGINES invented by Vander Heyden after the fire of 1666 : for the pro- 
tection of the city of London, an Act of Common Council was passed, Nov. 15, 
1667, which enacted that the city should be divided into four quarters, and that 
each quarter should be furnished with 800 leather buckets, 50 ladders, and two 
hand-squirts of brass for each parish ; and each ward was ordered to pro^ade a 
bellman to walk through the ward from 10 at night till five o'clock in the morn- 
ing to give the alarm in the case of fire ; and gimpowder was provided in con- 
venient places to blow up the houses next to the burning building to stay its pro- 
gress. The fire-watch established, Nov. 1791 ; hand fire-engines came into \ise, 
1832 ; Mr Braithwaite invented a steam fire-engine, 1830 — 1833 ; Mason and 
Shand's patent steam land-engines adopted in London, i860 ; Mr Roberts 
patented one, 1862 ; fire-escapes invented by Mr Davies, 1809 ; the Royal So- 
ciety for the Protection of Life from Fire established, 1837 ; reorganized, 1843 ; 
transfer of the establishment to the control of the jNIetropolitan Board of Works 
by 28 & 29 Vict, c 90, s. 11, July 5, 1865. 

FIRE-SHIPS first used at the siege of Antwerp, 1585, also by Sir F. Drake, against 
the Spanish Armada, 1588. 

FIREWORKS. These pyrotechnic displays first kno^^'n in England in the reign of 
Elizabeth, when ' the wilde men casting of fire ' accompanied the Lord Mayor's 
barge upon the Thames ; 1000 persons trampled to death in Paris at an exhibi- 
tion of, on the marriage of Louis XVI. ; a grand display of, in London, to cele- 
brate the peace of Ryswick, Nov. 16, 1697 ; after the peace of Aixda-Chapelle, 
Nov. 23, 1748; exhibited at Vauxhall, 1798; the general peace, Aug. i, 1814; 
the coronation of Will. IV., Sept. 8, 1831 ; the last public exhibition at the 
close of the Russian war in the parks and throughout England, May 29, 1856. 

FIRES, occasioned by servants made punishable, 1 707 ; method to prevent the spread- 
ing of, by David Hartley, 1 764. The number of fires in London in 1840, was 681 ; 
in 1850, 868 ; in i860, 1056 ; in 1866, 1338. A list of some of the principal : — 

Abchurch Lane, July 27, 1784. Adam-street, Edgware-road, eight per- 

Adam-street, Adelphi, two houses con- sons burnt, Jan. 27, 1805. 

sumed, June 29, 1822. Albion Mifls destroyed, March 2, 1791. 



FIRES 



293 



Albion Wharf and Mills, Blackfriars, 
with several other warehouses, de- 
stroyed, Feb. 16, 1S55. 

Aldersgate-street, London, house in, 
burnt, 1768. 

Aldersgate-street and Bartholomew 
Close at Mr Leddon's, which de- 
stroyed ;/ficx),ooo of goods and 40 
houses, Nov. 5, 1783. 

Aldersgate-street, one in. May 16, 
1790. 

Aldersgate-street, the houseof Mr Dun- 
kin, tallow-chandler, and the adjoin- 
ing house of Cockerton and Son, 
oilmen, burnt, June 26, 1816. 

Anchor-court, Old-street, five houses 
destroyed, Aug. 10, 1825. 

Antwerp, the Bourse at, erected, 1531, 
destroyed, Aug. 2, 1858. 

Arg)-le-rooms, Regent-street, burnt, 
Feb. 12, 1830. 

Arundel-street, Strand, the Whittington 
Club burnt, Dec. 3, 1S54. 

Astley's theatre, together with 19 houses 
and propert)' valued at ;^30,ooo, Aug. 
1 7, 1 794 ; burnt a third time, June 
8, 1841. 

Astrakan, Russia, the city of, burnt, 
100 workmen killed, Sept. I, 1858. 

Austin Friars, the Dutch Protestant 
Church destroyed, but the hbrarj' 
saved, Nov. 22, 1862. 

Bankside, Southv>-ark, the Globe The- 
atre burnt, June 29, 1 6 13. The oil 
and mustard mills, and the remains of 
Winchester Palace destroyed, Aug. 
28, 1814. 

Bartholomew Close, Messrs Hoighton's 
establishment, damage estimated at 
;i^200,ooo, Aug. II, 1830. 

Bath Theatre burnt, April 18, 1S62. 

Battersea, Philip's patent Fire Annihil- 
ator Company, works burnt, Nov. 31, 
1852. _ 

BatUe Bridge, serious fire at, Aug. 12, 

1749- 
Belfast, Victoria Chambers, Jidy 2, 

iS59- 

Berkeley-square, the mansion of Mr C. 
Boon, with his valuable librarj^ de- 
stroyed, Feb. II, 1816. 

Bermondsey, fire at, great destruction 
of property. May 18, 1852. 

Bermondsey, Lucas's wharf destroyed, 
March 16, 1855. 



Bermondsey Church, the house of Mr 
Black, oilman, facing destroyed, Mr 
Black and his daughter suffocated, 
June 28, 1 81 7. 

Bermondsey-road, the floor-cloth manu- 
factory of ^lessrs Rolls and Goulston, 
with a timber-yard and 20 houses, de- 
stroyed, Sept. 16, 1822. 

Bishopsgate-street vs-ithin, the southern 
half of the street, including St ^lartin 
Out^vich church, destroyed, and the 
four corners of Comhill burnt, Nov. 

7= 1765- 

Blackwall, the Thames Ironworks and 
Shipbuilding Company, premises de- 
stroyed, with property valued at 
;,fio,ooo, Aug. 31, i860. 

Blampha}'ne House, near Exeter, burnt, 
Aug. 6, 1844, 

Blenheim Palace paitially destroyed and 
Titian's masterpiece, ' The Loves of 
the Gods,' Feb. 5, 1861. 

Bond-street, Long's hotel nearly con- 
sumed, Dec. 21, 1822. 

Bow-street, Covent Garden, the house 
at the comer of, destroyed, Jan. 10, 
1788. 

Bramham Park, mansion destroyed, 
July 21, 1828. 

Bread-street Hill, the premises of Messrs 
Lmitley and ililner, wholesale di-ug- 
gists, nearly destroj^ed, Sept. 3, 1822. 

Broadwood's pianoforte manufactor}% 
Westminster, vdth. upwards of 1000 
instruments, destroyed, Aug. 12, 1856. 

Buchanan House, the seat of the Earl 
of Montrose, Stirlingshire, destroyed, 
Jan. 22, 1850. 

Bury-street, St Mary Axe, nearly half 
the street destroyed, June 18, 181 1. 

California, the to^Ti of Sacramento to- 
tally destroyed, Dec. 16, 1852. 

Camden Tov\T3, the warehouses of 
Messrs Pickfords destroyed, June 9, 
1857. 

Campden House, Kensington, burnt, 
aiarch 23, 1862. 

Carlsruhe, the Grand Ducal Theatre 
destroyed, and 30 lives lost^ Feb. 28, 
1847. ^ 

Cavendish-street, Oxford-street, three 
females burnt to death, July 29, 1825. 

Caversham House, Reading, the pro- 
perty of William Crawshay, destroyed, 
Jan. 18, 1850. 



294 



FIRES 



Chamounix, Italy, the village of, burnt, 
July 19, 1855. 

Chandos-street, Covent Garden, several 
houses destroyed. May 10, 1772. 

Charing Cross, Whitehall, the mews at, 
burnt, Aug. 16, 1534. 

Chatham Place, Blackfriars, Price and 
Company's oil-refiners premises bvirnt, 
Nov. 20, 1862. 

Chelmsford, Essex, an inn, in which 120 
Hanoverian troops were quartered, 
burnt, and 12 of the soldiers smother- 
ed, Oct. 22, 1804. 

Chester, the Town Hall and Exchange, 
with many local portraits, destroyed, 
Dec. 30, 1862. 

Chili, the cathedral at Santiago con- 
sumed and 2000 ladies burnt or trod- 
den to death, Dec. 8, 1863. 

Christiania, a large part of the town 
burnt, April 13, 1856. 

City-road, the Gutta Percha Company's 
works. City-road Basin, bui'nt, with 
property valued at ^100,000, June 5, 

1853- 

Clapham, the Plough inn destroyed, 
May 29, 181 6. 

Cliefden House, near Maidenhead, the 
seat of the Duke of Sutherland, de- 
stroyed, Nov. 16, 1849. 

Cockermouth, All Saints' church con- 
sumed, Nov. 15, 1850. 

Collard's pianoforte manufactory de- 
stroyed, with property valued at 
;,^6q,ooo, Dec. 19, 185 1. 

Compton-street, Soho, 16 houses burnt, 
June 12, 1785. 

Conduit-street, at which Mr Windham, 
in exerting himself to save Mr 
North's library and manuscripts, re- 
ceived a blow on the thigh which 
proved the cause of his death, July 8, 
1809. 

Cooke's circus, with eight trained horses, 
destroyed, March 7, 1861. 

Cornhill, 200 houses destroyed, the most 
terrible after the great fire of 1666, 
Nov. 10, 1759. 

Cornhill, several houses burnt, June 6, 

1773- 
Cotton wharf burnt and property valued 

at ;i^40,ooo, Aug. 12, 1751. 
Covent Garden, St Paul's church burnt 

by the carelessness of the workmen 

employed in its repair, Sept. 19, 1 735- 



Covent Garden Theatre totally destroy- 
ed, Sept. 20, 1808; again, March 5, 
1856. 
Crewe Hall, Cheshire, the seat of Lord 
Crewe, totally destroyed, Jan. 3, 
1866. 
Crown-street, Finsbury-square, the ware- 
house of Mr Mitchell burnt, Dec. 31, 
1815. 
Crown-street, Soho, the pianoforte 
manufactory of Messrs Chappell 
burnt, Nov. 4, i860. 
Croydon Railway Station, the carriage 
department, with 13 carriages, Sept. 
23, 1846. 
Crystal Palace, Sydenham, the north 
end destroyed, with its valuable con- 
tents, Dec. 30, 1866. 
Cumberland-street, Hyde Park, the 
mansion of Mr Barrett burnt, and 
Mr Barrett and two daughters suffo- 
cated, Aug. 15, 1862. 
Denmark, the palace of Fredericksburg 

destroyed, Dec. 17, 1859. 
Denmark-street, five houses destroy- 
ed and a woman burnt, Jan. 18, 
1814. 
Devonshire, St Maiy's Ottery, in 
houses destroyed, valued at ;i^20,ooo. 
May 25, 1866. 
Dockhead, several warehouses destroy- 
ed. May 2, 1785 ; the premises of 
Messrs Barry Brothers totally de- 
stroyed, Nov. 25, 1864. 
Doncaster, St George's church totally 

consumed, Feb. 28, 1853. 
Dorset-street, Fleet-street, the Gas 
Company's works destroyed. May 24, 
1815. 
Drury Lane Theatre destroyed with 60 
houses, Jan., 1671-2; again destroyed, 
Feb. 24, 1809. 
Drury Lane, a timber-yard and 10 houses 

destroyed, Nov. 9, 1820. 
Dublin, St Andrew's church burnt, Jan. 
8, i860. The Kildare-street club- 
house with its library destroyed, 
Nov. II, i860. 
Duck Lane, near Wardour-street, Soho, 

13 houses burnt, Dec. 13, 1793. 
Duke-street, Lambeth, Messrs Clowes's 
printing office destroyed and the illus- 
trated catalogue of the Great Exhibi- 
tion, June 10, 1852. 
Duke-street, Holborn, the premises and 



FIRES 



295 



workshops of Messrs Holland and 
Hannen burnt, Aug. 26, 1866. 

Duke-street, Lincoln's Inn, which burnt 
the Sardinian Ambassador's chapel, 
Nov. 30, 1759. 

Duplin Castle, Perthshire, burnt, Sept. 
II, 1827. 

Edinburgh, the Grey Friars church, 
erected, 1612, destroyed, Jan. 19, 
1845. 

Edinburgh, the Royal Theatre destroy- 
ed, Jan. 13, 1865. 

Exchange, the Royal, London, and several 
houses destroyed, Jan. 10, 1838. 

Exeter, the village of Kenton consumed, 
April 16, 1856. 

Exmouth-street, Clerk enwell, 14 houses 
and a large factory destroyed, Feb. 
14, 1856. 

Falcon Court, Fleet-street, the printing 
ofhce of Mr S. Hamilton, with pro- 
perty to the amount of ^80,000, Feb. 
2, 1803. 

Finsbury Square, Moorfields, a timber 
yard near, totally consumed, with pro- 
perty valued at ;^i 0,000, July 28, 
1792. 

Fleet-street, the extensive premises of 
Mr Mist consumed. May 23, 1817. 

Fleet-street, the premises of Mr Bond, 
linen-draper, Mr Hill, chemist, and 
six others, destroyed. This opened a 
view of St Bride's church, Nov. 14, 
1824. 

Flintshire, Hawarden church, built, 
1275, totally consumed, Oct. 29, 

iS57- 

Flixton Hall, near Bungay, the seat of 
Sir S. Adair, burnt, Dec. 13, 1846. 

Fore-street, Cripplegate, the premises 
of Mr Joel, stationer, consumed, and 
most of the family burnt. May 21, 
1862. 

Garrick Theatre, Goodman's Fields, 
destroyed, Nov. 4, 1846. 

Gilbert-street, Bloomsbury, a calamitous 
fire in which 15 persons were burnt, 
one whole family, father, mother, and 
nine children, March 29, 1857. 

Glasgow, theatre burnt, Jan. 12, 1829 ; 
again totally destroyed, Nov. 25, 
1845. The sugar refinery of Messrs 
Wainwrights burnt. May 6, 1849. 

Golden Square, Messrs Kirkman's piano- 
forte manufactory burnt, with a chapel 



and eight dwelling houses, Aug. 10, 

1853- 

Gracechurch-street, the premises of 
Messrs Southall and Fossick, four 
other warehouses and a meetinghouse, 
four persons killed, Sept. 9, 1821. 

Grantham, Exchange Hall destroyed, 
Nov. 21, 1862. 

Gravesend, part of the town burnt, 
Aug. 24, 1727 ; 25 houses destroyed 
at, June 2, 1844 ; several houses, a 
large hotel, and a considerable amount 
of valuable property consumed, Nov. 

21, 1846. 

Greenhithe, a fire at, four persons burnt, 

Dec. 25, 1866. 
Greenwich Hospital partially destroyed, 

Jan. 2, 1779. 
Gresham-street, the Whittington Club 

nearly destroyed, Oct. 22, 1847 ; 

Haberdashers' Hall partially burnt, 

and Taplin's carpet warehouses totally 

destroyed, Sept. 19, 1864. 
Grosvenor Market, the premises of Mr 

Stokes, calico printer, destroyed, 

Aug. 24, 1822. 
Grove Place, Kentish Town, the house 

of Mr Slack burnt and the proprietor 

killed, Nov. 23, 1 815. 
Gutter Lane, Cheapside, three houses 

burnt and six much damaged, Feb. 

27, 1821. 
Halfmoon-street, Bishopsgate, Mr 

Goullee, pork butcher, house de- 
stroyed, Mr and Mrs Goullee, three 

children, and three sei-vants burnt to 

death, April 22, 181 1. 
Hanway Yard, Oxford-street, two houses 

burnt, March 12, 1790. 
Harley-street, the mansion of Lord 

Walsingham, burnt, his lordship killed 

and his lady died of injuries received, 

April 27, 1 83 1. 
Harrow school partially destroyed, Oct, 

22, 1838. 

Haydon Square, Minories, the North- 
western Raihvay depot destroyed, 
with much property, Sept. Ii, 1866. 

Haymarket, the opera house destroyed, 
June 17, 1789; and again, Dec. 5, 
1867. 

Hermitage brewhouse consumed, with 
property valued at ;^20,ooo. May i, 

_i755- 
Hei-mitage, Southwark, warehouses de- 



296 



FIRES 



stroyed at, and property valued at 
;i^30, 000 damaged, April i, 1790- 
Hermitage Stairs, 31 houses destroyed, 

March 16, 1779. 
Hermitage Wharf, a fire at Hawley's 
Wharf, which destroyed sugar vakied 
at ;!^io,ooo, Dec. 2, 1793. 
High-street, Holborn, six houses de- 
stroyed, Nov. 28, 181 5. 
High-street, Gravesend, several houses 
destroyed, vi'ith property valued at 
^10,000, Aug. II, 1850. 
High-street, Shadwell, 20 dwelling 

houses burnt, Oct. 10, 1814. 
Hillfield Hall, Wanvick, Feb. il, 1864. 
Hinchbrook, the seat of Lord Sandwich, 

Jan. 22, 1830. 
Holborn, High, a serious one in, June 
13, 1785; the house of Mr Bain- 
bridge, carver and gilder, April 7, 
1817 ; the Architectural Libraiy of 
Mr Taylor in, destroyed, and several 
other houses, Nov. 23, 1822. 
Hong Kong, China, part of the Chinese 
quarter destroyed, Dec. 28, 1851 ; 
another, which consumed 200 build- 
ings and warehouses, Nov. 28, 1867. 
Horsleydown, 30 houses, besides ware- 
houses, destroyed, April 30, 1 780. 
Houndsditch, Messrs Bousfield's pre- 
mises destroyed, Jan. 27, 1851. 
Hull theatre, erected in 1809, burnt, 

Oct. 13, 1859. 
Ivy Lane, Newgate-street, Dr Johnson's 
Club and several houses burnt, Sept. 
17, 1859. 
James's, St, Palace, part of, destroyed, 

Jan. 21, 1809. 
James-street, St Marylebone, a seri- 
ous fire, six persons burnt, Feb. 26, 
1859. 
John's, St, Clerkenweli, two houses de- 
stroyed, June 20, 1822. 
John's, St, Newfoundland, three-fourths 

of the city destroyed, June 9, 1846. 
Katherine's, St, Docks, serious fire in, 
Jan. I, 1866, and April 27 ; ware- 
houses, E., in, with contents con- 
sumed. May 27, 1857. 
King's Bench Prison, 50 apartments 

burnt, July 14, 1799- 
King's Newton Hall, Derbyshire, de- 
stroyed, April 18, 1859. 
King-street, Covent Garden, 50 houses, 
valued at £-jo,ooo, Dec. 23, 1759; 



another, doing considerable damage, 
May 4, 1774. 
King's-street, Hammersmith, two houses 
burnt, seven damaged, and a child 
killed, Feb. 3, 1824. 
King's-street, Southwark, the premises 
of Messrs Jones, timber merchants, 
and 15 houses burnt, Dec, 18 13. 
Kingston, Jamaica, partially consumed, 

March 29, 1862. 
Lambeth, the building-yard of Messrs 
Myers and several houses in the York 
Road, destroyed, Feb. 7, 1S50. 
Leadenhall-street, broke out at Mr 
Merle's, picture-frame maker, all the 
houses up to Billiter-lane and three 
in the lane, consumed, Oct. 17, 181 2. 
Leadenhall-street, near the India House, 
two houses destroyed, June 4, 181 5. 
Limehouse Hole, several houses burnt, 
June 18, 1794; 16 houses destroyed 
in Narrow-street, and several ware- 
houses, Nov. II, 1 814. 
Limehouse, St Anne's church destroyed, 

March 29, 1850. 
Lisle-street, the Mexican coffee-house, 
with Mr Simeon, the proprietor, and 
his M'ife, destroyed, Dec. 8, iSio. 
Liverpool, the North-shore cotton mills, 
with property valued at ^80,000, de- 
stroyed, May 17, 1853 ; the Sailors' 
Home destroyed, April 29, i860; the 
workhouse at, and 21 children and 
two nurses burnt, Sept. 8, 1862. 
Messrs Booth's warehouses destroyed, 
with 240,000 bushels of com, valued 
at ;r^6o,ooo, Oct. 22, 1823. The 
bonded warehouses in Launcelot's 
Hay, with merchandise valued at 
;!f 100,000, Oct. 26, 1854. 
London, a great part of the city de- 
stroyed, 982 ; again, 1077, 1092, 
1 132. The great fire of Sept. 2, 
1666, extended from the Tower to 
the Temple church ; and from the 
north-east gate to Holborn Bridge ; 
it began at Mr Farryner's, a baker, in 
Pudding-lane, Sept. 2, and continued 
till the 6th ; it destroyed 373 acres 
within the walls, 89 parish churches, 
13, 200 houses, 4000 streets, St Paul's 
Cathedral, Royal Exchange, Custom 
House ; the value of private property 
estimated at ^2,000,000 ; the pro- 
perty in stores, ^1,600,000. It was 



FIRES 



297 



at last extinguished by blowing up the 
houses before the flames could reach 
them. 

London Bridge, burnt with all the houses 
upon it, 1135 ; 3000 persons burnt 
upon the bridge, with the chapel of 
St Thomas, and all the buildings, 
and extended into Southwark and 
the priory of St Maiy Overie, July 
10, 1212 ; more than one-third of 
the houses on, destroyed, Feb. 3, 
1632-33. Great fire at the south end 
of, 1 726 ; the temporary bridge burnt, 
April II, 1758; the water- works at, 
destroyed, Oct. 31, 1779. 

London Docks, a destructive fire in, 
which destroyed property valued at 
;^I50,000, June 29, 1858 ; a fire in 
the brandy vaults, and much pro- 
perty destroyed, July 26, 1S59. 

London Road, a house consumed in, 
and several damaged, Sept. 14, 1823. 

London, the Tower of, the armoury in, 
and 280,000 stand of arms destroyed, 
Oct. 30, 1 84 1. 

I/Ondon Wall, the wool warehouse of 
Messrs Gooch and Cousins destroyed, 
with property valued at ;^ioo,ooo, 
Oct. 8, 1849. 

Long Acre, Messrs Home's coach fac- 
tory totally destroyed, Aug. 31, 1851 ; 
St Martin's Hall destroyed, Aug. 26, 
i860. 

Ludgate Hill, the extensive premises 
of Messrs Wilkinson, upholsterers, 
and several adjoining houses, burnt, 
Nov. 15, 1824. 

Manchester, a destructive fire at, Oct. 
12, 1829. The theatre totally de- 
stroyed. May 7, 1844. 

Mark Lane, several houses, and part 
of the Corn Exchange in, burnt, with 
property valued at ;^20o,ooo, Sept. 
19, 1850. 

Martin's, St, Lane, Mr Smeeton's print- 
ing office destroyed, and himself and 
wife burnt, May 27, 1809. 

Marylebone-street, the extensive pre- 
mises of Mr Irving, Nos. 49, 50, en- 
tirely destroyed, with many new car- 
riages, June I, 181 6. 

Memel, Russia, the town of, destroyed, 
with a large quantity of military 
stores, Oct. 4, 1853. 

Mile End, Messrs Smith & Co., sugar- 



bakers, destroyed with a loss of 
;^200,ooo, Jan. 11, 1821. 
Milk-street, Cheapside, and Wood- 
street, a large block of warehouses 
burnt, Dec. 18, 1863. 
Milhvall, the extensive shipping-yard 
of Messrs Scott Russells, with pro- 
perty valued at ;^ioo,ooo, consumed, 
Sept. 10, 1853 ; again destroyed, 
March 12, 1856. 
Minories, 30 houses destroyed in, March 
23, 1797- In the range of buildings 
between the Crescent and America- 
square, by which nearly twenty houses 
were destroyed, July 14, 1815. 
Mint, Tower Hill, the eastern and 
southern wings of the building were 
unroofed, and the interior, containing 
the machinery, destroyed, Oct. 21, 
1815. 
Montague Close, Southwark, several 
large warehouses burnt, June 28, 1857. 
Montreal, Canada, the English cathe- 
dral destroyed, June 8, 1857. 
Mount Place, Homerton Road, the 
house of Mr Driskall burnt, and pro- 
perty damaged, valued at ^{^5000, 
April 6, 1 81 7. 
Munich, the New Court theatre de- 
stroyed by fire, Jan. 15, 1823. 
Na worth Castle, the seat of the 
Howards, with most of the paintings 
and the library, destroyed, May 18, 
1844. 
Nelson-street, Whitechapel, the sugar- 
house of Messrs Craven and Shultz, 
destroyed, and damage done to the 
extent of ;^ 15, 000, Aug., 1819. 
Newcastle, the Grand Stand at, partially 

destroyed, Dec. 4, 1844. 
Newcastle-upon-Tyne. The most de- 
structive fire which has happened in 
modem times broke out at Gates- 
head, Oct. 6, 1854 ; it broke out at 
Messrs Wilson's worsted mill, and ex- 
tended to the Quayside ; 50 persons 
perished and property valued at a mil- 
lion sterling destroyed. The flour 
mill of Mr Brown destroyed with pro- 
perty valued at ;i^70,ooo ; the high 
level Railway Bridge in great danger 
of being burnt, June 24, 1866 ; several 
warehouses burnt at, Dec. 20, 1867 ; 
the co-operative stores at St Anthony's 
near, Dec. 26, 1867. 



29S 



FIRES 



New-street, Covent Garden, several 
houses destroyed and one person 
killed, May 12, 1823. 

Newton-street, High Holborn, Messrs 
Spencer's warehouse and five others 
destroyed, several being damaged, 
July, 1818. 

Newport, the South-Wales Railway 
Bridge over the river Usk, 400 yards 
long, totally destroyed. May 31, 
1848. 

New York, United States, the premises 
of Messrs Harper & Co., printers, 
destroyed, Dec. 10, 1853. 

Nightingale Lane, Wapping, 150 
houses destroyed, Dec. 4, 1716. 

Norfolk-street, Strand, the shop of Mr 
Kerr, boot-maker, and several others, 
destroyed, Jan. 17, 1820. 

Notting Hill, St Andrew's church totally 
destroyed, March 24, 1867. 

Old Gravel Lane, Mr George Hoppe's 
warehouse and several others de- 
stroyed, Nov. 3, 1 82 1. Mr Briggs, 
tallow-chandler, burnt, and several 
workshops, June 4, 1822. Mr War- 
dell, provision merchant, premises 
burnt, June 30, 1822. 

Olympic Theatre totally destroyed, with 
several other buildings, March 30, 
1849. 

Oxford Market, Turk's-head yard, the 
carpenter's shop of Mr Falconer, and 
five others, burnt, Oct. 2, 1816. 

Oxford-street, the premises of Messrs 
Laurie and Marner, coach-builders, 
burnt, Feb. 21, 1866. 

Pantheon, Oxford-street, destroyed, 
Jan. 14, 1792. 

Paternoster Row, the extensive premises 
of Mr Bagster consumed, March 2, 
1822. A fire broke out at Messrs 
Cuthbert's, tallow melters, which de- 
stroyed the warehouses of Messrs 
Longman, booksellers, and several 
others, Sept. 5, 186 1. 

Paul's, St, Churchyard, the house of 
Mr Bigg destroyed, and two children 
burnt, Jan. 19, 181 5. 

Piccadilly, the vault under St James's 
church discovered to be on fire, Jan. 

15, 1763- 
Pickford and Co., Messrs, the extensive 
wharfs of, on the banks of the City 
Road Basin, with property valued at 



;!f30,ooo, destroyed, and two lives 
lost, Feb. 26, 1824. 

Pimlico, Westminster, the extensive 
premises of Messrs Cubitts, joiners, 
with the workshops, totally destroyed, 
Aug. 17, 1854. Messrs Holland and 
Son's workshops burnt, Nov. 28, 
1861. 

Plymouth, the Shannon steam -packet 
burnt at, Dec. 5, 1846. 

Pope's-head Alley, Cornhill, partially 
destroyed, Dec. I, 1746. 

Poplar, the house of Mrs Cock and 
nine other houses destroyed ; Mrs 
Cock, at the age of 80 years, perished 
in the flames, Dec. 20, 181 6. 

Preston, Hanover-street, mills destroy- 
ed, Dec. 31, 1864. 

Prince's-street, Soho, four houses de- 
stroyed, three persons burnt, Sept. 
10, 1821. 

Princess-street, Soho, a fatal fire at No. 
19, nine persons burnt, Feb. 8, 1854. 

Privy Gardens, Whitehall, the Duke of 
Richmond's mansion, burnt, Dec. 
21, 1791. 

Quebec, nearly desti'oyed, and many 
lives lost. May 28, 1845 ; another 
fire broke out which consumed nearly 
one-third of the city, 71 streets burnt, 
June 28 ; the parliament buildings 
destroyed, cost ;i^6o, 000, Feb. i, 1854. 

Ramsgate Theatre, burnt, Nov. 30, 
1829. 

Ratcliff Highway, 15 houses destroyed, 
Aug., 1818. 

Red Lion-street, Bedford Square, 15 
houses consumed in, and several in 
Featherstone Buildings, June 24, 
1823. 

Red Lion-street, Holboni, which de- 
stroyed the house of a goldbeater, 
and a child perished in the flames, 
Nov. 24, 1815. 

Rochdale, Yorkshire, the woollen mill 
of Messrs Kelsall consumed, and 
several persons burnt, Jan. 3, 1854. 

Rockingham House, near Boyle, Ros- 
common, Ireland, the seat of Vis- 
count Lorton, burnt, April 18, 1863. 

Rosemary Branch Theatre, Islington, 
destroyed, with seven trained horses 
and II dogs, July 27, 1853. 

Rotherhithe, 20 houses destroyed at, 
Oct. 12, 1 790 J another which de- 



FIRES 



299 



stroyed 60 houses from Cherry Gar- 
dens-Stairs to West Lane, with several 
vessels, Sept. 14, 1 791. Mr West- 
lake's, ship-builder, which consumed 
seven houses, a brig, several ware- 
houses, and property worth ;!^50, 000, 
March, 1820. The premises of Mr 
White, boat-builder, and another 
house attached, destroyed, June 28, 
1822. A Paraffin refinery burnt, 
with property valued at ^100,000 
destroyed, Aug. 2, 1867. 
Royalty Theatre burnt, loss estimated 

at ^18,000, Jan. 5, 1826. 
Salisbury Square, Mr Gillet's printing- 
office destroyed in 1805, and again, 
July 29, 1 810. 
Saville House, Leicester Square, burnt, 

Feb. 23, 1865. 
Savoy, Strand, a serious fire at the, 
March 2, 1776 ; the chapel totally 
consumed, July 7, 1864. 
Seething Lane, Tower-street, several 
warehouses destroyed, April 18, 
1863. 
Shadwell, 50 houses burnt, Sept. 10, 
1736 ; 30 houses destroyed, besides 
several barges, May 2, 1761 ; 20 
houses burnt, Nov. i, 1796; the 
water-works, at which conveyed water 
from the Tower to Limehouse, and 
raised 903 gallons a minute, burnt in 
two hours, Dec. 12, 1797. 
Sheffield Theatre burnt, March 25, 

1865. 
Shoreditch, the shop of Mr Bell, oil- 
man, burnt, Mr Bell perished, Sept. 
13, 1825. 
Sidney House, Old Bailey, consumed, 

Aug. I, 1775. 
Skinner-street, the Commercial Hall 

entirely consumed, April 4, 1813. 
Smithfield, East, 28 houses burnt, April 
II, 1761 ; two houses in Upper East 
Smithfield burnt, Aug. 26, 1822. A 
fire broke out in the plate-glass manu- 
factory of Messrs Reed and Co., 
Upper Smithfield, which reduced 
the premises to a heap of ruins ; 
the loss was ^100,000, Aug. 11, 
1822. 
South Audley-street, Mr Holland, tallow- 
chandler, and several other houses 
burnt, Aug. 25, 1812. 
South-Eastern Railway Station at 



Bricklayers' Arms destroyed on the 
departure of Louis Philippe, king of 
the French, Oct. 12, 1844. 

Southwark, 60 houses destroyed, 1676 ; 
the mustard mills of Messrs Lingard 
and Jones, by which great devast- 
ation was made, several adjoining 
warehouses being destroyed, and a 
great extent of stabling belonging to 
Theel and Steel, Aug. 28, 1814 ; 
West Kent Wharf, St Saviour's, 
burnt, Aug. 17, i860. 

Spring Gardens, a large mansion burnt, 
April 2, 1785. 

Stepney, the patent rope manufactory 
and all the machinery of Mr Dunn at, 
consumed, Aug. 14, 1822. 

Stock Exchange coffee-house entirely 
destroyed and several adjoining houses 
burnt, April 23, 18 16. 

Store-street, Tottenham-court-road, a 
brewery destroyed with property 
valued at ;^40,ooo, Sept. 27, 1802. 

Strand, the English opera house de- 
stroyed, Feb. 16, 1830. Mr Wheater's, 
grocer. No. 460, and 10 houses 
destroyed, three persons perished in 
the flames, March i, 1818. 

Surrey Music Hall burnt, June II, 
1861. 

Surrey Theatre destroyed, Jan. 30, 
1865. 

Swallow-street, Regent -street, 14 houses 
burnt, April 24, 1761. 

Thames- street, 120 houses consumed, 
and above 50 persons perished, Jan. 
13, 1715. Fresh Wharf and part of 
St Magnus' church burnt, April 18, 
1760. Near the Custom-house, three 
large warehouses of West India goods, 
valued at ^30,000, destroyed, Feb. 

11, 1800. At the premises of Messrs 
Thomas and Co., porter merchants, 
damage done to the amount of 
;!^20,ooo, Feb., 1820. PVesh Wharf 
destroyed, with property valued at 
^100,000, June 19, 1858. Billingsgate 
burnt, 1718, and Jan. 13, 1754. Cus- 
tom-house burnt, 1718 ; again burnt, 
and the whole range of buildings and 
many other houses destroyed, Feb. 

12, 1814. Fishmongers' Hall and 
several houses destroyed, Feb. 10, 
1761. 

Thames, the river of, a West Indiaman, 



300 



FIRES 



of 300 tons burthen, destroyed, Dec. 
16, 1821. 

Titchfield-street, Gt, a fire at the house 
of Mr Cruzett, carver and gilder, 
wliich spread to several houses in 
Mortimer-street, Wells-street, and 
Great Portland-street, destroying 20 
or 30 houses, including a timber-yard, 
St Margaret's chapel, and Varley's 
picture gallery, in which were many 
fine works of art, the damage esti- 
mated at ;^200,ooo, June 21, 1825. 

Titchfield-street, Little, Mr Reeve's 
floor-cloth manufactory, seven houses 
and Mr Huntingdon's chapel de- 
stroyed, July 13, 1 8 10. 

Tooke's-court, the premises of Mr Paris, 
printer, and three other houses de- 
stroyed and the housekeeper burnt, 
July 20, 1810. 

Tooley-street, Southwark, a destructive 
fire in, which destroyed several wharfs 
of Mr Aid. Humphrey and Mr Wig- 
ans, and property valued at ;!^6o,ooo, 
Feb. 20, 1821. Topping's wharf 
burnt, Aug. 17, 1843. The greatest 
fire since the fire of London, which 
destroyed many warehouses in, burnt 
for three days, Mr Braidwood, the 
chief of the Fire Brigade, killed by 
the falling of a wall, the loss of pro- 
perty valued at ^2,000,000, June 
22 — 25, 1861. Beal's wharf destroyed 
with 1,500,000 lbs. of tea, valued at 
;i^ 1 00, 000, Oct. 30, 1865. 

Tottenham, Mr Bell's oil mills at, burnt, 
Aug. 8, 1852. 

Tottenham-court-road, Whitfield's ta- 
bernacle destroyed, Feb. 23, 1856. 

Tottenham-street, the premises of 
Messrs Astor and Co., musical in- 
strument makers, destroyed, July 20, 
1822. 

Tower-street, Messrs Skipper and East's 
account-book manufactory destroyed, 
March 17, i860. 

Valparaiso, part of the town of, destroy- 
ed, Nov. 13, 1858. 

Varna, the magazine and stores of the 
allied armies at, destroyed, Aug. 10, 
1854. 

Vauxhall, a fishmonger's shop, near 
Vauxhall turnpike, and the Oak 
tavern, and Vauxhall chapel, destroy- 
ed, Aug. 12, 1813. The tavern at 



Cumberland Gardens burnt. May 25, 
1825. The Vauxhall Railway Station 
burnt, April 13, 1856. 
Wapping, where upwards of 630 houses 
were destroyed, together with an East 
India warehouse, in which 35,000 
bags of saltpetre were destroyed, July 
22 and 23, 1794 ; the whole loss was 
estimated at above ;^ 1,000, 000 sterl- 
ing ; there was ^^40,000 worth of 
sugar in one sugar-house ; the whole 
is said to be the most dreadful acci- 
dent of the kind since the fire of 
London in 1666. 
Wapping, where 30 houses, besides 
warehouses, value ^80,000, were 
burnt, and many lives lost, Oct. 6, 
1 800 ; it extended from Mew-stairs to 
Execution-dock. 
Wapping Dock, 20 houses burnt at, 

Sept. 28, 1775. 
Wapping Docks, the warehouses of 
Messrs Viner and Co., and several 
adjoining ones, were burnt down, Dec. 
16, 1816. 
Wapping, 14 houses destroyed near the 
Gun-dock at, Sept. 23, 1783 ; 12 
houses burnt at, June 16, 1840. 
Wardour-street, Soho, the house of 
MrSeymour destroyed, three of whose 
daughters, the eldest only eight years 
of age, perished in the flames, Oct. 
31, 1815. _ 

Washington, United States, the capitol 

destroyed, Dec. 24, 185 1. 
Watby-street, several houses destroyed, 

Jan. 16, 1823. 
Waterloo Bridge, Strand, the patent 
shot manufactory of Messrs Walker 
and Parker, near, completely de- 
stroyed, Jan. 5, 1826. 
Waterloo-row, Surrey-road, threehouscs 

burnt, Oct. 19, 1821. 
Webber-row, Blackfriars-road, Mr 
Higgs, hat manufacturer, destroy- 
ed, two children burnt, April 14, 
1818. 
Wellclose-square, Minories, a sugar 
house destroyed, with property valued 
at ;^30,ooo, Dec. 12, 1791. 
Westminster Abbey, the great tower 
over the choir destroyed, July 9, 
1803 ; a fire discovered at, but put 
out before much damage was done, 
Aprfl 27, 1829. 



FIRST-FRUITS 



301 



Westminster Bridge, a fire at the foot 
of, 20 persons killed or maimed, Feb. 

18, 1790. 

Westminster, the House of Lords and 
Commons accidentally set on fire and 
totally destroyed, Oct. 16, 1834. 

Westminster Palace burnt, 1512. 

Westminster Road, the firework manu- 
factory of Madam Hengler blown up, 
Oct. II, 1845. 

Windsor Castle, the Prince of Wales' 
Tower at, partially destroyed, March 

19, 1852. 

Whitechapel, the house of Mr Worms, 
in which three children were destroy- 
ed, Nov., 1819. The sugar-refinery 
of Messrs Severn, King, and Co., was 
burned down, the loss estimated at 
;^8o,ooo, Nov., 1819 ; a serious fire 
at, several persons burnt, Sept. 16, 



1848 ; the Pavilion Theatre at, de- 
stroyed, Feb. 14, 1856. 

Whitefriars, the wharf of Messrs Pococke 
and Buckley, Whitefriars-dock, burnt, 
by which timber to the amount of 
;^ 30, 000, and nine valuable horses, 
were destroyed, Jan. I, 1 8 10. 

Whitehall Palace partially consumed, 
Jan. 12, 1619 ; again partially con- 
sumed, and 150 houses of the no- 
bility, April 10, 1691 ; totally con- 
sumed, Jan. 4, 1697, 12 persons 
perished. 

Wynnstay, the ancient mansion of Sir 
Watkin W. Wynn, with its ancient 
librai-y, totally destroyed, valued at 
;^ 70, 000, March 6, 1858. 

York Minster nearly destroyed, the 
building set on fire by Martin, a luna- 
tic, Feb. 2, 1829. 



FIRST-FRUITS. The Mosaic Law ordered in general, that the first of all ripe 
fruits and of liquors should be offered in God's house, Ex. xxii. 29. On the l6th 
of Nisan, or the morrow after the Passover sabbath, a sheaf of new com was or- 
dered to be brought to the priest and waved before the altar. Lev. xxiii. 5 ; at the 
Feast of Pentecost, seven weeks after Nisan, two loaves made from the new flour 
was to be brought in the same way, Ex. xxxiv. 22 ; and at the Feast of Taber- 
nacles, in the 7th month, the offering of the harvest was made, Ex. xxiii. 16. First- 
fruits and tenths instituted by Clement V., 1306 ; first collected in England, 
1316; regulated by Henry IV., 1404 ; given to Henry VIII. by 26 Hen. VIII. 
c. 3, 1534; office of, established, 1543; granted to the poor clergy by Queen 
Anne, Nov. 3, 1703 ; by 5 & 6 Anne, c. 24, s. I, livings iinder the yearly income 
of ;^5o to be discharged first-fruits, 1306; an act passed for the consolidation of 
first-fruits and tenths, and Queen Anne's bounty, i & 2 Vict. c. 20, April 11, 1838. 

FIRST-FRUITS of Livings. These were to be paid strictly over by a statute of 
Elizabeth, being one year's income of each, which in money value had been greatly 
augmented ; the sums received were to augment poor livings ; the payments, in 
place of, being made as required one year's existing income, are made in the ancient 
nominal value of the money. In 1835, ^^ consequence, only the following should 
be, and were, the sums paid : — 



Archbishop of Can- ^ £ 

terbury 19,182 2,682 

Archbishop of York 12,629 1,449 

Bishop of Carlisle 2,213 478 

Bishop of Chichester 4,229 609 

Bishop of Exeter 2,713 450 

Bishop of Hereford 2,516 691 
Bishop of Lichfield 

and Coventry 3,923 503 
Bishop of Llandaff 924 139 
Bishop of Norwich 5,395 834 
Bishop of Peterbo- 
rough 3,100 373 
Bishop of Rochester 1,450 322 



Bishop of St David's 
Bishop of Salisbury 
Bishop of Bangor 
Bishop of Bristol 
Bishop of Worcester 
Bishop of Lincoln 
Bishop of Oxford 
Bishop of St Asaph 
Bishop of Bath and 

Wells 
Bishop of Gloucester 
Bishop of Chester 
Bishop of Winchester 
Bishop of Ely 



£ 


£ 


1,897 


383 


3,939 


1,246 


4,464 


118 


2,351 


294 


6,569 


929 


4,542 


828 


2,648 


343 


6,301 


1 68 


5,946 


479 


2,282 


283 


3,261 


378 


11,151 


2,873 


11,105 


1,921 



302 FISHER FIVE-MILE ACT 

£ £ £ £ s. d. 

Bishop of London 13,929 900 Ashton-under- 

Bishop of Durham 19,066 1,638 Lme 1,407 26 13 9 

T . . f J- -c J 1 -A Lancaster 1,709 41 o 4 

Livnigs of undipified clergymen paid Rochdale 1,730 11 4 o 

mi83S,mplace of the full years gtandish 1,874 45 16 9 

value, after the followmg rate : Wigan 2,230 8010 8 

Middleton £ £ s. d. Whiwick 3,616 102 9 8 

Rectory 1,070 36 3 II Manchester Col- 

Aldingham 1,092 39 9 2 legiate Church 4,025 53 6 8 

Prestwich 1,230 46 4 9 and thus all in inferior valuations. 

FISHER, bishop of Rochester, executed, June 22, 1535. 

FISHERIES. The Scotch herring fisheries were known as early as i loo ; cod-fishery 
carried on at Newfoundland by the Portuguese and French, 1500 ; by the English, 
1584 ; Henry VIII. passed several laws encouraging this staple ; regulation regard- 
ing fishing and where to fish issued, 1542 ; Spain, a few years later, agreed to pay 
a certain sum for the privilege of fishing ; no foreigners prohibited from fishing in 
our seas by proclamation of Charles I. ; the Dutch agreed to pay ;^30,ooo for per- 
mission to use the English fisheries, 1635 ; corporation of free British fisheries in- 
stituted, 1750 ; fish was brought to London by land carriage, 1761, and machines 
constructed on purpose. Parliament supporting them, 1764 ; British Company for 
the Fisheries instituted in London, 1786 ; Irish Fishery Company formed, Dec, 
1818 ; a convention fixing the limits of the oyster fisheries between England and 
France signed, Aug. 2, 1839 ; an act passed for carrying this convention into 
effect, 6 & 7 Vict. c. 79, Aug. 22, 1843, and one passed for the more effectual 
execution of, 18 & 19 Vict. c. lOl, Aug. 14, 1855 ; the North-American Fisheries 
regulated by 18 & 19 Vict. c. 3, Feb. 19, 1855 ; an international commission 
agreed to a convention with France, July 18, 1867 ; the sea fisheries of Ireland 
encouraged by 9 & 10 Vict. c. 3, March 5, 1846 ; amended and extended by 29 
& 30 Vict. c. 45, June 28, 1866 ; the laws relating to the British white hemng 
fisheries altered and amended, 30 & 31 Vict. c. 52, July 15, 1867. 
FISHMONGERS' COMPANY. The salt fishmongers estabhshed, 1433 ; the stock 
fishmongers, 1509 ; united, 1536. Edward HI. granted them a charter, July 10, 
1363 ; James I. incorporated them by charter, 1604. The first hall built about 
1500 ; this was destroyed, 1666 ; the hall rebuilt by Mr Jarman, 1668 ; finished, 
June, 1671 ; taken down, 1831, and present building erected by Mr Roberts, 
1833. The Prince of Wales admitted to the freedom of the Company, Feb. 12, 
1863. 
FISWOOD, near Bolton, Lancashire, destroyed by fire, Oct. 17, 1825 ; the bleach- 
mills were valued at ;i^30,ooo. 
FITZGERALD, Earl of Desmond, committed to prison for enlisting men for the 

Irish brigade in the French service, March 16, 1749-50. 
FITZGERALD, Lord Edward, mortally wounded in an attempt to take him into 

custody in Dublin, May, 1 798. 
FITZWILLIAM MUSEUM, Cambridge, established by the will of Richard Vis- 
count, Feb., 1816, who bequeathed his collection and the interest of ;^ioo,ooo 
for this purpose ; the building, erected from the designs of George Basevi, com- 
menced, Nov. 3, 1837. 
FIVE HUNDRED, the Council of, established in France, Oct. 27, 1795 ; dis- 
solved by Napoleon I. by force, Nov. 9, 1799. 
FIVE-MILE ACT, a tyrannical statute, 17 Charles II. c. 2, Oct., 1665, obliging 
nonconformist ministers who refused to take the oath of non-resistance, to abstain 
from coming within five miles of any corporation where they had preached since 



FLAGELLANTS FLEET PRISON 303 

the Act of Oblivion, unless when travelling, under fifty pounds' penalty ; revoked 
by I Will, and Mary, c. 18, 1689. 

FLAGELLANTS, a religious sect, rose in Italy, 1260, established at Perouse, 
1420, who pubhcly lashed themselves in procession until the blood flowed freely ; 
their leader, Conrad Schenett, was burned at the stake to convince him of his 
error, 1414 ; appeared in London about this time. 

FLAGS. The celebrated Danish flag with the ensign of the Raven taken by the 
English, 878 ; Harold unfurled the Dragon banner at the battle of Hastings, Oct. 
14, 1066 ; Edward III. quartered the arms of France with England, 1340 ; the 
National Flag for Gt Britain proclaimed, April 12, 1606 ; the flag of the United 
Kingdom appointed, July 28, 1707 ; the Saltire of St Patrick added upon the 
union of, with Ireland, Jan. i, 1801 ; the honour of a salute was exacted by Eng- 
land in old time, and yielded by the Dutch to the English, 1673 ; the French 
obliged the Spaniards to lower their flag to them, 1680 ; and Tourville, the 
French admiral, engaged a Spanish force until it yielded to fire a salute of nine 
guns to the French flag, June 2, 1688 ; flag of truce fired upon by the Russians at 
Odessa, April 6, 1854 ; the new German flag appointed, Oct. i, 1867. 

FLAMSTEAD NUNNERY, Herts, founded by Roger de Toney, circa 11 54. 

FLANDERS became subject to France, 412 ; governed by its earls, subject to the 
French crown, from 793 to 1369 ; rose in insurrection against Philip VI., but 
were defeated with the loss of 13,000 men, Aug. 23, 1328 ; came to Austria by 
man-iage, 1477, but was yielded to Spain, 1556 ; shook off the yoke of Spain, 
1572 ; treaty concluded between France and Spain, Aug. 15, 1684 ; annexed to 
the German Empire by the treaty of Vienna, 1725 ; conquered and made part of 
France, 1795 ; made part of the kingdom of the Netherlands, 1814 ; made the 
kingdom of Belgium, 1831. 

FLANNEL. It is asserted that flannel shirts were first used as an article of dress 
by Lord Percy's regiment when it was encamped on Boston Common, 1774 ; Sir 
Benjamin Thompson (Count Rumford) claimed the discovery of the utility of 
this practice. 

FLATBUSH, battle between the EngHsh and Americans, when the latter were de- 
feated with the loss of 2000 men killed and 1000 prisoners, 1776. 

FLAX cultivated in England. Several attempts were made previous to 1747 to con- 
vert the fibre of flax into a kind of cotton ; Lady Moira succeeded, 1775 ; a fac- 
tory was established at Vienna, 1780. 

FLAXLEY ABBEY, built in the reign of Henry I., 11 10; totally destroyed by 
fire, April i, 1777. 

FLEET DITCH converted into a canal after the great fire of 1666, with wharfs 
and quays, at an expense of ^27,777 ; arched over, 1738, and completed, 1765. 

FLEET MARKET, the Old, opened for the sale of fish, meat, and vegetables in 
Farringdon-street, Sept. 30, 1737 ; removed, and the new one opened, Nov. 20, 
1829 ; granite obelisk erected to Alderman Waithman at the Fleet-street end of 
what is now called Farringdon-street, June 25, 1833, and completed in one day. 

FLEET MARRIAGES at first solemnized in the chapel of the Fleet Prison, but after- 
wards in any part of the prison ; the earliest register known is Nov. i, 1674 ; the 
Hon. Henry Fox married Georgiana Caroline, eldest daughter of the Duke of Rich- 
mond, in the prison, 1 744 ; abolished by Lord Kardwicke's Act for Preventing 
Clandestine Marriages, 26 Geo. II. c. 33, 1753, to come into operation, March 25, 
1754; on March 24, 217 weddings were celebrated; the parson's fee was 6$. 
The government purchased 1200 registers, many of which are pocket-books only, 
1 82 1, these are deposited in the Public Registry Office, Doctors' Commons. 

FLEET PRISON erected in the reign of Richard I., 1 189, and became the prison of 



304 FLESH VICTUAL FLORENCE 

the Star Chamber and Chancery Courts ; first made a debtor's prison by Charles II., 
1664 ; destroyed in the fire of 1666, and rebuilt, 1669 ; a parliamentary inquiry into 
the cruelties inflicted upon the prisoners by the wardens, Bambridge and Huggins, 
Aug., 1727 ; burned down in the Gordon riots, and the prisoners released, June 7, 
1780 ; rebuilt, 1782 ; abolished by 5 & 6 Vict. c. 22, May 31, 1842 ; the ground 
purchased by the Corporation of London for ;,^25,ooo, March 13, 1845 ! pulled 
down, 1846 ; the ground sold to the London, Chatham, and Dover Railway 
Company for ;,f 60, 000, Nov. i, 1864. 
FLESH VICTUAL. In the reign of Queen Elizabeth, 1562, an act was passed ' for 
the better saving of flesh victual, by ordering every Wednesday to be a fish day, 
unless incases of sickness,' 5 Eliz. c. 5, s. 14. 
FLETCHERS' COMPANY established, 1487; arms granted to, 2 Henry VIL, 

1487. 
FLEUR-DE-LIS, the emblematic lily of France, pretended to be delivered by an 
angel to Clovis, who in consequence won a victory and embraced Christianity, 
496 ; adopted by Louis VIL, 1137. 
FLEURUS, battles. The French army under Marshal Luxemburg defeated Wal- 
deck with a loss of 5000 men killed, 8000 prisoners, and 50 pieces of artillery, 
June 30, 1690 ; Gen. Jourdan defeated the allies under the Prince of Coburg with 
a loss of 10,000 men, June 26, 1794. 
FLEXLEY, or DENE ABBEY, Gloucester, founded by Roger, second Earl of 

Hereford, 1154. 
FLIES, singular shower of, in London, covering the clothes of the passengers in 

the streets, 1 707 . 
FLINT CASTLE, North Wales, built, 1185. 
FLINT WEAPONS. Public attention was first called to these relics by John 

Frere, F.S.A., June 22, 1797. 
FLOATING BATTERIES erected by the Admiralty within the last four years, 

found of immense service in the American war, 1863-4. 

FLODDEN FIELD, battle between the English and Scotch, under James IV., the 

Scotch king was slain, with most of his nobUity, and 10,000 men, Sept. 9, 15 13. 

FLOGGING, a punishment used in the navy and army ; now restricted compared to 

its former frequency. By a return to the House of Commons of the number of 

such punishments in the British army, 1830, the amount was 655 ; in 1831, 646 j 

but in 1833 only 370 ; abolished, March 15, 1867. 

FLOOR-CLOTH. The first manufactory established at Knightsbridge by Nathan 

Taylor, 1754. 
FLORAL HALL, Covent Garden, built from the designs of Edward Barry, length 

228 feet, width of arcades 75 feet ; opened, March 7, i860. 
FLORALES, LUDI, a Roman festival in honour of Flora, which lasted for five 
days, from April 28 to May 2, instituted B.C. 238, afterwards discontinued, but 
restored, B.C. 173. 
FLORENCE, Italy, colonized by the Romans, B.C. 40; Christianity established in 
the 3rd century ; Felix, the bishop of, attended a council at Rome, 313 ; unsuc- 
cessfully attacked by the Goths, 406 ; almost destroyed by them, 541 ; they re- 
belled against the Emperor, II13 ; a republic formed, 1198; the Albizzi family 
became chief rulers, 1360 ; succeeded by the Medici family, 1434 ; became extinct, 
1737, and succeeded by Francis Lorraine. The bridge of, built, 1330 ; the Trinity- 
bridge, 1557; the cathedral commenced, 1296; Majohca ware first made here, 
1470 ; a manufactory for porcelain established by Francis I., Grand Duke, 1580. 
The town taken by the French, July, 1796, and 1799 ; restored, 1814 ; occupied 



FLORES FONTAINEBLEAU 305 

by the Austrian?, 1849 ; a revolution at, the Grand Duke fled, and a provisional 
executive appointed, Feb. 7, 1849 ; insurrection in, April, 1859 ; declared their 
desire to be annexed to Sardinia by universal suffrage, March 11, 12, i860. Ex- 
hibition at, opened, Sept. 15, 1861. Made the capital of the kingdom of Italy, 
April 26, 1865 ; the court removed to, May 11 ; the parliament first assembled in 
the new capital, Nov. 18 ; the second opened by the king, Dec. 15, 1866. 

FLORES, one of the Azores, discovered, 1439, by Vanderburg ; colonized by the 
Portuguese, 1448 ; so named for its profusion of flowers. 

FLORIDA, America, one of the United States, discovered by Cabot, 1497 ; visited 
by Ponce de Leon, 15 12 ; settled by the Spaniards, 1539. The French Calvinists 
under Ribault attempted to establish a colony, 1562 ; these were attacked and 
murdered by the Spaniards, Sept. 4, 1565 ; plundered by Sir Francis Drake, 1586, 
and by the buccaneers, 1685 ; invaded by the English, 1702, and by General 
Oglethorpe, 1740 ; ceded to England, 1763; captured by the Spaniards, 1781 ; 
ceded by England to Spain, 1783, and by Spain to the United States, 1821 ; ad- 
mitted into the Union, March 3, 1845 > seceded, i860. 

FLORIN, a coin varying in value : in Livonia, l.f. zd., and the same in Prussia ; 
in Holland, is. gd. ; Belgium, is. 6d. ; in Geneva, 4J4^- ; it is said to have been 
made first hy the Florentines ; it was first issued in England in the reign of Ed- 
ward III., valued at 6s., 1337 ; issued by proclamation of Victoria, Aug., 1849, 
as a silver coin of 2s., or one-tenth of a pound sterling ; in Frankfort the florin is 
in value is. S/id. English ; in Austria, 2s. oVzd. 

FLOWERS, the art of preserving in sand, discovered, 1633. 

FLUSHING, Holland, damaged by fire, and the Prince of Orange's house burned, 
Jan., 1748-g ; siege of, under the Earl of Chatham, Aug. 16, 1809; surrender 
of, and the object of the expedition, the destruction of the Antwerp arsenal, baffled, 
with great loss by the ill-management of the commander and the progress of dis- 
ease. 

FLUTE. This musical instrument is of great antiquity ; it is mentioned by Daniel 
as used at the worship of the Golden Image which Nebuchadnezzar had set up, 
Dan. iii. 5 > it was described by Pere Mersenne, 1636. 

FLUXIONS invented by Newton, 1666 ; made known, 1669 ; letters of Newton 
to Leibnitz upon, June 13 and Aug. 24, 1676 ; Leibnitz claimed the discovery, 
1677 ; this led to much controversy. 

FOGS : remarkable ones in London, Jan. i, 1720, when several chairman fell with 
their burden into the canal in St James's Park, some into Fleet ditch, and others 
into the Thames ; a very dense fog, Jan. 10, 1812 ; another, Dec. 20, 1813. 

FOLEMBRAY TREATY. Henry IV. of France made over by this treaty three 
cautionary towns, to be held for six years, to the Duke of Mayenne, and paid all 
his debts, Jan., 1596. 

FOLKSTONE, Kent. Eadbald VI. , king of Kent, built a castle here, and founded 
a priory, 630 ; the castle destroyed by the Danes, 1052 ; rebuilt after the Norman 
conquest. Harvey, the discoverer of the circulation of the blood, born here, 1578. 
The old church partially destroyed by a storm, 1705. The harbour began by 
Telford, 1808 ; opened, 1844. The South- Western Railway opened to this town, 
Dec, 1843 ; and to Dover, Feb. 7, 1844. 

FONTAINE Notre Dame, village of, nearly destroyed by fire, April 25, 1816. 

FONTAINEBLEAU, France. Louis VII. had a palace here, 1169 ; Francis L, 
15 18; the palace was extended and partially rebuilt, and library formed, 
a few years afterwards. A treaty between France and Sweden agreed to and 
signed here, 1661 ; peace concluded with Denmark, Sept. 2, 1679 ; treaty be- 
tween Germany and Holland, Nov. 8, 1785 ; treaty of,^ between the Emperor 



3o6 FONTENAY FOREIGN LEGION 

Napoleon and royal family of Spain, Oct. 27, 1807; concordat of Fontainebleau 
between Napoleon and Pope Pius VII., Jan. 25, 1813 ; entered by the Austrians, 
Feb. 17, 1814 ; Napoleon Bonaparte here resigned the imperial dignity, April 
II, 1814. 

FONTENAY, battle. The allies defeated Lothaire with a loss of 40,000 men, 
Jmie 25, 841. 

FONTENOY, battle, between the English and Dutch, and the French ; the 
latter, under Marshal Saxe, gained the victory, the English the glory, and the 
Dutch theshaine, May li, 1745 ; the Anglo-Dutch army lost 12,000 men. 

FONTEVRAULT, France, the abbey founded by Robert d'Arbrissel, 1099 ; order 
of Friars established and taken under the protection of Pope Pascal II., 1 106 ; re- 
formed, 1507; the statues of the Plantagenets, kings of England, Henry II., 
Richard Coeur de Lion, Eleanor of Guienne, and Isabel of Angouleme, erected 
in the chapel of the abbey ; removed by Louis Philippe to the museum of Ver- 
sailles, but were restored by Napoleon III., 1849 ; Lord Stanley stated in the 
House of Commons that they had been graciously offered to England by the 
emperor, and accepted, March 17, 1867, but that, owing to some opposition, Her 
Majesty had graciously declined the offer, and requested the emperor to have them 
preserved, March 29. 

FONTHILL, near Salisbury, burnt down, Nov. 12, 1765 ; rebuilt by William 
Beckford, the author of 'Vathek,' from the designs of James Wyatt, architect, 
1796 ; cost ;^273,ooo ; sale of the abbey, 1822-23, when 7200 catalogues of the 
library, and articles olvertii, sold at a guinea each ; the tower fell down, Dec. 21, 
1825. 

FONTS, substitutes for baptisteries in the churches where infant baptism was 
adopted, but still by immersion ; when that ceased, they were made smaller. 
Fonts are said to have been used as early as 167. 

FOOLS. Festival of the Fools, in France, held on New Year's day and continued for 
240 years ; all sorts of follies were committed at them in 1198. Fools or Jesters 
kept at most European courts up to the end of the reign of Charles I. In 
humble imitation of royalty, the Lord Mayor of London kept his fool down to a 
late period. 

FOOLS, the order of, established by Adolphus, Count of Cleves, 1380. 

FORBISHER'S STRAITS, a narrow sea to the north of Cape Farewell and West 
Greenland; discovered, 157^- 

FORD ABBEY, Devonshire, founded for the Cistercian order by Adelicia, daughter 
of Baldwin de Brioniis, 1 141. 

FORD CASTLE, Northumberland, castellated temp. Edward III. ; destroyed by 
the Scots, 1385 ; rebuilt by the Heron family, 1503 ; taken by James IV., 1513. 

FOREIGNERS banished from England by proclamation of 2 Henry I., 1155; 
forbidden to follow retail trades, 1487 ; allowed half a jury of foreigners on trials, 
1420. 

FOREIGN ENLISTMENT ACT, prohibiting Englishmen to enlist in any foreign 
army, 59 Geo. III. c. 69, July 3, 181 9. 

FOREIGN JURISDICTION. Act passed to remove doubts as to the exercise of 
power and jurisdiction by Her Majesty within divers countries and places out of 
Her Majesty's dominions, and to render the same more effectual, 6 & 7 Vict. c. 
94, Aug. 24, 1843 ; explained, 28 & 29 Vict. c. 116, July 5, 1865 ; amended, 29 
& 30 Vict. c. 87, x\ug. 6, 1866. 

FOREIGN LEGION, a regiment formed of Hessians, added to the British army, 
1756; and in the Crimean war an act of parliament was passed to permit 



FOREIGN ORDERS FORKS 307 

foreigners to enlist and serve as officers and soldiers in Her Majesty's forces, 18 & 
19 Vict. c. 2, Dec. 23, 1854. 

FOREIGN ORDERS. No British subject may accept or wear any insignia with- 
out the sanction of the Queen. See London Gazette, May 11, 1855. 

FORESTALLING, buying or contracting for any merchandise, &c., before it comes 
in the market-place, prohibited by 31 Edw. I., 1302, and 5 & 6 Edw. VI. c. 14, 
1552 ; made perpetual by 13 Eliz. c. 25, 1570 ; repealed, 12 Geo. III. c. 71, 1772 ; 
finally repealed, 7 & 8 Vict. c. 24, July 4, 1844. 

FORESTERS, the Ancient Order of, claims to be of great antiquity; in 1850 they 
numbered 80,089 members ; in 1864 they had "increased to 277,746 ; their total in- 
come amounted to ^500,000 a year, and the London united district alone had an 
income of ^89,000. In 1855 they held their first gathering at the Crystal Palace, 
Sydenham ; in i860 the number of members and their friends reached 60,000 at 
the same place. 

FORESTS' CHARTER, or Charter de Foresta, provisions concerning, in the 
great charter of King John, June 15, 1215 ; H^nry III. granted the first forest 
charter, Nov. 6, 1217; confirmed by Edward I., Nov. 5, 1297. 

FORESTS OF ENGLAND. In the last century there were in England 68 forests 
and 1 8 chases, the relics of the times of barbarian feudalism. Wilham I . destroyed 
36 parishes, with their churches, and dispeopled 30 square miles of country, to make 
the New Forest in 1079-85. The following forests belonged to the crown before 
and in this century : — Windsor Great and Little Park, Cranburn Chase, New 
Forest, Essex, Alice Holt, Woolmer and Bere Forests ; Greenwich, St James, 
Hyde, Bushy, and Hampton Parks ; Hampton Court Forest, preserved by Henry 
VIII. , 1539; Whittlebury, Salcey, Rockingham, increased from six miles to 60, in 
1636 ; Sherwood, Whichwood, and Richmond; parts of these have since been en- 
closed ; Hainault, disafforested by 14 & 15 Vict. c. 43, Aug. i, 185 1 ; allotment 
of, 21 & 22 Vict. c. 37, July 23, 1858; Whichwood disafforested, 16 & 17 Vict. 
c. 36, July 8, 1853, and 19 & 20 Vict. c. 32, June 23, 1856; Whittlewood, 16 & 
17 Vict. c. 42, Aug. 4, 1853 ; Woolmer, 18 & 19 Vict. c. 46, July 16, 1855 ; 
Charles I. attempted a revival of the Forests Laws, 1635 ; an act was passed fix- 
ing the boundaries of forests, 16 Charles I. c. 16, 1640 ; the last circuit of the 
chief justiciary of the forest was made by Aubrey de Vere, Earl of Oxford, 1670 ; 
a board of commissioners appointed, June 9, 1810 ; altered, Feb. 13, 1832. 

FORFARSHIRE Steamer wrecked on its passage from Hull to Dundee, when 38 
persons perished ; Darling, the keeper of the Outer Fem Lighthouse, and his 
daughter, Grace, ventured out in the storm in a coble, and saved 15 of the pas- 
sengers, Sept. 6, 1838. 

FORFEITED ESTATES, redemption of, act passed, 1669. 

FORGERY, as of deeds and writings, made punishable by fine, pillory, cutting off 
the ears, slitting the nostrils, searing or branding, forfeiture of lands, or imprison- 
ment, 5 Eliz., 1562; punished with death, 1634. Forging letters of attorney made 
capital, 1722; one Ward, of great wealth, expelled the House of Commons 
for forgeiy, May 16, 1726, and placed in the pillory, March 17, 1727. The value 
of the forged notes presented to the bank in ten years, from Jan. i, 1801, was 
;^lOi,66l, owing principally to the slovenly manner in which the real notes were 
printed, and the ease of imitation. In 181 7, no less than 142 persons were prose- 
cuted by the bank for forgery. Punishment of death for, ceased 2 and 3 Will. 
IV., Aug., 1832, except in cases of bills or stock transfer ; in July, 1837, reduced 
to transportation for life ; last criminal hanged for, Thomas Maynard, Dec. 31, 
1829. 

FORKS introduced in general use in England about 1560 ; silver forks were used 
earlier by the nobility ; Edward I. had one which is mentioned among his jewels, 



3o8 FORMA PAUPERIS FORTUNE-TELLERS 

1297 ; Piers Gaveston had four for eating pears, 1313 ; they were used on the con- 
tinent in the 13th century ; Charles V., king of France, had some which are men- 
tioned in an inventory of jewels, 1379 ; John Duke of Brittany also had one of 
silver, mentioned, 1202. 

FORMA PAUPERIS, admitted in law courts, poor persons, who must swear that 
they are not worth ^5, can have both counsel and attorney assigned to them 
without fee, by statute, li Henry VII. c. 12, 1495 ; they are excused from pay- 
ing costs if nonsuited, but may suffer other punishment at the discretion of the 
judge, 23 Henry VIII. c. 15, s. 2, 1531-2. 

FORNOVO, battle. The French defeated the Italians with a loss of 4000 men, 
July 6, 1495. 

FORREST, John, burned in Smithfield, for not admitting the spiritual supremacy 
of Henry VIII., May 22, 1538, aged 42. 

FORT ST DAVID, Hindustan. An English factory first established here, 1691 ; 
besieged by the French, March 13, 1747 ; taken by them, June I, 1758. 

FORT DETROIT, Canada. The English army under Gen. Brock, with a strong 
force of Indians, defeated the Americans commanded by Gen. Hull with a 
loss of 2500 men and 30 guns, Aug. 16, 1812 ; the fort dismantled, 1813. 

FORT ERIE, Canada, taken by the Americans, July 3, 1814 ; unsuccessfully as- 
saulted by the English, who lost 925 men, Aug. 15 ; evacuated by the Americans, 
Nov. 5, 1814 ; taken by the Fenians under CoL O'Neil, May 31, 1866. 

FORT FISHER, N. America, one of the principal defences of Wilmington, first at- 
tacked by the Federal fleet of 150 vessels, 65 being men-of-war, imder Adm. Porter, 
Dec. 24, 1864 ; a vessel with 215 tons of gunpowder exploded under the walls, 
but without effect ; a body of troops 3000 strong, under the command of Gen. 
Weitzel, landed, Dec. 25, but found the fort inaccessible, embarked the same even- 
ing ; Gen. Butler withdrew his whole force, Dec. 27 ; the attack renewed, 
Jan. 13, 1865, and after a bombardment for three days the fort was carried by 
storm, Jan. 15 ; the Federals lost 1000 men; the powder magazine exploded, 
Jan. 16, killing 300 Federals. 

FORT ST GEORGE, India, first settled by the EngUsh East India Company, 

1620. 
FORTH and Clyde Canal made by Smeaton, and opened, July 28, 1790. 

FORTIFICATION made a capital offence for its second act, 1650 ; the law lapsed 
at the Restoration. 

FORTIFICATIONS. Most ancient cities were surrounded by a wall for protection 
and defence ; royal licences to crenellate or fortify castles in England granted to 
the nobility between 42 Henry III. and 19 Edv/. IV., 1256 — 1478 ; the Duke of 
Sully in France first introduced the present system of fortification and organized 
an engineer corps ; EiTard of Bois-le-duc, one of the officers of this corps, laid 
down a method for fortifying a town, 1 594 ; the Chevalier Antoine de Ville pub- 
lished a treatise upon this subject, 1629 ; Vauban's treatise, ' De I'Attaque et de 
la Defense des Places,' issued, 1737 ; Coehorn, the great master of this art, pub- 
lished his first book upon the same subject ; many works have since been pub- 
lished upon this art. Paris fortified, 1846 ; Sebastopol, by Gen. Todtleben, _ 
Oct., 1854. Fortifications for the protection of the Royal Arsenals and Dock- 
yards, and the Ports of Dover and Portland, began ; an act passed for providing 
the expenses, 28 & 29 Vict. c. 61, June 29, 1865 ; further provisions made and a 
list of the forts given, 30 & 31 Vict. c. 14S, Aug. 21, 1867. 

FORTUNE-TELLERS. The art of divination is of early origin ; the first work 



FORUM ROMANUS FRAMLINGHAM CASTLE 309 

upon Cartomancy printed at Venice by Francisco Marcolini, 1540 ; punishment 
enacted for persons carrying on this craft, June 21, 1824. 

FORUM ROMANUS erected by the Romans at the foot of the Palatine and Capito- 
line Hills, adorned with the spoils taken in war, B.C. 308. The Tabularium, or 
Record Office, where the public acts and decrees were preserved, erected by Q. 
Lutatius Catulus, B.C. 78. ^ The Forum of Trajan built by ApoUodorus, and 
completed, a.d. 14. The Forum of Julius Csesar founded by that general, the 
site being purchased out of the spoils of Pharsalia, A. u.c. 788. 

FOSSE NUNNERY, Lincolnshire, founded and endowed by Henry IH., 1218. 

FOTHERINGAY CASTLE, Northamptonshire, erected by Edward Langley, 
Duke of York, 1408 ; Richard HI. was born here, 1452. Mary Queen of Scots 
tried, Oct. 14, 15S6 ; beheaded in the hall of the castle privately, Feb. 8, 1587; 
dismantled by James I., 1604. 

FOUNDERS' COMPANY, London, established and enrolled by the mayor and 
aldermen, July 29, 1365, in the 39th year of the reign of Edward HI. ; first incor- 
porated by James I., Sept. 18, 1614, in the 12th year of his reign ; the oldest record 
of this company begins at Christmas, 1497 ; arms granted to the company, Oct. 13, 
1590 ; hall built, circa 1531 ; burnt in the fire of London, and rebuilt by subscrip- 
tion, 1671, at a cost of ^1037 8^-. ()d.; rebuilt and opened, 1846 ; leased to the 
Electric Telegraph Company, 1853, the company removing to St Swithin's Lane. 

FOUNDLING HOSPITALS. The first founded at Milan, 787 ; the Great Hospital 
S. Spirito allotted by Pope Innocent HI. for this purpose, 1 198 ; in Paris, 1677. 
The Dublin Foundling Hospital founded, 1704. The Foundhng Hospital, Lon- 
don, founded by Capt. Coram, 1736 ; incorporated by charter of George II., 
Oct. 17, 1739 ; the estate purchased for ^5500, 1 741. The present, built from the 
design of Mr Jacobson; first stone laid, Sept. 16, 1742 ; opened, 1756 ; on June 
2, 1756, the first day, 117 children were received. 

FOUNTAINS' ABBEY, Yorkshire, founded by 13 monks who seceded from St 
Mary's, York, 1132; burnt down, 1202, and rebuilt by John of York, Abbot of 
Fountains, 1204. 

FOUNTAINS, Public. General in eastern countries ; the most ancient are those 
of Nazareth, Cana, and En-Rogd, or the Fountain of Job. Tire Fountain of 
Egeria, at Rome, is mentioned by Juvenal, Sat. HI. ; this city is still noted for its 
fountains ; Fontana Paolina erected by Paul V., 161 2 ; Fontana di Trevi erected 
by Clement XII., 1735. One founded in Scotland by Edwin, king of the Firth 
of Forth, for the thirsty traveller, 616 ; they were general in London in the 15 th 
and l6th centuries ; Mr Samuel Morland established one at Hammersmith, 1614 ; 
Trafalgar-square, 1845 ; several additions made, 1862 ; the Ciystal Palace foun- 
tains opened, June 18, 1856 ; the Metropolitan Free Drinking Fountains Asso- 
ciation, established in London, April, 1859, have erected many throughout the 
Metropolis. 

FOUR BOROUGHS' COURT, an ancient Scottish court, so called from its 
being composed of delegates from the first royal burghs, altered, 1348 ; Robert, 
Duke of Albany, uncle of James I., was Lord Chamberlain, 1405 ; it still exists. 

FOXGLOVE, indigenous ; that called the Canary, imported, 1698 ; the Madeira, 
1777. 

FOXGRAPE SHRUB, imported from Virginia about 1656. 

FOX ISLAND, North Pacific, discovered, 1 760. 

FRAMEWORK KNITTERS' COMPANY incorporated, 15 Car. II., Aug. 19, 
1663. 

FRAMLINGHAM CASTLE, Suffolk, built by Roger Bigod, iioo; castellated, 



310 FRAMPTON FRANCE 

I154 ; Barbican, rebuilt by Thomas Howard, third Duke of Norfolk, 1530 ; sold 
to Sir R. Hitcham and pulled down, 1670. (Its walls were 48 feet high and eight 
thick, with 13 towers 62 feet high.) 

FRAMPTON, Dorset, nearly destroyed by fire, April 12, 1786. 

FRANCE was colonized by the Gauls, a Celtic race, and the Belgae ; the Sequani, 
a German tribe, led by Ariovistus, overran the east of Gaul, B.C. 60; they were 
defeated by the Romans under Csesar, B.C. 58, who aftei-wards invaded the 
country, B.C. 57, and partially subdued it the next year ; in B.C. 55 a general insur- 
rection against the Romans took place, headed by Ambiorix, chief of the Ubrones ; 
the Roman General, Sabinus, and his troops, were put to the sword, and another 
legion, commanded by Q . Cicero, was reduced to the last extremity, when Csesar 
came to his relief, and in B. C. 53 utterly destroyed the tribe. A plan was fonned 
for a simultaneous rising throughout the country against the Roman power, under 
Vercingetorix, B.C. 52 ; he was defeated at Avaricum (Bourges) after a siege of 
26 days ; the whole of the population, 40,000, were slaughtered ; the Romans 
were defeated at Gergovia, but were again successful in the siege of Alesia, the 
crowning event of the Gallic war ; the chiefs were taken prisoners and their armies 
scattered, B.C. 50; the country was divided into four divisions, the Central Go- 
vernment being fixed at Lugdunum (Lyons), which was founded by the Consul 
Munatius Plaucus, B.C. 42 ; Augustus resided here from B.C. 1 6 to B.C. 10 ; at a 
general census, taken B.C. 28, 4,163,000 Roman citizens were residing in Gaul. 
The Druidical worship prohibited and the priests banished, A. D. 43 ; an insurrec- 
tion among the Belgic tribes, commanded by Claudius Civilis, was put down after 
much slaughter, 69 ; an attempt to introduce Christianity was made by Pothinus 
and Irenseus, disciples of St Polycarp, bishop of Smyrna, 155 ; they were perse- 
cuted by Septimus Severus, 202, and Valerian and Diocletian, 260 — 286; St Hilary 
consecrated bishop of Poitiers, 350 ; a council held at Paris under his auspices, 
which denounced Arianism. The country divided into 17 provinces, 292 ; about 
this time the Franks, a German tribe, who had committed depredations in the north- 
eastern provinces, appeared ; Constantine the Great defeated them at Treves, 310 ; 
they made another settlement under Pharamond, 420 ; Merovjeus began to reign, 
from whom the first race of French kings were called Merovingian, 448 ; the 
Danes defeated by Theodebert, son of Thierry, 515 ; the Huns invaded the coun- 
try, but were defeated by Sigebert, 562 ; the Lombards invaded France, but were 
cut to pieces in an engagement with Monmole, 57^ and 576 ; war between 
Thierry and Theodebert, the latter, being twice defeated, was made prisoner and 
beheaded, 612 ; Dagobert gave orders to massacre in one night 10,000 Bul- 
garians, 631 ; Clovis IL, during a great famine, ordered the church of St Denis, 
which was covered with silver, to be stripped off and sold for the relief of the 
poor, 65 1 ; Pepin gained a signal victory over the forces of Thierry, 683 ; Pepin 
defeated Thierry, seized his camp, and pursued him to Paris, where the inhabitants 
received him and delivered the king into his hands, 687 ; the Saracens invaded 
the country and captured Boui'deaux, which they plundered, but were afterwards 
defeated by Charles Martel, 732 ; he took possession of Aquitaine, Garonne, and 
Gascony, 735, and drove the Saracens out of Marseilles and Provence, 739. 
Pepin declared King of France by an assembled parliament at Soissons, 752, and 
defeated the Saxons, 753 ; he drove the Saracens entirely out of France, 759. 
Charlemagne divided the kingdom with his brother Carloman, 768 ; rise of the 
Carlovingian dynasty, and he gained a great victory over the Saxons under Witi- 
kind, 772 ; conquered and proclaimed King of Italy, 774 ; he subdued the Saxons 
again, 775, and conquered Navarre and Arragon, crossing the Pyrenean moun- 
tains, 778 ; he again defeated the Saxons, and endeavoured to convert them, 780 ; 
he undertook to unite the German Ocean to the Pont Euxine, by a canal, a part 
of which is still to be seen, 792 ; the first irruption of the Normans, 808 ; Charle- 



FRANCE 311 

magne died at Aix-la-Chapelle, 814 ; the Danes invaded France and Tours, but 
were forced to retire, 838 ; tire Normans burned Rouen, 841, and overran all the 
western provinces, burning most of the churches and public buildings up to the 
wall of Paris, and sacked Orleans, 843 to 857 ; they pillaged Paris and the monas- 
tery of St Denis, 859 ; defeated at Touraine by Louis III., 879, and again at San- 
court in Picardy, 881 ; captured Rouen and Pontoise, and besieged Paris, 885 ; 
30,000 defeated by Eudes, Count of Paris, before the city of Paris, 886 ; the 
Normans again devastated a great part of the kingdom, and Charles, unable to 
resist them, made a peace with Rollo, 911 ; the first treaty made with England, 
936 ; the Hungarians desolated apart of the country, a famine followed, 937 ; Otho 
invaded France with 28,000 men as far as Paris, but was compelled to retire, 980 ; 
Hugh Capet raised to the throne, commencing the Capetian dynasty, 987 ; Odo, 
Count of Champagne, defeated at Pontlevoi, 1016 ; the kingdom visited by a 
dreadful famine, 1032 ; war with William I. of England, 1075 ! ^^^ overran 
Vexin and burnt the city of Mantes, 1087 ; the Crusades began, 1096 ; the war 
between Louis VI. and Henry I. began, 1 106 ; terminated through the mediation 
of the Earl of Anjou, 1109; the French defeated by the English at Brenneville, 
Aug. 21, 1 1 19; peace concluded between France and England, 1124; Louis VII. 
and his Queen Eleanora, with a large army, embarked for the crusade, 1 147, and 
returned, I149 ; Eleanora divorced, March, 1152, and resumed her hereditary pos- 
session of Aquitaine, and married Henry Plantagenet, Duke of Normandy, after- 
wards Henry II.; birth of Philip Augustus, 1165 ; crowned at Rheims, 1179 ; 
the Jews banished the kingdom, April, 1182 ; Philip Augustus went to the Holy 
Land with Richard Coeur de Lion, March 30, II91 ; the French invaded Nor- 
mandy, 1 193 ; defeated by Richard at Fretteval, near Vendome, July 15, 1194 ; 
Rouen captured, June, 1204 ; a truce of two years agreed to, Oct., 1206 ; Louis, 
the son of Philip, crowned King of England at London, Oct. 19, 12 16 ; compelled 
to resign that title, Sept. 11, 1217 ; Louis VIII. captures all the English posses- 
sions in France as far as the Garonne, 1223 ; Henry III. of England defeated at 
Saintes by Louis, July 22, 1242 ; Louis embarked with the Crusaders, Aug. 25, 
1248 ; taken by the Saracens, April 6, 1250 ; returned to Paris, Sept. 7, 1254; 
embarked a second time, July i, 1270 ; died at Carthage, Aug. 25, 1270 ; 
Toulouse united to France, 1271. Sicilian f^jr^^frj ; 8000 Frenchmen and women 
massacred at Palermound, Messina, March 30, 1282. Invasion of Flanders by the 
French defeated at Courfrai with the loss of 7000 men, July 11, 1302 ; Philip ex- 
communicated by Pope Boniface, April 13, 1303 ; a bull announcing his deposi- 
tion issued, Sept. 8 ; a treaty of peace signed with the Flemings, June 5, 1305 ; the 
knights templars throughout France arrested for conspiracy, Oct. 13, 1307 ; they 
were tried by a commission, and 54 were burned at the stake, May lO, 13 10 ; the 
grand-master also burnt, March 12, 1312 ; Philip of Valois ascended the throne, 
it was claimed by Edward HI. of England, 1328 ; coronation of Philip VI. at 
Rheims, May 29, 1328 ; invaded Flanders and defeated the Flemings at Cassel, 
13,000 men being killed, Aug. 23, 1328 ; Edward HI. invaded France, 1339 ; 
defeated the French fleet of 400 sail, near Helvetsluys, 30,000 men being killed, 
the English had only 240 vessels engaged, June 23, 1340, the French navy was 
totally destroyed ; the English besieged Tournay unsuccessfully, 1340 ; a truce 
concluded, the war renewed, the English forces, being commanded by Sir Walter 
de Manny, raised the siege of Hennebon, 1342 ; treaty of Malestroit signed, Jan. 
19, 1343, and peace restored. The King of France invited the Barons of Brittmy 
to a grand tournament, when he treacherously seized and beheaded 15 of them, 
Nov. 29, 1343 ; for this act the King of England invaded France with 30,000 in- 
fantiy ; he landed at Cape la Hogue in Normandy, July 12, 1346, and advanced 
almost to the gates of Paris, pillaging and burning the country ; he retreated to- 
wards Flanders, followed by Philip, with an army of 100,000 men ; Edward de- 
feated them at Crecy, Aug. 26, 1346; besieged Calais, which bravely resisted for 



312 FRANCE 

II months, capitulated, Aug. 4, 1347; a truce for 10 months agreed to, Sept. 
28. 50,000 persons died in Paris alone of the Black Pestilence, 1348-9 ; the pro- 
vince of Dauphine ceded to France by Humbert II., 1349 ; Philip married Blanch 
of Navarre, Jan. 19, 1350; died, Aug. 22, 1350. John the Good ascended the 
throne, 1350 ; Edward, the Black Prince, invaded France, and advanced to 
Toulouse, 1355 ; totally defeated the French at Poitiers, with a loss of 10,000 no- 
bility and men-at-arms, Sept. 19, 1356; King John taken prisoner and brought 
to England, 1357 ; a truce for two years signed, the Dauphin Charles assumed 
the government, Sept. 30, 1357 ; insurrection against the House of Valois, the 
rioters, headed by Martel, murdered lire Marshals of Champagne and Normandy in 
the presence of the Dauphin, Feb. 22, 1358 ; the Jacquerie insurrection broke out, 
May, 1358 ; at Clermont they destroyed and sacked the residences of the nobility 
and put them, with their families, to the sword before the riots were suppressed ; 
the rioters were massacred like wild beasts by the nobles who had recovered from 
their panic ; a plot to assassinate the Dauphin and to place Charles of Navarre 
upon the throne discovered, and the author of it. Marcel, killed, July 31, 1358. 
The English invaded France, Oct., 1359, and besieged Paris ; treaty of Bretigny 
signed. May 8, 1360 ; by this treaty several towns were ceded to England, and 
the ransom of the king of France fixed at three millions of crowns, payable in six 
years, hostages to be given until paid ; first payment made, Oct. 25 ; the king 
entered Paris, Dec. 13 ; one of the hostages, Louis of Anjou, broke his parole 
and effected his escape ; John returned and gave himself up ; he was received in 
England with great rejoicing ; he died at the Savoy Place, April 8, 1364. Charles 

V. ascended the throne ; after a series of successes the French recovered almost all 
the places held by the English, 1370 — 1375, when a truce for two years was pro- 
claimed, June, 1375 ; Charles died at Beaute-sur-Marne, Sept. 16, 1380. Charles 

VI. ascended the throne ; he was only 12 years old ; the Duke of Anjou declared 
Regent, who seized the treasure amassed by the late king; this led to an insurrec- 
tion, which was not quelled until thousands were executed ; the king entered 
Paris, May, 1382 ; civil war with Flanders, the Flemings, 50,000 strong, command- 
ed by Philip van Artevelde, defeated by the French, and half their army slain 
with their leader at Rosebecque, Nov. 28, 1382 ; preparations made, 1400 vessels 
equipped, for invading England, they assembled at Sluys, 1386 ; sailing from 
Brittany in Sept., imder the command of De Clissan, they were driven by a tempest 
upon the coast of England and many ships were lost ; the English attacked the 
fleet on the Flemish coast and burned and captured the greater part of it; Charles 
VI. became deranged, 1392-3; during a temporary return to reason he con- 
cluded a definite treaty of peace with England, 1396 ; a civil war broke out be- 
tween the Houses of Orleans and Burgundy, 1405 ; the Duke of Orleans murdered 
near the Porte Barbette by a creature of the Duke of Burgundy, Nov 23, 1407 ; 
the Duke defeated the Liegeois, numbering 40,000, at Hasbain, near Tongres, Sept. 
23, 1408 ; the Annagnacs ravaged the whole countiy np to the walls of Paris, 
peace concluded with, Nov., 1410 ; the next year hostihties were renewed, the 
Cabochiens, commanded by a butcher, Legoix, and a skinner, CahocJie, committed 
frightful atrocities in Paris ; Heniy V. of England lands at Harfleur, with 50,000 
men, Aug. 14, 141 5, and captured that fortress and defeated the French army 
at Agincourt, with a loss of 8000 French knights and nobles, Oct. 25, 141 5 ; he 
returned to Dover with his prisoners, Nov. 17 ; massacre of the Armagnacs by 
the Cabochiens, June 12, 141 8 ; Paris was in the hands of these assassins for 
three days, who butchered nobles and people amounting to nearly 3000; Capeluche 
and several ringleaders were executed, Aug. 14 ; Henry of England again invaded 
and subdued Lower Nomrandy, and Rouen capitulated after a siege of seven months, 
Jan. 19, 1419 ; the city was redeemed for 300,000 golden crowns ; the Duke of 
Burgundy assassinated in the presence of the Dauphin, Sept. 10, 1419 ; the treaty 
of Troyes signed between Henry V. of England and Charles VI. of France, m 



FRANCE 313 

which Heniy is recognized as heir to the French throne, May 20, 1420 ; the mar- 
riage of Henry V. with Catherine celebrated in the church of St Jean at Troyes, 
June 2, 1420 ; she made a triumphal entry into Paris, Dec- i, 1420; Henry ex- 
pired at Vincennes, Aug. 31, 1422. Henry VI. was proclaimed king at Paris, 
Oct., 1422, the Duke of Bedford being regent. Charles VH. crowned at Poitiers, 
1422 ; he was supported by the Scotch and Italian forces ; they were defeated at 
Verneuil, when the Earl of Douglass and his son, with 5000, were slain, Aug. 17, 
1424 ; besieged Orleans, Aug. 12, 1428 ; after various successes they raised the 
siege. May 8, 1429 ; the English defeated at Patay with the loss of 2200 slain, 
Jane 18; Charles crowned at Rheims, July IJ ; captured St Denis, Aug. 23; 
Joan of Arc taken. May 23, 1430 ; given up to the English, by whom she was 
tried at Rouen, Feb. 21, 143 1 ; burnt at the stake in the market-place. May 30 ; 
the treaty of Arras signed, Sept. 21, 1435 ; Paris captured from the English, 
1436 ; Charles made his triumphal entry into the capital, Nov. 12, 1437 ; a truce 
of 22 months signed by the English, 1444 ; the English driven out of Normandy, 
145 1 ; the English recovei"ed Bordeaux., 1452 ; Charles died, July 22, 1461. 
Louis XL crowned at Rheims, 1461 ; he abrogated the Pragmatic Sanction, 1461; 
the League for the Public Good published their first manifesto, 1465 ; the civil 
war began and the indecisive battle of Montl'hery fought, July 16 ; the treaty of 
Conflans ceding the duchy of Normandy to his brother, the Duke of Berry, and 
the towns of Somme and Picardy to the Count of Charolais, in Oct. ; Louis 
broke the treaty and reconquered Normandy, Jan., 1466 ; Liege besieged and 
taken, Oct. 30 ; the Duke of Burgundy declared war against France, June, 1472; 
Beauvais besieged, but after a fearful carnage the siege raised, July 22 ; the Bur- 
gimdians took Liege and gave the town up to fire and the sword, Oct., 1468 ; 
Edward IV. of England landed at Calais with 16,000 men, June, 1475 ; made a 
seven years' truce with Louis at Pequigny, Aug. 29, 1475 ; Louis died, Aug. 30, 
1483. Charles VIII. succeeded to the throne ; the Bretons defeated at St Aubin, 
July 22, 1488 ; married Anne of Brittany, Dec. 16, 1491 ; Henry VII. of Eng- 
land landed with a large army at Calais in Oct. ; peace concluded at Etaples, 
1492 ; invaded Italy, 1494 ; made his entry into Naples, Feb. 22, 1495 ; de- 
feated them at Fornova, July 5 ; entered Rome, Dec. 31 ; died, April 7, 1498. • 
Louis XII., Duke of Orleans, ascended the throne ; divorced from his wife, Jeanne, 
Dec. 17, 1498 ; married the widow of the late king, Jan. 6, 1499 ; crossed the 
Alps into Italy in Aug.; entered Milan, Oct. 6 ; lecovered by Ludovico Sforza, 
Jan. 25, 1500, but he was defeated and sent to France, where he was kept in 
prison for 14 years ; Naples transferred to the King of France, 1501 ; the 
French army defeated by the Spanish under Gonsalvo, and surrendered, Jan. i, 
1504 ; a truce agreed to between Ferdinand and France for three years in 
Feb.; the French again invaded Italy and captured Genoa, March 29, 1507; 
the league of Cambray signed against Venice, Dec. 10, 1508 ; Lombardy again 
overran, and the Venetians defeated at the village of Agnadel, May 14, 1509 ; 
The Holy League signed, Oct. 9, 151 1, between the Pope, Ferdinand of Spain, 
and the Venetian republic against the power of France ; the French, under Gaston 
de Foix, took Brescia, Feb. 19, 1512, and defeated the Spaniards at Ravenna with 
a loss of 12,000 men, April 11, 15 12, but rashly pursuing the defeated army with 
a slender escort, were surrounded and killed. The French defeated at Novara, 
and driven out of Italy, June 6, 1513 ; Henry VIII. invaded France, landing with 
20,000 men at Calais, and defeated the French at the battle of Spurs, Aug. 16 ; 
Francis I. defeated the Swiss at the battle of Marignano, Sept. 13, 14, 15 15, and 
took Milan, Oct. 4 ; the treaty of Geneva signed with the Helvetian republic, 
Nov. 7 ; Francis visited Henry VIII. at Dover, May 26, 1 520, and Henry re- 
turned the visit on the Field of the Cloth of Gold. The French, under Bonnivet, 
invaded Italy, but were defeated, and Bayard killed, April 20, 1524; France 
invaded, Toulon taken, and Marseilles besieged, Aug. 19 ; the siege raised, Sept. 



314 FRANCE 

28 ; the French totally defeated at the battle of Pavia, and the kmg taken 
prisoner, Feb. 24, 1525. The treaty of Madrid signed, Jan. 14, 1526, and Francis 
regains his liberty, March 18 ; invaded Italy, and besieged Naples, but his army 
decimated by disease, thousands dying; they capitulated, Aug. 31, 1528; the 
peace of Cambray signed, July, 1529 ; the young Princes, prisoners in Spain, re- 
stored to liberty. The doctrines of the Reformers of Germany spread into France, 
and the heresy of Luther condemned at Paris, 152 1 ; the fanaticism increased, 
and six persons were burnt at Paris, Jan., 1535 ; Charles declared war against 
France, and invaded Provence with 50,000 men, July 25, 1533 ; a truce concluded 
between the two countries for 10 years, June 18, 1538 ; Francis formed an 
alliance with the Sultan Solyman, and in 1542 declared war against the Emperor 
Charles ; the Algerine Corsair Barbarossa, with 1 10 ships of war, joined the French 
. fleet, under the Count d'Enghien, at Marseilles, May, 1543 ; Nice was taken and 
burnt, and Barbarossa returned to Constantinople with 14,000 Christian slaves, 

1544 ; the French army, under Count d'Enghien, defeated the Imperialists at 
CerisoUes with a loss of 12,000 men, and captured their artillery, standards, and 
stores, April 14, 1544 ; Henry VIII. signed a treaty with the Emperor Charles, 
and landed at Calais with 30,000 men, July, 1544; Boulogne captured, Sept. 14 ; 
peace concluded at Crepy, Sept. 18, with the Emperor Charles ; the French 
equipped a large fleet to attack England — met the English fleet off St Helens, 
July 18, 1545 ; the French landed at the Isle of Wight, but were forced to retire; 
the second son of Francis died of consumption, Sept. 8 ; the terms of peace be- 
tween England and France signed, Henry agreeing to give up Boulogne in eight 
years, on the payment of 2,000,000 crowns, June 7, 1546 ; the Protestants of Pro- 
vence almost exterminated by the order of Francis, three towns and 22 hamlets 
with the whole of their inhabitants destroyed, 14 burnt at the stake, Jan. and Feb., 

1545 ; Francis died, March 31, 1547; Henry II. ascended the throne; Boulogne 
surrendered to Henry for 400,000 crowns, and peace signed between England, 
France, and Scotland, March 24, 1550; the first Protestant church established in 
Paris, 1555 ; the French army, under the Duke of Guise, defeated before St 
Quentin, Aug. 10, 1557 ; Calais besieged, Jan. i, 1558 ; surrendered by the 

• governor, Lord Wentworth, Jan. 8 ; Guines submitted, Jan. 21 ; peace concluded 
between England and France, April 2, 1559 ; a tournament to celebrate the mar- 
riage of Henry's daughter Elizabeth, held, June 27, 1559 ; the king accidentally 
wounded, and died, July 10. Francis II. ascended the throne at the age of 16. 
The Protestants or Huguenots formed a conspiracy under the Prince Conde to take 
the king out of the power of the Duke of Guise, Feb. i, 1560 ; they failed in the 
attempt, and upwards of 1200 were executed, March 20 ; the king died, Dec. 5, 
1560 ; and the crown devolved upon his brother Charles IX. The civil war 
broke out between the Huguenots and the Catholics, March i, 1562, at Vassay : 
the former, under Prince Conde, took Orleans ; the latter, commanded by the 
Duke of Guise and the King of Navarre, laid siege to Rouen ; it was defended with 
great bravery for some time, but was taken by storm, Oct. 26, when it was sacked 
and pillaged for eight daj's ; the King of Navarre died of wounds received before 
this town, renouncing the Catholic faith on his death-bed. The next battle was 
fought before Dreux ; after a long struggle, 8000 perished on the field, Conde be- 
ing taken by the Catholics, and Count Montmorency, the Constable, by the 
Huguenots, Dec. 19; Orleans besieged by the Duke of Guise, Feb., 1563, who 
was assassinated, Feb. 18 ; the Edict of Amboise published, granting permission to 
the Huguenots to celebrate their worship throughout France, March 19. The 
second civil war begim in 1567 ; the army of the Catholics commanded by the 
Constable, attacked the Huguenots at St Denis ; the Constable was killed, Nov. 
10 ; the Duke of Conde fell at Jarnac in a skirmish, March 13, 1569 ; the Insur- 
gents were joined by Jeanne of Navarre with her son Henry and the young Prince 
Conde ; they were defeated at Moncontour, with the loss of 6000 men, Oct. 3 ; 



FRANCE 315 

but they were successful in 1570, in several battles, which led to the treaty of St 
Germains, by which they obtained free exercise of their religion throughout the 
kingdom, Aug. 8, 1570; a General Synod of the Reformed Church held at 
Rochelle under the presidency of Theodore Beza, 157 1 ; Admiral Coligny and the 
Queen of Navarre invited to Paris, where the latter died suddenly, July 9, 1572 ; 
an attempt made to shoot Admiral Coligny, Aug. 21 ; the massacre of St Bar- 
tholomew, in which Coligny became the first victim, 30,000 Huguenots were mur- 
dered, Aug. 24 ; a parliament was held which approved of this bloody work, 
Aug. 26, and Pope Gregory XIII. had a medal struck to commemorate this event. 
La Rochelle besieged unsuccessfully, March, 1573 ; Charles IX. died at the age 
of 24, May 30, 1574 ; Henry HI., his brother, ascended the throne. A con- 
federacy, called 'The League,' formed between the Huguenots and the Moderate 
Catholics, Feb., 1575 ; the peace of Monsieicr, by which all the sentences passed 
against the Reformers were annulled, and the insurgents were pronounced to have 
acted for the good of the king and kingdom, and free worship was granted to them, 
May 6, 1576 ; the persecution of the Huguenots again begun in Dec, 1576 ; and 
they suffered defeat in 1577 ; a peace again signed at Bergerac, Sept. 17 ; war 
renewed, the Royal army taking the field, June, 1587 ; defeated at Coutras by the 
Reformers, under the King of Navarre, with a loss of 3000 slain, Oct. 20, 1587 ; 
they were subsequently defeated, and the king returned in triumph to Paris, Dec. 
23 ; the Duke of Guise returned amidst great rejoicings, May 8, 1588 ; the 
League took up arms against the king, and threw up barricades in the streets 
of Paris, May 12 ; the king escaped to Chartres, May 13 ; the edict of the 
union between the king and the Duke of Guise signed, July 19, who was 
assassinated by order of the Iving, Dec. 23 ; the Queen-mother died, Jan. 5, 
1589 ; the Parisians revolted against the king, and the Duke of Mayenne, next 
brother to the murdered Guise, entered Paris, Feb. 12, 1589 ; Henry III. made 
an alliance with the Huguenots in April, and established his head-quarters at St 
Cloud, July 30 ; the king fell by the hand of an assassin, JacTques Clement, Aug. 
2. Henry of Navarre succeeded to the crown by the title of Henry IV., and de- 
feated the Leaguers under Mayenne, at Arques, Sept. 13-28 ; attacked the suburbs 
of Paris, Oct. 31, and gained the battle of Ivry, March 14, 1590; he again be- 
sieged Paris, and in the month of July the inhabitants were reduced to starvation, 
the suburbs were carried, July 21, but the Prince of Parma marched to Meaux 
with a large army ; the king raised the siege, Aug. 30 ; the army of the Duke of 
Parma captured the town of Lagny, Sept. 6, and entered Paris, Sept. 18 ; the 
king, assisted by some English troops under the Earl of Essex, besieged Rouen, 
Nov. 26, 1592 ; the siege raised, April 21, 1593 ; the Spanish army returned to 
the Netherlands ; Henry IV. renounced the Calvinistic doctrines, July 25, at St 
Denis, and entered Paris, March 22, 1594 ; the Jesuits banished from France, 
1595 ; Amiens captured by the Spaniards, March 11, 1597 ; Calais taken by the 
Spaniards, April 24, 1596; recaptured, Sept. 19, 1597; the Edict of Nantes issued, 
April 15, 1598 ; registered by Parliament, Feb. 25, 1599 ; the Duke of Sully ?c^- 
Tpomttd Suriiite7tdant des Finances, 1598 ; by the treaty ofVeroins, signed May 22, 
1598, France recovered Calais, and all the towns of the Low Countries ; marriage 
of the king with Mary de' Medici celebrated, Oct. 5, 1600 ; war declared against 
the Duke of Savoy ; his army entered Chambery, Aug. 21, and peace restored ; 
the conspiracy of the Duke de Biron discovered, and its author executed, July 31, 
1602 ; coronation of the Queen at St Denis, May 14, 1610 ; Henry murdered by 
Ravaillac, the same day ; the assassin executed. May 27. Louis XIII. ascended 
the throne, Maiy de' Medici appointed regent by the parliament. May 14, 1610 ; 
Louis attained his majority, Sept. 27, 1614 ; the States-General met, Oct. 14; 
dissolved, March 24, 1615, and did not meet again for 174 years ; Richelieu ap- 
pointed Secretary of State, Nov. 30, 1616 ; Prince Conde imprisoned in the Bas- 
tile, Aug. 31, 1616 ; Concini, the Queen-mother's favourite, assassinated, March 



3i6 FRANCE 

24, 161 7 ; his body was afterwards carried about the streets, and at last hung on 
a lamp-post ; the Queen-motlier escaped to Angouleme, Feb. 22, 1619 ; Prince 
Conde liberated, Oct., 1619 ; the Queen-mother pardoned, Sept. 9, 1620 ; war 
made upon the Huguenots, 1621 ; Montauban besieged in Aug. ; the siege raised 
in Nov. ; Monheur captured in Dec. ; the favourite De Luynes died of fever, Dec. 
14 ; after varied successes, the treaty of Montpellier was signed, granting pardon 
and protection to the Reformers, Oct. 19, 1622 ; Richelieu made Prime Minister, 
April 26, 1624 ; war renewed against the Huguenots, 1625 ; their fleet destroyed 
at Rochelle, Sept. 15 ; this town besieged for 15 months, but after half the popu- 
lation had perished with hunger, they capitulated, Oct. 28, 1628, and with this de- 
feat the hopes of the Huguenots perished. Italy invaded, 1629 ; the town of 
Pignerol surrendered, March 31 ; peace signed, Oct., 1630 ; Mary de' Medici im- 
prisoned for conspiring against the crown, Feb., 1631 ; she escaped into the 
Netherlands, July 18, and died in exile at Cologne, 1642. Insurrection in Lan- 
guedoc, 1632 ; they were defeated at Castelnaudary, and Duke Montmorency 
captured, Sept. i ; he was tried, Oct. 30, and executed. Richelieu founded the 
French Academy, 1635 ; war with Austria and Spain began, 1633 ; after varying 
successes, the French army captured the town of Arras, Aug. 9, 1640 ; Turin 
captured, Sept. 22 ; an insurrection, headed by the Count Soissons, broke out at 
Sedan, 1641 ; the Royal army defeated near that town, July 6, but the insurgents 
pursuing, the Count Soissons was slain ; Roussillon invaded by the Royal army, 
March, 1642 ; the city of Perpignan taken, vSept. 9, which completed the conquest 
of that province ; the Duke de Cinq Mars and De Thou e;;ecuted at Lyons for 
conspiring against Richelieu, Sept. 12 ; this statesman died at Paris, Dec. 4 ; 
Mazarin added to the council. Louis XIII. died. May 14, 1643 ; Louis XIV., his 
son, succeeded him, Anne of Austria being Regent, and the Duke of Orleans 
Lieut. -General ; the parliament declared the Queen Regent absolute. May 18, 
and Mazarin made chief minister ; the Austrian army, commanded by Francisco 
de Mello, investecf the fortress of Rocroi, May, 1643; the French army, com- 
manded by the young Duke d'Enghien, afterwards the great ' Conde,' marched 
to its relief, and defeated the Imperialists witli a loss of 15,000 men, May 19 ; 
they were again defeated by Marshal Turenne after a severe struggle at the battle 
of Nordlingen, Aug. 7, 1645 ; in Flanders they captured the town of Courtrai, 
June 29, 1646 ; and under the Duke d'Enghien besieged Dunkirk, assisted by 
the Dutch fleet under Admiral Van Tromp, and captured it, Oct., 1646 ; Ypres 
taken. May 29, 1648, and the Imperialists almost annihilated at the battle of Lens, 
Aug. 20 ; this led to the peace of Westphalia, which brought to a conclusion the 
30 years' war, Oct. 24 ; the parliament refusing to increase the taxes, or to suspend 
their sittings, three of their body were ordered to be arrested, which led to the 
commencement of the civil war of the Fronde^ Aug. 27 ; the members released, 
Aug. 28 ; the king left Paris, Sept. 13 ; a royal declaration was issued, granting 
the concessions demanded, Oct. 24 ; the Court fled to St Germains, Jan. 6, 1649, 
and Paris besieged by the Royal army, 25,000 strong, under the Prince Conde ; a 
temporary peace was concluded at Ruel, March 11, and the Court returned to 
Paris in Aug., and the Prince Conde and his brother-in-law, the Duke of Longue- 
ville, arrested and imprisoned at Vincennes, Jan. 18, 1650 ; the insurgents again took 
up arms, and were defeated at Bordeaux, Oct. i, and under Marshal Turenne at 
Rhetel, Dec. 1 5 ; but the Frond eurs, under the Duke of Orleans, compelled Cardinal 
Mazarin to leave Paris, Feb. 8, 1651 ; they surrounded the palace, and prevented 
the king and his mother from leaving Paris, and Prince Conde released and took 
command of the insurgents, Aug. 30 ; the king declared of age, Sept. 5 ; Mazarin 
returned to France, Dec. 24 ; the parliament offered a reward for him alive or 
dead, and decreed thesale of his library ; Turenne joined the Royal army and de- 
feated Conde at Bleneau, April 7, 1652 ; the insurgents under Conde defeated the 
Royalists in the quarter of St Antoine, June 26, and Mazarin again removed from 



FRANCE 317 

France, Aug. 18 ; the king returned to Paris, Oct. 21 ; this ended the war of the 
'Fronde,' and Mazarin returned in triumph to Paris, Feb., 1653 ; the siege of 
Arras, by the Archduke Leopold, with 25,000 Spaniards, and the Prince Conde 
in command, were defeated by the Royalists under Turenne, Aug. 25, 1654 ; 
Turenne besieged Valenciennes, July, 1656 ; Conde defeated the Royal army, 
capturing Marshal de la Ferte, with many officers and 4000 men ; the Spaniards, 
commanded by Conde, totally defeated by Turenne, near Dunkirk, June 14, 
1658 ; the peace of the Pyrenees signed, Nov. 7, 1659 ; Louis XIV. married the 
Infanta of Spain, June 9, 1660. Mazarin died, March 8, 1661 ; he founded the 
Institute of France, the Academy of Painting and Sculpture, and the magnificent 
' Mazarine ' library. The king took the management of public affairs into his own 
hands after the death of this minister ; Fouquet, the Finance Minister, arrested 
and sent to the Bastile, Sept., 1661 ; Colbert succeeded him in his office, and re- 
stored the National Finances. Louis declared war against England, and marched 
his army into Holland, Jan. 16, 1666 ; the treaty of Breda signed, restoring to 
France the conquests made by England in the West Indies and North America, 
July 31, 1667 ; the Triple Alliance signed between England, Holland, and Sweden, 
against the power of France, Jan. 23, 1668 ; by the treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, 
Spain surrendered to France all her conquests, May 2, 1668 ; concluded a secret 
treaty with Charles II. of England to abandon his allies, May, 1670; invaded 
Holland, April, 1672, and overran that country, but the sluices being opened they 
were stopped at Muyden, July 22 ; the war was continued with varying success for 
several years, which ended in the peace of Nimeguen, Aug. 11, 1678 ; Spain ac- 
ceded to it, Sept. 17, and the title of 'the Great' awarded to Louis by the 
citizens of Paris, and the triumphal arches of St Martin and St Denis erected to 
his honour ; Strasburg added to France, Sept., 1681. The Edict of Nantes re- 
voked, Oct. 17, 1685, annulling all the privileges granted to the Huguenots, and 
prohibiting their religion throughout the empire, their temples destroyed and their 
ministers ordered to quit France in 15 days ; multitudes of these reformers were 
imprisoned, and 300,000 left the country ; the league of Augsburg against, signed, 
July 9, 16S6. All trade prohibited with England by I Will. & Mary, c. 34, 1688 ; 
James II. of England received in Paris, Jan. 7, 1689. The invasion of Germany 
by 80,000 men, Oct., 1688 ; the principal towns in the Palatinate destroyed ; 
Heidelberg, Mannheim, Spires, Worms, Oppenheim, and Bingen were burnt, with 
all the crops, vines, and orchards ; the nobles and clergy of France compelled to 
send their plate to be coined into money to pay the army, 1689. The French army 
invaded Ireland, but were defeated at the battle of the Boyne, July i, 1690 ; and 
the French fleet were unsuccessful in an engagement off Beachy Head, the same 
day ; the French forces, under Gen. St Ruth, defeated at Aghrim, July 12, 
1691 ; Louis invested Mons, March 25, 1691, with 100,000 men, capitulated in 
April ; a French army of 30,000 men assembled at Cherbourg, under King James 
II., for the invasion of England, May, 1692; the French fleet, under Admiral 
Tourville, defeated by the Dutch and English fleets off Cape Barfleur, May 19, 
and Admiral Rooke burnt 13 of their ships at La Hogue, May 23 ; Louis captured 
Namur, June 5, and the army of William III. defeated at Steinkirk, July 24, and 
at Neerwinden, July 29, 1693 ; Namur retaken by William, July, 1695 ; treatyof 
peace signed with Savoy, May 30, 1696 ; the general peace of Ryswick signed, 
Sept. 30, 1697 j w^r of the Spanish succession begun by the French taking several 
fortresses in the Netherlands, Feb., 1701 ; the Triple Alliance renewed by the great 
powers against France, Sept. 7 ; the Duke of Marlborough removed the war into 
Bavaria and defeated the Franco-Bavarians near Donauwerth, July 2, 1703; 
and totally defeated the French army under Tallard at Blenheim, taking 14,000 
prisoners and most of their guns, Aug. 13, 1704; at RamiUies, May 23, 1706; at 
Turin by Prince Eugene, Sept. 7 ; in this year the taxes were increased upon every 
commodity ; the French defeated the army under Lord Galway, at Almanza, 



31 8 FRANCE 

April, 1707 ; but were entirely overthrown at Oudenarde, July 11, 1708, and at 
Malplaquet, Sept. II, 1709 ; the town of Lille taken, Dec. 10 ; a severe winter 
destroyed the seed crops, vines, and fruit-trees ; an income tax of one loth of every 
man's revenue levied ; the war was brought to a close by the treaty of Utrecht, April 
II, 1713 ; the Jansenists were persecuted by the Jesuits for their opinions, and by 
the bull of Pope Clement were excommunicated, Sept. 8, 1713 ; they were im- 
prisoned and the convent of Port Royal demolished ; Louis died, Sept. i, 1715 ; 
he was 77 years of age, and had reigned 72 years. Louis XV. being under age 
the Duke of Orleans was appointed Regent ; many political prisoners were released 
from the Bastile ; Peter the Great of Russia visited Paris, May 7, 1717 ; 'the 
chambre ardente' established, 1716 ; suppressed, March, 1717 ; the Quadruple 
Alliance against Spain signed, Jan., 1717 ; John Law, a Scotchman, established 
the first bank in France, May, 1716 ; this was made the Royal Bank, Dec, 1718 ; 
the Mississippi, or West India Company, established, 1719; the dividends rose 
to 40 per cent., 1720; Law made the Finance Minister, Jan., 1720; the scheme 
failed, and a panic ensued ; the company's shares and the notes of the bank re- 
duced to half their nominal value. May 21, 1720 ; payments suspended, July 13, 
and Law driven from France. Louis XV. attained his majority, Feb., 1723 ; the 
Cardinal Dubois died, Aug. 10 ; the Duke of Orleans, Dec. 2 ; the king married 
Maria Leczynski, Sept. 4, 1725 ; the persecution against the Jansenists renewed, 
1730, and parliament refused to obey the king, Aug. 18, 1732; the war against 
the Austrians in Italy commenced, Oct., 1733; peace restored by the treaty of 
Vienna, Nov. 18, 1738 ; the French defeated at Dettingen, June 26, 1743 ; war 
declared against Great Britain, March, 1744 ; the allies, under the Duke of Cum- 
berland, defeated at Fontenoy, May 11, 1745; and Brussels captured, Jan., 
1 746 ; after several other engagements, the treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle was signed, 
Oct. 18, 1748 ; Minorca taken by the French from the English, April, 1756 ; the 
Parc-aux-Cerfs, the Seraglio, established by Madame Pompadour, 1756 ; 
Damiens attempted to stab the king at Versailles, Jan. 5, 1757; the treaty 
of Versailles, between France and Austria, for the partition of Prussia, 
signed. May i, 1756; this led to the Seven Years' War; the Count de 
Stainville (Duke de Choiseul) appointed minister of foreign affairs, Nov., 1758; 
he formed the project of invading Ireland, 1759 ; the Toulon squadron de- 
feated by the English fleet under Admiral Boscawen, and five of their largest 
ships captured ; the English and Prussian army, commanded by the Duke of 
Brunswick, defeated with great loss at Minden, Aug. i, 1759; the Brest fleet 
defeated again off Belleisle by Admiral Hawke, Nov. 14, 1759; the French pos- 
sessions in Canada surrendered to the British, Sept. 8, 1760. The family com- 
pact was signed at Versailles, Aug. 15, 1761 ; Louis XV. and Charles III. 
guaranteed their respective possessions in all parts of the world ; the war con- 
cluded by the treaty of Paris, signed Feb. 10, 1 763, by which France surrendered 
the whole of Canada, Cape Breton, and many other places ; this was followed 
by the peace of Hubertsburg, between Austria and Prussia, Feb. 15 ; the Jesuits 
banished from France by a royal edict, Nov. 26, 1764 ; Madame de Pompadour 
died, April, 1764; and Queen Maria Leczynski, June, 1768 ; Corsica annexed to 
the French dominions, 1768; Choiseul deprived of his offices, Dec. 24, 1770; 
1200 persons trampled to death in the Rue Royale at an exhibition of fireworks to 
celebrate the marriage of Marie Antoinette with the eldest son of the late Dauphin, 
May 30, 1770; parliament abolished, Jan., 1771 ; the Gourdes Aides abolished ; 
Louis died of small-pox, at Versailles, May 10, 1774, and Louis XVI. ascended 
the throne ; Turgot appointed Minister of Finance, and parliament restored, and 
the 'chatelet,' or criminal court, re-established, Jan., 1775 ; serious bread riots in 
Paris, in May, the shops plundered ; Turgot dismissed from office in May, 1776, 
and Necker appointed, June, 1777 > ^s introduced a regular system of accounts, 
and abolished 600 sinecure offices. A treaty of commerce and alliance made with 



FRANCE 319 

the United States, Feb. 8, 1778 ; the English Ambassador withdrawn from Paris ; 
a fleet of 32 sail-of-tlie-line quitted Brest under the command of Count d'Orvilliers, 
and were attacked by the English fleet of 30 sail off Ushant and driven back, July 27 ; 
Spain joined the alliance against England, 1779 ; torture abolished by the French 
courts, 1780; the 'Compte rendu' published, 1781; Necker resigned, May 25, 1781; 
the French Admiral, Count deGrasse, taken in the 'Ville de Paris' with six other 
ships, and his whole fleet dispersed by Admiral Rodney, April 12, 1782; peace re- 
stored by the treaty of Versailles, signed, Sept. 3, 1783; Calonne appointed Finan- 
cial Minister in Oct. ; the palace of St Cloud purchased for Marie Antoinette ; the 
scandal of the diamond necklace, 1785 ; the country reduced to a state of bank- 
ruptcy ; a meeting of the Assembly called at Versailles, Feb. 22, 1787 ; they refused 
to sanction the views of Calonne and were dissolved by the king. May 25 ; Ca- 
lonne dismissed from office, April 8, and Cardinal Brienne appointed. May i ; the 
parliament of Paris, refusing to sanction new taxes, were exiled by Lettres de Cachet 
to Troyes, Aug. 6 ; this gave rise to serious popular riots in Paris and the provinces ; 
Parliament recalled, Nov. 15, 1787; refused to register the royal edict; they 
presented a statement of grievances to the king, Jan., 1788; two of their members, 
Epresmneil and Goislart, arrested. May 4 ; the parliament abolished. May 8, 
and new Courts of Justice appointed ; Cardinal de Brienne resigned, Aug. 25 ; 
Necker recalled, Aug. 26, amidst the acclamations of the people ; this minister 
advanced 2,000,000 francs from his own funds and so saved the state from bank- 
ruptcy; he set free the political prisoners ; the parliament recalled by a royal edict, 
Sept. 23 ; riots in Paris, April 27, 1789 ; the Three Estates met at Versailles, May 5; 
this was virtually the last day of the old monarchy of France, but there arose dis- 
sension between the different bodies ; the Commons, having waited from May 6 
to June 12 for the clergy and nobles, then proceeded with their meeting alone, and 
on June 17 gave themselves the title of the National Assembly ; refused admission 
into their chamber, June 20, and on the 23rd the king cancelled their title and 
votes ; some of the French Guards rescued from the Abbaye, a military prison, by 
the people, Jane 30 ; the Assembly protest against the military force, July 8 ; 
Necker dismissed and ordered to leave the country, July 1 1 ; insurrection broke 
out on the 12th ; they captured 30,000 stand of arms at the Invalides on the 14th, 
and the Bastile stormed ; the governor beheaded and seven of the garrison mur- 
dered, only seven prisoners were found in the prison ; the king visited the As- 
sembly and requested their assistance to put down the Revolution ; Lafayette 
appointed, commander of the National Guard, and Bailly mayor of Paris ; and 
450,000 francs were distributed to the poor ; the four-pound loaf, which cost the 
municipality 16 sous, they caused to be sold at 13/^, to alleviate the distress ; 
Foulon, a corn tradei", was charged by the people with monopolizing that article of 
food, and was hung on a lamp-post, July 22 ; his son-in-law was also murdered ; 
taxes ordered to be levied upon the nobility who were protected by feudal privi- 
leges, Aug. 4 ; the rights of man declared by the Assembly, Aug. 13 ; Necker 
resumed his office ; the Hotel de Ville plundered by the mob, Oct. 5 ; the Palace 
of Versailles broken into by the revolutionists and the king made to retui-n to 
Paris, Oct. 6; declared King of the French instead of King of France, Oct. 16; 
the plate of the church taken and applied to public purposes, Nov. 6 ; the king- 
dom divided into departments, Dec. 22 ; the king proceeded to the National As- 
sembly and volunteered to take the oath to the New Constitution, Feb., 1790 ; 
Lettres de Cachet abolished, March 16 ; the nobility abolished, June 20 ; the 
fete of the Federation of the National Guards of France in the Champ de Mars on 
the anniversary of the taking of the Bastile, July 14 ; the king took the oath to 
the New Constitution ; Necker resigned and retired into Switzerland in Sept. ; 
Mirabeau appointed President of the Assembly, Jan., 1791 ; died, April 2 ; the 
Royal family left Paris secretly to join the Austrians and Prussians, June 20 ; 
captured by the insurgents at Varennes, June 22, and imprisoned in the Tuileries, 



320 



FRANCE 



June 25 ; assembly of the people in the Champ de Mars dispersed by the soldiers, 
when 50 persons were killed, July 17 ; the king sanctioned the Convention, Sept. 
15 ; the National Assembly dissolved, Sept. 30, and the Legislative Assembly met, 
Oct. I, and passed a decree against the emigrants, Jan. i, 1792 ; war declared 
against Austria by the king, April 20; the Jacobins declared their sittings permanent, 
June 18 ; the mob, headed by a butcher, Legmdre, attacked the Tuileries, June 
20, and placed the bonnet rouge upon the head of Louis ; they again attacked the 
palace and defeated the Swiss Guards, whom they massacred, Aug. 10, and the 
Royal family imprisoned in the Temple, 13 ; the allied army, commanded by the 
King of Prussia,' invaded the French territory, July 30, and captured the fortress 
of Longwy, Aug. 23 ; decree issued against the Jurists, Aug. 23 ; massacre of 
the Royalists, Sept. 2, and the Princess de Lamballe and 300 priests, Sept. 3 ; the 
French army defeated at Crois-aux-bois, Sept; 13 ; engagement at Valmy, Sept. 
20 ; retreat of the Prussians, Sept. 30 ; the Austrians defeated by Dumouriez at 
Jemappes, Nov. 6, and entered Brussels, Nov. 14 ; the National Convention 
held its first sittings, Sept. 21, and abolished royalty by a decree ; the French re- 
public proclaimed, Sept. 22 ; the king ordered to be tried by the Convention, Dec. 
10 ; first arraigned before them, Dec. Ii ; trial finished, Dec. 26 ; condemned to 
death, Jan. 20, 1793 ; executed by the guillotine, Jan. 21. War declared against 
Great Britain, Holland, and Spain, Feb. i ; insurrection against the Girondists, 
March 10 ; the Revolutionary Tribunal established, March 10 ; the French army 
under Dumouriez defeated, with a loss of 4000 men, by the Austrians at Neer- 
winden, March 18 ; the Comite du Sahd Public ■a.^^QixAa^, May 27. The Reign of 
Terror commenced, 80,000 insurrectionists with a formidable park of artillery 
surrounded the Tuileries, June 2, and murdered many Girondists ; Charlotte 
Corday stabbed Murat, July 13 ; she was executed, July 15 ; Queen Marie An- 
toinette tried and executed, Oct. 16 ; the Duke of Orleans, Nov. 6, and Madame 
Roland, Nov. 8 ; 15,000 persons are said to have perished at Nantes by order of 
Carrier \VLOci., Nov., and Dec; Toulon surrendered to Adm. Hood in August, 
he retired after destroying the fleet and arsenal, carrying away many of the in- 
habitants ; the town taken by the French, Dec. 19, and the people massacred; 
Bonaparte was engaged in recapturing this place ; Gobel, archbishop of Paris, 
and many of his clergy, renounced their belief and functions as ministers of the 
Catholic Church, and declared that henceforth they would recognize no public 
worship, but that of Liberty, Equality, and Reason, Nov. 7, and by a decree of the 
Convention the religion of Jesus Christ was suppressed ; the Gregorian calendar 
was abolished and replaced by the Revolutionary Era, which dated from Sept. 22, 
1792 ; the conspiracy of the Hebertists to overthrow the Republic discovered, and 
Hebe'rt with 18 others were executed, March 24, 1794; the Dantonists seized, 
March 30, and Danton with his friends were executed, April 6 ; on May 7, the 
National Representatives voted that ' the French people acknowledge the exist- 
ence of the Supreme Being and the immortality of the soul ;' the ' Fete del'Etre 
Supreme,' with Robespierre as high priest, celebrated, June 8 ; the French 
army under Gen. Jourdan defeated the Austrians at Fleurus, June 26, and entered 
Brussels, July 9 ; Robespierre arrested in the Convention with St Just and three 
others, July 27, and executed, July 28 ; with his death closed the Reign of Terror. 
The Jacobin Club closed, Nov. 9 ; the French army under Pichegru entered Am- 
sterdam, Jan. 19, 1795; the mob invaded the Convention, demanding bread, 
April I • another attempt still more desperate made, May 20 ; the mob was de- 
feated in the Rue du Faubourg St Antoine, and compelled to give up their arms ; 
Louis XVH. died at the age of 11 years, June 8 ; an insurrection in Paris, the 
troops of the Convention being under the command of Napoleon Bonaparte, who 
totally defeated the Insurgents, Oct. 5 ; Bonaparte appointed Gen. -in-Chief of the 
army of the Interior, Oct. 23 ; the Convention dissolved, Oct. 26, after a sessions 
of three years and two months ; the Vendean Insurgents defeated after a brave 



FRANCE • 321 

resistance and their leaders executed, March 29, 1796 ; the Council of Five Hundred 
met immediately ; the assignats suppressed, March, 1796; Napoleon assumed the 
command of the French forces at Nice, March 27, and defeated the Austrians 
and Piedmontese ; an armistice agreed to, April 28 ; he defeated the Austrians at 
Placenza, May 7 ; carried the bridge of Lodi on the loth ; entered Milan, May 
15 ; the fortress of Mantua besieged. May 27 ; besieged Bologna, June 19, and com- 
pelled Pope Pius VI. to agree to an armistice, June 24 ; the army of Austria 
under Marshal Wurmser driven into Mantua, Sept. 19 ; the French army under 
Gen. Jourdan defeated on the Rhine at Wurzburg, Sept. 3 ; the French under 
Bonaparte defeated the Austrians at the village Arcole, after three days' fighting, 
Sept. 17; again defeated them at Rivoli, Jan. 14, 1797; the Austrians surren- 
dered, Feb. 2 ; the States of the Church taken and the pope signed the treaty of 
Tolentino, Feb. 19 ; treaty with the Austrians at Leohen signed, April 18 ; Venice 
captured by the army under Bonaparte, and the Commonwealth of Venice extin- 
guished ; the directors, Pichegru and Barthelemy, imprisoned, Sept. 4, for corre- 
sponding with the Bourbons ; the treaty of Campo Formio signed, Oct. 1 7, and an 
Independent Commonwealth established, called the Cisalpine Republic ; Venice 
ceded to Austria ; Bonaparte was received in triumph by the Directory, Dec. 10. 
In the beginning of the year 1798 great preparations were made to invade Eng- 
land, but it was abandoned by the advice of Bonaparte ; the Egyptian Expedi- 
tion of 36,000 men, under the command of Bonaparte, sailed from Toulon with a 
fleet of 20 ships-of-war, besides transports. May 19, 1798 ; Malta taken, June 10 ; 
the army landed in Egypt, July 2 ; gained the battle of the Pyramids, July 21 ; the 
French fleet defeated by the English under Adm. Nelson, Aug. I ; 700 Frenchmen 
massacred at Cairo, Oct. 22 ; Bonaparte besieged and took Jaffa in Syria, March 
6, 1799 ; besieged Acre, March 16 ; the trenches were open for 60 days, but after a 
loss of 3000 men. Napoleon for the first time was compelled to retreat, May 20 ; he 
defeated the Turks at Mount Tabor, April 16 ; again defeated them with great 
slaughter at Aboukir, July 25 ; he left Gen. Kleber in command, and returned to 
France, Oct. 8 ; the Council of the Ancients removed to St Cloud, Nov. 9 ; the 
Council of Five Hundred met at St Cloud, Oct. 19, but were dispersed by the soldiers 
under Murat ; the Directory abolished ; Napoleon Bonaparte appointed First Con- 
sul, Dec. 15 ; he took up his residence at the Tuileries, Feb. 19, 1800 ; his first 
acts were to repeal the laws of hostages, to open the churches to Christian worship, 
and to restore Sunday ; the Austrian campaign opened in April, Napoleon 
crossed the Alps into Piedmont, May 15, 16, and occupied Milan, June 2 ; the 
battle of Marengo gained, June 14, and Hohenlinden, Dec. 2 ; an attempt made 
upon the life of the First Consul by an explosion of an infernal machine in Rue St 
Nicaise, 52 persons were killed, Dec. 24 ; the peace of Luneville signed between 
Austria and France, Feb. 9, 1 801 ; the Roman Catholic religion restored by a 
concordat, July 15 ; the French army defeated by Sir Ralph Abercromby in 
Egypt, March 21, and agreed to a Convention with Gen. Hutchinson, by virtue 
of which the remnant of the French army returned to France ; a Congress of the 
several powers assembled at Amiens, and a peace concluded between Gt Britain, 
France, Spain, and the Batavian republic, March 27, 1802 ; the Legion of Hon- 
our instituted, May 19 ; Bonaparte elected Consul for life, Aug. 2 ; Piedmont 
annexed to France in Sept., and the Duchy of Parma and part of Switzerland ; 
the civil code promulgated, March 21, 1803 ; war renewed with St Domingo, and 
after suffering great loss by yellow fever capitulated to the English in Nov. ; a mis- 
understanding arose with England, and Lord Whitworth, the ambassador, left Paris, 
May 13 ; this step was followed by the seizure of all vessels belonging to France 
in English ports, the property and commerce were valued at three millions sterling ; 
all British subjects in France arrested ; an immense flotilla of 2000 sail collected, 
and a large army prepared to make a descent upon England ; a plot to assassinate 
the emperor discovered, Feb. 15, 1804 ; the Duke of Enghien arrested, March 

21 



322 FRANCE 

15, and shot at Vincennes, March 21 ; Napoleon elected Emperor of the French, 
May 18 ; the conspirators, including, Cadoudal, and 10 of his accomplices 
executed, June 25 ; Moreau sentenced to two years' imprisonment ; Napoleon 
crowned at Notre Dame by Pope Pius VII., Dec. 2, 1804, and crowned 
King of Italy at Milan, May 26, 1805 ; the Ligurian republic and the Genoese 
territoiy annexed to the Empire, June 30 ; a treaty of defence between England, 
Russia, and Austria signed, April il ; the Austrian army, 80,000 strong, com- 
manded by Gen. Mack, advanced upon Munich, Sept. 7 ; defeated and capitu- 
lated at Ulm, Oct. 20, 30,000 men laying down their arms ; Napoleon entered 
the capital of Austria, Nov. 13 ; the French navy almost annihilated at Trafalgar 
by the English fleet under Nelson, out of 33 French and Spanish ships 24 were 
captured with 20,000 prisoners ; Napoleon crossed the Danube, Nov. 22, and 
gained the battle of Austerlitz, Dec. 2 ; the Austrians and Russians lost 10,000 
men slain and 20,000 prisoners, 120 pieces of cannon, and 40 standards ; peace 
concluded at Presburg, Dec. 26, Austria surrendering the whole of the Venetian 
states. In Feb., 1806, the French army invaded Naples ; the Bourbons dethroned 
and Joseph Bonaparte proclaimed King ; Louis created King of Holland ; the 
English army under Sir John Stuart defeated the French army under Gen. 
Regnier at Maida, July 4, 1806 ; by the Confederation of the Rhine, signed 
July 12, the kings of Bavaria and Wurtemberg, the Grand-Dukes of Baden 
and Hesse- Darmstadt, and several minor princes declared themselves separ- 
ated for ever from the kingdom of Germany, and united with France ; 
England, Prussia, and Russia united to humble the power of France ; the Prus- 
sian army of 150,000 men was placed under the command of the Duke of Bruns- 
vi^ick, and on the 1st of October, 1806, the Prussian minister at Paris demanded 
that all the French troops should immediately evacuate Germany ; Napoleon took 
the command of the army of the Rhine, and defeated the Prussians at Jena, Oct. 
14, taking 20,000 prisoners, 300 pieces of artillery, and 60 standards ; Magdeburg 
surrendered, Nov. 8, and he entered Berlin, Nov. 25, from whence he published his 
famous decrees against England, Nov. 21, declaring the British isles in a state of 
blockade, and interdicting all trade or intercourse with that country ; Napoleon 
advanced into Poland, and took up his quarters at Warsaw, Nov. 30 ; he 
was defeated by the Russians at Eylau, Feb. 8, 1807, losing 30,000 men ; on the 
14th of June he gained the battle of Friedland ; a meeting of the Emperor Na- 
poleon with the Emperor Alexander, June 25, led to an armistice which resulted 
in the peace of Tilsit, signed July 7 ; and with Prussia, signed July 9 ; the 
liberty of the press abolished in Paris, and a censorship established, in Aug.; 
Portugal invaded by Gen. Junot with an army of 30,000 men ; the Prince Regent 
taken on board a British vessel, and conveyed to Brazil ; the invaders entered 
Lisbon, Nov. 30; and Portugal declared a possession of France, Feb. I, 1808; 
Spain invaded, Murat reached Madrid, March 19 ; Joseph Bonaparte made king 
and entered Madrid, July 20 ; the Spanish people rose en masse against the in- 
truders, and massacred the French in the different towns ; a Junta established at 
Seville ; the French army under General Dupont defeated at Baylen, July 20 ; 
Saragossa sustained a siege of two months ; Joseph Bonaparte retired beyond the 
Ebro, and the Portuguese rebelled against their power ; the British army under 
Sir Arthur Wellesley defeated the French under Junot at Vimeira, Aug. 21, 
1808 ; the convention of Cintra signed, Aug. 30, by which the French commander 
agi-eed to evacuate Portugal ; the English entered Lisbon, Sept. 12 ; Napoleon 
defeated the Spaniards and entered Madrid, Dec. 4 ; the French defeated at 
Corunna by the English, under Sir John Moore, who was killed, Jan. 16, 1809 ; 
the English embarked, and the whole of Galicia submitted to the French ; the 
English army, under Sir Arthur Wellesley, defeated the French at Talavera, July 
28; war renewed widi Austria, April 9, 1810 ; defeated at Eckmiihl, April 22, 
and Napoleon entered Vienna a second time, May 13 ; the Pontifical States an- 



FRANCE 32;^ 

nexed to the French Empire, May 17 ; the Pope Pius VII. deposed ; he issued a 
bull of excommunication against Napoleon, for which he was seized and conveyed 
to France, and imprisoned at Fontainebleau. The desperate engagements at 
Aspam and Essling on the 2ist and 23rd of May, were favourable to the Aus- 
trians ; the French lost 30,000 men ; but on the 6th July they defeated the Aus- 
trians at Wagram ; this led to the treaty of Schonbrunn, Oct. 14. Napoleon 
divorced from the Empress Josephine, Dec. 15, and married the Archduchess 
Maria Louisa of Austria, Maixh 11, 1810, by proxy; repeated at the Tuileries, 
April 2 ; a son was the result of this marriage, born March 10, 181 1 ; received 
the title of King of Rome ; Holland annexed to the French empire, July 10, 1810 ; 
Ciudad Rodrigo besieged and taken, July 1 1 ; Almeida taken, Aug. 27 ; WelHngton 
took up a formidable position at Torres Vedras, Oct. 9 ; Massena with the French 
army retreated into Spain, March 5, 1811 ; the French defeated at Fuentes de 
Onoro, May 5, and at Albuera, May 16 ; the English, under Lord Wellington, 
captured Ciudad Rodrigo, Jan. 19, 1812, and Badajoz, April 6; defeated the 
French at Salamanca, July 12; the French grand army under Napoleon, 450,000 
strong, advanced into Russia, and reached Witepsk, July 16 ; Smolensko assaulted, 
Aug. 17 ; after defending it with desperation, the Russians retired after setting 
the city on fire ; the desperate battle of Borodino fought, Sept. 7 ; the French 
lost 12,000 dead, and 20,000 wounded ; the Russians lost 15,000, and 30,000 
wounded, with 2000 prisoners ; they retreated to Moscow, from which they removed 
the magazines and valuable property, and abandoned it, Sept. 14 ; Napoleon 
established his quarters at the Kremlin, Sept. 15 ; the city was fired, and 7000 
houses desti'oyed ; the French army evacuated the city, Oct. 19, after blowing up 
the Kremlin ; winter set in, Nov. 6, and before the army reached Smolensko, 
Nov. 12, 30,000 men had died with hunger and cold, and 20,000 horses ; 300 guns 
were left on the road ; Napoleon continued his retreat on the 17th ; 26,000 French- 
men and 220 pieces of cannon fell into the hands of the Russians ; at the passage 
of the Beresina thousands perished, and completed the disorganization of the 
French army ; only 20,000 men preserved any appearance of discipline ; Napoleon 
quitted the army, and arrived in Paris, Dec. 18 ; the relics of the grand army re- 
treated to Niemen, scarcely 100,000 men out of 450,000 which had invaded 
Russia six months before ; by means of the conscription Napoleon raised 350,000 
men at the beginning of 1813. The Russian troops crossed the frontier into Prussia, 
and entered Berlin, March II ; on the 18th, Prussia declared war against France ; 
the allies were defeated at Lutzen, May 2 ; they retreated beyond Dresden, 
which Napoleon entered, May 8 ; he again defeated them at Bautzen, May 20 
and 2 1 ; an armistice concluded for eight weeks, from June 4 till July 28 ; a con- 
gress opened at Prague, July 5, but failed to establish peace ; the Emperor of 
Austria joined the allied sovereigns, and the war was renewed, Aug. 10 ; the 
allies numbered 370,000 men ; on the 26th, they attacked the French before Dres- 
den, the battle began at 3 o'clock in the afternoon, and the Austrians were com- 
pelled to retire ; the contest was resumed the next day, and the allies were de- 
feated with a loss of 25,000 men ; in this battle General Moreau fell ; the allies, 
who had received a reinforcement of 60,000 Russians, Oct. 3, again advanced ; 
the battle of Leipsic began, Oct. 16, and terminated without any definite result ; 
it was resumed on the 1 8th, the troops of Saxony and Wiirtemberg, 12,000 strong, 
went over to the allies, and Napoleon was totally defeated ; the allied sovereigns 
entered Leipsic on the 19th ; the emperor in his retreat defeated the Bavarian army 
under Gen. Wrede, Oct. 30 ; he quitted the army and arrived at St Cloud, Nov. 
9. The Spanish campaign opened in 1813 ; the English, under Wellington, gained 
the battle of Vittoria, June 21 ; the fortress of San Sebastian stormed and captured, 
Aug. 31 ; Pampeluna surrendered, Oct. 31 ; Napoleon assembled the senate at 
Paris, and demanded a fresh levy of 300,000 men, and on Dec. 19 the Legislative 
Chamber met and remonstrated against the policy of the Emperor ; adjourned, 



324 FRANCE 

Dec. 30. The Austrian army, under Scliwartzenberg, crossed the Rhine, Dec. 
21 ; Langres captured, Jan. 16, 1814 ; Napoleon committed the Empress and 
the infant King of Rome to the custody of the National Guards, Jan. 23, 
Maria Louisa being made Regent ; the battle of Arcis-sur-Aube, March 20 ; the 
allies arrived under the walls of Paris, and defeated the French army, under 
Marmont and Mortier, March 30, and entered Paris, March 31. The Senate de- 
creed that Napoleon had forfeited the throne, and that the hereditaiy right establish- 
ed in his family was abolished, April 2 ; the treaty of Fontainebleau signed between 
the Emperor and the allied powers, April 11, by which he renounced for himself 
and his heirs and his descendants, all right to the thrones of France and Italy, — he 
was to retain for life the title of Emperor, with the independent sovereignty of the 
island of Elba, and a revenue of 2,ooo,cx:o of francs ; the French army, under 
Soult, defeated by Wellington at Toulouse, April 10 ; a convention was signed 
between these two commanders, April 18 ; the Emperor quitted Fontainebleau, 
after taking an affectionate leave of his old Guard, April 20 ; he embarked on 
board a British frigate, and arrived at Elba, May 4 ; Louis XVIIL recalled by a 
decree of the Senate, arrived at Calais, April 24, and made his public entry 
into Paris, May 3 ; a treaty concluded in which France resumed her boundaries of 
the {istjan., 1792) ; the Chambers opened, June 4, 1814 ; while the congress of 
Vienna was sitting, at a ball given by Prince Metternich, news was received of the 
escape of Napoleon, March 7, 1815 ; he embarked from Elba, Feb. 26, and ar- 
rived at Cannes, March i ; the allies again issue a manifesto against him, March 
13 ; Louis left Paris, March 19, and Napoleon entered it on the 20th; 'the 
Hundred Days,' March 20 to June 29, 181 5 ; a new constitution proclaimed, April 
21, and on the 1st of June he had reorganized an army of 21 7,000 men ; he crossed 
the Belgian frontier, June 14 ; defeated the Russians at Ligny, June 16 ; he was 
totally defeated at Waterloo, June 18, the French loss exceeded 73,000 killed, 
wounded, and prisoners ; the emperor arrived in Paris, June 21, bearing the news of 
his defeat ; he abdicated in favour of his son ; the allies re-entered Paris, July 7, 
and Louis XVIIL the next day ; Napoleon embarked on board the ' Bellero- 
phon,' an English man-of-war, July 15, and arrived in Torbay, July 24 ; he arrived 
at St Helena, in the 'Northumberland,' Oct. 16 ; the treaty of Paris signed, Nov. 
20 ; Marshal Ney shot, Dec. 7 ! the Chamber dissolved, Sept. 5) 1816 ; a new 
cabinet formed, Dec, 1818 ; the Duke of Berry assassinated at the opera by 
Louvel, Feb. 13, 1820 ; Napoleon died at St Helena, May 5, 1821 ; the French 
army entered Spain and restored Ferdinand, 1823 ; Louis XVIIL died at the 
Tuileries, Sept. 16, 1824 ; Charles X. succeeded to the throne ; crovi'ned at 
Rheims, May 29, 1825 ; an attempt to restrict the liberty of the press caused con- 
siderable excitement in 1826-7 ; the measure withdrawn, April 17 ; the National 
Guard of Paris disbanded, April 30 ; the Jesuits' educational establishments sup- 
pressed, June 13, 1828 ; the Chamber opened, March 2, 1830 ; dissolved. May 16; 
Algiers taken with a treasure of 48 millions of francs, July 4 ; the liberty of the 
press abolished, July 25 ; the Chamber of Deputies dissolved ; Marshal Marmont 
appointed to command the troops in Paris, July 27 ; revolution, Paris declared 
in a state of siege, July 28 ; the troops defeated and Paris evacuated ; the Tuileries 
sacked by the mob, July 29 ; the National Guards re-established, Aug. 2 ; the 
Chambers met on the 3rd ; Charles X. flies, first to Rambouillet and then to 
England, July 30 ; the Duke of Orleans accepts the crown, Aug. 9 ; Louis 
Philippe received the title of King of the French ; Polignac and the other minis- 
ters found guilty and sentenced to perpetual imprisonment, Dec. 21, 1830; the 
hereditary peerage abolished, Dec. 27, 1831 ; Charles X. left Holyrood House, 
Scotland, for the continent, Sept. 18, 1832 ; Marshal Soult made Prime Minister 
of France, Oct. il, 1832 ; the Duchess de Berri sent off to Palermo, having been 
delivered of a female child, which she declaimed to be the offspring of a secret mar- 
riage with Lucchesi-Palli, an Italian Count, June 9, 1833; Lafayette died, May 20, 



FRANCE 325 

1834 ; two persons, Bergeron and Benoit, tried for an attempt on the life of the 
king, and acquitted, March 18, 1833 ; Fieschi made an attempt on the king's life 
by exploding an infernal machine in the Boulevard du Temple, which killed and 
wounded many persons, July 28, 1835 ; arrested and guillotined, Feb. 19, 1836; M. 
Thiers appointed president of the council, Feb. 22; Louis Alibaud fired at the king 
on his way to the Tuileries, June 25 ; ministry of Count Mole, Sept. 7 ; Louis 
Napoleon attempted to raise an insurrection at Strasburg, Oct. 30 ; he was banish- 
ed to New York, Nov. 15 ; Prince Polignac set at liberty and banished from 
France with other exiles, Nov. 23 ; Meunier fired at the king on his way 
to the Chambers, Dec. 27 ; an insurrection, headed by Barbes and Bernard, 
broke out at Paris, May 12, 1839 ; Marshal Soult appointed Minister of Foreign 
Affairs; he was appointed ambassador to England specially, June 28, 1838; 
the Chambers decree the removal of the remains of Napoleon from St Helena to 
Paris, May 10, 1840 ; Louis Napoleon made a descent, with General Montholon 
and 50 followers, on Vimeroux, near Boulogne, and being taken and tried, was 
imprisoned, Aug. 6 ; Darmes fired at Louis Philippe, Oct. 15 ; M. Guizot ap- 
pointed French Minister for Foreign Affaii-s, Oct. 29 ; the remains of the Emperor 
Napoleon deposited in the Invalides, Dec. 15 ; Paris fortified at the expense of 
I40,ooo,ocx) of francs ; statue of Napoleon in bronze placed upon the column at 
Boulogne, Aug. 15, 1841 ; the Duke of Orleans killed by a fall from his carriage, 
July 13, 1842; visit of the Queen of England to Louis Philippe, at Eu, Sept. 2, 1843; 
Louis Napoleon escaped from the prison, at Ham, May 26, 1 846 ; attempt on 
the life of Louis Philippe by Joseph Henri, July 29 ; Soult made Marshal-General 
of France, in the room of Oudinot, who had died in his 91st year, Sept. 13, 1847 j 
Jerome Bonaparte returned to France, after an exile of 32 years ; Maria Louisa of 
Austria died, Dec. 17 ; the Chamber met, Dec. 28 ; the Refonn Banquet of Feb. 
22, 1848, suppressed ; a revolutionary tumult commenced, and great disorders 
committed by the populace, Feb. 22, 23, and 24, 1848 ; the king abdicated in 
favour of his grandson, the ' Comte de Paris,' but the offer was not accepted, Feb. 
29 ; the Royal family and ministers escaped to England, March 3 ; a republic pro- 
claimed, Feb. 26 ; a new government fonned, and perpetual banishment decreed 
against the Royal family. May 30 ; election of Louis Napoleon for the depart- 
ment of the Seine, and for three other departments, to the Chamber, June 12 ; 
another insurrection broke out in Paris ; Paris declared in a state of siege, 
June 24 ; M. Afire, Abp of Paris, killed, June 27 ; the insurgents surrender, 
June 28 ; the National workshops closed, July 4 ; Prince Louis Napoleon 
took his seat in the National Assembly, Sept. 26; state of siege raised, having 
continued four months, Oct. 20 ; a Republican Government proclaimed, Nov. 
12 ; Prince Louis Napoleon elected President of the Republic for four years by a 
majority of moi-e than five millions of votes, Dec. 10 ; proclaimed, Dec. 20 ; 
Louis Philippe died in England, at Claremont, Aug. 26, 1850 ; an expedition to 
restore the Pope sent to Rome, April 25, 1849 ; attempted insurrection in Paris 
suppressed, June 13, 1849 ; Ledru Rollin and his colleagues escaped ; attempt 
upon the life of Louis Napoleon by a youth named Walker, July 5, 1850 ; 
the President held a Naval Review at Cherbourg, Sept. 6, 1850; visit of the 
Lord Mayor of London to the city of Paris, Aug., 1851 ; Coup d'etat of 
Prince Napoleon, Dec. 2, 1851 ; he dissolved the National Assembly and the 
Council of State ; insun-ection, barricades raised, Dec. 4 ; put down by the troops, 
under Gen. St Amaud ; the President elected for 10 years, Dec. 20, 21, 1851 ; 
Louis Napoleon installed at Notre Dame, Jan. 7, 1852 ;■ promulgated a new 
Constitution, Jan. 23 ; the property of the Orleans family annexed to the crown, 
Jan. 25 ; the Constitution modified, Nov. 7 ; Napoleon announced his determina- 
tion to restore the Empire, Nov. 4 ; the Senate requested him to, Nov. 7 ; the votes 
of the people taken, when 7,824, 189 were given in his favour, Nov. 21 ; proclaim- 
ed and made his solemn entry into Paris, Dec. 2 ; the succession to the throne re- 



526 FRANCE 

gulated, Nov. 7 and Dec. 18 ; the Emperor recognized by the foreign powers ; 
he married Madame Eugenie Marie de Guzman, Comtesse deTeba, at the Cathe- 
dral of Notre Dame, Jan. 29, 1853 ; a treaty of alliance with England and Turkey, 
against the encroachment of the Emperor of Russia, signed March 12, 1854 ; war 
declared against Russia, March 27 ; the birth-day of the Emperor celebrated, Aug. 
15 ; the King of the Belgians, Portugal, and Prince Albert visited the Emperor at 
Boulogne, Sept. 3; fete in honour of, Sept. 5; Marshal St Arnaud died in 
the Crimea, Sept. 29 ; visit of the Emperor and Empress to England, April 
16, 1855 ; the Emperor made a Knight of the Garter, April 18 ; received 
an address from the Corporation of London in the Guildhall, April 19 ; 
returned to France, April 21 ; attempted assassination of the Emperor by 
Pianori, April 28 ; he was executed. May 14. Paris Exhibition opened, May 
17 ; Queen Victoria and Prince Albert visited the Emperor and Empress at 
Paris, Aug. 18 ; entertained by the city of Paris, Aug. 23 ; a review of 50,000 
troops in the presence of the Queen, Aug. 24 ; another attempt upon the life of 
the Emperor made by Bellemarre, Sept. 8 ; triumphal entry of the Imperial Guards 
into Paris, and reception of, by the Emperor, Dec. 29 ; Peace Conference opened 
at Paris, Feb. 25, 1856 ; birth of the Prince Imperial, March 16 ; peace conclud- 
ed with Russia, March 30 ; serious inundations in the south of France, June I et 
seq. ; public subscription raised in England for the sufferers — amounted to ^40,000 ; 
the Abp of Paris, Sibour, assassinated by a priest. Verger, in the church of St 
Stephens on the Mount, Jan. 3, 1857 ; the Legislative Assembly met, Feb. 16; 
a conference upon the affairs of Neufchatel opened at Paris, March 15 ; Duke 
Constantine of Russia visited the Emperor, April 20 ; Beranger, the poet, died, 
July 16 ; the trial of Tibaldi, Grilli, and Bartolotti, for attempting the life of the 
Emperor, Aug. 6, 7 ; visit of the Emperor and Empress to Queen Victoria at 
Osborne, Aug. 6 ; returned to France, Aug. 10 ; inauguration of the Louvre by 
the Emperor, Aug. 14; interview with the Emperor of Russia at Stuttgardt, Sept. 

25 ; Gen. Cavaignac died, Oct. 28 ; fall of the tower of Vincennes, killing 18 
soldiers of the Guards, Nov. 29 ; attempt to assassinate the Emperor and Empress 
on their way to the opera, by Orsini shells, five persons killed and 60 wounded, 
Jan. 14, 1858 ; the Empress nominated Regent in case of the decease of the 
Emperor before the Prince Imperial comes of age, Feb. i ; Orsini, Fieri, and two 
others, tried for attempting the life of the Emperor, and condemned to death, Feb. 

26 ; executed at Paris, March 13 ; inauguration of the Boulevard de Sebastopol, 
April 5 ; a conference upon the Danubian Principalities held at Paris, May 22 ; 
Queen Victoria and Prince Albert reviewed the French fleet at Cherbourg, Aug. 4, 
5 ; a treaty concluded with Japan, Oct. 9 ; trial of Count de Montalembert, Nov. 
24 ; marriage of the Prince Napoleon with the Princess Clotilde of Savoy, 
daughter of the King of Sardinia, Jan. 30, 1859 ; the French army departed for 
Italy, April 23 ; war declared against Austria, May 3 ; the Austrian ambassador 
left France, May 4 ; the Emperor sets out to join his army. May 10 ; the allied 
army defeated the Austrians at Montebello, May 20 ; at Palestro, May 30 ; 
Magenta, June 4 ; Malegnano, June 8 ; Solferino, June 24 ; interview between 
the Emperor of Austria and Napoleon III. at Villafranca ; peace concluded, July 
II ; return of the Emperor to Paris, July 16 ; the army made its triumphal entry 
into Paris, Aug. 14 ; an amnesty to political prisoners proclaimed, Aug. 16 ; a 
commercial treaty signed with Great Britain, Jan. 23, i860 ; Savoy and Nice 
ceded to France by treaty, March 29 ; a French army departed for Syria to protect 
the Christians, Aug. 4 ; the Emperor denied any hostile designs against England in 
a letter to Count Pei-signy, Aug. 25 ; convention for the pacification of Syria, 
signed, Sept. 5 j the Empress paid a private visit to Queen Victoria at Edinburgh, 
Nov. 21 ; visited Windsor Castle, Dec. 4 ; returned to Paris, Dec. 13 ; passports 
abolished between France and England, Dec. 16 ; the Legislative Sessions opened 
by the Emperor, Feb. 4, 1861 ; a boundary treaty was signed with Sardinia, March 



FRANCE 327 

7 ; the remains of Napoleon I. removed from the chapel of St Jerome in the 
Invalides to a tomb under the dome, March 31, 1861 ; a commercial treaty- 
concluded with Turkey, April 29, and with Belgium, May I ; the Emperor officially 
recognized the King of Italy, June 23 ; the King of Sweden visited the Emperor, 
Aug. 6 ; the King of Prussia entertained by the Emperor at Compiegne, Oct. 6, 
and the King of Holland, Oct. 12 ; a convention for an intervention in the 
affairs of Mexico signed in London between France, Gt Britain, and Spain, Oct. 
31 ; M. Fould appointed minister of finance, Nov. 14; the Constitution modified, 
Feb. 2, and Dec. 31 ; M. Fould presented his report upon the finances, Jan., 
1862; the Prince of Wales visited the Emperor and Empress at Fontainebleau, 
June 12 ; a letter of the Emperor upon Mexican affairs published, July 3 ; M. 
Thouvenal resigned the office of minister of foreign affairs, Oct. 14 ; M. Drouyn 
de Lhuys succeeded him, Oct. 15; an attempt made to bring about a settlement 
of the American civil war, Oct. and Nov. ; renewed attempt made for the re-estab- 
lishment of peace in America, Jan., 1863 ; Count Walewiki appointed Minister 
of State, June 23 ; M. Billault, Minister of State, died, Oct. 13 ; letter of the 
Emperor to the various foreign powers proposing a general congress for the settle- 
ment of Europe, Nov. 4 ; the Italian assassins, Greco, Imperatori, Scaglioni, de- 
tected in a conspiracy against the Emperor, Dec. 29, 1863 ; sentenced to transporta- 
tion, March, 1864 ; a treaty of commerce with Japan signed in June ; the King 
of Spain visited the Emperor, Aug. 16 ; a treaty between Italy and France signed, 
the Emperor agreeing to evacuate Rome, and that the Italian government do make 
Florence its capital, Sept. 15 ; the Emperor visited the Emperor of Russia at 
Nice, Oct. 27 ; Prince Napoleon appointed vice-president of the Privy Council, 
Dec. 24 ; a treaty between France and Sweden signed, Feb. 14, 1865 ; an at- 
tempt made upon the life of the secretary of the Russian Legation, April 24 ; the 
Empress appointed Regent, April 26 ; the Emperor visited Algeria, May 3 ; in- 
flammatory speech of Prince Napoleon at Ajaccio at the inauguration of a statue of 
Napoleon I., May 15 j disapproved of by the Emperor; resignation of Prince 
Napoleon of his office of vice-president of the Exhibition, May 27 ; return of the 
Emperor from Algeria, June 10 ; visit of the English fleet to Cherbourg, Aug. 14 ; 
return visit of the French fleet to Portsmouth, Aug. 29 ; a decree for the reduction 
of the army issued, Nov. 15 ; the Prince Imperial appointed president of the Ex- 
hibition, Feb. 25, 1866; a congress on Roumanian affairs opened, March 10 ; the 
speech of the Emperor at Auxerre, The Empire is peace, May 7 ; an attempt made 
by the Emperor to hold a congress for the settlement of European affairs, aban- 
doned, June 5 ; letter of the Emperor upon a continental war to his minister of 
foreign affairs, June 1 1 ; M. Rouher brought forward in the French Chamber the 
draft of a ' Senatus Consultum,' July 6 ; the Antibes Legion for the service of 
the pope left for Rome, Sept. 13 ; destructive floods in the south of France, caus- 
ing much distress, Oct. 31 ; the French troops left Rome, and the French occu- 
pation ceased, Dec. 11, after 17 years (it cost France 61,524,000 francs). The 
Chamber opened by the Emperor, Feb. 14, 1867 ; the Exhibition opened by the 
Emperor and Empress in state, April i ; the Prince of Wales visited the Emperor, 
May 1 1 ; the King and Queen of the Belgians visited. May 14 ; Lord Cowley, 
the English ambassador, entertained the Emperor and Empress, the Prince of 
Wales, and the Duke of Edinburgh, May 1 7 ; the Emperor of Russia, the Czai-e- 
witch, and the Grand-duke Vladimir arrived in Paris on a visit to the Emperor 
and Empress, June i ; the King and Crown Prince of Prussia, June 5 ; an attempt 
made to assassinate the Emperor of Russia by a Pole (Anthony Berezowski) in 
the Bois de Boulogne, when returning from a review, June 6 ; a state ball given 
to the emperors and princes at the Russian embassy, June 6 ; fete at the Hotel de 
Ville to, June 8 ; letter to the Marquis de Moustier, foreign minister, from Napo- 
leon HI., with the Grand Cross of the Legipn of Honour, June 9 ; fete given at 
the Tuileries to the emperors of Russia and Prussia, and the princes, June 



328 



FRANCE, KINGS OF 



lo ; the Viceroy of Egypt visited the Emperor, June 19 ; the Lord Mayor 
of London presented an address to the Emperor upon the late attempt upon 
the life of his guest, the Emperor of Russia, June 30 ; the Sultan of Turkey 
arrived in Paris on a visit to tlie Emperor, June 30 ; Napoleon III. in the 
presence of the Sultan distributed the prizes to the exhibitors at the Paris Exhibi- 
tion, July I ; the death of the Emperor Maximilian of Mexico announced to the 
Senate, July 5 ; review held in honour of the Sultan, July 8 ; the exhibitors enter- 
tained by the Emperor at theTuileries, July 10; Berezowski sentenced to transporta- 
tion for life, for attempting the life of the Emperor of Russia, July 1 5 ; a Literary 
Copyright Convention between France and the Papal States signed at Rome, 
July 21 ; the Empress of the French made a private visit to Queen Victoria at 
Osborne, July 22 ; the King of Sweden arrived in Paris, Aug. 4 ; the Emperor 
received the foreign commissioners of the Paris Exhibition, Aug. 4 ; Napoleon 
III. paid a visit of condolence to the Emperor of Austria at Salzburg, Aug. 18 ; 
return visit of the Emperor of Austria at Strasbourg, Aug. 23 ; Napoleon III. 
visited Lille, Aug. 27 ; the Emperor and Empress arrived at Biarritz, Sept. 8 ; the 
Emperor of Austria visited the Emperor at Paris, Oct. 23 ; the French squadron 
with troops on board for the defence of Rome sailed, Oct. 26 ; arrived at Civita 
Vecchia, Oct. 29 ; defeated the Garibaldians at Mentona, Nov. 3 ; banquet to the 
Imperial Commissioners of the Exhibition by the Foreign Commissioners, Earl 
Granville presiding ; M. Rouher spoke in favour of peace, Oct. 26 ; banquet given 
to the Emperor of Austria at the Hotel de Ville, Oct. 28 ; the Exhibition closed, 
Nov. 3 ; the French partially evacuate Rome, Dec. 3 ; debate in the Chamber 
upon the occupation ; invitation sent by the Emperor to the great powers propos- 
ing a conference upon Italian affairs, Nov. 13 ; the Bill for the Reconstruction of 
the Army passed the Senate, Dec. 29 ; 47 sovereigns and princes, three queens, 



and 10 princesses visited Paris in 1867. 
FRANCE, KINGS OF. 

The Merovingian dynasty. 

Pharamond 
Clodio 
Merovseus 
Childeric his son 
Clovis the Great 
Childebert 

Dividing with his brothers 
Theodebert 
Thibault ... 
Clotaire ... 

The four sons of Clotaire 
Charibert II. 
Clotaire II. 
Thierry II. 

Clotaire II. sole king ... 
Dagobert the Great left the 

crown to his sons 
Clovis II. and Sigebert 
Clotaire III. 
Childeric II., sole king, who 

was assassinated with his queen 

in the forest of Livri ... 

Thierry III 

Clovis III. Pepin, mayor of the 

palace, ruled in this name ... 691 



418 
428 
447 
458 

481 

Sii 

548 
553 
558 
561 

575 
584 
596 
613 

628 

638 
656 



670 
673 



Childebert III. Pepin really ex- 
ercised the royal power 

Dagobert III. 

Thierry IV. 

Childric II. deposed by Charles 
Martel 

Clotaire IV., Childric rejDlaced 

Thierry II. succeeded, but died, 
737, and Charles Martel ruled 
as Duke of the French, who 
died 

Childeric II I 

Pepin, the first of the Carlo- 
vingian race, son of Charles 
Martel 

Charlemagne the Great 

Louis I . le Debonnaire 

Charles the Bald 

Louis II. the Stammerer 



695 
711 
720 

716 

719 



741 
742 



•• 752 

.. 768 

.. 814 

.. 840 

.. 877 

Louis III. and Carloman II. 879-882 

Charles le Gros ... ... ... 884 

Eudes, Count of Paris ... ... 887 

Charles III. the Simple ... 898 

deposed ... ... 929 

Robert crowned at Rheims, but 

killed by Charles in battle . . . 923 

Ralpho, Duke of Burgundy . . . 923 



FRANCHISE 



FRANKFORT-ON-THE-MAINE 329 



Louis IV. d'Outremer ... ... 936 

Lothaire, son of Louis ... ... 954 

Louis V. the Indolent ... ... 986 

ending the race of Charlemagne. 

The Capetian Dynasty. 

Hugh Capet of the Capet race, 

who seized the crown ... 987 

Robert II. or Sage 996 

Henry I. 1031 

Philip I. the Fair 1060 

Louis VI. le Gros 1108 

Louis VII. the Young ... 1137 

Philip II. the August 1180 

Louis VIII. Coeur de Lion ... 1223 

Louis IX. called St Louis ... 1226 

Philip in. le Hardi 1270 

Philip IV. the Fair 1285 

Louis X. or Hutin ... ... 1314 

John 1316 

Philip V. the Long 1316 

Charles IV. the Handsome ... 1322 

The Dynasty of Valois. 

Philip VI. the Courtier ... 1328 

John II. the Good 1350 

Charles V. the Wise 1364 

Charles VI. the Well -beloved 1380 
Henry VI. of England crowned 

in Paris, and proclaimed ... 1422 



Charles VII. the Victorious ... 1436 

Louis XI. ... ... ... 1461 

Charles VIIL the Affable ... 1483 

Louis XII. the Father 1498 

Francisl. ... ... ... 1515 

Henry II. 1547 

Francis II. married to Mary 

Queen of Scots ... ... 1559 

Charles IX 1560 

Henry III. 1574 

The Dynasty of Bourbon. 

Henry IV 1589 

Louis XIII. the Just 1610 

Louis XIV 1643 

Louis XV. the Well-beloved ... 1715 

Louis XVI 1774 

guillotined, Jan. 21 ... ... 1 793 

Louis XVIII 1814 

Charles X 1824 

Republic from 1792 — 1799. 
The Empire. 

Napoleon 1 1804 

The Orleans Dynasty. 

Louis Philippe ... ... ... 1830 

The Empire. 

Napoleon III 1852 



FRANCHISE, as an asylum or sanctuary, established by Charlemagne in his 
palace of Heristal, 779 ; as a royal privilege, by Henry VI., 1443, by Magna 
Charta. The franchises of the city of London, and other towns, granted by 27 
Hen. VIII. c. 24, 1535-6. 

FRANCIS' ABBEY, Cashel, Ireland, fell do\ra, Feb. 13, 1757. 

FRANCIS, JOHN, a youth who fired a pistol at the Queen, May 30, 1842 ; sen- 
tenced to death, June 17 ; commuted to transportation, July 2. 

FRANCISCAN, or GREY FRIARS, established by St Francis, 1206 ; the rules 
approved by Pope Innocent III. The first monastery built at Monte Sonbazo, in 
Italy, 1200 ; the Lateran Council approved the order, 121 5 ; came to England, 
1217 ; acquired the right of electing their own General, 1619. Nuns of this order 
established at Naples, 1583. 

FRANCISCO, SAN, California. The Spaniards formed a settlement, 1776; 
but owing to the irruptions of the Mexicans, it fell into rains, 1831 ; settlers from 
America rebuilt the city, 1839 ; gold first discovered, 1847 ; ceded to the United 
States, 1848 ; the population increased to 15,000, 1850 ; the town destroyed almost 
by fire. May 3, 1851 ; a mint established, 1854. 

FRANKFORT, North America, founded, 1786, and made the seat of Government, 
1792. 

FRANKFORT-ON-THE-MAINE, Germany, founded by the Franks, in the 5th 
century. Charlemagne held a council here in 794. The palace built by Louis 
the Pious, 822 ; fortified, 838 ; made the capital of the Eastern Franks, 843. 
The German Emperors elected here Frederick I., 1152 : this privilege confirmed 
by the Golden Bull of Charles IV., 1356. St Bartholomew's Cathedral founded, 



330 FRANKFORT-ON-THE-ODER FREEMASONRY 

1315 ; choir finished, 1338 ; the nave and aisles completed, 1352 ; the Western 
Tower began, 1415 ; finished, 1512 ; made a fi-ee Imperial city, and Charles V., in 
155s, conferred the right of coining to the towar ; Maximilian II. crowned here, 1562; 
taken by the French, 1792, and July 16, 1796 ; became a member of the Confeder- 
ation of the Rhine, 1806; made a Grand Duchy, 1810 ; restored to its independence, 
1815 ; constitution proclaimed, Dec. 22, 1854 ; congress of German sovereigns at, 
Aug., 1863 ; the King of Prussia visited, Aug. 15, 1867 ; the church of St Bartho- 
lomew destroyed by fire, Aug. 15 ; the Emperor of Austria remitted 100,000 francs 
towards its restoration, Aug. 20. 

FRANKFORT-ON-THE-ODER, Prussia. The university established, 1506 ; 
Frederick the Great defeated here with great loss by the allied Russians and 
Prussians, Aug. 12, 1759. 

FRANKINCENSE, a vegetable resin, brittle, glittering, and of a bitter taste, used 
for the purpose of sacrificial fumigation, Ex. xxx. 34-36. The Hebrews imported 
it from Arabia, Is. Ix. 6. 

FRANKING LETTERS, by an act of parliament, for the establishment of the 
post office, 12 Charles II. c. 35, i66o, a clause giving members of both houses this 
right was struck out by the Lords, but it was passed a few years afterwards. Xn 
1 715, the number franked amounted to ^{^24, 000, and in 1784 to ;^8o,ooo; abridged 
in 1795. Regulations made, and power given to certain official persons by 7 
Will. IV. & I Vict. c. 35, July 12, 1837 ; franking abolished by 2 & 3 Vict. c. 52, 
s. 3, Aug. 17, 1839. 

FRANKLIN, SIR JOHN, Expeditions of, to discover the North Pole : left Lon- 
don for America to conduct the first land expedition, May 23, 1819 ; returned to 
England, 1821 ; left England for another attempt, Feb., 1825, and returned, Sept. 
26, 1827 ; knighted, April 20, 1829 ; sailed from Sheerness in the 'Erebus' and 
'Terror,' May 26, 1845. The English government offered a reward of ^20,000 to 
any parties rendering them any assistance or relief, or ^{^i 0,000 to any one who 
might ascertain their fate, March 7, 1850 : Captain M'Clintock discovered his diary, 
and a portion of their remains, at Point Victory, May 6, 1859. — See Arctic Regions. 

FRANK-PLEDGE, a pledge or surety for the behaviour of freemen : it was an an- 
cient custom in this kingdom, borrowed from the Lombards, that, for the preserva- 
tion of the public peace, every free-born man at the age of 14 years (religious per- 
sons and clerks excepted) should give security to the king for his good behaviour, 
&c. ; introduced into this country by Edward II., 1325. 

FREDERICIA, Jutland, founded by Frederick III., and fortified by him, 1615. 

FREDERICKSBURG, battle. The Federals, under Gen. Burnside, attacked this 
fortified position with a force of 300,000 men ; after two days' fighting, in which 
they were defeated with the loss of 14,000 men, Dec. 13, 1862, they retreated 
across the river, on the night of Dec. 15, 1862. Tlie Federals, under Gen. Sedg- 
wick, captured the heights overlooking the city. May 3, 1863 ; defeated the next 
day with great loss, and compelled to retreat across the river. 

FREDERICKSHALD, Norway, siege of, and death of Charles XIL of Sweden, 
before, Dec. 11, 1718; the town nearly destroyed by fire, I759- 

FREDERICKSTADT, Denmark, bombarded by the troops of Holstein, repulsed, 
Oct. 4, 1850. Free Church of Scotland founded, 1843. 

FREEHOLDERS permitted to alienate their lands, 1492, 1512 ; imder forty shil- 
lings of land per annum not permitted to vote for members of parliament, 1429, 
when 37J-. 6d. was equal to 62s. now in silver, and a pound in gold was worth 
^2 5j\ o^sd. of existing money ; freeholders of Ireland of40j. disqualified, April 
13, 1829. 

FREEMASONRY, founded in England by King Athelstan. A fraternity existed 
at Winchester, 1202, and arms granted to a company of Freemasons, 3 Edw. IV., 



FREEMEN'S ORPHAN SCHOOL FRIARS 331 

1463 ; James I. encouraged it in Scotland; the wardenship of the order conferred 
by James V. on Patrick Copland, Sept. 25, 1590 ; the Grand Lodge of Scotland 
instituted, 1736 ; Ireland, 1730. In 1425, an act of parliament was passed to 
prevent their meeting in chapters and assemblies, 3 Hen. VI. c. i, but His 
Majesty subsequently became one of the craft ; Henry VII. was appointed Grand 
Master of the order, and afterwards Henry VIII. ; Sir Christopher Wren elected 
Deputy Grand Master, 1666 : he presented to the St Paul's Lodge the trowel 
and mallet, used by him in laying the foundation-stone of St Paul's Cathedral, 
June 21, 1675 ; he was elected Grand Master, 1685. The first regular grand 
lodge formed in London, 1717 ; the order excommunicated by the pope, 1738 ; 
York and London united into one grand lodge for England; H. R. H. the Duke 
of Sussex chosen Grand Master of the United Lodge, 1813 ; lodges are now ex- 
isting in every civilized country. The Freemasons' girls' school established, 1718 ; 
one for boys, 1798 ; the Royal Benevolent Annuity Fund, 1824 ; the Widows' 
fund, 1800. Freemasons' Hall, Great Queen-street, Lincoln-Inn-Fields, built 
from the designs of Thomas Sandby, R. A., commenced. May i, 1775 > opened 
by Lord Petre, Grand Mastei", May 23, 1776 ; extended from the design of F. P. 
Cockerell, 1863 ; completed, 1866. 

FREEMEN'S ORPHAN SCHOOL, Brixton, established by the corporation of 
London, under the 13 & 14 Vict. c. x., Aug. 14, 1850 ; built from the designs of 
J. B. Bunning; first stone laid by William Hunter, Lord Mayor, April 27, 1852 ; 
opened, March 28, 1854. 

FREEWILL ISLANDS, discovered by Captain Carteret in 1767. 

FREISING, Bavaria, founded by the Romans, 444 ; made a bishopric, 724. 

FRENCH CALENDAR established during the revolution, the old one being for a 
time superseded, Sept. 22, 1792. The names given, commencing from the above 
date : Vendemiaire, the vintage month, ending Oct. 21 ; Brumaire, Oct. 22 to 
Nov. 20 ; Frimaire, Nov. 21 to Dec. 20; Nivose, from Dec. 21 to Jan. 19 ; Plu- 
viose, from Jan. 20 to Feb. 18 ; Ventose, from Feb. 19 to Mar. 20 ; Germinal, 
from Mar. 21 to April 19 ; Floreal, from April 20 to May 19 ; Prairial, from May 
20 to June 18 ; Messidor, from June 19 to July 18 ; Fervidor, from July 19 to 
Aug. 17; Fructidor, from Aug. 18 to Sept. 21. This calendar became a law, 
Nov. 24, 1793, and existed until the old one was restored by Napoleon, Dec. 31, 
1805. 

FRENCH LANGUAGE AND CUSTOMS introduced into England, 1060; 
French subjects expelled from England, 1244 ; again expelled, 1558 ; statutes and 
pleadings written in the language of the French people, 1283 ; forbidden to be 
used by King Edward III. in the law courts, 1362. 

FRENCHTOWN, Canada, taken by the Americans, Jan. 22, 1813, and retaken 
immediately afterwards by the English. 

FRESTON, or FRISETON ABBEY, Somersetshire, founded by Alan de Croun, 
cliief butler to Henry I., 11 34. 

FRIARS :— 

Austin Friars, introduced into England, 1250. 

Bethlehemite Friars, introduced into England, and first resided at Cam- 
bridge, 1257. 

BoNSHOMMES, or Good Men, settled in England, at Ashridge, Bucks, 1244. 

Carmelites, or White Friars, originally dwelt on Mount Carmel, from 
whence they were driven by the Saracens, circa 1098 ; established in England by 
Richard I., 1240; first monastery of, built at Alnwick, Northumberland. 

Crutched or Crouched Friars, instituted by Prior Gerard of Bologna, 1169 ; 
established in England, at Colchester, 1244. 

Friars de Domina, or of our Lady, settled at Cambridge and Norwich, 1288. 



332 FRIBOURG TREATY FROST 

Friars Dominican, or Black Friars, founded by S. Dominic (a Spaniard), 

circa 1071 ; first resided in England, at Oxford, 122 1. 
Friars of the Holy Trinity, instituted by John de Meatha and Felix de 

Valois, II 97, at Paris ; introduced into England, at Kent, 1224. 
Friars Minors, Franciscan, or Grey Friars, also called Minorites, from 
their dwelling about the minories, London, founded by S. Francis of Assisi ; 
the nile of the fraternity approved by Pope Innocent III., 1210 ; revised by the 
Lateran Council, 1215 ; confirmed by Honorius III., 1224; they first came to 
England, and resided at Canterbury, 1224. First monastery erected at the Grey 
Friars (now Christ's Hospital), 1225 ; the second structure finished, 1327 : it was 
300 feet long, 89 wide, and 64 high, and Vi^as 21 years building. They changed 
their dress from ' London Russet ' to Grey on St George's day, 1502. 
Friars of the Sack de Penitentia, or de Sacco, founded by Henry III., at 

Peterhouse, Cambridge, 1258. 
More than 10,000 friars and nuns turned out of religious houses in England, by 
Henry VIIL, who seized the monasteries and abbeys, 1535. 
FRIBOURG TREATY. By this treaty, Francis I. of France annexed the Helve- 
tian republic to France, Nov. 29, 15 16. 
FRIEDLAND, battle between Napoleon and the Russians, the latter being van- 
quished, with the loss of 50,000 men and 80 cannon, June 14, 1807. 
FRIENDLY ISLANDS, discovered by Tasman, 1643 ; so named by Cook, in 

consequence of the friendly conduct of the natives, 1773. 
FRIENDLY SOCIETIES. There were many ' Gilds,' or Friendly Societies in 
Saxon times. The first formed in London, 1715 ; between 1793 ^i^d 1832 there 
were in England, 16,596 ; Wales, 769 ; Scotland, 2144 ; and in Ireland, 274 ; 
total 19,783 ; Mr Rose agitated for putting them under the protection of the state 
for some time, and got an act passed for that purpose, 33 Geo. III. c. 54, June 
21, 1793 ; several statutes subsequently passed ; consolidated by 18 & 19 Vict. 
c. 63, July 23, 1855 ; amended, 21 & 22 Vict. c. loi, Aug. 2, 1858, and 23 & 24 
Vict. c. 58, Aug. 6, i860. In 1866, 10,678 societies in England made a return of 
their accounts: their funds amounted to ;!^6,668,386, having over 1,672, 176 mem- 
bers. 
FRIENDS' BOOKS. A catalogue of books written upon the sect of Friends or 
Quakers, collected and published by John Whiting, 1 708 ; another by Joseph 
Smith, published, 1867. 
FRIESLAND, Hanover. The ancient Frisians were the most steadfast allies of 
Rome until Olennius insulted them in A.D. 28, when they revolted ; governed by 
its own princes till 1744) when by an imperial grant of 1690, it was ceded to 
Prussia ; wrested from her, and annexed to Holland, 1808 ; made a French pro- 
vince, 1813 ; ceded to Hanover, 1815. 
FRITHELSTOKE PRIORY, Devon, built, 1222. 

FROBISHER'S STRAITS, discovered, Aug. 11, 1576, by Martin Frobisher. 
FROLIC, steam vessel, lost, and 80 persons drowned, on the Ness Sands, Wales, 

April ir, 183 1. 
FRONTENAC FORT, at the entrance of the river St Lawrence, taken by the 

English, Aug. 27, 1758. 
FROST, one in Britain, which lasted five months, 220 ; the Thames frozen for nine 
weeks, 250 ; most of the rivers in Britain frozen for six weeks, 291 ; a severe 
frost in Scotland which lasted 14 weeks, 359 ; the Euxine Sea was entirely frozen 
over for the space of 20 days, and the sea between Constantinople and Scutari, 
in 401 ; so severe a frost all over Britain, that the rivers were frozen up for above 
two months, 508 ; one so great that the Danube was quite frozen over, 558 ; the 
Thames frozen for six weeks when booths were built on it, 695 ; one that con- 



FROST 333 

tinued from Oct. i to Feb. 26, 760 ; the river Seine frozen over for several 
months, 822 ; one in England which lasted nine weeks, 827 ; carriages were 
used on the Adriatic Sea, 859 ; the Mediterranean Sea partly frozen, and pass- 
able in carts, S60 ; most of the rivers in England frozen for two months, 908 ; 
the Thames frozen for 13 weeks, 925 ; one that lasted 120 days, which began, 
Dec 22, 937 ; the Thames frozen for five weeks, 998 ; a frost on Midsummer- 
day so vehement, that the corn and fruits were destroyed, 1035 ; the Thames 
frozen for 14 weeks, 1063 ; a frost in England from Nov. to April, 1076 ; several 
bridges in England, being then of timber, broken down by a frost, 1114 ; a frost 
from Jan. I4 to March 22, 1205 ; one of 15 weeks, 1207; part of the Mediter- 
ranean frozen, and the merchants passed with their merchandise in carts, 1234 ; 
the Cattegat, or sea between Norway and Denmark, was frozen, and that from 
Oxslo, in Norway, they travelled on the ice to Jutland, 1294 ; the sea between 
Nonvay and the promontory of Skagerat frozen over, and from Sweden to Goth- 
land, 1296 ; the Baltic was covered witlr ice for 14 weeks, between the Danish 
and Swedish islands, 1306 ; the Baltic was passable for foot passengers and 
horsemen for six weeks, 1323 ; the sea was frozen over, and passable from Stral- 
sund to Denmark, 1349 ; the Baltic was quite frozen over from Pomerania to 
Denmark, 1402 ; the whole sea between Gothland and Geland was frozen, and 
from Rostock to Gezoer, 1408 ; the Parisians had very severe winters, and in 
1408 the soldiers' rations of wine were cut with an axe ; in 1410 a severe frost 
which lasted 14 weeks, the Thames frozen over ; the ice bore riding on from 
Lubec to Prussia, and the Baltic was covered with ice from Mecklenburgh to 
Denmark, 1423, 1426, and 10 weeks in 1459 ; the sea between Constantinople 
and Iskodar was passable on the ice, 1420 ; frost in England from Nov. 24 to 
Feb. lo, 1434, when the Thames was frozen below bridge to Gravesend ; another 
for 13 weeks, 1683 ; 1515, carts crossed the Thames at Lambeth; again, 1524; 
in 1564, Dec. 21, people went along the Thames from London Bridge to West- 
minster ; the Thames again frozen over, 1608, a fair held upon it ; in 1609 the 
frost lasted for four months ; Charles X. of Sweden crossed the Little Belt from 
Holstein to Denmark, with all his army and artillery, 1684 ; the frost continued 
in Paris from Dec. 5 to March 8, 1695, there were 21 degrees of cold (centigi-ade); 
exceedingly severe in England for 13 weeks, hollies killed, the ice on tlie Thames 
II inches thick, and nearly all the birds died ; a fair held upon the Thames, 
which Charles II. visited, Jan. 24, 1684 ; in 1691 the wolves attacked cattle and 
men in the streets of Vienna ; 1 708, very severe in Flanders ; and in London a 
fair was held upon the Thames, Jan. 7, 1709, it lasted for three months ; in 
1 716 a fair was held upon the Thames, and a bullock roasted on the ice, it con- 
tinued from Nov. 24 to Feb. 9. In 1 739-40, tlie ' great frost, ' more severe than 
that of 1 716, the thermometer being lower : it began on Christmas -day, 1739, 
all over the North of Europe ; people were frozen to death in the fields and on 
the Thames, and ships sunk ; Lough Neagh in Ireland was frozen over ; more 
than ;^3000 damage was done to London Bridge alone ; it lasted 103 days, and 
the Thames became a scene of diversions, carriages travelling over it. 1763, 
one in England, which lasted 94 days ; 1766, one from Dec. 25 to Jan. 16, and 
from Jan. 18 to 22, remarkably severe; 1779, one of 84 days' duration; in 
1783-4, one of 89 clays ; and 1 784-5, the longest known, being 115 days, or 12 
more than the 'great frost' of 1740, but the thermometer did not descend so 
low ; in 1 788-9 the frost lasted for five months, when the Thames was frozen 
over opposite the Custom-house and Tower, as well as upwards, and booths were 
erected upon the river, it was general throughout Europe ; 1795-6, one of the 
most severe known in human memory, the Thames impassable for several days ; 
in Russia, 1812, setting in a fortnight before its accustomed time, with unusual 
severity, destroyed the veteran French army that had set out on its retreat from 
Moscow, Nov. 9 ; whole battalions and thousands of horses perished, 300,000 



334 FRUITERERS' COMPANY FUNDS 

men being frozen to death, or made prisoners in a state of irrecoverable injury ; 
the severest known in France, the Seine frozen over, and the thermometer fell to 
23. 5. 10 ; one in 1814, when the Thames was frozen between the bridges, and booths 
erected upon it : it lasted for four weeks, printing-presses established upon the 
ice ; on the Tyne the ice was 20 inches thick ; at Quebec, in Canada, a severe 
frost occurred on Aug. 7, 1 81 5 ; a severe frost in London, the Thames frozen over 
at the entrance of the Docks, and water-side business at a standstill, 1848-9 ; a 
frost in London, commencing on Dec. 24, i860, the cold being most intense for 
three or four days. 

FRUITERERS' COMPANY incorporated, 3 Jac L, Feb. 9, 1605. 

FRUITS AND FLOWERS, of which few were indigenous, have been brought 
into England from other countries, for the most part as relates to the better kinds, 
since 1500, and many have been acclimated by art that are native to very different 
temperatures : thus, the Syrian apple came in about 1522 ; the red mulberry from 
North America about 1600 ; the black walnut from North America about 1620 ; 
the Cornelian cherry from Austria, 1596 ; the precise dates of their importation 
are now with difficulty to be i-ecognized, but the pine-apple came in from South 
America, 1690 ; and the mango has been introduced from India during the pre- 
sent century. The acacia was introduced from America, 1630 ; the auricula from 
Switzerland, 1567 ; the dahlia from South America, 1803 ; the geranium from 
Spain and the Cape of Good Hope, also the Cape heath, 1800, and other 
varieties ; the Erica vagrans is indigenous in Cornwall, also the Erica ciliaris ; 
the magnolia from North America, 1688 ; the passion flower from America, 
1790 ; the musk rose from Italy, 1522 ; sweet bay, Europe, date unknown ; the 
camellia from the East, supposed China, in the present century ; mignionette 
came from Italy, 1528. — Sec Gardening. 

FRYTH, John, burnt in Smithfield, July 4, 1533. 

FUCHSIA introduced into England by Capt. Frith, 1788. 

FUENTES DE ONORO, battle. Wellington defeated Massena here with great 
loss. May 3, 181 1, and again on the 5th. 

FULHAM, Middlesex. The Danes made it their head quarters, 879 ; the Earl of 
Essex caused a bridge of boats to be made to transport his army into Surrey, 
1642 ; the earliest register of the parish begins in 1675 ; the wooden bridge 
built by Mr Philips, carpenter to George II. ; act passed. May 24, 1 726 ; opened, 
1729 : it is 789 feet long and 24 feet wide ; cost ^23,075. 

FUNDS introduced into England at the Revolution of 1688 ; the Sinking F'und 
established, 1716 ; subsequently distinguished by different titles, according to the 
interest paid ; the 3 per cents, annuity were created, 1 726 ; the 3 per cents, con- 
sols, 1751 ; 3 per cent, reduced, 1747 ; 3 per cent, consols, 1751 ; 3/^ per cent, 
annuities, 1757 ; long annuities, 1761 ; 4 per cents., 1762 ; the new 3^ per 
cents, annuities, 1771 ; 5 per cents., 1797 ; the 3/4 per cents., 1818 ; the new 3^ 
per cents., 1830 ; the short annuities expired in Jan., 1808 ; the reduced 3^ per 
cents., 1824 ; the new 4 per cents, reduced to 3>^ per cent., 1834 ; the new 2Y2 
and 3/4 per cents, annuities, 1853 ; July 5, 1787, an act was passed to set aside 
^250,000 quarterly for a Sinking Fund, ;^200,ooo more was subsequently added; 
May 10, 1787, it was enacted that all moneys reserved to pay annuities and not 
claimed for three years prior to Jan. 5, 1787, should be set apart for the commis- 
sioners for the reduction of the national debt ; by 48 Geo. III., annuities are 
made purchasable by the transfer of stocks ; an augmentation shall be added to 
the Sinking Fund of one per cent, in all future loans, 1792 ; in 1813 further regu- 
lations were made ; the restriction of 5 per cent, interest abolished, 17 & 18 Vict. 
c. 90, Aug. 10, 1854. 
FUNDS, Fluctuations in. From 1730 till the rebellion of 1745, the 3 per cents. 



FUNERALS FYZABAD 335 

never under 89, and once, in 1737) as high as 107. During the rebellion they 
sank to 76 ; in 1749 rose to loo ; between the peace of Paris in 1763 and the 
breaking out of the American war, they averaged from 80 to 90 ; towards the 
close of the war sunk to 54. In 1 792 they were at one time as high as 96, but 
within five years, in 1797, fell to the low price of 44^, the consequence of the 
success of the French, the mutiny at the Nore, and the general distress. The 
highest price of consols in 1797 was 56. On the conclusion of the peace of 
Amiens, they advanced to 79 ; hostilities commencing, they again sunk to 50 in 
1803. In 1806 they reached 66, in 180S were at 70, and in 1810 at 72. -The 
American war in 1812 brought them down to 55 ; and though 73 on the abdica- 
tion of Bonaparte, in 1814, they were at 55 on his escaping from Elba, 1815. 
Ttie battle of Waterloo caused an immediate reaction, and in the year 1817 they 
rose to 84. At the period of the queen's trial in 1820, consols sunk to 65, but in 
1824 ascended to 97. The panic of 1825 brought them to 74 ; but with the ex- 
ception of another sudden fall, in consequence of distress in 183 1, of very slight 
duration, the funds continued to advance to par, an event that had not occurred 
before for a century. During the panic of 1866, the funds varied considerably : at 
the lowest, June 4, 85^ ; highest, 90 j^, Dec. 27. 

FUNERALS. Several of the London companies kept state palls to use at the 
funerals of the members of their craft. The carpenters' pall made, 15 13. 

FUNERALS, Public. The Duke of Rutland's, Ireland, Nov. 17, 1787 ; Lord Nel- 
son's, Jan. 9, 1806; Pitt's, Feb. 22, 1806; Fox's, Oct. 10, 1806; Sheridan's, 
July 13, 1816 ; Canning's, Aug. 16, 1827 ; Wellington's, Nov. 18, 1852. 

FURNEAUX ISLANDS discovered by Capt. Furneaux, March 19, 1773. 

FURNESS ABBEY, Lancashire, founded by the Earl of Morton, afterwards 
King Stephen, 1127. The castle built, 1340. Lambert Simnel landed here, 1487. 

FURNIVAL'S INN SOCIETY began, 1563; the inn rebuilt by Peto, 1818-19. 

FURS forbidden by the Emperor Honorius, 397 ; the laws against them renewed, 
399, 416 ; used first by the Goths ; sent to England from Noi'way, 878 ; ambas- 
sadors wore them, looi ; abbesses and nuns in London wore them of lamb and 
cat's skin, 1 127 ; worn by Heniy I., 1 125 ; prohibited by statute unless the 
wearers were worth ;^ioo per annum, 1336 ; permitted in Germany on robes only, 
1497, 1530 ; counts and lords not allowed ermine there, 1548; sea-otter skins im- 
ported to China, 1780 ; regulations for the making of, issued in the City of Lon- 
don, temp. Edw. I. The Hudson Bay Company established by Charles II., 1670 ; 
the North-west Company, 1783 ; united, March 26, 1821. 

FUSILIERS. The 7th regiment of Royal Fusiliers raised on the occasion of the 
rebellion of the Duke of Monmouth ; George Lord Dartmouth appointed colonel, 
June II, 1685, and royal warrant for the formation of the regiment issued by 
James II., June 20, 1685 ; the 5th regiment of Foot, or Northumberland Fusiliers, 
first formed for service in Holland, 1674 ; the 2ist regiment, or the Royal North 
British Fusiliers, formed, Sept. 23, 1678 ; Charles, Earl of Mar, appointed 
colonel ; this was the first regiment which attained the distinction of Fusiliers 
from being armed with a fusil, or light musket ; the 23rd regiment, or the Royal 
Welsh Fusiliers, formed by William III., March 17, 1689 ; Charles Herbert ap- 
pointed colonel, April 10 ; the 87th regiment, or Royal Irish Fusiliers, ordered to 
be raised, Sept. 18, 1793; Sir John Doyle appointed colonel. 

FUTTEGHUR, Hmdustan, rebellion of the native troops, June, 1857, and massa- 
cre of the English ; the rebels defeated by Sir Colin Campbell, Jan. 2, 1858. 

FYZABAD, Hindustan, the former capital of Oude, founded by Nabob Sufder 
Jung, 1 740; during the out-break of 1857, the native troops stationed here re- 
belled, June 8. 



336 GABEL GALL, ST 



G 



GABEL, Bohemia, town of, totally destroyed by fire. May ii, 1738. 
GABELLE, a duty laid in France upon salt by Philip VI., 1340 ; suppressed for a 

short period by Charles VL, 1380 ; abolished. May 20, 1790. 
GAELIC, a society instituted in London for the study of the language, poetry, 
music, and dress of the Gael, 1830. 

GAETA, Italy, Cageta of the Romans, a famed resort and residence in the reign of 
Antoninus Pius, A.D. 138; after the fall of the Western Empire it enjoyed a 
republican government ; a ducal, 572 ; annexed to the kingdom of Naples by 
Alfonso V. of Aragon, 1435 ; captured by the Spaniards, Aug. 7, 1 734 ; by the 
French, 1799 ; retaken by the English, Oct. 31 ; recaptured by the French, July 
18, 1806 ; Pope Pio IX. escaped from Rome and resided here, Nov. 24, 1848 ; 
Francis II. of Naples took refuge here, Sept. 7, i860 ; taken by the Sardinian 
army, Feb. 14, 1861. 

GALAPAGOS. The islands were first visited by whalers of the Pacific Ocean at 
the close of the i8th century ; a colony formed by a grant from the Ecuadorian 
Government to a Spaniard of La Floriana, 1832 ; ceded to America, Nov. 20, 
1854, for 3,000,000 dollars. 

GALATI A, Asia Minor, so named from a body of Gauls, who invaded the country, 
B.C. 279, and being defeated by Attalus, king of Pergamus, compelled to settle 
here, B.C. 239 ; they were also defeated byPrusias I., king of Bithynia, B.C. 216 ; 
invaded by the Romans, B.C. 189 ; the inhabitants defeated with great slaugh- 
ter ; assisted Mithridates against the Romans, but were defeated, B.C. 86; 
King Amyntas received this countiy as a gift from M. Antonius, B. C. 39 ; made 
a Roman province by Augustus, B.C. 26 ; visited by the Apostle St Paul, A.D. 53. 

GALATIANS, St Paul's Epistle to the. Two journeys of the Apostle to, are 
mentioned in the Acts ; one, A.D. 50, Acts xvi. 6; and the other in 55, Acts xviii. 
23 ; the Epistle written on account of the Judaism beginning to work in the 
churches there, circa A.D. 57. 

GALENISTS, a sect of Anabaptists, so called from their founder, Galenus ; Abra- 
hams de Haan, a doctor of medicine and a minister among the Mennonites at Am- 
sterdam, 1664. 

GALICIA, Austria, formerly belonging to Hungary, incorporated with Poland, 
1374; claimed by Maria Theresa, 1772, and ceded by the Poles, Sept. 18, 1773- 

GALICIA, Spain, anciently inhabited by the Galli, who took refuge here ; taken 
by the Suevians and Vandals, 408 ; made the capital of the Suevians, 41 1 ; con- 
quered by the Visi-Goths, 590 ; invaded by the Moors, 713 ; made a separate 
kingdom by Ferdinand I., 1065 ; made independent until 1474- 

GALILEANS, a sect among the ancient Jews, who refused to pay tribute to Au- 
gustus ; the Christians were opprobriously called Galileans, Acts ii. 7. 

GALILEO, the astronomer, imprisoned by the Inquisition for asserting that the 
earth went round the sun, Feb. 11, 1633 ; died, Jan. 9, 1642. 

GALL, ST, Switzerland. The abbey founded by Gallus, a learned monk, in the 
8th century, and became the great seat of learning in the next century ; the abbot 
fortified the town which had sprung up here by a wall in the loth century ; the 
town allied v^^ith the free canton, 1454 ; the revenues of the abbey sequestrated ■ 
and secularized, 1805. 



GALLE, POINT DE GAME LAWS 337 

GALLE, POINT DE, Ceylon, colonized by the Portuguese, circa 1518; the 
Chinese formed a settlement, 1801 ; ajetty constructed, 1847 ; an iron lighthouse 
erected by the English, 1848, and a new landing wharf, 1853. 

GALLEYS, a kind of low, flat-built vessels with one or more rows of oars, used by 
the Greeks, Romans, and Venetians ; their invention is attributed to the Corinth- 
ians, B. c. 700 ; the largest kind were employed by the Venetians ; they were 
introduced into France in the reign of Charles VI., who kept upwards of 40 in 
his service ; criminals were condemned to serve in the Royal Galleys by an ordi- 
nance of Charles IX., 1564 ; the judges were enjoined not to condemn a criminal 
to the galleys for a less term than 10 years, and in 1579 Henry III. prohibited 
the captains from detaining their prisoners after their sentence had expired ; they 
were abolished by Louis XV. , 1 748. 

GALLIPOLI, Turkey, captured by the Ottomans, 1353; repaired and fortified by 
Bajazet I., 1391 ; the first division of the French army arrived at, previous to the 
Crimean war, March 31, 1854 ; the English followed, April 5, they did much to 
improve the town. 

GALLOWAY, Scotland. New abbey erected by Devorgilla, daughter of Alan, 
Lord of Galloway, 1275- 

GALLOWS. One erected on Tower-Hill in the reign of Edward IV. ; 24 set up in 
London for the punishment of persons connected with the Wyat's Rebellion, Feb. 
12, 1554 ; taken down, June 4, 1554. — See Gibbet. 

GALVANISM. This derived its name from M. Galvani, its discoverer, 1789 ; 
Volta discovered the circle, called after him the Voltaic pile, 1800 ; Sir H. Davy 
made several discoveries in this science, 1806 ; Mr Children, 1815 ; Messrs 
Nicholson and Carlisle discovered that water was decomposed within the circuit 
of the current. May 2, 1800. 

GALWAY, Ireland. This ancient town was fortified <r/;r« 1120; walled, 1270; 
incorporated by Richai'd II.; West Bridge erected by Fitz-Thomas, 1442; a 
patent granted to Gorman Lynch to coin money here, 1462 ; Henry VIII. con- 
firmed their privileges by charter, 1545 ; college founded by Edward VI., 155 1 ; 
taken by Sir Charles Coote, July 10, 165 1 ; captured by Gen. Ginkle, July 21, 
1691 ; serious riots at Father Gavazzi's lectures against Popery, March 29, 1859. 

GALWAY JURORS celebrated in history for resisting the commissioners of the 
Earl of Strafford, 1635. 

GAMBIA, W. Africa, colonized by the English, i6l8 ; ceded to England, Sept. 

3, 1783- 
GAMBIER'S ISLANDS, S. Pacific Ocean, discovered by Capt. Wilson, May, 

1797 ; visited and surveyed by Capt. Beechy, 1826. 

GAMBLINGHAY, Cambridgeshire, had 23 houses destroyed by fire, July 9, 1814. 

GAME COCK, English, used for combat, first noticed by Fitzstephen in the 12th 
centuiy ; schoolboys used to fight them under the master's arbitration on Shrove 
Tuesday ; a proclamation, 39ofEdw. III., against ; of Henry VIII., although he 
had a pit of his own at Whitehall ; forbidden by Elizabeth, 1569 ; ordinance of 
Cromwell against, March 31, 1654. 

GAME I>AWS. The remnant of the ancient forest laws ; the first statute pro- 
hibiting any but the nobility from shooting, 13 Rich. II. c. 13, 1389 ; the qualifi- 
cation increased by 3 Jac. I. c. 13, 1605, and limited by 22 & 23 Charles II. c. 25, 
1670 ; the qualification abrogated for a tax, by i & 2 Will. IV. c. 32, Oct. 5, 1831 ; 
the preservation of, encouraged by i Jac. I. c. 27, 1603, and 7 Jac. I. c. 11, i6og ; 
certificates for shooting were first required, 25 Geo. III. c. 50, 1785 ; uncertified 
persons permitted to kill hares on enclosed grounds, 11 & 12 Vict. c. 29, July 22, 
1848; keepers first allowed to be appointed by 22 & 23 Charles II. c. 25, 1670 ; any 

22 



338 GAMING GARRAWAY'S COFFEE HOUSE 

number permitted to be appointed by lords of manors, i & 2 Will. IV. c. 32, 
Oct. 5, 1831 ; certificate duties altered, 23 & 24 Vict. c. 90, Aug. 13, i860. An 
act passed for the more easy discovery and conviction of persons destroying game, 
4 Will. & Mary, c. 23, 1692 ; an act for the prevention of poaching, 25 & 26 Vict, 
c. 114, Aug. 7, 1862. 
GAMING. Unlawful gaming prohibited by 12 Richard II. c. 6, 1388 ; amended 
by II Henry IV. c. 6, 1409-10 ; again amended, 17 Edw. IV. c. 3, 1477-8 ; pro- 
hibited in England, except to people of condition, imless at Christmas, 1541 ; an 
act passed for debarring of unlawful games, 33 Hen. VIII. c. 9, 1541 ; any persons 
winning money by cheating, &c., to forfeit treble the sum won, 16 Charles II. c. 
7, 1664; again, 9 Anne, c. 14, 1710, may sue for money lost over ;!f 10 ; laws re- 
lating to, altered and amended by 5 & 6 Will. IV. c. 41 ; penalties upon persons 
keeping gaming-houses and persons gaming there, 18 Geo. II. c. 34, 1745 ; act 
amending the laws relating to, 8 & 9 Vict. c. 109 ; gaming-houses suppressed, 17 
& 18 Vict. c. 38, JvUy 24, 1854; betting in the streets of the city of London pre- 
vented, 30 & 31 Vict. c. 134, s. 23, Aug. 20, 1867. 
GAMUT in music invented circa 1020. 

GAOL FEES abolished in all prisons except the King's Bench, Fleet, Marshalsea, 
and Place Court prisons, 55 Geo. III. c. 50, May 12, 1815 ; amended and extend- 
ed to all prisoners, whether for debt or crime, in all prisons (except as aforesaid), 
56 Geo. III. c. 116, July i, 1816 ; explained and further amended, 8 & 9 Vict. c. 
114, Aug. 8, 1845 ; fees abolished in the Queen's prison, 5 & 6 Vict. c. 22, s. 11, 
May 31, 1842. 
GAOLS. Sheriffs to have the keeping of gaols, 14 Edw. III. st. i, c. 10, 1340 ; 
how gaols shall be made and edified, 23 Hen. VIII. c. 2, 1531-2 ; an act passed 
to enable justices of the peace to build and repair gaols in their respective counties, 
II & 12 Will. III. c. 19, 1700; amended, 24 Geo. HI. c. 54, 1784. 
GARDENING introduced into England from the Netherlands, from whence veget- 
ables were imported till 1 509 ; musk melons and apricots cultivated in England ; 
the pale gooseberry, with salads, garden roots, cabbages, &c., brought from 
Flanders, and hops from Artois, 1520; the damask rose brought here by Dr 
Linacre, physician to Henry VIII. ; pippins brought to England by Leonard 
Mascal, of Plumstead, in Sussex, 1525 ; currants, or Corinthian grapes, first 
planted in England, 1555 ; brought from the Isle of Zante, belonging to Venice ; 
the musk rose, and several sorts of plums, from Italy, by Lord Cromwell ; apricots 
brought here by King Henry VIII. 's gardener ; at and about Norwich, the 
Flemings first planted flowers tmknown in England, as gilliflowers, carnations, the 
Provence rose, &c., 1567 ; woad originally from Toulouse, in France ; tulip roots 
first brought into England from Vienna, 1578 ; also beans, peas, and salads now 
in common use, 1660. See Fruits. 
GARDENERS' COMPANY incorporated, 14 James I., Nov. 9, 1616. 
GARENDON ABBEY, Leicestershire, founded by Robert de Bossu, Earl of 

Leicester, 1133. 
GAROTTE, a Spanish mode of punishment ; the criminal is seated on a stool with 
his back to a stake with an iron collar, which is closed with a screw, causing 
strangulation. This method adopted by the London thieves with their hands 
in 1859-60 ; made felony and punished with servitude for life by 24 & 25 Vict._ c. 
100, s. 21, Aug. 6, 1861 ; punishment of whipping supplemented, 26 & 27 Vict. 
c. 44, July 13, 1863. 
GARRAWAY'S COFFEE HOUSE, Change Alley, Cornhill, kept by Thomas 
Garraway, a tobacconist and teaman, 1650-2 ; destroyed in the fire of 1666; rebuilt 
and a lottery kept by Ogilby at, April 7, 1673 ; wines were sold by candle auction, 
1673 ; Swift mentions it in his ' South Sea ballad,' 1721 ; burnt in the Cornhill 



GARRICK THEATRE GAS COMPANIES 339 

fire of 1748 ; rebuilt, 1750, and became the famous sale rooms; closed, Aug. 18, 
1866. 

GARRICK THEATRE, Goodman's-Fields, London, erected, 1830; burnt down, 
Nov. 4, 1846. 

GARRICK THEATRICAL CLUB AND LIBRARY, instituted, 1831, in Lon- 
don ; the present club-house built from the designs of Mr Marrable, 1862 ; open- 
ed, 1864. It has a fine collection of theatrical portraits. 

GARTER order of Knighthood founded, according to Selden, St George's day, iu 
the l8th year of Edward III., 1344; this is corroborated by Froissart. Camden 
assigns the foundation of the order to have been after the battle of Crecy ; the first 
statutes of the order fixed their quarters at Windsor Castle. The prelate of the 
order assigned a livery by Charles II., Feb. 19, 1661 ; the numbers fixed by the 
statute, Jan. 17, 1805. It is remarkable that this is the only order that has been 
granted to foreign princes. Of this order there have been : — 
Eight emperors of Germany Two kings of Sweden 

Two emperors of Russia Six kings of Denmark 

Five kings of France Two kings of Naples 

Three kings of Spain One king of Sicily and Jerusalem 

One king of Arragon One king of Bohemia 

Seven kings of Portugal Two kings of Scotland 

One king of Poland Five princes of Orange 

And 34 foreign electors, dukes, margraves, and counts. The first knight was 
Edward, the Black Prince, who had just before restored Don Pedro in Castile ; to 
the prince were added 24 other knights from among the English nobility. 
GARTER King-at-arms, appointed by Henry V., 1420 ; the order established by 

Edward IV. in Ireland, 1466 ; was abolished by Henry VII., 1494. 
GAS. Coal gas first demonstrated before the Royal Society, May, 1733 ; Dr 
Richard Watson published his researches, 1767 ; Clayton proved the existence of 
gas in bituminous pit coal, 1737-8 ; and in 1784, Mr Diller exhibited in London 
and other large towns his 'philosophical fireworks,' inflammable gases; Mr W. 
Murdoch of Soho, near Birmingham, first applied gas to the usual purposes of arti- 
ficial lighting, at his house and offices at Redruth, Cornwall, 1792 ; the first public 
exhibition was made by this gentleman at his Soho works, at the celebration of 
peace, 1802 ; Mr Windsor obtained a patent, 1802 ; and exhibited his plan of 
illumination by coal gas at the Lyceum Theatre, 1803; Messrs Philips and Lee's 
factory, at Manchester, lighted with, 1805 ; Mr Aldwood, the Golden Lane 
Brewery, at Beech-street, Aug. 16, 1807 ; one side of Pall Mall lighted with, Jan. 
28, 1807 ; the whole lighted, June 4 ; Westminster Bridge lighted the last night in 
1812 ; used in London partially, 1814 ; generally, 1823 ; a charter granted to the 
Chartered Gas Company, 1812 ; laid down their mains from their works in Curtain 
Road into the city, 1816 ; at Dublin, 1825 ; at Sydney, Australia, May 25, 1841 ; 
Calcutta first lighted with, July 6, 1857. The Haymarket Theatre was the last 
theatre to admit the change, and gas first used in, April 15, 1853. The Gas Works 
Clauses Act, 10 & 11 Vict. c. 15, April 23, 1847 ; an act passed regulating the 
measures used in the sale of, 22 & 23 Vict. c. 66, Aug. 13, 1859 ; amended, 23 & 
24 Vict. c. 146, Aug. 28, i860 ; the provisions of, extended to Scotland, 27 & 28 
Vict. c. 96, July 29, 1864 ; the supply to the metropolis regulated, 23 & 24 Vict. 
c. 125, Aug. 28, i860. There are 13 gas companies in London, having more than 
23 gas manufacturing stations, 175 miles of mains, besides 500 branch services 
pipes ; and there are 40,000 street lamps. A parliamentary inquiry into the supply 
of London, 1866-7. 

GAS COMPANIES in London, Westminster, and its environs : — 

British Gaslight Company for lighting places in the county of Essex, established 



340 



GAS COMPANIES, GENERAL 



by lO Geo. IV. c. cxxviii., June 19, 1829; powers transferred to the Commercial 

Gas Company, 15 & 16 Vict. c. civ., June 30, 1852. 
London Gaslight and Coke Company established, 1812 ; powere for lighting the 

streets, &c., given to, 57 Geo. III. c. xxiii.. May 23, 1817 ; company incorpor- 
ated, 1833 and 1844. 
Equitable Gaslight Company incorporated by 5 & 6 Vict. c. xxxvi., May 31, 1842, 
Great Central Gas Consumers' Company incorporated by 14 & 15 Vict, c. Ixix., 

July 3, 185 1. 
Imperial Gaslight and Coke Company established by i & 2 Geo. IV. c. cxvii., 

June 23, 1821 ; consolidated and amended, 17 & 18 Vict. c. Ivi. , June 2, 1854. 
Independent Gaslight and Coke Company incorporated by 10 Geo. IV. c. cxviii., 

June 4, 1829. 
Phoenix Gaslight and Coke Company established, 1816 ; incorporated, 5 Geo. IV. 

c. cxxviii.. May 28, 1824. 
RatcHffe Gaslight and Coke Company established, 4 Geo. IV., June 17, 1823 j 

consolidated and amended, 18 & 19 Vict. c. xii.. May 5, 1855. 
South London Gaslight and Coke Company established, i & 2 Geo. IV. c. 11., 

May 7, 1821. 
South Metropolitan Gaslight and Coke Company incorporated, 5 & 6 Vict. c. 

Ixxix., June 18, 1842. 
Surrey Consumers' Company incorporated, 17 & 18 Vict. c. xciv., July 3, 1854; 

transfer of the Deptford Company to, 18 & 19 Vict. c. clxxxvi., July 30, 1855. 
Whitechapel Gaslight Company established, i & 2 Geo. IV. c. lii.. May 7, 1821. 

GAS COMPANIES, GENERAL, with the date of their establishment. 



Airedaile 


1853 


City of Moscow 


186S 


Aldeburgh 


1856 


Coleshill 


i860 


Alton 


1847 


Colonial and General 


1862 


Antrim 


1854 


Commercial 


1833 


Aspatria 


1859 


Continental 


1863 


Bahia 


i860 


Cootehill 


1856 


Bakewell ... 


1848 


Corbridge ... 


1863 


Ballymena and Harryville 


1842 


County and General Gas Con- 




Ballyshannon 


1861 


sumers' Company 


1857 


Barmouth ... 


1862 


Croft and Hurworth-on-Tees 


1857 


Belper 


1848 


Croston 


1863 


Berwick and Tweedmouth 


1845 


Crystal Palace, Sydenham 


1858 


Blanford 


1836 


Dalbeattie 


1858 


Blantyre 


1863 


Dartmouth 


1858 


Bolsover 


1859 


Diss 


1864 


Bombay 


1862 


Downham Market 


1857 


Bothwell 


1852 


Dundalk 


1836 


Brackley 


1850 


East Barnet 


1865 


Brazilian and River Plate 


1865 


Eastbourne 


1852 


Brecon (New) 


1865 


Eccleshall ... 


1853 


Bridge of Earn 


1859 


Edinburgh 


1818 


Brierley Hill 


1849 


Emsworth ... 


1853 


Bromyard ... 


1856 


European ... 


1835 


Burford 


1863 


Fazeley 


1861 


Burton 


1859 


Fenny Stratford 


r857 


Castle Donnington ... 


1853 


Framlingham 


1849 


Castlebar ... 


1863 


Frodsham ... 


1856 


Chesham 


1846 


Glasgow 


1817 


Chesterton 


1861 


Great Stanmore 


1859 


Chigwell and Woodford . . . 


1864 


Guildford 


1824 



GASCONY 




GASTEIN CONVENTION 341 


Hadleigh 


1862 


Newcastle-upon-Tyne 


1864 


Hartley Wintney ... 


1861 


New Mill 


1861 


Hatfield 


i860 


Newiy 


1857 


Hebden Bridge 


1852 


North Bierley 


i860 


Heckington 


1861 


North of Europe 


1857 


Hedon 


1856 


Northleach 


1863 


Henley-in- Arden ... 


1862 


Nuneaton ... 


1851 


Heme Bay 


1853 


Okehampton 


1858 


Holbeach ... 


1864 


Oriental 


1853 


Holyhead ... 


1856 


Ottoman 


1862 


Hungerford 


1845 


Outlane 


1863 


Huntingdon and Godmancheste 


r 1856 


Over and Wharton 


1857 


Hythe and Sandgate 


1851 


Owston 


1864 


Ilkeston 


1846 


Para, North Brazils 


1862 


IIkley_ ... 


1856 


Plympton ... 


1863 


Imperial Austrian 


1865 


Pwllheli 


1854 


Kent, consumers' ... 


1865 


Rio de Janeiro 


1865 


Keynsham ... 


1858 


Saintfield ... 


1859 


Kimbolton ... 


1853 


Saltash 


1863 


Knighton ... 


1852 


Seaton 


1863 


Knutsford ... 


1864 


Shelley and Shepley 


1859 


Lanark, consumers' 


i860 


Sheppy, consumers' 


1857 


Lame 


1851 


Shotley Bridge 


1856 


Leighton Buzzard 


1835 


Skelmanthorpe 


1859 


Leominster 


1835 


Slaithwaite 


1855 


Lisbum 


X837 


Southam 


1853 


Llandovery 


1862 


Staveley 


1856 


Lochgilphead 


1844 


Sutton-in-Ashfield 


1852 


Long Sutton 


1852 


Sutton Bridge 


1864 


Longton 


1858 


Swadlincote 


1859 


Lostwithiel 


1858 


Theale 


1863 


Malta and Mediterranean 


1861 


Tideswell ... 


1861 


Malvern Link 


1862 


Torpoint 


1856 


Market Harborough 


1833 


Tramore 


1845 


Marsden 


1856 


Tring 


1850 


Matlock 


1853 


Welch Pool 


1832 


Matlock Bridge 


1857 


Wenlock 


1857 


Middlewich 


1854 


Western 


1844 


Midhurst 


i860 


West Mailing 


1856 


Milverton ... 


1861 


Wetherby ... 


1845 


Minster 


1863 


Wolverhampton ... 


1820 


Morpeth 


1833 


Wootton Basset 


1859 


Mullingar ... 


1859 


York Town and Blackwater 


1859 


Navan 


1856 


Yoxford 


1863 


Needham Market 


1847 







GASCONY, France, annexed to England, 1152 ; revolted and returned to France, 
recovered by England, 1253 ; again return under French dominion, 1374 ; re- 
covered by the English, 1400 ; retaken by France, 145 1 ; again captured by the 
English, under Talbot, Earl of Shrewsbury, 1452 ; finally restored to France, 1453. 

GAS-METER, patented by Mr Clegg, 1816 ; Malam patented his dry meter, 1820 ; 
and in 1844 Defries introduced several improvements in it. 

GASTEIN CONVENTION between Prussia and Austria for the division of Hol- 
stein and Schleswig, signed at Gastein, Aug. 14, 1865. It consisted of 10 arti- 
cles. The British government protested against this convention, Sept. 14, 1865. 



342 GATESHPLAD GENDARMERIE 

GATESHEAD, Durham. First charter granted by Bishop Pudsey, 1 164. The 
Glovers' company incorporated by Bishop Timstall, 1557 ; the Dyers', Fullers', 
Blacksmiths', and other companies, incorporated, 1594. St Maiy's Chantry founded 
by Alan Prestore, 1330 ; represented in Parliament by the reform bill of 1832. 
A serious fire broke out at the worsted manufactory of Messrs "Wilson & Son ; 
several ships in the river caught fire ; the steam mill and timber-yard of Messrs 
Davidson destroyed ; it burnt for three days, Oct. 6, 1854. 
GAUGAMELA, battle. Alexander the Great defeated the Persians, under Darius, 

with immense slaughter, Oct., B.C. 331. 
GAUGING OF WINE. A certain duty was levied for the king upon the gauging 
of wine in the reign of Henry III. The office of ganger of all wines coming to 
the city conferred upon the Mayor of London, by charter of Edward IV., June 20, 
1478 ; confirmed by act of parliament, 5 & 6 Will. HI. c. lO, s. 9, 1694. 
GAUL. The Celts probably settled here, B.C. 600 ; conquered by the Romans 
and formed into a Praetorian province, B.C. 1 18, upon the dechne of the Roman 
power; the Franks overran the country, A.D. 341 and 355; invaded by Attila 
with an army of 400,000 Huns, who after doing considerable damage, were de- 
feated, 451 ; conquered and made the principal station of the Franks, 481, and 
from them called France. 
GAUZE, lawn, and thread manufacture, began at Paisley, in Scotland, 1759 ; 
which in 1784 yielded ^575,185, and employed 27,664 hands; in gauze alone, 
^350,900. 
GAVELKIND, a Saxon tenure existing in the county of Kent, in the reign of 
Edward II. All the lands of England, it is said, were held upon a title of this 
nature, in 1066 ; disgavelling of lands in 31 Hen. VIII. c. 3, 1539. 
GAVESTON, PIERS, beheaded on Blacklow Hill, near Warwick, June 19, 1312, 
the favourite of Edward II. He had been banished, 1307 ; was recalled, 1308 ; 
again banished by the Barons ; recalled by the king, and decapitated. 
GAWELGUR, Hindustan. This strong fortress was taken by the English under 

Gen. Wellesley, Dec. 14, 1803, after two days' siege. 
GAZA, Palestine, first mentioned in Gen. x. 19. Samson carried away the gates, 
and pulled down the temple of Dagon. It was besieged by Alexander the Great, 
after the destruction of Tyre, and taken after a siege of several months, B.C. 
332. Jonathan Maccabseus destroyed its suburbs ; Simon Maccabseus captured 
the city ; afterwards taken by Alexander Jannaeus. 
GAZETTE. The Romans had their daily report of public occurrences called Acta 
Diurna ; the London Gazette, first printed at Oxford, Nov. 16, 1665, and called 
the Oxford Gazette ; afterwards removed to London, and called the London 
Gazette, Feb. 6, 1665 ; Edinburgh Gazette first published by John Donaldson, by 
license, dated, March 10, 1699 ; the Dublin Gazette, 1775. By an order in council, 
this Gazette was prohibited from publishing any news not guaranteed by govern- 
ment, March 18, 1776. 
GEELONG, Australia. This town founded, 1837. Gold first discovered in, 1851. 
GELA, Sicily, founded by the Rhodians from Lindus, B.C. 690 ; colonized Agri- 
gentum, B.C. 582 ; ^schylus died here, B.C. 456 ; captured by the Carthaginians, 
B.C. 405 ; the town soon after fell into decay. 
GENDARMERIE, or MEN AT ARMS, established, ciira 360; made a corps of 
cavalry by Louis XIII. and Louis XIV. ; made a royal corps, by Charles VII., 
1439-40. They are divided into gendarmes a pied, gendarmes a cheval. At 
present they are generally picked men employed under the police, and reporting 
both to the police and the military commander-in-chief ; regulated and reformed, 
Oct. 29, 1820, 



GENERAL GENOA 343 

GENERAL, a title given at one time to officers both naval and military ; it is said 
to be of French origin, about 1450; in the English army, 1557. 

GENERAL ASSEMBLY OF THE CHURCH OF SCOTLAND, first held 
Dec. 20, 1560 ; it now meets once a year in Edinburgh, where it sits for ten days, 
being the principal ecclesiastical court of Scotland. 

GENERAL WARRANTS. John Wilkes arrested, April 30, 1763, by virtue of one, 
for publishing a libel in the 'North Briton,' No. 45 ; denounced as illegal by the 
House of Commons, May 6, 1763 ; obtained a verdict with ^1000 damages 
against Mr Under-Secretary Wood, Dec. 6, 1763. 

GENERALISSIMO, the commander-in-chief of an army, first conferred upon Car- 
dinal Richelieu, 1627. 

GENEROSITY, order of knighthood ; a Prussian order, instituted by Frederick 
III. of Brandenburgh, 1685. 

GENESIS, the first book of the law, or Pentateuch, so called from its title in the 
Septuagint, that is, Creation, written by Moses, citra 'B.C. 1430. 

GENET, order of knighthood, founded in France by Charles Martel, 726 ; in 
Spain, 786. 

GENEVA, Switzerland, one of the chief towns of the Allobroges, when Csesar in- 
vaded this countiy ; taken by the Burgimdians in the 5th century, and made a 
bishopric ; taken by the Franks, 534 ; several privileges conferred upon it by 
Charlemagne ; became a part of the Western Empire, 800 ; destroyed by fire, 
1321 ; again injured by fire, 1333, and 1430; a republic founded, 15 12; treaty 
of, signed, Nov. 7, 1515, and at Fribourg, Nov. 29, 1516. Calvin settled here, 
1536 ; watches first made at, 1587 ; made independent, 1763 ; insurrection at, 

1781 ; natives, refugees from, settled in Ireland, and founded Geneva New Town, 

1 782 ; revolution in, 1 794 ; taken by the French revolutionary forces, and became 
the capital of the department of Du Lernan, April, 1798 ; restored by the allied 
powers to its independence, 1814 ; Coni-ftelds destroyed by fire from lightning for 
twenty miles round, July 29, 1831 ; the town lighted with gas, 1845 ; the League 
or Sonderbund, 1846 ; decided to be illegal, Sept. 5, 1846. Serious election 
riots at, Aug., 1864. The Calvin Memorial College founded, 1866 ; opened, 
Nov., 1867. A peace congress held at. Garibaldi being present ; opened, Sept. 
9 ; broken up, Sept. 12, 1867. 

GENEVA or GIN SHOPS suppressed, 1743 ; 7000 abolished, 1750. 

GENOA, Italy, first mentioned by Livy in the second Punic war as a friendly 
colony, xxi. 32, B.C. 218; taken by Mago, the Carthaginian general, by 
surprise, and partly destroyed, B.C. 205 ; ordered to be restored by the Roman 
senate, B. C. 203 ; Strabo mentioned this town as an emporium for the sale of honey, 
cattle, and hides, B.C. 29 ; invaded by the Goths, A.D. 641, and by the Saracens, 
935 ; fortified, 935 ; declared independent, 960 ; the cathedral built, 985 ; finished, 
II18; the Saracens expelled from Capraja, Corsica, and Sardinia, 1019 ; re- 
public founded, 1096 ; took Minorca island from the Moors, 1 146 ; captured 
Tortosa, I148 ; the dockyard and arsenal built, 1276; Porto Pisano destroyed, 
1290 ; defeated the Venetians, 1271, and 1346 ; submitted to Visconti, Duke of 
Milan, 1381 ; the city almost destroyed by an insurrection, 1339 ; elected a magis- 
trate, called a Doge, 1340 ; the bank of St George founded, 1346 ; taken by the 
French, 1515 ; recovered by Andre Doria, 1528 ; the Strada Nuova built, 1552 ; 
the church of Santa Maria built, 1555 ; the tovsm strongly refortified, 1630 ; bom- 
barded by the French, 1684 ; by the English, 1688, and in Oct., 1745 ; taken by 
the Austrians, Sept. 30, 1746 ; Austrians expelled, and second siege of, Aug. 17, 
1747 ; loses Corsica, 1730 ; bank of St George failed at, 16,000,000 of crowns de- 
ficient, Dec. 22, 1750. The French under Massena were besieged by the English 



344 GENTLEMEN PENSIONERS GEORGE CADOUDAL 

and Austrians for 60 days, to whom they capitulated, June 4, 1800 ; given up to the 
French ; annexed to the French Empire, May 25, 1805 ; surrendered to the 
Anglo-Sicilian army, April 18, 1814 ; handed over to the King of Sardinia, 1816; 
seized by the inhabitants and proclaimed a republic, April, 1850. 
GENTLEMEN PENSIONERS, originally the honourable corps of Gentlemen-at- 
Arms, established by Henry VIII. in the first year of his reign, 1509 ; Henry 
Bourchier, Earl of Essex, was the first captain ; he was succeeded by Sir Anthony 
Browne ; they accompanied the king to France, 1544 ; re-named the Hon. Corps 
of Gentlemen Pensioners by William IV., Dec. 3, 1830. 
GEODESY. This science of mensuration established by the Arabs, 814. 
GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY, ROYAL, instituted in London, 1830; the 'African 
Association' coalesced with, 1831 ; the 'Palestine Association,' 1834 ; first 
Journal of, pubhshed, 183 1. 
GEOGRAPHY. This science, says the learned Mr Bevan, was known as early as 
the 9th century B.C. ; considerably extended in the Hesiodian age, B.C. 800 ; Plero- 
dotus is looked upon as the father of this science, B. c. 443 ; he was succeeded by 
Ptolemy, B.C. 150 ; and by Strabo, B.C. 24 ; Eratosthenes reduced this science to a 
regidar system, B.C. 240. 
GEOLOGICAL MUSEUM and Survey of Gt Britain and Ireland instituted in 
London, 1839 ; an act passed for facilitating and completing, 8 & 9 Vict. c. 63, 
July 31, 1845. 
GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY instituted in London, 1807 ; incorporated, April 23, 

1823 ; Glasgow, instituted, 1858 ; Dublin, 1832. 
GEOLOGISTS' ASSOCIATION formed in London for the study of geology and 

allied sciences, 1858. 
GEOLOGY. This science first formed, circa 1755-6. The first account of British 
Strata pubhshed by William Smith, ' Mineral Survey or Delineations of the 
Strata of England, Wales, and part of Scotland,' with coloured maps, 4to, Lond., 
1815 ; and ' Stratigraphical System of Organized Fossils,' published, 1817. 
GEOMETRY. This science, according to the testimony of Herodotus, was first 
cultivated in Egypt ; brought by the philosopher Thales into Greece from Egypt, 
B. C. 640 ; greatly improved by Anaximander, B. C. 650-60, who was succeeded by 
Anaximenes, B.C. 536-40, and by Pythagoras, B.C. 540; Euclid computed, B.C. 280; 
taught in Europe, A.D. 300 ; first translated into Latin by Adelard, a monk, 1150 ; 
believed a part of magic in the time of Edward VI. ; cultivated in England, 1550 ; 
books of, destroyed, 1552 ; an imperfect Latin edition of Euclid printed at Venice 
by Zamberti, 1505 ; first printed at Rome in Arabic, 1594 ; the earliest printed in 
England, 1551 ; Kepler wrote his Nova Stereometria, 1618, and Descartes his 
Geometria, 1637. 
GEORGE, a gold coin, value 6j. "id., stmck in the reign of Henry VIIL, 1533-4- 
GEORGE I., equestrian statue of, in Grosvenor-square, defaced, the left leg torn 
off ; the sword and truncheon broken and carried away ; the neck hacked, as if 
to cut off the head, and a libel left upon it, 1 739. 
GEORGE I., II., HI., and IV.— ^^^ England, Kings of. 

GEORGE CADOUDAL, conspiracy of, 1804 ; a native of Brittany, and son o'f a 
miller ; he planned the insurrections in the Morbihan, in favour of the Bourbons, 
1 793 ; came to England, and with the Bourbon princes planned fresh insurrec- 
tions, 1800 ; in 1802 he returned to France, reached Paris at the close of 1802, 
intending to overturn the government of Napoleon, when he was seized by the 
police, Feb. 15, 1804 ; he was connected with the projectors of the infernal ma- 
chine, so far that they were his known adherents, but he denied having had any 
concern with it ; he was executed, June 25, 1804. 



GEORGE'S CHURCH GERANIUMS 345 

GEORGE'S CHURCH, ST, Bloomsbuiy, built, 1706 ; consecrated, Sept. 26, 

1723- 
GEORGE, Fort, in Scotland, destroyed by the rebels, March 14, 1745-6. 

GEORGE, Fort St, India, built, 1620; taken by the French, April 20, 1747. 
GEORGE'S HOSPITAL, ST, Hyde Park Comer, instituted, Oct. 19, 1733 ; the 
present edifice designed Ijy Mr Wilkins, 1831. 

GEORGE INN, Southwark, mentioned, 1554 ; totally destroyed in the fire of 
Southwark, 1676. 

GEORGE'S ISLAND, ST, South Pacific, discovered by Commodore Byron, 1765 ; 
again obsei-ved by Capt. Cook, 1774. 

GEORGE, Pr., man-of-war, burned off Lisbon, with 435 of the crew, Feb. 13, 

1758. 
GEORGE, the Royal, overturned at Portsmouth, with Adm. Kempenfelt, the crew, 

100 women, and 200 Jews, Aug. 26, 1782 : nearly all perished. 
GEORGE, ST, the Martyr, Southwark, built by John Price, 1 733-36. 
GEORGE, ST, of Cappadocia, a notorious oppressor and robber ; made a bishop, 

356 ; met with a merited end, being put to death by the people whom he had 

plundered, about 372 ; made a saint by the Roman Church, and patron saint of 

England by Edward III. 

GEORGE, ST, order of knighthood, at first called the Order of the Golden Angel, is 
said to have been instituted byConstantine the Great, a.d. 31-2 ; St George of Cap- 
padocia began in Carinthia, 1290 ; at Burgundy, 1400 ; at Genoa, and the doge of 
Venice made perpetual grand-master, 1472 ; at Rome by Pope Alexander VI., 
1492 ; at Ravenna by Pope Paul III., 1534, abolished by Pope Gregory, 1572 ; 
at Munich, 1739 ; at Russia by Catherine II., 1769 ; England, see Garter. 

GEORGE TOWN, Granada, West Indies, destroyed by fire, Nov. i, 1775. 

GEORGIA, Asia. Farnavaz is said to have been the first king of this country, B.C. 
300 ; Islamism introduced in the 7th century, and Kalif Valid sent an army of 
3000 men against Derbend, A. D. 684 ; the Turks invaded the country, 1049 ; 
Timoor ravaged it, 1388, but abandoned it, 1404 ; taken by Persia, 1618 ; Peter 
the Great of Russia obtained some of this country by treaty, 1722 ; Heraclius II., 
King of Georgia, constituted himself the vassal of Catherine II. of Russia, July 
24, 1783; bequeathed to Russia by his son David, 1800; accepted by Russia, 
Sept. 12, 1801 ; attempted to throw off the Russian yoke, 1810. 

GEORGIA, United States. The first colony founded by Gen. Oglethorpe at 
Savannah, 1733 ; the Germans founded Ebenezer on the river about 25 miles 
above this settlement, 1737 ! the Darien settlement endeavoured, 1694, but pre- 
vented by the Spaniards of Florida ; Oglethorpe invaded Florida and took Fort 
Diego, 1 739 ; the Spaniards invaded Georgia, 1 742 ; slaves first admitted into the 
colony, 1749 ; incorporated into the Union, 175^ ; Savannah captured by the 
English, Dec. 29, 1778, and they repulsed the allied French and American armies, 
Oct., 1779 ; the Cherokee Indians removed to the Indian territory, 1838 ; joined 
the Southern confederacy, Jan., 1861. 

GEORGIA, The, trading vessel, captured by the Federal steam frigate, Niagara, 
off Lisbon, Aug. 24, 1864. 

GEORGIUM SIDUS. This planet discovered by Herschel, March 13, 1781, and 
so named in honour of George III. 

GERA, near Leipsic in Germany, destroyed by fire, Sept. 18, 1780. 

GERANIUMS, red, first raised by Mr Davey of Chelsea, 1822. 



346 GERARD'S HALL GERMANY 

GERARD'S HALL, or Gisors' Hall, Basing-lane, erected by John Gisors, Mayor of 
London, 1245 ; taken down, 1852. 

GERMAIN EN LAYE, ST, France. The chapel and monastery of GeiTnanus 
founded by King Robert in the nth century ; the Royal Palace built by Charles 
v., 1370 ; rebuilt by Francis I., and embellished by Louis XIV.; treaty signed 
at, giving the Huguenots free exercise of their religion, Aug. 8, 1570 ; James II. of 
England resided here during his exile, 1689 ; he died, Sept. 6, 1701, and George 
IV. erected a monument to him in the parish church. 

GERMANIC CONFEDERATION. The several German, Prussian, and Bavarian 
states united for the purposes of defence, June 8, 1815 ; the 50th anniversary held, 
June 8, 1865. 

GERMANO, SAN, Italy, founded, 1511 ; taken by the Spaniards, 1730 ; the 
French army under Murat defeated here by the Austrians, March 16, 1 81 5. 

GERMANS, ST, Cornwall. Athelstan having conquered the Cornish Britons, 
founded a bishopric, 931 — 1049 ; united to Crediton ; subsequently merged into 
the see of Exeter. 

GERMANTOWN, battle. The Americans defeated by the English, under Gen, 
Burgoyne, Oct. 3, 1777. 

GERMANY. This name was given by the Romans to this and the several neigh- 
bouring countries. The ancient inhabitants, the Cimbri, defeated the Romans at 
Noreja, B.C. 113; they were in turn defeated by the Romans, B.C. 102, and 
Csesar entered the country by means of a bridge over the Rhine, B.C. 55 ; he 
was succeeded by Tiberius, who extended the Roman invasion to the north of the 
river, B.C. 7. The Romans defeated by the Germans, under Arminius, a.d. 
9 ; they defeated the Romans, 180, and again on the banks of the Elbe, 220 ; 
invaded by the Huns, 375. The Saxons emigrated to England, 450. Charlemagne 
crowned Emperor of the West, Dec. 25, 800 ; his son Louis crowned emperor at Aix- 
la-Chapelle, 813 ; the kingdom divided by him, 839, Germany being given to his 
son Lothaire, France to Charles, and Bavaria to Louis. Lolhaire I. attempted 
to invade France, but was defeated at Fontenay, 841, and by the treaty of Verdun, 
signed, 843, he retained Italy, Provence, and all the provinces between the Rhine 
and the Scheldt. Louis II. established his court at Pavia, 855 ; the Saracens in- 
vaded the country, 866 ; Charles III. succeeds to the kingdom of France as well 
as Germany, upon the death of his brother Louis, 881 ; the Germans took Rome, 
896 ; the Danes defeated and driven off, 934-5 ; Lorraine added to this kingdom 
by Henry I., Bohemia, 950; a war between France and Germany broke out, 
977 ; a treaty agreed to, by which Lorraine is ceded to Germany, 980 ; the 
Sclavonians invaded Brandenburg, but were defeated, 997 ; the Saracens 
defeated in Italy, 1001 ; the Greeks driven out of Italy, 102 1. Henry IV. 
carried on a series of wars against the Saxons, 1073, defeating them, 1075 ; he 
defeated Pope Gregory, and took Rome, March 21, 1084. The faction of the 
Guelphs and Ghibelines ai-ose in the reign of Conrad III., 1 138 ; Frederick I. having 
reduced several revolted cities in Italy, was crowned at Rome, 1155 ; captured, 
and almost destroyed Milan, 1162 ; he besieged Alexandria without success, 1176; 
defeated near Como, 1181. Richard Cceur de Lion captured and imprisoned by 
Henry VI. whilst travelling through Germany, 1192. Otho IV. entered into a 
league with England and Flanders against France, 1213, but was defeated at 
Bovines, 1214. Frederick II. crowned King of the Romans, 1212 ; crowned 
Emperor by the Pope ; Honorius HI., 1219 ; excommunicated by Pope Gregory 
IX., 1227 ; again excommunicated, and the crown offered to the St Louis of 
France, who refused it, 1238 ; deposed by the Council of Lyons, 1245. Richard, 
Earl of Cornwall, crowned King of the Romans, 1256. Rodolph I. defeated 
Ottacar XL, king of Bohemia, and acquired Austria, 1278. The Swiss revolted, 



GERMANY 347 

1307. Henry VII. of Luxemburg crowned King of Italy, 131 1, and reduced the 
cities in revolt ; advanced against Rome, but was defeated, 1312. Louis V. 
elected at Frankfort by five electors, and crowned, 13 14; his election declared void 
by Pope John XXII., 1323, Germany protesting against it ; Louis is excommuni- 
cated, 1327 ; he marched to Rome, and deposed the pope, 1328 ; the kingdom 
declared independent of the Pontifical Chair, 1338 ; the crown offered to Ed- 
ward III. of England, 1347; Rienzo usurped the sovereign power at Rome, and 
caused himself to be declared tribune of the people, expelled, 1348 ; Charles issued 
the celebrated Golden Bull, 1356 ; the empire divided, 1387 ; the Emperor Sigis- 
mund betrayed John Huss to the Elector Palatine, who caused him to be burnt 
alive, 141 5 ; Albert II. received the three crowns, Germany, Hungary, and Bo- 
hemia, 143S. Frederick III. engaged in an unsuccessful war against Matthias, 
king of Hungary, 1482 ; Matthias defeated him, and took Vienna, 1485. Maxi- 
milian I. invaded Burgimdy, 1498 ; defeated by the Venetians and French in 
Italy, 1508 ; entered into the famous league of Cambray, with the pope and the 
king of France, 1508 ; he formed another league with the pope, Spain, and England 
against France, 1512 ; he assembled a diet at Augsburg, where Luther appeared 
to defend the reformed doctrines, 15 18. A war broke out between Germany and 
France, 15 21, and Francis I. is taken prisoner at the battle of Pa via, 1525 ; Rome 
taken and plundered, 1527 ; peace concluded with Pope Clement VII., 1529 ; 
Charles took Tunis, and freed 22,000 Christian slaves, 1535 ; Luther died, 
1546 ; Charles gained the battle of Mulberg, and took the Elector of Saxony 
prisoner, 1547; Hungary invaded by the Turks, 1566; annexed to the king- 
dom, 1570 ; the league of Halle concluded by the Protestants, headed by 
Frederick Elector Palatine, 1610. Bohemia ceded to Matthias, king of 
Hungary, 1611 ; commencement of the 30 years' war, Nov. i, 1618 ; Ferdi- 
nand II. opposed by Frederick V., but he was defeated near Prague, Nov. 
8, 1620 ; General Tilly gained a complete victory over Christian IV., king 
of Denmaidv, at Lutter, 1626 ; Gustavus Adolphus invaded Germany with a 
large army, 1630 ; died at Lutzen, Nov. 16, 1632 ; the Swedes defeated, 1634. 
Turenne gains a victory at Sommershausen near Augsburg, which led to the 
peace of Westphalia, which ended the 30 years' war, Oct. 24, 1648. The diet at 
Ratisbon commenced its sittings, 1663 ; the Imperialists defeated the Turks at St 
Gothard, 1664 ; war with France, 1674 ; the league of Augsburg concluded, 
1686 ; peace restored at Ryswick, Oct. 30, 1697 ; the treaty of Carlowitz with 
the Turks, Jan. 26, 1699; war declared against France, Oct. 6, 1700; the 
French, after being defeated at Blenheim, Aug. 13, 1704, agreed to the peace of 
Utrecht, April 11, 1713 ; war declared against the Turks, 1715 ; the Spaniards 
invaded Sardinia, 1718; treaty of peace concluded, 1720 ; the commencement of 
the Polish war, 1733; Maria Theresa succeeded Charles VI. by virtue of the 
Pragmatic Sanction, Oct. 20, 1740; Charles VII., elector, claimed the throne, and 
was crowned at Frankfort, Jan. 22, 1742 ; commencement of the 7 years' war, 
175^5 Joseph II. extended the Austrian dominions considerably, through the 
dismemberment of Poland, 1772; war with Turkey declared, 1788; Brabant de- 
clared independent, 1789 ; revolt in the Rhenish provinces, 1793 ; a second par- 
tition of Poland adds to the dominion of Germany, 1795 ; a considerable part of 
the territories of this country conceded to the several powers by the treaty of 
Ratisbon, Feb. 25, 1803 ; Francis I. became Emperor of Austria, in place of 
Germany, *Aug. 11, 1804, having lost the Netherlands, and large portions of his 
dominions, by joining in the coalitions against France ; the German empire, in its 
old form, being dissolved to form the Confederation of the Rhine, by the French 
Emperor, Napoleon, July 12, 1806; Northern Germany annexed to France, 
Dec, 1810; Hamburg, 1811 ; congress of Vienna, Nov. I, 1814 ; second con- 
gress, May 25, 1815 ; new constitution agreed to at the congress of Vienna, July 8, 
181 5 ; a new federal body formed, governed by a diet, having votes according to 



348 GERMANY, KINGS OF 

the class oT territory attaching to each — Austria 4, Bavaria 4, Prussia 4, Saxony 
4, Hanover 4, Baden 3, Hesse Cassel 3, Hesse Darmstadt 3, Holstein 3, Brans- 
vi'ick 3, Nassau 2, Mechlenburg i, Saxe-Weimar i, Saxe-Coburg and Gotha I, 
1814 ; the king of Prussia issued a proclamation with the vievv^ to consolidate the 
German Empire, March 27, 1848 ; the confederation greatly agitated, 1848 ; the 
emperor of Austria retired to Inspruck, May 18 ; a temporary government 
established at Prague, May 29 ; the emperor returned to his capital, Aug. 12 ; 
Count Lamberg killed at Buda, Sept. 20 ; insurrection in Vienna, Count Latour 
killed, and the city in the possession of the insurgents, Oct. 6 ; the Austrians 
entered Presburgh, Dec. 18 ; the Austrians claimed the victory in a combat 
at Szckszo, Dec. 8, 1848 ; Pesth taken by the Austrians, Jan. 5, 1849 ; 
Austria protested against the decision of the Frankfort diet, Aug. 8 ; defeat 
of the Austrians at Gran, April 1 7 ; the Austrians implored Russia for aid ; 
insurrection at Dresden, May 8 ; Dresden bombarded ; the king of Prussia, 
vi^ho had stimulated the diet at Frankfort, recalled the Prussian members of the 
assembly. May 14 ; the Frankfort assembly transferred to Stutgardt, May 30 ; 
battle of the Russo-Austrian army with the Hungarians before Komorn, 
July 16 ; the Hungarians entered Moldavia, July 23 ; the Austrians routed and 
driven from Raab, with great loss, Aug. 3 ; the Hungarian leader of the principal 
army treacherously treated with the Russians, and 25,000 men surrender to them, 
Aug. 13; the Austrians then reoccupy Raab, Aug. 15 ; Peterwaradin surrendered, 
Sept. 6; Komorn, Sept. 28; treaty between Austria and Prussia for a new central 
power, an appeal having been made to some of the lesser powers of the empire, 
Sept. 30 ; Austria protested against the alliance of Prussia with some of the in- 
ferior states of Germany, and against any parliament of these states being convened 
at Erfurt, Nov. 12 ; Hanover withdrew from the Prussian union, Feb. 23, 1850 ; 
treaty of Munich, between Austria, Bavaria, Saxony, and Wurtemberg, for a Ger- 
man union, Feb. 27 ; Hesse Cassel refused to send a representative to Wurtem- 
berg, and Hesse Darmstadt withdrew from the Prussian league, June ; Austria 
convened an assembly of the German confederation at Frankfort, July 19 ; pleni- 
potentiaries of Austria, Hanover, and seven other states, met at Frankfort, and 
declared themselves the council of the German diet, Sept. ; an Austrian and Ba- 
varian corps entered Hesse Cassel, and also a Prussian force on the following day, 
Nov. I ; a conference held at Dresden, Dec. 23 ; conference closed. May 15, 
1851, having passed a resolution to restore the diet of Frankfort ; attempt to 
establish a commercial code, 1857 ; several attempts made to revise the constitution 
of the confederation, 1859 ; a commercial code adopted. May 31, 1861 ; a con- 
gress of sovereigns held at Frankfort-on-the-Maine, Aug. 17, 1863 ; a congress of 
deputies held at the same town, Aug. 21 ; the diet resolved to invade Denmark, 
Dec. 7 ; the Prussian and Austrian forces invaded Holstein, Dec. 23 ; the diet re- 
solved to evacuate that state, Dec. 5, 1864 ; the 50tli anniversary of the Germanic 
confederation held, June 8, 1865 ; a proposition for the election of a representa- 
tive assembly by universal suffrage made to the diet by Prussia, April 9, 1866 ; a 
committee on reform appointed, April 26 ; a conference held by the states upon 
militai7 affairs, May 8, and they called upon the states to reduce the aiTnies to a 
peace footing. May 18 ; a resolution passed to assist Saxony against Prussia, June 
16 ; and Prince Charles of Bavaria appointed commander-in-chief of the forces, J une 
27 ; invitation from Prussia to 16 states to conclude an alliance with that state, 
July 16 ; concluded subsequently ; the North German parliament opened by the 
King of Prussia, Feb. 24, 1867; constitution adopted, April 17; the Prussian 
Chamber opened by King William, April 29 ; the North German parliament 
opened, Sept. 10 ; closed, Oct. 26. 
GERMANY, KINGS OF : 

Carolingian Dynasty. Louis I., Le Debonnaire ... 814 
Charlemagne 800 Lothaire 1 840 



GERON, ST 

Louis II 855 

Charles II., the Bald ... 875 

Louis III., the Stammerer ... 877 

Charles III., the Gross ... 879 

Arnold 887 

,, made Emperor ... 891 

Louis IV., seven years old ... 899 

The House of Franconia. 

Conrad I. ... ... ... 912 

The House of Saxony. 

Henry 1 918 

Otho I. 936 

Otho II. 973 

Otho III .• ... 983 

St Henry II. 1002 

The House of Franconia. 

Conrad II., the Salique ... 1024 

Heniy III., the Black ... 1039 

Henry IV 1056 

Henry V. ... ... ... 1106 

Lothaire II 1125 

House of Suabia. 

Conrad III 1138 

Frederick I., Barbai'ossa ... 1152 

Henry VI. ... ... ... 1190 

Philip 1 197 

Otho IV., Duke of Brunswick 1208 

Frederick II., King of Sicily 1212 

Conrad IV. ... ... ... 1253 

William, Count of Holland 1254 

Richard, Earl of Cornwall 1256 

Alphonso X. , King of Castile 1271 



GHENT 349 

House of Hapsburg. 

Rodolph I., the Merciful ... 1273 

Adolphus of Nassau ... 1291 

Albert 1 1298 

House of Luxemburg. 

Henry VII 1308 

Louis V. ... ... ... 13 14 

Charles IV. ... ... ... 1347 

Wenceslaus, King of Bohemia 1378 

Robert ... ... ... 1400 

Sigismund ... ... ... 1410 

Hereditary Emperors of the 
House of Austria. 

Albert II., the Magnanimous 1438 

Frederick III. ... ... 1440 

Maximilian I. ... .... 1493 

Charles V. ... ... ... 1519 

Ferdinand I. ... ... 1558 

Maximilian II. ... ' ... 1564 

Rodolph II. ... ... 1576 

Matthias ... ... ... 1612 

Ferdinand II. ... ... 1619 

Ferdinand III. ... ... 1637 

Leopold I. ... ... ... 1657 

Joseph I. ... ... ... 1703 

Charles VI. ... ... 171 1 

Charles VII. ... ... 1740 

The House of Lorraine. 

Francis I. ... ... ... 1745 

Joseph II 1765 

Leopold II. ... ... ... 1790 

Francis II. ... ... ... 1792 



GERON, ST, order of knighthood of, in Germany, began, 1154. 

GERONA, Spain, a fortified city. St Paul and St James first rested here when they 
came into this country ; taken by Charlemagne, 785 ; recaptured by the Moors, 
who sacked it, 795 ; it was soon after recovered by the Count of Arragon ; Philip 
V. abolished its university and privileges, 171 5; besieged by Duhesme, but unsuc- 
cessfully, June, 1 808 ; he renewed the siege m July, but was again defeated. An 
Ulster regiment under Col. O'Daly and compelled to retire, Aug. 16 ; again be- 
sieged and bombarded by the French, 35,000 strong, for seven months ; capitu- 
lated, Dec. 12, 1809 ; the conquerors lost 15,000 men. Made a bishop's see by 
Charlemagne, 786 ; cathedral founded, 910 ; rebuilt, 1316. 

GERTRUYDENBERG, Holland. This town was founded and fortified, 647 ; 
the castle built, 1321 ; taken by the French, Feb., 1793 ; and again, 1795. 

GERVIS ABBEY, Yorkshire, founded, 1145. 

GETTYSBURG, battle. The Confederates, under Gen. Lee, attacked the Federals 
under Gen. Meade, and after a severe struggle with varying success, retreated with 
24,000 prisoners, July i — 3, 1863 ; the loss on both sides exceeded 15,000 men. 

GHENT, Belgium, the capital of the Nervii. St Arnaud endeavoured to convert its 
inhabitants from Paganism, a.d. 630. Gravensteen Castle built in the 12th century ; 



3SO GHERGONG GIBRALTAR 

Count Baldwin granted a charter conferring many liberties upon the inhabitants, 

I i8o ; John of Gaunt born here, 1340 ; and Charles V. born here, 1500 ; revolted, 
1539; treaty or 'pacificationof Ghent,' signed, Nov. 8, 1576; the Spaniards capitu- 
lated, Nov. II, 1576; restored to Spain by treaty, Sept. 17, 1584; taken by Louis 
of France, after a siege of 6 days, March 8, 1678 ; the citadel surrendered, March 

II ; restored by the treaty of Nimeguen, 1678 ; taken by the allies, under Marl- 
borough, 1 706 ; seized by the French, 1 708 ; recaptured by the allies, under 
Prince Eugene and the Duke of Marlborough ; the peace between England and 
the United States signed here, Dec. 24, 1814; Louis XVIIL took refuge here upon 
the return of Napoleon from Elba, 1815 ; became a part of the new kingdom of 
Belgium, 1830; the railway opened to Ostend, 1838; erected into a bishopric, 
1559, by Pope Paul IV. 

GHERGONG, the capital of Assam, India, nearly all engulfed by an earthquake, 

when many thousands of persons perished, 1803. 
GHERIAH, Hindustan, taken possession of by the Mahrattas, in the 17th century ; 
Conajee Angria, the pirate, established an independent sovereignty here, 1707 ; 
defeated and destroyed by the British fleet, 1756 ; ceded to the East India Com- 
pany, 1 81 8. 
GHIBELLINES and the GUELPHS. This faction rose in Italy, 1240, upon 
the excommunication of the Emperor Frederick II., by Pope Gregory IX. ; the 
fonner were in favour of the Emperor, and the latter of the Pope ; the Ghibellines 
defeated in Italy, 1267-8. 
GHIZNI, Afghanistan. This celebrated town and fortress made the seat of govern- 
ment by Abustakeen, 976 ; stormed by AUahudeen, Prince of Ghoor, 1151 ; the 
tomb of Mahmood, of Ghizni, the great Persian ruler, is situated here ; the town 
was stormed and carried by the English, under Sir John Keane, July 23, 1839 ; 
surrendered by the English to the Afghans, March, 1842 ; retaken by Gen. Nott, 
Sept. 6, 1842. 
GIANTS are first spoken of in Gen. vi. 4, under the name of NcphiUm. Goliath, 
a famous giant of Gath, who defied the armies of Israel, i Sam. xvii. 4, his height 
was six cubits and a span, which, taking the cubit at 2 1 inches, would make him 
XoYz feet high . Some of the noted giants of modern times : John Middleton, 
child, of Hale, Lancashire, born, 1578, was nine feet three inches high ; Walter 
Parsons, porter to James I., was seven feet seven inches high ; Christopher Miller, 
the German giant, bom at Leipzig, 1674, was seven feet eight inches high ; 
Edmund Malone, the Irish giant, exhibited at Southwark fair, was seven feet seven 
inches high, — he subsequently reached eight feet ; Patrick Cotter, another Irish 
giant, born at Kinsale, Ireland, 1 760, eight feet three inches high ; James Toller, 
the Huntingdon giant, bom at St Neots, Aug. 28, 1795, eight feet six inches high ; 
Samuel M 'Donald, or ' Big Sam,' porter to the Prince of Wales at Carlton House, 
was nearly eight feet high ; Thomas Bell, the Cambridge giant, exhibited in Ox- 
ford-street, 1 8 13, was seven feet two inches high ; Robert Hales, the Norfolk 
giant, bom at Somerton, near Great Yarmouth, May 2, 1 820, was seven feet six 
inches high; Joseph Brice, a French giant, 1862, measured seven feet seven inches; 
the Chinese giant, Chang, exhibited in London, 1866, was seven feet nine inches 
high. 
GIBBETS. The last one erected in England was for Mr George Cook, the murderer 
of Mr Paas, of Leicester ; the gibbet was 30 feet high and stood in Saffron Lane, 
near the Aylestone toll gate, Aug. 1 1, 1832. The last demolished in England upon 
Jarrow, Stoke-on-the-Tyne, March, 1856, the last person hung upon it being 
William Jobbing, June, 1832. 
GIBRALTAR, Spain. The Saracens built a fortress here, 711 ; taken by the 
Spaniards, 1309 ; the Moors recaptured it by surprise, 1333 ; it was taken from 



GILBERTINES GIN 351 

the Moors by the King of Castile, 1462 ; incorporated by Spain, 1502 ; taken by 
a combined English and Dutch fleet under Sir G. Rooke, July 24, 1704 ; be- 
sieged by the French and Spaniards, Oct. II, 1704, who lost 10,000 men before 
it in vain ; confirmed to England by the peace of Utrecht, April 11, 1713 ; again 
attacked by the Spaniards, who were repulsed, 1720 ; a third siege and repulse of 
the Spaniards, with a loss of 5000 men, 1727 ; communication of, with Spain cut 
off, 1732 ; Gen. Sabine, governor of, fined ^700 for cruelty, Feb. 21, 1738 ; 
greatly injured by a storm, Feb. 3, 1766. Memorable siege of, by the French and 
Spaniards with an army of 40,000 men, from July, 1779, to Feb., 1783, when 
1000 guns were brought to bear upon it, and 47 sail-of-the-line and 10 floating 
batteries, with 212 guns, besides mortars : they were defeated, Sept. 13, 1782. 
Royal battery destroyed by fire, Nov., 1800 ; the yellow fever raged in the town 
and garrison, 1804-5; a fatal fever again, Sept. 5 to Jan. 12, 1828-9; the cele- 
brated Spanish lines across the isthmus from Fort San Philipe to Fort San 
Barbara, blown up and destroyed by the English, on the advance of Marshal 
Soult, 1810 ; the yellow fever destroyed the major part of the garrison, 1813 and 
1828 ; a bishopric established, 1842. 
GILBERTINES, a religious order founded at Lincoln by Gilbert, Lord of Semp- 
ringham, H48 ; at the dissolution of monasteries there were 25 houses of this 
order. 

GILDING, an art practised by the ancients, according to Herodotus, Pliny, and 
others. Gilding with leaf gold on bole ammoniac, art of, invented by Mai-garitore, 
1273 ; on wood, 1680, in a more approved manner than before ; Mr Elkington's 
patent for gildhig copper or brass, June, 1836, and Dec. 8, 1840 ; M. de Ruolz 
patented his process, Dec. 19, 1840. 

GILES' CHURCH, ST, Cripplegate, London, built, 1090 ; partially burnt, 1545 ; 
tower raised, 1682 ; Milton buried in, 1674. 

GILES', ST, Camberwell, burnt, Feb. 7, 1841 ; rebuilt and opened, Nov. 27, 
1844. 

GILES', ST, In-the-Fields. This church was built, 1733. 

GILES' HOSPITAL, ST, In-the-Fields, founded for lepers by Queen Matilda, 
I117 ; the village built, 1213 ; the gallows were removed from the Elms in Smith- 
field to the north end of the garden wall of the hospital, circa 1413. Seven 
Dials built in the temp, of Charles II.; Evelyn mentions in his Diary the new 
building at, 1694 ; the Rookery first colonized by the Irish in the temp, of Eliza- 
beth. 

GILLINGHAM, Dorsetshire, injured by fire, May 5, 1752. 

GILLINGWOOD, near Richmond, Yorkshire, burnt dovsm, Dec. 11, 1750. 

GILTSPUR-STREET COMPTER, London, built from the designs of G. Dance, 
1 791, cost ^20,473 ; the prisoners removed to the New Prison at Holloway, Oct! 
6, 1852 ; taken down, 1853 ; the Great Fire ended at Pie Corner. A figure of a 
boy with his arms folded, with the following inscription upon his body : ' This boy 
is in memory put up for the late Fire of London, occasioned by the sin of Gluttony, 
1 656,' erected against a public-house (The Fortune of War). 

GIN, corrupted from Geneva, or to distinguish that distilled in this country ; the dis- 
tillation encouraged by the 2 Will. & Mary, c. 9, 1690, and the 7 & 8 Will. III. 
c. 30, 1696 ; a duty of i^s. per gallon levied upon, by 2 Geo. II. c. 17, 1729 ; in- 
quiry into the excessive drinking of, 1736 ; the sellers of, required to take out a 
license of ^50 annually, and a duty of 20^. per gallon levied upon, 9 Geo. II. c. 23, 
■ to come into operation, Sept. 29, 1736 ; repealed, 1743 ; in 1849 the duty upon' 
was Is. \od. per gallon in England, y. M. in Scotland, and 2s. %d. in Ireland. 
The consumption of British spirits in 1854 had increased to 25,000,000 gallons; 



352 GIN SHOPS GLASGOW 

the duty increased in the three kingdoms to loj-. per gallon, 23 & 24 Vict. c. 90, 
Aug. 28, i860. 

GIN SHOPS, act for excise upon, 9 Geo. II. c. 23, 1736; amended, 23 & 24 
Vict. c. 114, Aug. 28, i860. 

GINGEE, Hindustan. This town fortified by Runga Naik, 1442 ; surprised and 
captured by the French, 1750 ; surrendered to the English, April 5, 176 1. 

GIRDLE, an ancient article of dress worn by both men and women in the East. 
The common girdle made of leather, Matt. iii. 4 ; sometimes studded with gold 
and precious stones ; the making of, formed part of the employment of women, 
Prov. xxxi. 24; the military girdle for canying the sword or dagger, Judg. iii. 16, 
2 Sam. XX. 8 ; girdles of sackcloth worn as mourning. Is. iii. 24 ; xxii. 12 ; they 
were also worn by the priests, Ex. xxviii. 39 ; girdlers permitted to garnish their 
girdles with white metal, 15 Rich. II. c. 11, 1391 ; John Baret of Bury St 
Edmunds, Suffolk, describes in his will girdles of different colours, some enriched 
with gold ornaments, which he left to different friends, 1463. 

GIRDLERS' COMPANY incorporated, 27 Henry VI., Aug. 6, 1449 ; the pinners 
and wireworkers united to, 10 Ehz., Oct. 12, 1568; re-incorporated, 15 Charles 
I., Oct. 17, 1639; arms granted to, 32 Henry VI., 1454; hall built in Basing- 
hall-street, 1 68 1. 

GIRONDISTS. This political party in France first came into power, March, 
1792 ; the ministi-y being formed, — Roland, minister of the interior, Claviere of 
finance, Servan of war, l3uranthon of justice. Gen. Dumouriez of foreign affairs ; 
war declared by them, April 20, 1792; dismissed from office, June 12; 
united with the Jacobins in an insurrectionary movement in June ; opposed the 
Montague party in the National Convention, Sept. 21 ; they were arrested, June 
2, 1793 ; 21 condemned to death, Oct. 16 ; 73 members of this party recalled to 
the Convention, Nov., 1795. 

GISBOROUGH PRIORY, Yorkshire, founded by Robert de Brus, 1129. 

GISORS, battle. Richard I. defeated the French under Philip II. of France, 40 
barons and 100 knights killed, Oct. 28, 1 194. 

GITSCHIN, battle. The Prussians under Prince Frederick Charles defeated the 
Austrian and Saxon troops commanded by Count Clam Gallas, who lost in killed 
and wounded 3000 men and 7000 prisoners, June 29, 1866. 

GIURGEVO, Wallachia, a fortified town. The Russians defeated the Turks here, 
1773 ; captured the town, 1811, and again, 1829, when its defences were de- 
stroyed ; the Russians defeated by the Turks, July 7, 1854. 

GI/ADIATORS, Combats of, abolished by Constantine the Great in the East, 325 ; 
and everywhere suppressed by Theodoric, 500. The Emperor Trajan exhibited 
combats of gladiators for 123 days, 103, when looo gladiators contended ; war of, 
at Mount Vesuvius, B.C. 73 ; at the Triumph of Probus, a.d. 281, when about 80 
gladiators exhibited their courage. 

GLADIATORS, Order of, began in Livonia, 1204. 

GLAMORGAN, S. Wales, explosion in the Ferndale Colliery, 170 lives lost, Nov. 
8, 1867. 

GLANDELAGH, Irish bishopric, united to the archbishopric of Dublin, 1214; 
St Keven, the founder, 610 ; it is called commonly the Seven Churches. 

GLARUS, Switzerland, united to the Helvetic Confederation, 1352 ; defeated the 
Austrians at Nafels, 1388 ; Zuinglius was the pastor here from 1 506 to 15 16. 

GLASGOW, Scotland, founded by St Kentigern, circa 560 ; cathedral founded in 
the lOth century ; rebuilt, July, I136 ; made a free burgh by William the Lion, 
1 1 78 and 1190 ; a battle fought in the High-street by the Scots under Wallace 



GLASGOW GLASS 353 

and the English under Percy, the former being successful, 1300; visited by the 
plague in the years 1350, 1380, and 1381 ; charter given by James IL, 1451 ; uni- 
versity founded, 145 1 ; the castle besieged by the Regent, Arran, 1542, and town 
plundered ; Queen Mary visited the city, 1563 ; the castle again besieged, 1570 ; 
made a royal burgh, 1611 ; the Presbyterian Church Assembly met here, 1638 ; 
greatly damaged by fire, 1652 ; the Tolbooth broken open and the prisoners re- 
leased, 167S ; a charter granted by William III., June 4, 1690 ; the first vessel 
sailed thence to America, in the tobacco trade, 1718 ; great riot on account of 
the malt tax, June 24, 1725 ; magistrates confined for it at Edinburgh, July 16, 
1725 ; shock of an earthquake at, July li, 1732 ; compelled to raise ^5500 for 
the Pretender, Oct. 4, 1745 ; 200 families at, rendered destitute by a fire, June 3, 
1749 ; theatre opened at, April, 1764; power-loom introduced at, 1773 > ^ I'egi" 
ment of 1 000 men raised by the city upon the breaking out of the American war, 
1775 ; theatre burned, 1780 ; an inundation of the Clyde, 1782; Chamber of 
Commerce formed, 1783 ; Trades' Hall built, 1791 ; new college buildings erected, 
181 1 ; commotions and trials for treason at, 181 1 ; theatre burned, Jan. 12, 1829 ; 
Exchange opened, Sept. 3, 1829 ; destructive fire and ^150,000 damage, Jan. 
14, 1832; lotteries suppressed by William IV., July 25, 1834 ; 70 persons crushed 
to death in consequence of an alarm of fire in the theatre, Feb. 17, 1849 ; visited 
by the Queen and Prince Albert, Aug. 14, 1S49 ; Lord Palmerston installed as 
Lord Rector, March 29, 1863 ; the Polytechnic Institution destroyed by fire, 
among the valuables burnt was Watt's first steam-engine, Sept. 2, 1864 ; Reform 
Demonstration at, Oct. 16, 1866 ; meeting of the Highland Agricultural Society 
of Scotland at, July 30, 1867. 

GLASGOW, The City of. This steam vessel, of 10S7 tons burden and 350 horse 

power, having onboard 480 persons, left Liverpool for America, March i, 1854, 

and has never since been heard of. 
GLASGOW, screw steam-ship, destroyed by fire, the crew saved, July 31, 1865. 
GLASGOW, Bishopric of, before the Revolution, said to have been founded by 

St Mungo, 560 ; the see archiepiscopal, 1491 ; suppressed at the Revolution ; 

the cathedral commenced, 1121 ; bishopric revived, 1724. 

GLASGOW SCIENTIFIC SOCIETIES : Archaeological Society instituted, 
1856; Geological, 1858; Literary, 1758; Natural History, 185 1; Philosophical 
Society, 1802 ; Statistical, 1836. 

GLASITES, or SANDEMANIANS, a modem sect, originated in Scotland by Mr 
J. Glas, 1728, and by Mr Sandeman, 1762. 

GLASS. Sir Gardener Wilkinson adduces proofs that this art was known in Egypt 
before the Exodus. A glass head bearing the name of a king who lived B.C. 
1450, discovered at Thebes ; on the paintings at Bmi Hassan the figures of glass- 
blowers at work are depicted, B. C. 2000 ; Mr Layard discovered a small vase of 
green glass at the palace of Nimrod with a cuneiform inscription to ' Sargon,' 
King of Assyria, the founder of Khorsabad, B.C. 709; glass utensils were found 
in the ruins of Herculaneum, destroyed A. D. 79 ; the Barberini or Portland Vase 
found in the tomb of Alexander Severus at Rome, A.0. 222 — 235 ; the celebrated 
glass cup ofChosroes, King of Persia, A.D. 531 — 79. The art of glass-making re- 
discovered by a monk, chra 635 ; Abbot Benedict brought over from France arti- 
ficers skilled in this art, v/ho taught the English ; Weremouth church glazed, 674 ; 
private mansions began to be glazed with glass, 1 180 ; used generally in ecclesiastical 
buildings, 1450 ; glass for domestic purposes was in general use throughout Eng- 
land, 1465 ; manufactory established in the Savoy, 1557, and by the Hugue- 
not refugees at Birmingham, 1557-8 ; the finer sort made at Crutched Friars, 
1635 ; a patent granted to Sir Robert Mansell for making, 1559. The Venetians 
were famed for this art in the 9th century : the glasshouses removed to the adjacent 

23 



354 GLASS GLOBE 

island, called Muran, 129 1. Bottles first made in England, 1557 ; improved, 
1635. Lehmann invented the cutting of glass by a crystal, 1609 ; plate-glass for 
looking-glasses made at Lambeth, 1673 ; incorporated company instituted at 
Ravenhead, 1773 ; glass-making introduced into America by Robert Hewes, 1790; 
a factory erected at Boston, 1800 ; German glass introduced into England, 1804. 
A duty imposed upon, by 6 & 7 Will. & Mary, c. 18, 1695 ; partially repealed, 9 
& 10 Will. III. c. 45, 1698; repealed, 10 & 11 Will. III. c. 18, 1699; reim- 
posed by 19 George II. c. 12, 1746 ; amended by 35 George III. c. 114, 1795 ; 
abolished by 8 & 9 Vict. c. 6, April 24, 1845. 
GLASS, painted or stained, known at an early period. The treatise of Theophilus, 
' Diversarum Artium Schedula,' published in the loth century, described the 
art of glass-painting. Practised in England by Abbot Suger in the middle of the 
1 2th century ; France was noted for this art at that time ; painted glass is men- 
tioned in the will of John Baret of Bury St Edmunds, Suffolk, 1463 ; reached 
great perfection, in 1530. 
GLASSES, MUSICAL, invented by a German; revived by Franklin, 1760; 
brought to perfection by the brothers Cartwrights, in England, 1799. Optical 
glasses, Mr Guinand succeeded in producing discs of good flint glass of 12 to 14 
inches in diameter, 1828 ; pure discs of flint glass of 29 inches in diameter, exhi- 
bited at the Exhibition of 185 1. 
GLASS-SELLERS' COMPANY, incorporated by Charies I., July 25, 1640 ; re- 
incorporated by Charles II., July 25, 1664 ; livery granted by the court of Alder- 
men, March 20, 1710 ; increased, Feb. I, 1825. 
GLASTONBURY, Somerset, the abbey said to be founded by Joseph of Arimathea. 
First Saxon abbot was Berthwald, 630 ; enlarged by Ina, King of Wessex, 708 ; 
rebuilt, 954; burnt down, 1 184, and rebuilt, 1 197. The town destroyed by the 
Danes, 873 ; rebuilt by Henry III.; almost destroyed by an earthquake, 1276; 
restored, 1282. Riching Whiting, the last abbot, hanged in his robes, because he 
denied the spiritual supremacy of Henry VIII., Nov. 15, 1539. 

GLATZ, Prussia, taken by the Poles, 1114; annexed to Bohemia, from 1561 to 
1 742 ; ceded to Frederick II. , King of Prussia, March, 1 742 ; surrendered to the 
Austrians, July 26, 1760. 

GLAZIERS' COMPANY, incorporated by Charles I., Nov. 6, 1637; confirmed 

by Charles II. Their hall destroyed in the fire of 1666. 
GLE ASTON CASTLE, Yorkshire, built by Lord Harington, 1340. 

GLENCOE, massacre of the M 'Donalds, under the pretence of not surrendering to 
King William's proclamation. A pacification had been entered into with, Aug., 
1691, to all who should take the oaths of allegiance before Dec. 31 : all took the 
required oaths except MTvan and the chief of the M 'Donalds ; 60 unoffending 
men were murdered, and their wives and children turned out in a freezing night 
to perish of cold and hunger ; the Earl of Argyle's regiment committed these as- 
sassinations, Feb. 13, 1692. 

GLENLIVAT, battle. The popish lords, Eirol and Huntley, with a body of gen- 
tlemen of the Low Countries, totally defeated the Plighlanders, 7000 strong, com- 
manded by the Earl of Argyle and Lord Forbes, Oct. 3, 1594. 

GLOBE, or SPHERE, as a term used for the earth's form, first stated by Thales, 
640 A.C., as well as by Pythagoras, 506 A.C. The first ship that sailed round the 
earth was that of Magellan, 1520, who died before he reached home ; the survivors 
demonstrated the fact. Sir Francis Drake completed his voyage of circumnaviga- 
tion, 1577; and others quickly followed. 

GLOBE of fire passed over the island of Funen, in Denmark, in open day, Sept,, 
1807. A similar phenomenon observed the same time at Jutland. 



GLOBES, ARTIFICIAL GLOUCESTER 355 

GLOBES, ARTIFICIAL. One in the royal libi-aiy in Paris is of a large size; at 
Cambridge is one of 18 feet diameter, and at Gottorp, one of li feet ; the last 
made at the expense of the Duke of Holstein, Frederick III., was, under the direc- 
tion of Olearius, planned after a design of Tycho Brahe, discovered among his 
papers ; it was presented to Peter the Great of Russia, 1713 ; nearly destroyed 
by fire, 1757 ; it was reconstructed. A globe of very large dimensions was 
erected in the centre of Leicester Square, by Mr Wyld, the hydrographer, so large 
as to admit a numerous body of spectators within-side it, 1851 ; removed, 1861. 

GLOBE THEATRE, Bankside, built for Richard Burbage, Dec. 22, 1593 ; licence 
granted by King James I. to Shakespeare, 1603 ; destroyed by fire, June 29, 1613. 
It was rebuilt, 1614. 

GLORIA PATRI, the doxology of, first used, 382 ; called doxology because it be- 
gan with 'doxa,' glory. 

GLOUCESTER, City of. This town taken by the Romans, 47 ; captured by the 
West Saxons, 578, and called by them Gleati-ceasters ; the city enlarged by Wulf- 
here, first Christian King of Mercia, 679 ; monastery of St Peter's founded by 
Ethelred, 680 ; made a royal burgh by Edgar, 964 ; plundered by the Danes 
and burnt in the reign of Ethelred II. ; the castle built by William I., 1068 — 1080 ; 
William II. and Edward I. resided in, and the latter held a parliament here, 
1279 ; Richard II. also held a parliament in the castle, 1378 ; Henry IV., 1403, 
and Henry V., 1420 ; a mint established, 12 16. Cathedral began by Abbot 
Serlo, 1 100 ; south aisle of nave, by Abbot Thokey, 1318 — 1329 ; south transept, 
by Abbot Wiggemore, 1340 ; cloisters, 135 1 — 1412 ; west front and south porch, 
by Abbot Morwent, 1430 ; central tower, by Abbot Seabroke, 1460 ; lady chapel, 
by Abbot Hanley, 1466 — 1470 ; Saxon, 408 feet long, 83 wide ; tower 225 feet 
high. The town declared for the Parliament in the civil war, and defeated Lord 
Herbert at the head of 2000 Welsh Royalists, 1642 ; the city besieged by Prince 
Rupert, Aug. 5, 1643 ; the garrison skirmished with the king's troops, Aug. 7 ; 
Charles arrived with 6000 horse, Aug. 10 ; they besieged the town, Aug. 1 1 ; 
the East Gate mined by the Royalists, Aug. 26 — 29 ; the siege raised, Sept. 1 1 ; the 
garrison harassed the retreating forces of the king, and captured considerable 
booty, Sept. 12 ; Charles II. ordered the fortifications and city walls to be de- 
stroyed on account of the resistance offered to his father, 1662 ; he also destroyed 
the castle and deprived the town of its charters, but subsequently for a considera- 
tion granted them a new one ; visited by James II., 1687 ; George IV. when 
Prince of Wales received the freedom of this city, 1807 ; new bridge began, 
1814 ; the Gloucester and Berkeley Canal opened, April, 1827. 

GLOUCESTER COLLEGE, or PRIORY, Oxford, founded by John Gifford, 
1283. 

GLOUCESTER, Duchess of, punished for a witch, 1442. 

GLOUCESTER, Duchess of, the last of the family of George III., died at the age 
of 81, April 30, 1857. 

GLOUCESTER, Duke of, smothered between two feather-beds at Calais, Sept. 
28, 1397, by Richard II. 

GLOUCESTER, Humphrey, Duke of, fourth son of Heniy IV., murdered at St 
Edmondsbury, and buried at St Albans, 1447. 

GLOUCESTER, Richai-d, Duke of, and brother of Edward IV., appointed Pro- 
tector, 1483 ; murdered his nephews, Edward, Prince of Wales, and Richard, 
Duke of York, 1483. 

GLOUCESTER, See of, founded, Sept. 3, 1541 ; remodelled by Henry VIIL, 



356 GLOUCESTER GODWIN'S OATH 

1550; suppressed, and its territory united to that of Worcester, John Hooper 
being made bishop, May 20, 1552 ; Bristol united to Gloucester, Oct. 5, 1836. 

GLOUCESTER, Statutes of, making several alterations in the holding of land, &c., 
passed by the parliament held at this town by Edward I., Aug., 1278. 

GLOVERS' COMPANY incorporated, 14 Charles I., Sept. 5, 1638 ; given the 
power of search over all the trade v/ithin three miles of London ; arms granted 
to, Oct. 20, 1464. 

GLOVES, of considerable antiquity. Xenophon in the Cyrop^dia mentions the 
fact that on one occasion Cyrus went without his gloves ; during the middle ages 
gloves were worn by ecclesiastical and other dignitaries as a mark of distinction ; 
William of Colchester, abbot of Westminster, is represented in jewelled gloves, 
1420 ; embroidered gloves introduced, 1580 ; importation prohibited, 3 Edw. IV. 
c. 4, 1463, 6 Geo. III. c. 19, 1766 ; prohibition annulled and a duty fixed, 6Geo. 
IV. c. 105, July 5, 1825. 

GLUCKSTADT, Denmark, founded by Christian IV., 1616 ; fortified, 1620; be- 
sieged ransuccessfully for 15 weeks by Tilly, 1628 ; fortifications destroyed, 1815 ; 
made a free port, 1830. 

GLYCERINE discovered by Scheele, 1789; since used for medicinal purposes, 
first so used by Mr T. Dela Rue, 1844. Nitro-glycerine, an explosive substance 
stronger than gunpowder, discovered by Sombrero, 1847, but was comparatively- 
useless until Andrew Nobel, a Swede, discovered a method of exploding it by 
concussion. A serious explosion of, on board the ship 'European' in the harbour of 
Colon Panama, April 3, 1866 ; another on the Town Moor at Newcastle-upon- 
Tyne, seven persons killed, Dec. 17, 1867. 

GNOSTICS, a sect who professed to interpret the Scriptures by philosophy taught 
in the apostolical age by Simon, the Samaritan, Acts of the Apostles viii. 10 ; 
Basilides and Valentinus, the two greatest philosophers of their time, taught this 
doctrine, A.D. 125. 

GOA, Western India, taken by Bijanagur, a Hindoo Raja, 1469 ; besieged and 
captured by Albuquerque, who made it the capital of the Portuguese possessions 
in the East, 1510; possessed by the English, 1807; the Inquisition abolished, 
1812. 

GOBELIN, the celebrated French dyer, lived, 1662 ; Gobelin tapestry, so called 
from the brothers wool-dyers of that name ; the tapestry still manufactured by 
Colbert, in the residence of Giles Gobelin, which was purchased by Louis XIV. 
for the purpose, 1666. 

GODALMING BRIDGE, Surrey, began, July, 1782. 

GODERICH ADMINISTRATION formed by Lord Goderich, Aug. 10, 1827; 
resigned, Jan. 8, 1828. 

GODESTOW NUNNERY, Oxfordshire. John de St John gave the land, temp. 
Henry I., and the abbess, Editha, founded the nunnery, 1138. 

GODFATHERS AND GODMOTHERS, in the baptism of infants and of bells, 
instituted by Pope Telesphorus in the 2nd century, about 130. The number in 
the Church of Rome is two, and the Church of England three. 

GODFREY, Sir Edmondsbury, found murdered near Primrose-hill, Oct. 17, 1678. 

GODOLPHIN ADMINISTRATION in Queen Anne's reign. May 8, 1702 ; the 
Earl was Lord Treasurer until Aug. 8, 1710, when he resigned. 

GODWIN'S OATH, a phrase for perjury, after Earl Godwin, brother of Edward 
the Confessor, who was tried for the murder of Prince Alfred, and pardoned ; 
hoping the bread he was eating might stick in his throat if he were guilty, it did 
stick, and he was choked, 1053. 



GODWIN SANDS GOLD AND SILVER STANDARDS 357 

GODWIN SANDS, off the coast of Kent, once part of the estate of Earl Godwin 
of Kent. Florence of Worcester in his Chronicles describes a disastrous irruption 
of the sea, by which whole villages were submerged and an innumerable multitude 
of people were drowned, 1014 ; this is confirmed by Henry of Huntingdon. An- 
other inundation occurred, according to the Anglo-Saxon chronicle, Nov. II, 
1099. Previous to the erection of a lighthouse in 1817 it was found that there was 
15 feet of sand. 

GOG AND MAGOG, the Guildhall Giants.- When Henry V. made his triumph- 
al entry to London, 141 5, a male and female giant stood at London Bridge, 
the male bearing an axe and the keys of the city ; a mighty giant awaited Henry 
VI. in the same place, 1432; and in 1554, when Philip and Mary made their pub- 
lic entry, the two giants, Corineus and Gog-Magog, received them at London 
Bridge ; the same two were stationed at Temple Bar wla^ Elizabeth passed through 
the city, Jan. 12, 1558 ; they were afterwards used in the Lord Mayor's Show 
from 1605 ; these two wicker giants falling into decay, the present effigies v/ere 
made by Capt. Richard Carver of King-street, Cheapside, 1 707. 

GOLD. The scarcest and most pure of metallic bodies, and the most valuable, 
from its colour, lustre, weight, and ductility. It was known from the earliest times, 
Gen; ii. 11, but chiefly used for ornaments, Gen. xxiv. 22, and was very abundant, 
I Chro. xxii. 14, 2 Chro. i. 15, ix. 9. The chief gold-producing countries were 
Arabia, Sheba, Ophir, and Uphez. A goldsmith is mentioned as making gold idols. 
Is. xlvi. 6. It has been found in many parts of the world : brought from the mines of 
Chili, 1540 ; from Brazil, 1694-5 5 ^^'^^ Moluccas, Oct. 27, 1731 ; in New Andalusia, 
1785 ; in Cornwall, 1795; and at Wicklow, Ireland, more than looo ounces were 
collected, 1795; Ceylon, 1800; Russia, 1809; in large quantities in California, 
1847; Australia, Sept. 18, 1851 ; British Columbia, 1856; three vessels arrived 
in the Thames from, with seven tons of gold on board, Nov. 23, 1852 ; the Aus- 
tralian steamer arrived at Plymouth with the Victoria Nugget, weighing 340 ounces, 
Jan. II, 1853 ; the Blanche Barkly Nugget, weighing 146 lbs of pure gold, ex- 
hibited to the Queen, April 28, 1858. Gold manufactured in England as early as 
the 6th century ; standard fixed by 17 & 18 Vict. c. 96, Aug. 10, 1854 ; wedding 
rings the next year exempted, c. 60, July 23, 1855. There are nov/ five standards, 
viz. 22, 18, 15, 12, 9 carats ; several bars of gold connected by links, supposed 
to be ornaments worn by Celtic kings, were found at Mantfield in East Sussex 
by a labourer, Jan. 12, 1863. 

GOLD AND SILVER STANDARDS. At the first coinage of gold by Edward 
III., 1344, the current value of lib. of the old standard gold (7^ of a carat alloy 
to 23% carats of fine gold) was ;£i$ ; it was progressively raised till it reached ^25 
2s. 6d. in the reign of Henry VIIL, who established the nev/ standard of 22 carats 
gold and 2 carats alloy, and the two standards had currency together for more 
than a century, by the name of angel (or fine) gold and crown gold respectively. 
In 1670, the new standard was established by Charles II. as the sole standard, 
and has so continued ever since ; its current value had been raised at various times, 
and was raised to ;£^6 i^s. 6d., 1718; i lb. of standard gold being now coined 
after the rate of 46 29-40 sovereigns to the pound weight troy. Silver: the current 
value of I lb. weight of old standard silver, the ' Old right standard of England,' 
as it is called in the Mint Indenture of 1357 (11 oz. 2 dwts of fine silver, and 18 
dwts of alloy), increased progressively from 20s. in 1279 to 45J-. in 1526 ; the stand- 
ard was afterwards debased, and for sixpences and smaller moneys Edward VI. 
sanctioned a coinage of 3 oz. fine to 9 oz. alloy, the basest silver ever sanctioned 
in this country. Queen Maiy restored the silver to a standard of 11 oz. fine to i oz. 
alloy ; Elizabeth restored the old standard of 1 1 oz. 2 dwts fine, and this has still 
continued in force ; the i lb. weight was coined into 62^., 181 7 ; it was fixed at 66^-. 
The gold and silver coinage was legalized by the 56 Geo. III. c. 68, June 22, 1816. 



358 GOLD GOLDSMITHS' COMPANY 

GOLD AND SILVER WIRE-DRAWERS' COMPANY incorporated, 21 James 
L, June 14, 1623 ; confirmed by William and Mary, Jmie 16, 1693; the ordin- 
ances approved by the Lord Keeper, Oct. 17, 1700 ; a livery granted to the Com- 
pany by the Com-t of Aldermen, July 18, 1780 ; this was the first company which 
admitted Jews to partake of its privileges. 
GOLD COINAGE. The Romans established a coinage in this metal, B.C. 200 ; 
the Florentines, a.D. 1252 ; introduced into England by Henry III., 1257 ; the 
florin and half florin of Edward III., 1344, and the noble, 1345 ; Henry VI. in 
1470 coined the angel in imitation of the noble; Edward IV., 1460, corned the 
rose noble ; the ryal or sovereign first coined by Heniy VII., 1485 ; crowns by 
Henry VIII., 1509 ; half-sovereigns by Edward VI., 1547 ; by several indentures 
of Elizabeth, 1600, one pound weight troy was to be coined in 24 sovereigns, 48 
ryals, 72 angels ; new coinage ordered by James I., 1617; gviineas coined by 
Charles II., 1660 ; half guinea, two guinea, and five guinea shortly afterwards. 
The gold coinage was called in by proclamations and recoined, 1695, iemp. 
WiUiam III. ; seven-shilhng pieces were coined, 1797 ; sovereigns coined, 1817. 
GOLDEN BULL, a decree from the papal authority, sealed with a bull of gold, 
silver, or lead. The golden bull of Brabant issued, 1349 ; of Milan, 1549 ; one 
made at the diet of Nuremberg, 1356, by Charles IV., related to what became a 
fundamental law of the empire. 
GOLDEN CHAIN, the laburnum, brought into England from Hungary before 

1576; the golden plant was brought from China, 1782. 
GOLDEN FLEECE, the order of, was founded by Philip le Bon, Duke of 
Burgundy and the Netherlands, Jan. 10, 1429, to celebrate his marriage with 
the Princess Isabella of Portugal; the number fixed at 31, increased by Pope 
Leo X. to 52, 1516; after the accession of Charles V., 1556, the Spanish- 
Dutch line of the house of Austria claimed the order; in 1700 the Emperor 
Charles VI. and King Philip of Spain both urged their claims to it ; the archives 
were taken by Charles VI. to Vienna, where the inauguration of the order was 
solemnized, 1713 ; the festival is celebrated annually at Vienna on St Andrew's 
day, Nov. 30 ; the chapter meets in the Court Chapel every year, on Jan. 6. 
GOLDEN GATE. This vessel destroyed by fire with 204 persons, it had 1,400,000 

dollars on board, July 29, 1862. 
GOLDEN ROSE, a papal gift presented by the pope to the sovereigns who 
supported the papacy ; one presented to Henry VIIL by Julius II., 1510; the 
last presented to the Queen of Spain by Pope Pius IX., 1867. 
GOLDEN SHIELD AND THISTLE, order of, began, 1370. 
GOLDSMITHS' COMPANY, incorporated by Edward HI., March 30, 1327 ; 
confirmed by Richard II., Feb. 6, 1392, and Edward IV., May 30, 1462 ; con- 
firmed in subsequent reigns, ending with the charter of Will. & Mary ; the arms 
granted to, Oct. 15, 155 1 ; crest, 1561 ; assaying of the precious metals conferred 
upon the company by 28 Edw. I. c. 20, 1300 ; the wardens to go from shop to 
shop to see if the gold being used was good ; ordered to be brought to the hall to 
be assayed, 1336 ; every goldsmith to mark their wares, 1363 ; no gold wares to 
be sold unless stamped, 1424. Elizabeth ordered that no goldsmith should sell or 
exchange wares under 22 carats ; and silver wares, 11 oz. 2dwts in the pound, 
1573. The company issued an order to enter the names and marks of all gold- 
smiths in a book, Feb. 23, 1675 ; this company was the foundation of the present 
banking system, the merchants depositing their money in the hands of the com- 
pany after Charles II. had plundered the mint, the previous depositary ; the old 
hall taken down, 1829, and the present noble building erected, by Philip Hard- 
wick, R.A., and opened, July 15, 1835. The following towns besides London 
have a goldsmiths' hall for assaying : — 



GOOD FRIDAY GORTZ 359 

Birmingham Glasgow 

Chester Newcastle 

Dublin Sheffield 

Edinburgh York 

Exeter 
GOOD FRIDAY, a day early observed by the Church as the anniversary of the 
Crucifixion, 33 ; and it is observed with fastings and penances ; it was called 
Long Friday by the Anglo-Saxons. 
GOODIER, Captain, hung for the murder of his brother, Sir John Dinely Goodier, 
at Bristol, Jan. 20, 1740-41. 

GOODMAN'S FIELDS THEATRE, built by Thomas Odell, and opened Oct., 
1 729. Owing to a religious prosecution, he sold the house to Mr Henry Gififaixl, 
who reopened it, Oct. 20, 1 732 ; the clamour increasing, he removed to it Lincoln's- 
Inn Fields ; he returned to Goodman's Fields, where Garrick made his first ap- 
pearance as Richard III., Oct. 19, 1741 ; pulled down, 1746 ; new theatre sub- 
sequently erected ; this was burnt down, June, 1802. 

GOODRICH CASTLE, Herefordshire, given by King John to William Marshall, 
Earl of Pembroke ; rebuilt and fortified by Richard Talbot, 1384-5. 

GORDIAN KNOT, said to have been made in the leathers or harness of the chariot 
of Gordius, King of Phrygia, so very intricate that there was no finding where it 
began or ended ; the tradition existed that whoever effected it would be the master 
of Asia. Alexander attempted it, but failing, cut it asunder with his sword, and 
thus accomplished the oracle, B.C. 333. 

GORDON, LORD GEORGE, he led the 'no popery' mob of that day, the receipt 
often used in the reign of George III. to raise or quell a mob, according to the 
ends of those opposed to religious freedom. Lord George Gordon's mob was 
styled the ' Protestant Association,' the object of which was to urge the return 
of all the past severities against the Romanists. They met in St George's Fields 
to present a petition to parliament against the penal laws, June 2, 1780; I,ondcm 
was given over to pillage and fire for the six following days ; Roman Catholic 
chapels burned, and private houses plundered and set fire to ; Newgate was broken 
open and burnt, 300 prisoners being i-eleased, June 6, and Lord Mansfield's mansion, 
with his valuable libraiy, entirely destroyed, on the 7th ; the military were called 
out, 210 rioters were killed, and 248 wounded, of whom 75 died afterwards in the 
hospitals. The author of these riots was apprehended on the 9th, and committed 
to the Tower for high treason. Many of the rioters were tried and convicted, 
and some executed, June 28. Lord George Gordon was tried in Westminster PI all 
for high treason, and acquitted, Feb. 5, 1781 ; died in Newgate, Nov. i, 1793. 

GOREE ISLAND, on the coast of Africa, settled by the Dutch, 161 7 ; nearly de- 
stroyed by the explosion of a magazine, 1662; taken by the English, 1663 ; ceded 
to France, 1678 ; again taken by the English, Dec. 29, 1758 ; nearly destroyed by 
fire, March, 1761 ; restored to France, 1763 ; abandoned, 1779 ; captured by the 
English, iSoo, and restored to the French, 1803 ; retaken by the English, March 
9, 1804; restored to France, 1814. 

GOREY, battle of, between the English and Irish rebels, in which the latter were 
victorious ; the former lost several guns, abandoning Gorey and Arklow to the 
enemy, Jan. 4, 1798. 

GORING NUNNERY, Oxfordshire, founded by John Plantagenet, Earl of Corn- 
wall, circa 1186. 

GORTZ, Baron, the Swedish ambassador in Holland, seized for treasonable prac- 
tices against England, Jan. 17, 1716 ; sent home and beheaded in Sweden, Feb., 
1718-19. 



36o GOSPELLERS GRACE DIEU ABBEY 

GOSPELLERS, a name given to the followers of Wickliffe, 1377, on account of 
their professing to abide only by the gospel, and setting at nought the authorities of 
bishops and popes. 

GOSPORT, Hampshire, ' God's port,' so mentioned in a deed in the archives of 
the see of Winchester, 1158. Haslar Hospital for sick and wounded seamen, be- 
gan, 1746, and finished, 1762 ; the Royal Clarence victualling yard, the victual- 
ling' department of the navy, removed here from Portsmouth, 1827-8. 

GOTHENBURG, Sweden. This town founded by Gustavus Adolphus, 1610 ; in- 
jured by a fire, which burned 120 houses, 1794; again, Dec. 22, 1802, destroy- 
ing the cathedral, palace, post-office, several other public buildings, and a fourth 
part of the city ; again in 181 3, which consumed a large part of the town. 

GOTHLAND ISLAND, Baltic Sea, taken from the Swedes by Vladimir HI. of 
Denmark, 1361 ; restored to the Swedes by treaty, Aug. 14, 1645 ; occupied by 
the Russians for a short time, 1 807. 

GOTHS. This iinportant branch of the Germanic family is spoken of by Alex- 
ander as inhabiting the shores of the Baltic ; they conquered Dacia and part of 
Moesia, and besieged Marcianopolis, A.D. 246 ; invaded Moesia a second time, but 
were defeated by Decius, 250 ; they marched through Macedonia and advanced 
as far as the pass of Thermopylae, but were defeated and forced to return, 251 ; 
they became master of the Black Sea, 254, and captured several towns and many 
vessels ; they visited the Sea of Azov, 258 ; they were subsequently defeated by 
Claudius at Naissus, 269 ; Dacia given up to them by Aurelian, 272 ; invaded 
Thrace as far as Illyrium, 273 ; defeated by Constantine, April, 332, nearly 
100,000 of their number being slain ; defeated again by Valens, 368-9 ; their ter- 
ritories invaded by the Huns, 375 ; they sued for the protection of the Romans, 
who treated them so badly that they united with the Huns against the Romans, 
and defeated them, 378 ; commanded by Alaric, they marched into Greece and 
conquered many towns, 396 ; he approached to besiege Milan, but was defeated 
by the Roman General, Stilicho, at Pollentia, 403 ; marched to Rome, taking 
the cities of Aquileia, Cremona, and others, and pitched his camp under the walls 
of Rome, 408 ; ransomed, 409 ; he besieged and sacked Rome, Aug. 24, 410 ; 
made peace with the Romans, 453 ; invaded Spain, 457 ; Italy, 536 ; and reduced 
Naples, 537 ; Rome again taken by them, Dec, 546, and 549 ; Totila, their king, 
defeated and killed, July, 552 ; Teias, their last king, was defeated and slain, 
March, 553, and soon after they ceased to be a kingdom. 

GOTTINGEN, University of, founded by George II. of England, 1734; the 
library contains 200,000 vols. ; Academy of Sciences established at, 1751 J taken 
by the Austrians, Aug. 25, 1760. 

GOWRIE CONSPIRACIES : first formed between the Earl of Mar and Glencairn, 
Lord Ruthven, who had been created Earl of Gowrie, to seize James VI. at Ruthven 
Castle, 1582 ; approved of by the Convention of Estates, Oct. 3. The king escaped, 
June 27, 1583; Earl Gowrie beheaded, 1584. The second was formed by John 
Ruthven, the Earl of Gowrie, and his brother Alexander, sons of the above, 
who persuaded the king to visit them at their castle of Perth, 1600, where 
they made an attempt upon his life ; both the brothers were killed, Aug. 5 ; a 
public thanksgiving appointed to be held annually, for the king's deliveiy from 
the conspiracy, Aug. 5, 1600. 

GRACE, title of, first assumed by Henry IV. of England, 1399, on- his accession ; 
'Excellent Grace' assumed by Henry VI., 1425 ; James I. assumed the title of 
Majesty only; archbishops and dukes are now only addressed as ' your grace.' 

GRACE DIEU ABBEY, Belton, Leicestershire, founded by Rocsia de Verdon, 
1239. 



GRACE DIEU ABBEY GRAPES 361 

GRACE DIEU ABBEY, Monmouthshire, founded by John Lord de Monmouth, 

1266. 
GRACE DIEU MONASTERY, near Ashby de la Zouch, founded, 1151. 

GRAFTON'S ADMINISTRATION, Duke of, began, Dec, 1767; resigned, 

Jan. 28, 1770. 
GRAGNANO, near Castellamare, a land-slip in the mountain above destroyed 

above 60 dwellings with their inhabitants, Jan. 22, 1841. 

GRAHAM'S DYKE, the wall built by the Emperor Severus between England and 

Scotland, 209. 
GRAHOVO stormed by the Turkish army under Omar Pasha, and taken. Tan. ig 

1853- 
GRAM PI AN HILLS, battle at, between Agricola, and the Plots under Galgacus, in 

which the Caledonians were routed, 84. 
GRAN, Hungar}^, founded by the Romans ; long the residence of the Hungarian 
kings ; taken by the Turks, 1600 ; defeated and driven out by Sobieski, King of 
Poland, 1683; the Mag3'ars defeated the Austrians here, Feb. 27, 1849. 
GRANADA, Spain, founded by the Phoenicians, and taken by the Romans in the 
5th century ; refounded by the Moors in the loth century; became the capital, 
1235 ; besieged by Ferdinand and Isabella, and after a brave resistance by the 
Moors, captured, Jan. 2, 1492. The Moors formed the majority of the inhaloit- 
ants, even as late as 1700. 

GRANADA, NEW, South America, discovered by Columbus, 1498 ; remained a 
colony of Spain, a republic, 1732 ; threw off the Spanish yoke, i8io, and an in- 
cessant war against that power maintained, until they were finally beaten, 1824; 
imited with Venezuela, Dec. 17, 1819 ; Venezuela seceded from it, Nov., 1829; 
constituted itself the republic of New Granada, Nov. 21, 1831 ; the constitution 
promulgated, 1832 ; re-formed, 1843 I slavery abolished, Jan. i, 1852. 

GRANARIES. These storehouses against a time of scarcity were early provided 
by the citizens of London : the Manor of Leaden Hall was invested in the mayor 
and commonalty, to provide granaries, 1443. Sir Simon Eyre erected the first, 
1449 ; twelve new, ordered to be built to hold 6000 quarters of corn, and two 
storehouses for sea coal, to prevent the dearness of those articles by the great in- 
crease of inhabitants of London, 7 James I., 1610. 

GRAND ALITANCE between the Emperor of Germany, England, and Holland, 
which Spain afterwards joined, May 12, 1689. 

GRAND CAIRO built by the Saracens, 969. 

GRANDELLA, near Benevento, battle. Manfred defeated and killed by Charies of 
Anjou, Feb. 27, 1266. 

GRAND JUNCTION CANAL, connecting the Thames, Severn, Mersey, and 
Trent, commencing at Branston, Northamptonshire, began, 1793. 

GRANSON, battle. Charles of Burgundy defeated by the Swiss, who took their 
camp and a considerable treasure, March 2, 1476. 

GRANTHAM, Lincolnshire, incorporated by Edward IV., 1463 ; made a parlia- 
mentary borough, 1467. The Grammar School founded by Richard Fox, bishop 
of Winchester, 1528, and endowed by Edward VI.; the Guildhall rebuilt, 1787 ; 
the Exchange Hall burnt, Nov. 21, 1862. 

GRANVILLE, France, bombarded and burned by the Enghsh, 1695 ! again partly 
destroyed by the Vendeans, 30,000 strong, 1793, but they were unable to carry the 
town ; again bombarded by the English, 1803. 

GRAPES early cultivated in England ; large quantities brought from Flanders, 



362 GRAPHOTYPE ENGRAVING GREAT EASTERN 

1276 ; grown of good quality formerly south of Cambridgeshire, hut not north of 
that county ; the Vale of Gloucester celebrated for their production by William 
of Malmesbury ; the vines of lincombe, near Bath, noted, 1 1 50, by Archbishop 
Theobald ; there is a celebrated vine at Hampton Court, planted in 1769 ; and a 
noted muscatel at Chevening, Kent, that in 1836 bore 2040 bunches of grapes. 

GRAPHOTYPE ENGRAVING, invented by Mr Dewitt, and C. Hitchcock, 
of the United States, i860. 

GRATES introduced at a late period ; the fire kindled upon the hearth in the 
midst of the hall, until chimneys were introduced, 1200. 

GRAVELINES, France, founded, 1160; fortified by Vauban. The Emperor 
Charles V. here paid a visit to Henry VIII. , on his return from the field of the 
Cloth of Gold, 1520 ; 300 persons killed by an explosion of powder, 1654. 

GRAVESEND, Kent, built in the reign of Richard 11. ; towards the close of his 
reign, the French made a descent upon the town, and burnt it ; the town was 
soon after re-erected, and the privilege of conveying passengers and goods to Lon- 
don conferred, confirmed by charter of Henry IV.; incorporated by Elizabeth, 
1567 ; a new charter granted by Charles I., 1632 ; part of the town destroyed by 
fire, Aug. 24, 1727 ; the Town Hall erected from the designs of C. Sloane, 1764 ; 
explosion of powder at, Nov. 4, 1798, which did much mischief; new pier at, 
designed by Tierney Clark, injured by a mob, Jan. 22, 1833 ; opened to the pub- 
lic, July 29, 1834 ; the great resort of pleasure steamers ; prodigious intercourse 
with the metropolis attained, 1844. 

GRAVITATION, the principle of, explained by Sir I. Newton, 1687, until which 
the cause had been conjectural. 

GRAYS'-INN, London, formerly the town residence of the Grays of Wilton, who 
sold it in 1505 ; afterwards sold to the Prior of East Sheen, who leased it to cer- 
tain law students ; the entrance gateway erected, 1592 ; the hall, 1560 ; the gar- 
den planted soon afterwards. 

GREAT BRITAIN, first so called, James I. being proclaimed King of Great Britain, 
France, and Ireland, Oct. 24, 1604; a national flag adopted by proclamation, April 
12, 1606. At a meeting of the Scottish Parliament, June 28, 1705, a proposal 
for union with England was debated, and commissioners appointed to settle the 
terms. The commissioners for the union held their first meeting at Westminster, 
April 16, 1706 ; terms of the imion agreed to by them, July 22, 1706 ; passed by 
the Scottish Parliament, Jan. 16, 1707 ; the debates upon the Act of Union com- 
menced in the English Parliament, Feb. 15, passed, 6 Anne, c. 11, March 6, 1707 ; 
to come into operation, May I ; a national flag appointed by proclamation, July 
28. — See England. 

GREAT BRITAIN Iron Steam-ship, of enormous size, sailed from the Mer- 
sey for New York, on her first voyage, July 26, 1845 ; reached New York, 
Aug. 10; sailed again, Sept. 22, 1846, with goods and 185 passengers; went 
aground in Dundrum Bay, on the Irish coast, Sept. 22, 1846, where she remained 
until Aug. 27, 1847 ; being got off with little injury, she arrived in Liverpool and 
was refitted ; sailed in 1852 with 800 passengers to Australia, besides intermediate 
voyages. 

GREAT EASTERN Steam-ship, bulk by Brunei; commencement of the at- 
tempt to launch at Mil wall. Poplar, then called the Leviathan, Nov. 3, 1857 ; 
completed, Jan. 31, 1858; cost about ^70,000; visited by the Queen and the 
Prince Consort at Deptford, June 28, 1858 ; one of the boilers exploded, killing 
10 firemen, and wounding several others, Sept. 7, 1859 ; Captain Harrison, com- 
mander of, drowned at the entrance to the Southampton harbour, Jan. 21, i860; 
disabled at sea in a heavy storm, Sept. 12, 1861 ; made the voyage from New 
York to Liverpool in II days, Aug., 1S62. 



GREAT EXHIBITION GREECE 363 

GREAT EXHIBITION.— ^-.'^ Exhibition. 

GREAT SALT LAKE visited by the Baron de la Hontan, circa 1690 ; surveyed 
partially by Col. Fremont, 1845, which was scientifically completed by Captain 
Howard Stansbury, 1849-50 ; the length of the lake is about 500 miles, covering 
an area of 175,000 square miles ; the Mormons formed a settlement at, July 24, 
1847. 

GREAT SEAL OF ENGLAND first used by Edward the Confessor, being affix- 
ed to crown grants, 1048 ; a new one made for Cromwell, Jan. 9, 1648-9; the 
great seal of England was stolen from the house of Lord Chancellor Thurlow, in 
Great Ormond-street, by thieves, March 24, 1784, and never recovered — the day 
before the dissolution of parliament ; a new seal was made on the Union with Ire- 
land, 1 801 ; a new seal for Ireland adopted, and the ancient one defaced, 1832. 

GREAT WESTERN Steam-ship, the first steam vessel which had ever crossed the 
Atlantic, arrived at New York, from Bristol, June 17, 1838. 

GRECIAN THEATRE, London, adjoining the Eagle Tavern, City Road, built 
by Thomas Rouse, 1826 ; altered and remodelled by Mr Conquest, 1858. 

GREECE, Ancient, founded B.C. 2089; Troy captured, 1184; Cumse founded, 
1050 ; the commencement of the Olympiads, 77^ ; the first Messenian war began, 
743 ; Syracuse founded, 734 j s^d of the first Messenian war, 723 ; Sybaris 
founded, 720; Croton founded, 71°; the second Messenian war, 685 ; end of, 
668 ; the most ancient sea-fight, between the Corinthians and the Corcyraeans, 664 ; 
Byzantium founded, 657 ; commencement of the Cirrhoean, or sacred war, which 
lasted ten years, 595; the conquest of, completed, 586; Agrigentum founded, 582; 
Cyrus began to reign in Persia, 559 > the Temple of Delphi burnt, 548 ; Cyrus 
took Sardis and overthrew the Lydian monarchy, 546 ; took Babylon, 538 ; 
death of, 529 ; the Ionian revolt, 500 ; defeated in a naval battle near Miletus, 
495 ; the Persians took the islands of Chios, Lesbos, and Tenedos, 493 ; defeated 
at Marathon, 490 ; revolt of Egypt, 486 ; Xerxes invaded Greece, 480 ; defeated 
at Platffia, 479 ; Sestos taken by the Greeks, 478 ; revolt of Eubcea and Megara 
from Athens, 445 ; the commencement of the Peloponnesian war, 431, the 28th 
and last year of, 404 ; retreat of the 10,000 to Greece, 401 ; first year of the 
Olynthian war, 382 ; peace concluded, 379 ; war between Arcadia and Elis, 
365 ; battle of Olympia, 364 ; battle of Mantinea, June, 362 ; first year of the 
Social War, 357 ; commencement of the Sacred War, 357 ; last year of the Social 
War, peace concluded, 355; Olynthian War begins, 349 ; Sacred War concluded, 
346 ; Philip becomes master of Greece, 338 ; Alexander commenced the war 
against Persia, 334 ; Agis defeated and slain by Antipater, 331 ; the Greek States 
made war against Macedonia, 323 ; war against Antigonus, 315 ; peace concluded 
after five years' war, 3 1 1 ; Ptolemy's expedition to Greece, 308 ; the Gauls invade 
Greece, 279 ; Social War commenced, 220; peace concluded, 317 ; Greece de- 
clared free by Flamininus, 196 ; destruction of Corinth by Mummius ; Greece be- 
came a Roman province, 146. 

GREECE, Modern. Constantinople became the head of an effeminate Greek rule, 
A. D. 328, and thus the empire of the Eastsurvived that of its conquerors; theEastern 
empire separated from the Western, 364 ; from that time to May 29, 1453, the 
Greek empire existed under 90 emperors, the last of whom, Constantine XIII. , 
was killed by the Turks, who stormed Constantinople ; though lost in name, this 
nation had thus far survived, but they were doomed to be slaves of the Moslem, in 
the most demoralising and degrading of all slavery, until the 19th century ; revolts 
indeed, occurred, but they were put down by the Turks, and the actors in them mer- 
cilessly exterminated ; in 1770, after long submission, symptoms of a free spirit ap- 
peared ; the crown offered to a Russian Prince, 1 790, and the inhabitants of Suli 
arose in arms, but after a severe stniggle, were defeated and reduced to a remnant, 



64 GREECE 

1803 ; the Turks were beaten at Yassa, 1819, by the Servians ; the Greeks joined 
in secret conspiracy, took a part in the insurrection in Moldavia and Wallachia, 
Feb., 1821 ; proclaimed the independence of Greece, March 13 ; the Greek 
patriarch was put to death in Constantinople, April 23, 1821 ; 10,000 Christians 
were massacred in Cyprus, who were unoffending ; the inliabitants of Bucharest 
were murdered even to the women and children, 1821 ; the Greeks at once pro- 
claimed independence, Jan. 27, 1822 ; Corinth was besieged and taken, Jan. 26, 
1822 ; Russia favoured the Greeks secretly ; the Turks bombarded Scio, and 
slaughtered its 40,000 inhabitants for ten days, and reserved 30,000 women and boys 
for slaves, April 15, 1823; the Turks defeated at Argos,and in their retreat severely 
handled, 1823; a congress formed at Argos, Feb., 1823; victories of the brave 
Bozzaris, June 18, 1823 ; Byron landed to assist the Greeks, Jan. 5, 1824 ; died 
at Missolonghi, April 19 ; the Turks, with the capitan-pacha, routed at Samos, 
Aug. 16, 1824; a Greek provisional government established, Oct., 1824; the first 
loan negotiated in London, Feb., 1824; second, Feb., 1825; Ibrahim Pacha 
landed at Modon, Feb. 26, 1825 ; commenced the siege of Navarin, the Greeks 
capitulated. May 18 ; the protection of England invited, July 24, 1825 ; siege 
of Missolonghi, taken, April 22, 1826; the Greeks dispersed the Turkish fleet, 
Jan. 28 ; Ibrahim Pacha took Missolonghi, April 23; battle with Omar Pacha, June 
I ; Ibrahim Pacha defeated by the Mainotes, Aug. 9 ; Athens taken by the Turks ; 
treaty of England, Russia, and France, in behalf of the Greeks, July 6, 1827 ; 
battle of Navarino, Oct. 20 ; Count Capo d'lstrias made President of Greece, 
Jan. 18, 1828 ; a council of state established in Greece, Feb. 2 ; a national bank 
founded, Feb. 14 ; Greece divided into eight departments, viz. : — Argolis, Achaia, 
Elis, Upper Messenia, Lower Messenia, Laconia, and Arcadia, with the islands, 
April 26 ; a convention entered into between the English Admiral and the Egyptian 
Commander, Ibrahim Pacha, for the evacuation of the Morea and delivery up of 
the Greek captives, Aug. 6 ; Navarino, Patras, and Modon surrendered, Oct. 6 ; 
the Morea ultimately evacuated by the Turks, Oct. 30 ; surrender of Missolonghi 
to the Greeks, May 17, 1829 ; the Greek deputies commenced their assembly at 
Argos, July 23 ; the Porte acknowledged Greek independence, Sept. 14, 1829 ; 
sovereignty offered to Prince Leopold of the House of Coburg, and refused, May 
21, 1830 ; Count Capo clTstrias assassinated by the brother and son of Mavromi- 
chaeli, whom he had imprisoned, Oct. 9, 1831 ; the assassins executed in the most 
barbarous mannei-, being built into a wall to the chin, and supplied with food, 
until death put an end to their torments, Oct., 1831 ; Otho, a youthful prince of 
Bavaria, elected King of Greece, Jan. 25, 1833 ; conspiracy of Colocotroni, Oct. 
27, 1833 ; a revolution at Athens, to enforce the responsibility of the ministry, 
Sept. 14, 1843 j the king accepted the new constitution, March 16, 1844 ; Adm. 
Parker blockaded the Piraeus, the Greek government refusing justice to British 
suljjects, and refusing to surrender the islands of Sapringa and Cabrera, Jan. 18, 
1850 ; France mediated, the blockade discontinued, March i, 1850 ; negotiations 
imsuccessful between the English and French representatives, and the blockade re- 
newed, April, 1850; the question settled in London, April 19, 1850 ; France took 
offence at the arrangements and recalled her ambassador, when it was agreed to 
substitute for a convention signed ad interim at Athens, that signed at London, 
June 21, 1850 ; treaty of succession to the crown of, agreed to, Feb. i, 1853 ; re- 
volt of the Albanians, Feb. 10, 1854; insurrection broke out at Nauplia, amongst 
the army, Feb. 13, 1862 ; proclamation issued by the king, granting an amnesty 
to the soldiers, Feb. 27 ; the town taken by the Royal forces, April 20 ; the 
Turkish ambassadors returned home, March 28 ; blockaded. May 18 ; the allies 
landed at Piraeus and seized the Greek ships in the harbour, May 25 ; insur- 
rection in, against the Emperor Otho, Oct. 13 ; a provisional government formed, 
Oct. 23 ; the Emperor left the country, Oct. 24 ; the National Assembly declare 
Prince Alfred elected by universal suffrage, Feb. 3, 1863 ; the election refused by 



GREEK CHURCH GREENOCK 365 

the English government ; Prhice William of Denmark elected king, March 30 ; 
declared of age by the National Assembly, June 27 ; accepted by the Great 
Powers, England, France, and Russia, July 13 ; King George I. landed in, Nov. 
2 ; the Ionian islands ceded to, by treaty, Nov. 14, 1863 ; carried into effect, 
June I, 1864 ; the king recognized, 1864 ; a council of state established, Oct. 21 ; 
new constitution settled, Oct. 29 ; the king made a tour of the island, in April 
and May, 1865 ; marriage of the King to the Duchess Olga, daughter of the Grand 
Duke Constantine of Russia, Oct. 27, 1867 ; new ministry formed, Jan. I, 1868. 

GREEK CHURCH . In the 5th century the jurisdiction of this Church was largely 
extended, and the jealousy of Rome excited ; this was increased by the Council of 
Chalcedon conferring the same privileges on their bishop as upon the Bishop of 
Rome, 451 ; this breach was further widened by an alteration in the ritual, 767, 
and by the excommunication of their bishop, by Pope Nicholas, 862 ; completed at 
St Sophia, June 16, 1054; the Russian Church adopted the Greek tenets, 866. 

GREEK FIRE, the invention of, is attributed to Callinicus, anarchitect of Heliopolis 
at Constantinople, 673 ; the Emperor I^eo described its use, 911 ; the Princess 
Anna Comnena wrote an account of its properties, 1 106 ; Joinville described the 
effects of its use, 1249. 

GREEK LANGUAGE, established as the legal tongue in the Byzantine empire in 
the 6th century ; received and encouraged, 1360 ; first professor appointed at 
Florence, LeoPilatus, 1363 ; and Manuel Chrysoloras, 1390 ; began to be studied 
in England, 1491. 

GREEN, Saxon colour, so called, invented, 1744. 

GREENBACKS, or Shinplasters, small notes issued by the Federal government of 
the United States, during the Civil War, in consequence of the rise in the price 
of gold, 1862. 

GREEN BAG, certain inquiries into documents declared to be seditious by the 
minister when he desired to suspend the Habeas Corpus, and obtain the power of 
an unquestioned imprisonment of the subject ; introduced by Addington Lord 
Sidmouth, Feb. 2, 1817 ; secretly reported upon some days afterwards, and the 
bill brought in to suspend the liberty of the subject, Feb. 21 ; passed, March 25. 

GREEN CLOTH, Board of, or the Court of Marshalsea, having jurisdiction with- 
in the palace, established previous to Edward IV. ; its powers extended by 33 
Hen. VIII. c. 12, 1541-2 ; Charles I., by letters patent of the sixth year of his 
reign, erected this into the palace court ; reconstructed, 16 of Charles II. ; 
abolished by 12 & 13 Vict. c. loi, Aug. i, 1849. 

GREEN DYE for cotton, invented by Dr Williams, 1777. 

GREENFIELD PRIORY, Lincolnshire, built by Eudo de Greinsby and his son 
Ralph, 1 153. 

GREENLAND, N. America, discovered, 980 ; visited by a Venetian, 1378 ; again 
by Frobisher, who discovered the Straits, 1577 ; Davis made several discoveries, 
1585 ; Muscovy Company established, 1604 ; first ship to, from England in the 
whale fishery, 1604; Pludson discovered the straits bearing his name, 1610, and 
Capt Digge ; and Willoughby Baffin discovered the bay known by that name, 
1616. Greenland Fishery Company incorporated, 1693 ; colony of natives dis- 
covered at, 1751 ; Capt. Scoresby made several discoveries, 1822; Capt. Cla- 
vering, 1823, and Capt. Graal, 1829-30. 

GREENLAND, two new metals discovered in Sodalite and Allanto, analyzed, Nov. 
5, 1810. 

GREENOCK, Renfrewshire. Permission given by James VL, 1589, to John 
Schaw, to erect a place of worship ; confirmed by Charles I., June 5, 1635 ; 



366 GREEN PARK GREGORIAN CALENDAR 

harbour built by him, 1660 ; charter of Charles II. granting him the lands in 
life-rent, July 11, 1670 ; Sir John Schaw prosecuted the extension of the harbour, 
1734; Custom House established, 1710; new quay erected under the superintend- 
ence of James Watt, March 3, 1773 ; Dry Docks built, 1785, 1818, and 1824; an 
act passed for the construction of a new harbour and dock, 1840 ; opened, and 
called the Victoria, Oct. 17, 1850 ; Society of Arts established, 1812. 
GREEN PARK, a portion of land enclosed in the reign of Henry VIII., called 
Little St James's Park ; reduced by George HI., 1767, to add to the garden of 
Buckingham Palace ; a magnificent structure erected for displaying the fireworks 
in honour of the general peace of Aix-la-Chapelle, April 27, 1749; Temple of 
Concord erected here by Sir Wm. Congreve at the peace of Aug. i, 18x4; 
separated from Buckingham Palace gardens by Constitution-hill road, leading from 
St James's to Hyde Park ; reconstructed and laid out, 1839 ; drained, 1841 ; 
grand display of fireworks in commemoration of peace with Russia, May 29, 1856. 

GREENWICH, Kent. The station of the Danish fleet, ion ; Edward I. had a 
residence here, 1300 ; Henry IV. dated his will from his manor of Greenwich, 
1408 ; granted to Thomas I3eaufort, Duke of Exeter, by Henry V., 141 7 ; per- 
mission given to Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester, to fortify the house and empark 
the lands, 1433 ; he afterwards erected a palace here, which was beautified and 
enlarged by Edward IV., 1449; Henry VII. founded a convent here ; Henry 
VIII. born at, 1491 ; his marriage with Catherine of Arragon celebrated here, 1510, 
and with Anne of Cleves, Jan. 10, 1540; the Princesses Mary and Elizabeth were 
born here ; Edward VI. kept his Christmas festival, 1552-3, and died here, July 
6, 1553 ; the favourite summer residence of Elizabeth ; Mary, daughter of James I., 
baptized with much pomp, 1605 ; Charles I. occasionally resided here, and it 
was called Greenwich Castle ; Charles II. had the old building taken down and 
commenced a new one, one wing of which was completed at a cost of ^^^36,000, 
1680; the chapel destroyed by fire, Jan. 2, 1779. Greenwich fair abolished, 1857. 

GREENWICH HOSPITAL, Kent, built on the site of the old palace, from the 
designs of Sir Christopher Wren ; first stone laid, June 30, 1696 ; a charter 
granted by William and Mary making it a naval hospital, Oct. 25, 1694 ; first 
empowered to receive (id. per month out of every seaman's pay by 7 & 8 Will. HI. 
c. 21, 1696, and 8 & 9 Will. HI. c. 23, 1697 ; the effects of Kidd the Pirate, 
;^6472, given to, 4 Anne, c. 12, 1705 ; pensioners first received in, 1705 ; the un- 
claimed prize-money given to, 1707; an act passed for the Collecting and Re- 
covery of the Duties granted for the support of, 10 Anne, c. 17, 1711 ; the for- 
feited estates of the Earl of Derwentwater, valued at ^70,000 per annum, given 
to, 8 Geo. II., 1735 ; the prize-money of deserters granted to, 1747; dining-hall 
and chapel destroyed by fire, Jan. 2, 1779 ; rebuilt and opened, Sept. 20, 1789 ; 
the income for the year 1859 was ^148,198 ; commission of inquiry appointed to 
inquire into, 1848-59 ; an act passed to provide funds for the widows of seamen 
and marines slain or otherwise killed in the service of the Crown, 26 & 27 Vict. 
c. 67, July 21, 1863 ; an act passed to provide for the better government of, and 
the more beneficial application of the revenues, 28 & 29 Vict. c. 89, July 5, 1865. 
The Royal Naval Asylum established in connection with, 5 Geo. IV. c. 26, 
1825. 

GREEN\yiCH OBSERVATORY built by Charles II. on Flamstead Hill, 
Greenwich Park, the architect was Sir Christopher Wren, 1674 5 opened, Aug. 
10, 1675-6 ; longitude computed from, about 1677. Flamsted appointed first as- 
tronomer-royal, with a salary of ;ifioo a year. 

GREGORIAN CALENDAR. In order to rectify the errors of the Julian Calen- 
dar, Pope Gregory XIII. invited men of the first mathematical talents to Rome, 
and after a consideration of 10 years of the various fo7-mulce, gave preference to 



GRENADA GRETNA-GREEN 367 

that of the two brothers, Aloysio and Antonio Lilio ; he sent copies of it to all coun- 
tries, repubhcs, and learned academies, 1757; he published his New Calendar, in 
which 10 days of them were retrenched, the 5th of Oct. being accounted the 15th, 
1582 ; adopted in Spain, Portugal, and part of Italy, and in France by letters 
patent of Henry III., Nov. 3, 1582 ; the loth of Dec. was accounted the 20th ; 
Switzerland adopted it, Feb., 1585; Poland, 1586; Sweden, by royal edict, 
March 24, 1752 ; England, 175 1. 

GRENADA, West Indies. This island discovered by Columbus, 1498 ; inhabited 
by the Caribs. Du Parquet endeavoured to form a French colony here, 1650 ; 
they committed great cruelties upon the Indians ; ca.pitulated to England, April 5, 
1762 ; to whom it was ceded, Feb. 10, 1763 ; retaken by the French, 1779 ; re- 
stored to England, Sept. 3, 1783 ; insurrection of the slaves in, 1796. 

GRENADE, a small shell with a fusee to be thrown by hand among the be- 
sieged, on entering a breach, or in similar circumstances, invented 1 594. 

GRENADIER GUARDS, formed from the Royalists who had followed Charles 
IL into exile ; first received their present title after the battle of Waterloo, 1815. 

GRENADIERS, the tallest soldiers formed into a company to throw the Gren- 
ades ; first adopted in France, 1667 ; in England, 1678 ; most of the infantry regi- 
ments had a company of, 1684. 

GRENADINES, or GRENADILLAS, Atlantic, dependent on the island of 
Grenada, first settled by the French, 1650 ; ceded to England, Feb. 10, 1763. 

GRENELLE, near Paris, powder-mills at, blown up, and nearly 3000 persons and 
all the buildings in the vicinity destroyed, Sept. 3, 1794. 

GRENVILLE ADMINISTRATION, or that of the Hon. George Grenville, 
April 8, 1763 ; the Stamp Act imposed at the suggestion of George III., by that 
minister, cost the British crown its North American colonies. The Grenville Ad- 
ministration of the noble peer of that name lasted from Feb. 6 to Sept. 13, 1806, 
when Mr Fox died, and the ministry being favourable to the repeal of the Test and 
Corporation Acts and Catholic Emancipation, was on that account dismissed by 
George HI., March, 1807. 

GRESHAM CLUB, London, built in St Swithin's Lane, for the merchants of 
London, from the designs of H. Flower, 1844. 

GRESHAM COLLEGE, London, founded and endowed by Sir Thomas Gresham, 
1575; after the death of Lady Gresham ; the first lecture was read at his mansion 
in Broad-street, June, 1597 ; the Royal Society founded here, 1645, and held its 
meetings until 1710 ; the lectures removed to a room over the Royal Exchange, and 
the college let to the government for an excise office, at ^500 per annum ground 
rent, 1768 ; the Joint Gresham Committee purchased a plot of ground at the 
corner of Bashighall-street and Gresham-street, July 29, 1841, and the present 
building erected from the designs of G. Smith ; opened, Nov. 2, 1843 ; the 
building cost ^7000. 

GRETHAM HOSPITAL, Durham, built, 1220. 

GRETNA-GREEN, Scotland, a parish called Graitney, just ' over the border ' in 
Scotland, where marriages were performed according to the law of the country. 
The ceremony here is binding, performed by a layman, in the simplest form, 
when being registered, and the parties declared man and vidfe in the presence of 
witnesses ; the first person who officiated at these strange unions was G. Scott, 
circa 1756 ; John Pasley, a tobacconist, who died 18 14, officiated commonly up 
to that year, and since then David Laing, a smith. Attempts had been made, 
mrsuccessfiilly, to set aside the Scotch law ; abolished by 19 & 20 Vict. c. 196, 
July 29, 1856, to come into operation, Dec. 31. 



368 GREVILLE GROCERS' COMPANY 

GREVILLE, Fulke, Lord Brooke, killed by his own servant, Sept. 30, 1628, 
aged 74. 

GREY ADMINISTRATION, memorable in political history for passing the Re- 
form Bill, began, Nov. 16, 1830 ; terminated, July 9, 1834. 

GREY-COAT HOSPITAL, Westminster, founded, 1698, and a subsequent 
foundation, 1707. 

GREYFRIARS' CHURCH, established in the 9th year of the reign of Heniy III. in 
St Nicholas' Shambles, near Newgate ; the first chapel built by Sir William Joyner, 
Mayor of London, 1239 ; the nave of the church added by Sir Henry Waleys in 
the reign of Edward I.; the chapter-house by Walter the Potter, alderman, 
1270-73 ; the dormitory erected by Sir Gregory de Rokesley, mayor, 1280. The 
second church began, 1301 ; completed, 1327 ; it was 300 feet long, 89 wide, and 
64 high ; visited by Llenry VIII. and Cardinal Wolsey, 1524 ; surrendered, Nov. 
12, 1539. ■ — See Christ Hospital. 

GREYHOUND PACKET, lost on the Culner Sands, on her passage from Cork 
to Bristol, and all onboard perished, Dec. 29, 1815. 

GREY, LADY JANE, proclaimed Queen, July 10, 1553 ; sent to the Tower, July 
28 ; herself, Lord Guildford her husband, with her father, all beheaded, April 
12, 1554- 

GREYSTOCK CASTLE, Cumberland, fortified by William de Greystock, 1353. 

GRILLION'S CLUB, London, a political club formerly met at Grillion's Hotel, 
Albemarle-street, circa 1812 ; the 50th anniversary of this club was celebrated at the 
' Clarendon,' Earl Derby in the chair. May 6, 1863. There was sold at Puttick's, 
Leicester-square, a series of 79 portraits of members of this club, Jan. 30, i860; 
for a list of the names, see Notes and Queries, May 23, i860, p. 409. 

GRIMESBY NUNNERY, Lincolnshire, founded by Henry II., circa 1180. 

GRIMSBY, GREAT, Lincolnshire. In the reign of Edward HI. this town furn- 
ished the king with 11 vessels and 170 sailors for his support at Calais ; the town 
incorporated by King John ; a harbour built, 1802; extended, 1846; the Victoria 
Docks built from the design of Mr Rendel ; the first stone laid by Prince Albert, 
April 18, 1849 ; they cover 132 acres ; opened. May, 1852. 

GRISONS, Switzeriand. Confederacy established, 1424 ; another league was 
formed, 1436; invaded by the French, 1799; they alUed themselves with the 
Austrians and the Russians ; made a canton of the New Helvetic Confederation, 
1803. 

GROAT, a silver coin, ordered to be struck, 1279; half, struck, 1351, called 
fiddlers' money, the largest in England until 1351 ; theniodern, is diminutive ; the 
value of ^70,884 in this coin were issued from the mint, 1836, and ;^i6,038, 

1837. 

GROBY CASTLE, Leicestershire, built by Henry Ferrars de Groby, circa 1340; 
enlarged by Thomas, first Marquis of Dorset, circa 1479-81. 

GROCERS' COMPANY, anciently called the Pepperers', before the nth century ; 
ordinances made for their government, 1315 ; the Grocers', established, 20 Edward 
HI., June 12, 1345 ; incorporated, 7 Henry VI., Feb. 16, 1429 ; a second charter 
granted, Nov. i, 1429 ; the garbling of spices confirmed to them by 26 Hen. VI. ; 
charters confirmed by 4 James L, April, 1606; 15 Charles I., April 15, 1639; 
Cromwell, 1652 ; Charles IL,, 1686 ; William HI. & Mary, July 7, 1690; ex- 
emplified by George I., March 8, 1715 ; arms granted by Henry VIIL, 1531. 
Hall, first stone of the original building laid. May 8, 1427; completed, 1428-9; 
garden purchased, 1433 ; destroyed in the fire of 1666 ; the present buildmg 
erected in Prince's-street, 1 798-1802, and altered from the design of Thomas 
Leverton, and the entrance built, 1827 ; the Committee of Safety during the Civil 



GROCHOW GUASTALLA 369 

War met here, 1641 ; leased to the Bank of England, Oct. 4, 1694; removed, 
1734- 
GROCHOW, battle, near Praga, Warsaw, between the Poles and Russians ; tlie 
latter were defeated, losing 7000 men, Feb. 19-20, 1831. 

GRODNO, Poland, the capital town of Lithuania, built in the loth century ; de- 
stroyed by fire, 1184 ; taken by Charles XII., 1708 ; by the Russians, 1792. 

GROG, a sea term for rum and water, so called from Admiral Vernon, who wore a 
grogram coat in bad weather, and was nicknamed Old Grogram ; the name was 
first applied to the rum and water drank on board his ship in the West Indies, 
1740. 

GRONINGEN, Holland. This town was attached to the United Provinces, 1576 ; 
it was captured by the Spaniards, 1590 ; retaken by Prince Maurice, 1594; the 
citadel built, 1607; the university founded, 1615 ; St Martin's Church is of some 
antiquity ; the Town Hall built, 1793. The Duke of York's amiy suffered mucli 
from a severe frost here, 1795 ; taken by the French, 1795 > the dykes overflowed, 
and the town was partially under water for three months, 1826. 

GROSMONT CASTLE, Monmouthshire, the residence of the Earls of Lancaster, 
built and fortified by Hubert de Burgh, Earl of Kent, 1224-6. 

GROSVENOR HOTEL, Pimlico, built from the designs of J. T. Knowles, it con- 
tains upwards of 300 rooms, cost over ^f 100,000 ; opened, 1862. 

GROSVENOR PLACE, Hyde Park Comer, built, 1767. 

GROSVENOR SQUARE, so called from Sir Richard Grosvenor, who died in 
1732 ; the garden was laid out by Mr Kent, 1 733-4 ; the centre house here was 
raffled for by guinea tickets, valued at ;^io,ooo, and won by a grocer's wife, June 
10, 1739. 

GRUB-STREET, Cripplegate, built in the 14th century, tenanted by Bowyers and 
others connected with archery. The Goldsmiths' Company met here, 1667. Fox 
the Martyrologist and Speed lived in this street, and Welby the Hermit, who 
lived in one house for 40 years, and there died, 1636; the chapel opened as a 
theatre, 1831 ; the soap works in, burnt down, Aug., 1855 ; the name changed to 
Milton-street, 1830. 

GUADALOUPE, West Indies, discovered by Columbus, 1493 ; settled by the 
French, 1635; Dutch, 1638; taken from the French and pillaged by the Spanish, 
1746; surrendered to the English, Jan., 1759; restored, 1763; the allied powers 
bestowed it upon Sweden, and took it back and gave it to Erance, 1814. 

GUANO, employed by the Peruvians from the earliest times ; first brought to Lon- 
don, 1840 ; and in 1843 guano was discovered on the island of Ichaboe. 

GUARDIAN, frigate, struck on an island of ice, and wonderfully preserved, 
Dec, 17S9, reaching the Cape of Good Hope safely afterwards, Feb. 14, 1790. 

GUARDS, BODY, first appointed in England by Henry VII., then called the Yeo- 
men of the Guards, Oct. 30, 1485 ; Horse Guards, first troop, 1693 ; second, 
1702; reduced in 1783, the officers retiring on full pay; mutinous, 1715. The 
Scotch Guards formed by Charles VII. of France, 1454; complained to Louis 
XIIL, 1612, of the injustices put upon them. 

GUARDS' CLUB, London, formerly met in St James's-street, 1810; their present 
club-house built from the design of H. Harrison, in Pall Mall, and opened, 1850. 

GUARDS' INSTITUTE, The, London, instituted for affording the conveniences 
and social recreations of a club to the non-commissioned officers and privates of 
the aiTTiy in general, designed by Mr Darbishire, 1867. 

GUASTALLA, North Italy. The French defeated the Imperialists here, 1734; 

24 



370 



GUATEMALA GUILDHALL CHAPEL 



became a part of the Austrian dominions, 1 746 ; ceded to the Duke of Parma, 
1748 ; became a part of the Duchy of Modena, 1847. 
GUATEMALA, America. The country being conquered by Alvarado, 1524, he 
founded this town ; he exercised authority over the Spanish settlements until 1541 ; 
made a bishopric, 1534; became metropolitan, 1742 ; almost destroyed by an 
earthquake, 1773; rebuilt, 1776; became independent, Sept. 21, 1821 ; separated, 
July I, 1823 ; dissolved, 1846, and became independent ; constitution approved, 
Oct. 19, 185 1. 
GUELPHS. This Hanoverian order of knighthood instituted in 1816 by George 
IV., when Prince Regent, to commemorate the establishment of the kingdom of 
Hanover, Aug. 12, 1815. 
GUERNSEY, English Channel. This was anciently a Prankish town, and sent a 
bishop to the Council of Tours, a.d. 461 ; came into the possession of the Eng- 
lish with the Duchy of Normandy, in the reign of the Conqueror; Pope Pius IV., 
1380, issued a bull anathematizing any persons disturbing the islanders ; charters 
granted by Edward HI., Richard II., and succeeding monarchs ; harbour ordered 
to be built, 1275 ; extended, 1580, and 1780 ; town fortified, 1593 ; war declared 
by Charles I. against France, and these islands attacked, 1628 ; Fort George 
erected, 1775 ; the French again attempted to take the town, 1780. 
GUERRE and PORTO CAVELLO, in the West Indies, taken, Feb. 18, 1743. 
GUILDHALL, London. The ancient hall built previous to 1189, and had its en- 
trance in Alderman Bury ; the hall rebuilt, 1326 ; part of its crypt still remains; 
the present hall ' begun to be builded new ' by Thomas Knolles, Mayor, and his 
brethren the aldermen, 141 1, 12 Henry IV.; the mayors' court added, 1424 ; the 
kitchen and offices built, 1550 ; Sir John Shaa held the first feast in the new 
hall, 1501 ; Common Council Chamber built, 1615; first court held, Nov. 7, 1625; 
the roof of the hall and the ofOces destroyed in the fire of 1666 (Tuesday, Sept. 
4) ; an additional story added, and a temporary roof by Sir C. Wren ; the colours 
taken at the battle of Ramillies hung around the hall, Dec. , 1 706 ; the present 
front added by Mr George Dance, city architect, 1789 ; interior of the hall 
altered, 1815, and a new flight of stairs to the Council Chamber erected ; the 
crypt restored by Mr Bunning, city architect, 1851 ; the present oak roof erected 
from the designs of Mr Horace Jones, city architect ; first stone laid, June 22, 
1864 ; finished, and opened in the mayoralty of Mr Aid. Hale, Nov. 9, 1864 ; 
the hall re-embellished and a new stone floor added, 1866-7, and several painted 
windows, the gift of Mr Aid. Wilson, Mr Aid. Stone, and the city companies. 
Entertainments in : John, King of France, and Edward the Black Prince, feasted by 
the Corporation, May 24, 1357; Henry V., 1419 ; Charles L, 164I ; Charles II. 
entertained nine times in the hall ; the Prince Regent, the Emperor Alexander 
of Russia, and Frederick William HI. of Prussia, June 18, 1814 ; the Duke of 
Wellington and Field-Marshal Blucher, July 9, 1814; Queen Victoria, Nov. 9, 
1837; again upon the opening of the Great Exhibition, July 9, 185 1 ; the Emperor 
of the French, April 19, 1855 ; the King of Sardinia, Dec. 4, 1855 ; the Prince 
and Princess of Wales, June 8, 1863 ; the Belgium Volunteers, July 12, 1867, 
and the Sultan, July 18, 1867. The Law Courts, the Courts of Common 
Pleas, and Queen's Bench, built upon the site of the chapel and Blackwell Hall, 
from the design of Mr Montague, 1823 ; the north and south courts added, 1857 ; 
library, the ancient, founded by Sir Richard Whittington in the 15 th century ; 
several valuable books left by John Carpenter to, by Will, March 8, 1441 ; part 
of the books taken away by order of Edward, Duke of Somerset, Lord Protector 
in the reign of Henry VI. ; the present library founded by the corporation, June 
2, 1824. 

GUILDHALL CHAPEL, dedicated to St Mary Magdalen and All Saints, 1299 ; 



GUILDS GUJERAT 371 

timber and lead granted for the building of, by the corporation, 1326 and 1379 ; 
Richard Whittington rebuilt it in 141 3 ; again rebuilt in the mayoralty of John 
Welles, grocer, 143 1 ; purchased by the corporation at the dissolution of the reli- 
gious houses, and used as a court of requests ; greatly damaged by the fire in 1666 ; 
taken down, 1822. 

GUILDS. These institutions appear to have grown out of the Anglo-Saxon law of 
frank-pledge, which dividing the people into companies of 10 householders apiece, 
made each responsible for the wrong-doing of any of its members, and also a com- 
bination for the purposes of trade. There were two guilds in Exeter before the 
Norman Conquest ; Domesday Book records the existence of a Gihalle or Guildhall 
at Dover. There were many in London in the reign of Henry II. : the Guild of 
St Lawrence, the Travellers' Guild, the Guild of Haliwell, the Four Guilds of 
the Bridge, &c. See Companies. 

GUILFORD, Surrey, the castle, ancient residence of the early Saxon kings ; 
Alfred bequeathed it to his nephew, Ethelwald, 900 ; Alfred, the son of Ethelred 
II., taken prisoner and confined in, and his retinue murdered by Earl Godwin, 
1036 ; rebuilt by William the Conqueror, circa 1080 ; King John kept his birth- 
day at, 1216 ; taken by Prince Lewis of France, 1216 ; the town incorporated by 
Henry III. ; confirmed by Henry VI. and VIII. 

GUILLOTINE, the instrument for the punishment of death, known in Genoa by 
the name of Manuaja. Beatrice Cenci executed by, at Rome, 1605 ; the Duke 
of Montmorency beheaded by one at Toulouse, 1632. Dr Guillotin was not the in- 
ventor of this instrument, for it was already in existence, but the Dr introduced 
a draught of a law into the Constituent Assembly, 1789, making the mode of in- 
flicting death on criminals the same ; before, the noble was beheaded and the felon 
hung ; this did away with the stake and faggot, &c. ; bill passed to carry it into 
effect, Jan. 21, 1790. The Committee of Legislation directed Dr Louis, Perpetual 
Secretary of the Academy of Surgery, to draw up a report on the best mode of 
decapitation ; he recommended the guillotine, which was ordered by the committee, 
March 7, and confirmed by the Assembly on March 20, 1 792. The instrument was 
made by a German named Schmitt, and tried on April 19 ; a highway robber was 
first beheaded by. May 27, and CoUenot d'Anglemont for a political offence, 
Aug. 21. First called Z(?//M£?//d', in later years Guillotine. An ambulatory one used 
in the French army, 1794; this same instrument known as the Maiden; the 
Regent Morton beheaded by one at the cross of Edinburgh, 1581 ; 25 criminals 
suffered by it in the reign of Elizabeth ; 12 more from 1623 to 1650. 

GUIMARAENS, Portugal, founded, B.C. 500 ; fortified in the 8th century; made 
the capital by Henry of Portugal, 1107. 

GUINEA, W. Africa, first discovered, 1446 ; Sir John Hawkins, aided by a com- 
pany, begun the slave trade, 1563, 1564, and 1567 ; abolished, March 25, 1807. 

GUINEAS, first struck by Charles II., x66o, from gold brought from Guinea. An 
act passed for importing and coining guineas and half- guineas, 8 Will. III. c. i, 
1696 ; Xguineas issued, 1718; increased in worth until 1695, when they rose to 
30J ; the next year reduced to 25J. ; fixed at 21 j., Dec. 22, 1717 ; sovereign first 
coined, 1817, and the guineas withdrawn. 

GUINEGATE, battle of, between Henry VIII. and the French army under the 
Duke of Longueville and La Palisse, they were defeated and the three generals 
captured ; from the hasty flight of the French gendarmerie, it is called the battle of 
Spurs, Aug. 16, 15 13. 

GUITAR first introduced into this country by Francis Corbeta, 1662. 

GUJERAT, Hindustan, invaded by Mahmood of Ghizni, 1025 ; Emperor Akbar 



372 GUJERAT GUNPOWDER MILLS 

overran the country, 1572; Mahratta hordes, 1707; finally separated from the 
Mogul empire, 1724. 
GUJERAT, battle, between the English commanded by Lord Gongh and the 
Sikhs ; the whole of the Sikh ammunition and equipage, with most of their guns, 
taken, Shere Singh, the commander, escaping with only 8000 men, Feb. 21, 
1849. 

GUN AND MORTAR BOATS, 226 built since 1852; 172 cost more than 

;rf 1,000,000. 

GUN-COTTON. The nearest appi-oach to it made by Pelouze, 1838; Professor 
Schonbein exhibited it, 1846; patented it, April, 1847. Its use inadmissible in 
war, on account of its great danger of exploding, though it is cheaper and has 
more power than gunpowder. 

GUNMAKERS' COMPANY, London, incorporated by Charles T., March 14, 
1637 ; confirmed by Charles II., 1677 ; by-laws approved by the Lord Chancel- 
lor and Chief Justices, July 13, 1670 ; a livery granted by the court of aldermen, 
Nov. 24, 1778 ; the power of proving guns confirmed to, by 53 George III. c. 
115, July 10, 1813 ; amended by 55 George III. c. 59, May 12, 1815 ; the powers 
of the company again confirmed by the Gun-barrel Proof Act, 18 & 19 Vict. c. 
cxlviii., July 16, 1855. 

GUNPOWDER, first known in India and China ; employed by the Arabs at the 
siege of Mecca, 690; Roger Bacon in his works described its ingredients, 1267 ; 
but the invention of it in Europe is generally attributed to Schwartz, a monk of 
Goslar, in Germany, 1320 ; known in Spain, 1344, and in England before the 
battle of Crecy, 1346; the preparations of, in 1410, were saltpetre 8, sulphur 3, 
charcoal 2 ; it was not corned or grained until 1556 ; an act passed regulating the 
making, keeping, and carriage of, 12 Geo. III. c. 61, 1772; amended, and the 
manufacture, sale, and use of fireworks regulated, by 23 & 24 Vict. c. 139, Aug. 
28, i860 ; again amended, 24 & 25 Vict. c. 130, Aug. 6, 1861. 
GUNPOWDER MILLS. The first English mills for the making of, erected at 
Long Ditton near Kingston, 1586; and at Faversham soon afterwards. A license 
granted to John Evelin and Richard Harding, 1604. The Long Parliament in 
1641 threw the trade open. 

Gunpowder Mills, Explosion of : — 
Ballincollig Mill, Cork, explosion at, 5 men killed, Aug. 6, 1859 ; and again, 

when 5 men were killed, Oct. 24, 1861. 
JBattle Mill exploded, by which 3 men were killed, Sept., 1814. 
Blackbeck Mills, Ulverstone, Lancashire, belonging to Messrs Dickson & Co., 
blew up, 3 men killed, and 3 seriously wounded ; one man was blown lOO yards, 
and a horse and van 50 yards, by the force of the concussion, Dec. 7i 1867. 
Brandy-wine Mills, United States, exploded, 30 workmen killed, March 19, 

1818. 
Dartford Mills, 6 men killed, Oct. 12, 1790; 11 men killed, Dec. 31, 1794; 4 

men killed, Aug. 10, 1796 ; and 2 workmen, June 15, 1805. 
Epsom Mills blown up, Aug. 16, 1777. 
Erith, Kent, 2 magazines in Plumstead marshes blew up, and 10 men killed, Oct. 

I, 1864. 
Ewell Mills exploded, killing 2 workmen, Sept. 25, 1865. 

Faversham, Kent, the Government mills blown up, Jan. i, 1767; the powder 
mills blew up, killing 6 men and 3 horses, Sept. 18, 1807 ; the corning house 
No. 4 in the king's powder mills blew up, 6 workmen killed, and 4 horses, 
June 16, 1810 ; the mill of Mr John Hall exploded, 3 men being killed, 
Oct. 3, 181 7; the gun-cotton works of Messrs Hall blew up, killing 33 per- 
sons, July 14, 1847 ; the mills of Messrs Hall & Son exploded, killing 4 men, 



GUNPOWDER PLOT GUY'S HOSPITAL 373 

April I, 1867 ; the Marsh Mills of Messrs Hall & Son exploded, killing 11 
men, Dec. 28, 1867. 

Hatton Mills, The, exploded, killing 3 men, March 7, 1856. 

Hounslow Mills, 3 explosions took place, 1758; 3 mills exploded, Jan. 6, 1772 ; 
3 workmen killed by an explosion at, Jan. 14, 1796 ; 3 men killed at, Aug. 21, 
1S13 ; 8 men killed, March 11, 1850 ; 7 men killed at, March 30, 1859. 

Melford Mills, Argyleshire, exploded, killing 6 workmen, Sept. 10, i860. 

Waltham Abbey Mills exploded, killing 9 persons, April 25, 1801 ; 2 explo- 
sions at, began in the press house, 8 men killed and great destruction of pro- 
perty, Nov. 27, 181 1 ; the Government mills on the Powder-mill river, 4 ex- 
plosions at, 7 men killed and damage done to the extent of ^f 10, 000, April 13, 
1843 ; 5 mills blown up whilst being cleaned, i man killed and 3 wounded, 
May 27, i86r. 

GUNPOWDER PLOT. The vaults under the House of Lords hired in Percy's 
name, 1604 ; conspiracy detected, and Fawkes taken in the vaults, Nov. 5, 1605 ; 
an act passed for the attainder of the conspirators, 3 Jam. I . c. 2, 1 605 ; Guy 
Fawkes and 7 others executed, Jan. 30, 31, 1606 ; a plot of a like nature dis- 
covered at Stockholm against the life of Christian II., 1519-20; and one against 
Gustavus Vasa at Lubeck, 1533. 

GUNS. Hand-guns first used in England before 1375 ; they are mentioned 
in an inquisition taken at Huntercombe, Dorset, in that year ; Edward IV. 
landed at Ravensburgh with 300 Flemings armed with hand-guns, 147 1 ; the 
arquebus invented by the Dutch, 1470 ; haquebuts, an improvement upon this 
weapon, 1562 ; the wheel-lock invented, circa 1509 ; the flint-lock in the reign of 
Charles II., and generally adopted, 1692 ; the percussion principle introduced, 
1807 ; perfected by Mr Egg, 1816 ; adopted by the English army, 1839; the musket 
first called so, 1530 ; the carbine invented in France, 1576-89 ; the English 
Brown Bess, 1786 ; barrels of guns first rifled by the Germans in the 15th cen- 
tury ; Koster of Birmingham gave a spiral direction to the groves, 1620 ; intro- 
duced into the English service, i794 ; M. Deloigne, a French oflicei-, invented a 
spherical ball, 1826; improved by Mr Greener of Birmingham, 1836; the carbine 
of the Chasseurs of Vincennes, invented by Colonel Thouvenin, 1844; the Minie 
rifle invented by Captain Minie, 1849 ; introduced into the English army, 1851 ; 
the Enfield rifle selected by the English government, 1853. — See Rifles. 

GUTTA-PERCHA, discovered by Dr Wm. Montgomerie, of the Indian Medical 
Sersdce at Singapore, 1842, who presented the first specimen to the Society of 
Arts, 1845 5 their gold medal was his sole reward ; the first ship load arrived in 
England, Oct., 1849 (20,600 lb.) ; in 1852, 30,580,480 lb. imported; first used 
for submarine telegraphic purposes, 1851. 

GUYANA, or GUIANA, South America, the country divided between the English, 
French, Dutch, and Portuguese, while the Spanish dominions bound it on the 
north ; Cayenne settled by the French, 1625, and abandoned, 1654 ; then by the 
Dutch ; expelled by the French, 1677 ; expelled by the English, 1809 ; restored, 
1815 ; Demerara taken by the English, 1795, 1803 ; partly ceded to the Dutch, 
1814 ; part with Berbice ceded to England, 1814. 

GUYENNE, France, made a principality, 1362 ; seized by the French after being 
held by the English for 300 years, 145 1 ; divided into departments, 1 790. 

GUY'S HOSPITAL, founded by Thomas Guy, a London bookseller, who endowed 
it with ;^2i9,499 5 built from the designs of Geo. Dance, at a cost of ^18,793, 
1722-24; Guy died, Dec. 17, 1724; he also gave large sums to St Thomas's 
Hospital during his life ; the founder's statue in brass erected, Feb. 11, 1734 ; the 
Physical Society of, instituted in London, 1772. 



374 



GWALIOR HABERDASHERS' COMPANY 



GWALIOR, Hindustan, a fortress of great strength, taken by Sultan Mahmoud of 
Ghizni, 1023; taken by the Mahommedans, 1194; taken by the Mahrattas in 
the 15th century ; stormed by the Enghsh under Major Popham, 1780 ; up to that 
time considered unassailable ; subsequently taken by Scindia, 1804 ; again sur- 
rendered to the English, ceded to Scindia by treaty, 1805 ; after the battle of 
Maharajpoor the Gwalior contingent took possession of it, Jan., 1844. 

GYPSIES, of Asiatic origin, and found in almost every country in Europe, Asia, 
and Africa, came to Europe, circa 1420; expelled from France, 1560; from 
Spain, 1591 ; from England by statute, 22 Hen. VHI. c. 10, 1531 ; by i & 2 
Philip & Mary, c. 4, 1554-5 ; and 4 & 5 Ehz. c. 20; repealed, 23 Geo. HI. c. 
51, 1783. John Faw was called Lord of the Gypsies in Scotland, 1594. 

GYPSY QUEEN, a new iron steamboat of 600 tons, exploded on the trial trip 
off Blackwall, killing Mr Samuda and 9 other persons, Nov. 12, 1844. 



H 



HAAK SAND, off the Texel, the Hero, 74, St George, 78, Saldanha frigate, and 
Defence, 74, lost on, with nearly all the crews, and the brave Admiral Reynolds 
in the St George, Dec. 24, 181 1,— one of the severest blows the English navy 
ever received. 

HAARLEM, Holland. This ancient town was fortified in the loth century ; be- 
sieged by the Spaniards, under the Duke of Alva, Dec, 1572 ; capitulated, July, 
1573 ; they committed every species of cruelty upon the inhabitants ; retaken by 
the Dutch, 1577; the organ in St Bavon's Cathedral, said to be the finest in the 
world, built by C. Miiller of Amsterdam, 1738; an exhibition opened, July, 1825; 
Bonaparte offered a premium of 1,000,000 francs for the new machine for spinning 
flax ; the lake formed by an inundation in the i6th century ; means taken to drain 
it, 1839 ; rendered dry, July i, 1852 ; first sale of lands drained, Aug. 16, 1853. 

HABAKKUK, the eighth in order of the minor prophets, delivered his prophecy 
about the 12th or 13th year of Josiah, B.C. 630, or 629. 

HABEAS CORPUS, a writ of personal right, by which the body of an individual 
is, without the power of refusal, brought before a judge of the land, to be heard 
iipon demand, in case of detention, nor can the writ be refused, 31 Charles H. c, 
2, May 27, 1679 ; hence, when a minister wishes to imprison, seclude, or dismiss 
a' subject without charge or trial, he gets the Habeas Corpus Act suspended under 
some pretext ; extended by 56 Geo. IH. c. 100, July i, 1816. A state of rebellion 
justified this step in 1715 and 1716, for six months each year ; again in 1722, 1744, 
and 1745, on the Pretender's invasion with armed forces; in 1794 and 1795 
adopted by Pitt, at the commencement of his war for the restoration of the Bour- 
bons ; adopted by Pitt again in 1798, 1799, in Ireland ; by Mr Pitt, in 1799, 
Aug. 28 ; again, 1801 ; again, on account of the Irish insurrection, 1803 ; agam, 
on the strength of secret green bag revelations, Feb. 21, 1817 ; again, in Ireland, 
July 25, 1848, owing to the rebellion there ; Habeas restored there, March i, 1849. 
Writs of Habeas Corpus were made issuable during a vacation, and returnable 
immediately, 1814 ; further regulated by 25 Vict. c. 20, May 16, 1862 ; suspended 
in Ireland, 1866 and 1867. 
1IABP:RDASIIERS' company, anciently the Hurrers', founded, 1372 ; incor- 
porated, 26 Hen. v., June 3, 1448 ; the Hurrers' and Hatters' Companies united 
with, by charter, 17 Henry VII., July 6, 1502; confirmed by 2 Henry VIIL, 



HACKMAN HAGUE 375 

Nov. 12, 1510; by Philip and Mary, June 18, 1558, and by 20 Eliz., June 9, 
1578 ; arms granted to, Nov. 8, 1570 ; hall built, circa 1480 ; destroyed in the fire 
of 1666 ; rebuilt by Sir C. Wren, 1667 ; partially destroyed by fire, Sept. 19, 
1864, several pictures burnt ; restored, 1865. 

HACKMAN, Mr, shot Miss Reay, coming out of Covent Garden Theatre ; he was 
executed, April 18, 1779. 

HACKNESS PRIORY, Yorkshire, founded by Lady Hilda ; confirmed by William 
Rufus, circa 1085. 

HACKNEY COACHES first started in London by Capt. Bailey, Feb., 1625 ; the 
nmnber confined to five ; the public stand for these new conveyances was fixed at 
the Maypole in the Strand, 1634 ; the number limited to 50, 1635 ; regulated by 
13 & 14 Chas. II. c. 2, 1662, and 400 licensed ; additional duties fixed, Sept. 4, 
1 784 ; an act passed for licensing and regulating of, 5 & 6 Will. & Mary, c. 22, 
1694 ; regulated, and drivers ordered to be punished for imposition, i & 2 Will. 
IV. c. 22, Sept. 22, 1831 ; a lost and found office was established, for the recovery 
of property left in hackney coaches and cabriolets, 55 Geo. III. c. 159, July 11, 
1815, returning annually a large amount of property. The number of hackney 
coaches ceased to be limited bylaw, Jan. 5, 1831 ; regulated by 16 c& 17 Vict. c. 
33, June 28, 1853, and c. 127, Aug. 20, 1853. 

HACKNEY COACH OFFICE, Surrey-street, Strand, established by act of 5 & 6 
Will. & Mary, c. 22, 1694; opened, June 24, 1696; burned down, 1770; re- 
moved to Somerset Place, 1782. 

HADDINGTON, Scotland, created a Royal burgh by David I. ; Ada, wife 
of Henry, the son and heir of this king, received it as her dower ; she founded a 
convent of Cistercian nuns, 117S; Alexander II. born here, 1 198 ; the town burnt 
by King John, 1216, and again accidentally, 1244 ; destroyed by the invading 
army under Edward HI., when the monastery and the church of the Franciscans 
were also burnt, 1355 ; fortified by the English, 1548 ; besieged by the allied 
Scotch and French armies, 1549, and after a memorable defence, evacuated by the 
English in Oct.; first turnpike road made, 1752. 

HADLEIGH CASTLE, Essex, erected by Hubert de Burgh, Earl of Kent, 1238. 

HADNAM, Oxfordshire, 60 houses burned down at, April 5, 1760. 

HADRIANOPLE, Turkey, built by the Emperor Hadrian. Constantine the Great 
defeated Licinius and captured the town, a.d. 323 ; the Goths defeated Valens 
near this town, 378; captured by the Bulgarians, 813-14; taken by the Turks 
under Murad I., 1360, and made the capital of that empire. The Russians 
commanded by Gen. Diebitsch, captured the city, Aug. 20, 1829 ; the town de- 
vastated by a plague, 1837. 

HADRIAN'S WALL, ' the barrier of the Lower Isthmus ' connecting the forts, 
built by Agricola, A.D. 41, and forming a wall of 80 miles in length, built, 120 
— 26. 

HAGGAI, the tenth in order of the minor prophets, and the first who prophesied 
after the captivity. These prophecies were delivered in the second year of Darius 
Hystaspis, B.C. 520. 

HAGMAN PRIORY, Salop, built, iioo. 

HAGUE, Holland, an ancient hunting seat of the Count of Holland, 1250 ; made 
the seat of government in the i6th century ; the treaty of the Hague was signed 
here, between England, Holland; and France, May 25, 1659 ; the French took 
it, I795i when they conquered Plolland ; they were welcomed by the people, the 
Stadtholder flying to England ; given up by the French, 1813 ; the Stadtholder 
made King of the Netherlands. 



376 HAILEYBURY COLLEGE HALICARNASSUS 

HAILEYBURYCOLLEGE, established for the education of theservants of the East 
India Company, 1800 ; students admitted under the 3 and 4 Will. IV., c. 85, s. 
103, Aug. 28, 1833 ; regulated by 7 Will. IV. and i Vict. c. 70, July 15, 1837 ; 
college abolished by 18 & 19 Vict. c. 53, July 16, 1855 ; closed, 1859. 

HAILSTORM, a singular one in the Haymarket, London, and the surrounding 
streets, but not far distant, since none was experienced elsewhere ; the electric 
fluid tore up the pavement in Oxendon-street, July 9, 1803. 

HAINAULT, Belgium, anciently inhabited by the Nervii ; first called Hainault in 
the 7th century; part ceded to France, Nov., 1659, and by the treaty of 
Nimeguen, Sept. 17, 1678 ; the whole ceded, 1793 ; incorporated with Belgium, 
1830. 

HAINAULT or RENAULT FOREST, Essex, disafforested by King John, March 
25, 1204; further reduced by Edward IV., 1468; the present bounds fixed, Sept. 
8, 1640; report of the commissioners upon the rights of the crown, March 28, 
1793 ; further disafforested by 14 & 15 Vict. c. 43, Aug. i, 1851 ; the commissioners 
made their award, Nov. 6, 1852. 

HAIR, the clergy forbade to wear it long, by Pope Anicetus, A. D. 155 ; the ancient 
Britons were noted for their long bushy hair ; Serloo, a Norman bishop, preached 
against long and curled hair, which had the desired effect, for Hen. I. and his 
courtiers consented to cut their curls off, 1104 ; long hair the prevailing fashion 
in France in the reign of Louis XIII. ; cut short in the time of Cromwell, whence 
the appellation of Roundhead; the peruke worn by ladies, 16S0 ; the 'Taure' 
style adopted, 1674 ; the more elaborate style of hair-dressing was in vogue, 1760, 
which increased yearly in monstrosity ; about 1790 the hair became less globular 
and more compact ; the curls secured beneath a band of jewels or silk, 1799. 

HAIR POWDER, in use, 1590 ; first taxed by Pitt, 1795. 

HAKLUYT SOCIETY, instituted in London for the publishing of rare voyages 
and travels, and geographical records, 1846, and so called from Richard Hakluyt, 
who first published a small collection of voyages, 1582 ; and in 1589 he published 
' The Principal Nauigations, Voyages, Traffiques, and Discoueries of the English 
Nation made by Sea or ouer Land.' 

HALBURTON, fire at, June 18, 1817 ; 17 houses destroyed. 

HALES, JUDGE, committed to the Marshalsea prison, 1553 ; afterwards removed 
to the Compter and the Fleet, where he attempted to commit suicide ; on being set 
at liberty he some time afterwards drowned himself. 

HALES OWEN ABBEY, Shropshire, 1215. 

HALFPENCE. A copper coinage of halfpence and farthings issued by Charles II., 
Aug. 16, 1672 ; an attempt was made in parliament to make it unlawful for any 
one to coin halfpence of any metal but fine copper, June 24, 1699, but it did not 
pass ; making, coining, or counterfeiting any of the copper coinage, made felony, 
June 24, 1771. Error on, once called Tower Elalfpence, temp. George II. and HI. ; 
in the year 1730, one of the halfpence of the first-named sovereign spelt GEOGIUS. 
This certainly is very extraordinary ; but is it not much more so to find, subse- 
quently, one issuing from the mint of his successor, George III., likewise misspelt? 
This reads georius instead of georgius, and v/as issued 1772. 

HALICARNASSUS, Asia Minor, became a settlement anterior to B.C. 400; 
Herodotus born here, 484 ; a treaty made with the Salmacians, 440 ; they joined 
the Ionian revolt, 499 ; conquered by the Persians, 494 ; the tomb of King 
Mausolus commenced building, 350 ; conquered by Alexander, 334 ; added by 
the Romans to their empire, 129 ; the knights of St John took it, a.d. 1402 ; St 
Peter's Castle erected, 1404 ; the tomb of Mausolus discovered by the knights of 
St John, who plundered the sepulchre and used some of the materials to repair 



HALIDON HILL HALTON CASTLE 377 

the castle, 1522 ; the Mausoleum re-discovered by Mr Newton, and several works 
of art rescued, Jan. i, 1857. 
HALIDON HILL, battle of, near Berwick, in which the Scotch were defeated 
with the loss of 13,000 men, July 19, 1333, in the reign of Edward III. ; this 
battle placed Baliol on the throne of Scotland. 

HALIFAX, Nova Scotia, founded and colonized by some British subjects, 1749; 
made a free port, 18 1 7. 

HALIFAX, Yorkshire, the church and lands of, granted to Wm Earl Warren, in the 
I2th century ; made a borough, 1332 ; the woollen manufacture, for which the 
town is distinguished, was carried on, 1414 ; the refugees from France and the 
Netherlands increased the importance of the town ; the gibbet law existed here to 
1650 ; the instrument was something like the guillotine ; the first person beheaded 
after its erection was Richard Bentley, March 20, 1541, and the last, Anthony 
Mitchell, April 13, 1650. Favoured the parliament in the civil war ; Grammar 
School erected by Elizabeth, 1585 ; the Cloth-hall erected, 1779, cost ;^i2,ooo ; 
Sir Francis Crossley presented to this town, July 22, 1857, the People's Park, 
which, laid out from the design of Sir J. Paxton, was opened, Aug. 18, 
1857 ; tire new Town-hall built from the designs of Mr Baring, and opened by the 
Prince of Wales, Aug. 4, 1863 ; Sir Francis Crossley gave a sum of ;^6300 in 
order to pay the annual expenses of keeping the People's Park in repair, Aug. 14, 
1867. 

HALIFAX ADMINISTRATION, under the Earl of Halifax, Oct. 5, 1714, who, 
dying the next year, was succeeded by Robert, afterwards Sir Robert, Walpole. 

HALL OF COMMERCE, Threadneedle-street, London, built from the designs 
of Mr Moxhay, 1840; opened, 1843 5 t^ie large hall is 130 feet long, 44 wide, and 
50 high ; it was sold in 1849 for ;^44,ooo ; since made a banking establishment. 

HALLE, Saxony, made a city by Otho 11., 981 ; St Uh-ich's church built, 1239 ; 
St Maurice's subsequently ; the cathedral founded, 1520-23; the university, 1694; 
restored, 1814; town taken by the French, 1806 ; restored, 1814. 

HALLELUJAH and AMEN first introduced from the Jewish into the Christian 
church, by St Jerome, 390. 

HALLEY'S COMET. The first to identify the great comet of 1682 with that of the 
years 1305, 1456, 1531, and 1607, he predicted its return again in 1758 or 1759, 
and the comet did actually appear within 19 days of the time stated by Halley, 
being first seen with the naked eye by a Saxon peasant, near Dresden, Dec. 25, 
1758 ; its period was 76 years, and it would consequently appear again, if Dr 
Halley's calculation proved just, in 1835 ; it was seen, and Halley's judgment con- 
firmed ; its next appearance will be 1911-12. 

HALLING HOUSE, Kent, built, 1183. 

HALLORAN, Rev. Hynes, an eminent Irish scholar and divine, chaplain to the 
'Britannia' in the battle of Ti-afalgar, transported for seven years for forging a 
frank, value 19^., March 3 1, 1 83 1. 

HALLOWE'EN, the eve of the day of St John the Baptist, anciently observed by 
the vulgar in England, 1694. 

HALLSEWELL, East Indiaman, lost, with nearly one hundred persons on board, 
Jan. 6, 1786. 

HALO, a very remarkable one seen encircling the moon, Aug. 16, 1807. 

HALOXYLIN, a new species of blasting power, invented by Wilhelm and Ernst 
Fehleisen of Styria, Aug., 1867. 

HALTON CASTLE, Cheshire, erected by Hugh Lupus, Earl of Chester, circa 



378 HALTON CASTLE HAMPTON 

1086 ; it afterwards became the property of John of Gaunt ; garrisoned by Charles 
I., 1643 ; taken by the ParUament, 1644. 

HALTON CASTLE, Northumberland, built, circa 1300. 

HAM, France, the citadel built, 1470, by the Comte de St Pol ; Prince Jules de 
Polignac and three other ministers of Charles X. imprisoned here for signing the 
ordinance at, July 25, 1830 ; Prmce Louis Napoleon confined in, after his miser- 
able attempt at Boulogne, Aug. 6, 1840; escaped, disguised as a workman, May 
26, 1846. 

HAMBURG, founded, 804; walled, 811 ; constituted a free city, 1215 ; a com- 
mercial treaty between Hamburg and Lubeck, which was the forerunner of the 
Hanseatic League, 1241 ; the Company of Merchants incorporated, 1296 ; the 
French declared war against it for its treacherous delivery of Napper Tandy to 
Pitt, Oct., 1799, who had sought a refuge there ; British property in, sequestrat- 
ed, March, 1801 ; the city taken, 1806 ; incorporated with France, 1810 ; 
evacuated by the French, 1813 ; besieged by the allies. May, 1814 ; restored to its 
independence, 1815 ; dreadful fire at, which destroyed 2000 houses, May 4, 1842 ; 
inundated by the overflowing of the river Elbe, Jan. i, 1855 ; the constitution of 
the free city proclaimed, Sept. 28, i860, and came into operation, Jan. i, 1861. 

HAMILCAR'S voyage to the Cassiterides, related by Festus Avienus, 450. 

HAMILTON, James, ist Duke of, executed, 1649. 

HAMILTON, James, 4th Duke of, and Lord Mohun, both killed in a duel, in 
Hyde Park, Nov. 15, 1 7 12. 

HAMILTON, Scotland, founded in the 15th century ; a collegiate church founded, 
145 1 ; the palace re-erected, 1822 ; finished, 1828. 

HAMILTON, Upper Canada, founded, 1813 ; incorporated, 1833. 

HAMMER, the steam, patent granted to James Watt for the invention of, April 
28, 1784 ; Nasmyths patenteed his invention, 1842 ; since then great improve- 
ments have been made in the machinery for working this useful machine. 

HAMMERSMITH, Middlesex, the parish church erected, 1631 ; repaired, 1798; 
a nunnery established by Mrs Beddingfield at, 1669 ; Titus Oates had a com- 
mission to search this place, 1680 ; fountain erected and opened by Sir S. Morland, 
July 8, 1685 ; the West Middlesex Waterworks established by 46 Geo. HI. c. 
cxix., July 12, 1806; works commenced, Dec, 1806; opened, Dec. 4, 1809; 
extended by 50 Geo. HI. c. cxxxii., May 24, 1810 ; amended, 53 Geo. HI. c. 
xxxvi., April 15, 1813 ; the new church built, 1820 ; the suspension bridge, built 
from the designs of Tierney Clarke, commenced, 1825 ; opened, Oct. 6, 1827. 

HAMPSHIRE, Hants. Before the Roman invasion this country was populated 
by the Regni, the Belgze, and the Atrebatii ; overran by the Romans, B.C. 30 ; 
included during the heptarchy in the kingdom of Wessex, A.D. 519 ; Ethelred I. 
and his brother Alfred defeated by the Danes near Basingstoke, 870 ; William 
Rufus shot in the New Forest, Aug. i, iioo. 

HAMPSHIRE, NEW, United States, first settled at Dover and Portsmouth, 1623; 
went under the jurisdiction of Massachusetts, 1641 ; made a separate province by 
Charles II., 1679 ; been a separate State since 1741 ; constitution formed, 1784; 
altered to its present form, 1792 ; Dartmouth College in, founded, 1770 ; Gilman- 
ton seminary for theology, 1835. 

HAMPTON, Middlesex, possessed by the Earl Algar in the reign of Edward the 
Confessor ; the manor left to the Knights Hospitallers, 121 1 ; a royal chase made 
here, 1538 ; the manor came to the crown upon the order of Knights Hospitallers 
being suppressed, 1540 ; a Free Grammar School founded, 1556 ; bridge built, 
1753 ; Garrick's villa was sold to Mr Grove for ;f 10,800, June 24, 1864. 



HAMPTON-COURT PALACE HANGO 379 

HAMPTON-COURT PALACE commenced by Cardinal Wolsey, 15 16 ; finished, 
1525, upon the site of the house of the Knights Hospitallers ; presented by that 
prelate to Henry VHL, 1526, who finished the building ; Edward VI. was born 
here, Oct. 12, 1537 ; Henry VIII. married Catherine Parr, his last wife, at this 
palace, July 12, 1543. Conferences held by James I. in this palace with the Arch- 
bishop of Canterbury, eight bishops, five deans, and some of the Puritans, when 
some alterations in the Book of Common Prayer and a new version of the Holy 
Scriptures were ordered, Jan. 14-16, 1604 ; Charles I. confined here ; escaped, 
Nov. 12, 1647 ; a large part of the palace rebuilt by Sir C. Wren for William 
III., 1690-94; the public first admitted to view, 1838. 

HAMPTON ROADS on the James river, the Merrimac iron-clad attacked the 
Federal squadron, sunk the Cumberland, captured and burnt the Congress, and 
drove the Minnesota ashore, March 8, 1862 ; the Monitor engaged the Merrimac 
the next day without any decisive result. 

HANAPER, formerly an office in Chancery, derived its name from the wicker 
baskets in which the writs or rolls were kept. Hanaperia abolished by the 5 & 6 
Vict. c. 103, Aug. 10, 1842. 

HANAU, battle between the French and allies, when the foriner were on their re- 
treat from Leipsic, the allies were defeated, Oct. 30, 1813. 

HANDEL FESTIVALS, to celebrate the memory of this renowned musical com- 
poser. The first commemoration held in Westminster Abbey, the Royal family were 
present, the 'Messiah' being performed by 515 instrumental performers, the re- 
ceipts for the five days amounted to ^12,000, began, May 26, 1784 ; the second 
celebrated here, June 24, 1834, it continued for four days ; one celebrated at the 
Crystal Palace in the presence of 20,000 people, July 2, 1858 ; a grand com- 
memoration festival held at the Crystal Palace, June 20, 23, 25, 1859 ; the tiien- 
nial festival held at the same place, June 23, 27, 1862 and 1865. 

HANDEL SOCIETY established in London, 1844, for the publication of his 
works. 

HANDICRAFT. Various handicrafts are mentioned in the sacred books : the 
preparation of iron for use either in war, agriculture, or for domestic purposes, 
was doubtless one of the earliest applications of labour ; bronze is also mentioned 
as being made in antediluvian times, Gen. iv. 22 ; the occupation of a smith re- 
cognized as a distinct employment, i Sam. xiii. 19. The workers in gold and silver 
are mentioned in the early books ; the trade of a carpenter. Gen. vi. 14 ; our Lord 
himself is called a carpenter, Mark vi. 3. The masons employed by David and 
Solomon in the building of the Temple were chiefly Phcenicians, Ezek. xxvii. 9 ; 
apothecaries, Ex. xxx. 25 ; shoemakers, barbers, and tailors are mentioned in 
the Mis/pia, Pesach. iv. 6 ; plasterers, glaziers, painters, and goldworkers in the 
MisJuia, Chel. viii. 9, xxix. 3, 4 ; bakers, Jer. xxxvii. 21, Hos. vii. 4 ; butchers, 
I Cor. X. 25. Handicraftsmen restrained to one trade only, by the 37 Edw. HI. 
c. 6, 1363. 

HAND-IN-HAND FIRE-OFFICE instituted, 1696; incorporated, 1697; ex- 
tended to Life Insurance, 1836. 

HANDKERCHIEFS used in the middle ages ; laced handkerchiefs worn in the 
reign of Elizabeth ; those of a peculiar kind made at Paisley, 1743) the sale of 
which amounted to ;^ 1 5, 886 in that year ; and in 1784 to ;i^ 164, 385. 

HANGING IN CHAINS, a punishment inflicted upon murderers, by 25 Geo. II, 
c- 37, 1752 ; abolished by 4& 5 Will. IV. c. 26, July 25, 1834. 

HANGO, Finland. The Swedes were defeated in a naval engagement by the 
Russians under Peter the Great, July 27, 1714; an English boat's crew, whilst 



38o HANOVER HANSY 

landing Rvissian prisoners, under a flag of truce, were attacked by troops under 
covei", when six men were killed and the rest wounded or captured, June 5, 1855. 
HANOVER, Germany. Charlemagne founded several bishoprics, 806 ; Hermann 
Billung held the power, 961, and Magnus, 1106 ; Henry the Black obtained part 
of these possessions by marriage and part by conquest in the 12th century ; Ernest 
of Zell introduced the Lutheran religion into this state, 1535 ; made the capital 
of the state, 1641 ; Ernest Augustus, bishop of Osnaburg, made an elector of the 
German Empire, 1692 ; George Louis, duke of Zell, succeeded to the throne of 
England as George I., 1714 ; Hanoverian troops first arrived in England, 1756 ; 
mvaded by a French army, 1 75 7 ; restored, 1 763 ; the fortification partially de- 
stroyed, 1780 ; seized by the Prussians, April 3, 1801 ; taken by the French, June 
5, 1803 ; annexed to Westphalia, March i, 1810; to France, July lo ; made a 
kingdom, Oct. 13, 1814 ; East Friesland and Flarlingen added to it, 1815 ; the 
Duke of Cambridge made lieut. -governor, Nov., 1816; visited by George IV., 
Oct. 8, 1821 ; the Duke of Cumberland succeeded to the throne, June 20, 1837 ; 
suffered from an inundation, April, 1825 ; a new constitution agreed to, July 31, 
1840 ; modified, April 10 and Sept. 5, 1848 ; annulled, May 20, 1855 ; constitu- 
tion amended, Aug. I, 1855, and Sept. 7, 1856, and again, March 24, 1857 ; the 
aristocracy reinstated in their rights, Aug. 5, 1855. George V. succeeded to the 
throne, Nov. 18, 1851 ; the jewels brought to England by George H. restored, 
Dec. 31, 1857 ; the abolition of the Stade dues, June 12, 1862 ; Prussia declared 
war against, June 15, 1866 ; the fortress of the Stade captured, June 18 ; Fort 
William, June 19 ; the whole of the country, with the exception of Gottingen, 
captured by June 22 ; the Prussians defeated by the Hanoverian army at 
Laugensalz, June 27, but the whole forces surrendered on the 29th ; annexed to 
Prussia, Aug. 17. 

Hanover, Electors of : Kings of : 

Ernest Augustus ... ... 1692 George William Frederick ... 1814 

George Louis ... ... ... 1693 George Augustus Frederick ... 1820 

George Augustus ... ... 1727 William Henry ... ... ... 1830 

George William Frederick ... 1760 Ernest Augustus ... ... 1837 

George V. 185 1 

HANOVERIAN SUCCESSION established by law, 13 Will. III. c. 2, 1700, 
George I. being the first prince who ascended the English throne, to the exclu- 
sion of the Stuart. 

HANSE MERCHANTS. See Steelyard. 

HANSERD KNOLLYS SOCIETY instituted in London for the publication of 
the works of Baptist writers, 1845 ; tracts on the liberty of conscience and perse- 
cution published, 1846 ; the society dissolved, 1852. 

HANSE TOWNS, or the Hanseatic League, a union of commercial cities and ports 
in the north of Germany, against the piratical robbers of the north, founded 1140, 
but not generally acknowledged until 1241 ; it grew into a union at last of sixty- 
six towns and cities ; they proclaimed war against Denmark, 1348 ; and in 1428, 
possessed a large navy, and a powerful military force ; Edward IV. concluded a 
treaty with them, 1474 ; Henry VII. and VIII. abolished many of their privileges ; 
Elizabeth abolished the rest, and made the trade free, 1578 ; the union was at 
last broken up by surrounding princes, from an apprehension of its power, and 
the towns of Hamburg, Lubeck, and Bremen were, in 1630, the only remnant 
of this powerful league ; these towns were seized by Napoleon, 1810. 

HANSY, Hindustan. The ancient town contains the tomb of Sheikh Jemmal ; 
the town taken by the Mohammedans, 1035 ; at the close of the last century 
made the capital of the principality established by George Thomas, an English 
adventurer ; since incorporated with the British dominions. 



HAN WELL ASYLUM HARMONY 381 

HANWELL ASYLUM for lunatics opened, May 16, 1831. 

HANWORK PARK-HOUSE, the seat of the Duke of St Albans, burned down, 

March 16, 1797. 
HAPPY ALLIANCE. This order of knighthood was instituted by Frederick of 
Hildburghauseu to celebrate his alliance with the Princess Royal of Denmark, Oct. 
I, 1749- 
HARBOTTLE CASTLE, Northumberland, built by de Umfraville, 1157 ; re- 
built by Gilbert de Umfraville, Earl of Angus, 1295 ; besieged unsuccessfully 
by the Scottish army, 1296 ; Margaret, Queen Dowager of Scotland, lived here, 
1515-16. 
HARBOURS, established by Henry IV., 1400; regulated by 54 Geo. III. c. 159, 
July 29, 1814 ; amended by 10 & 11 Vict. c. 27, May 11, 1847, and 24 & 25 
Vict. c. 45, Aug. I, 1861 ; also to facilitate the construction of, 24 & 25 Vict. c. 
47, Aug. I, 1 86 1. 
HARCLA CASTLE, Westmoreland, erected by Sir Andrew Harcla, 1322-24 ; 

rebuilt by Lord Musgrave, 1348-52. 
HARDY, Thomas, Tooke, and Thelwall, tried for high treason and acquitted, 

Nov. 20, 1794 ; Thelwall, Dec. 8. 
HAREFIELD PLACE, Middlesex, Roger de Bacheworth, lord of the manor of, 
1284 ; Milton's ' Arcades ' performed there, between 1632 and 1637 ; burned down, 
1660 ; a silver fir discovered here, in 1679, measured 81 feet high, and 13 feet girth. 
HARE WOOD CASTLE, Yorkshire, erected by William de Courcy, 11 54; re- 
built by Sir William de Aldburgh, 1329 ; the fortifications destroyed by order of 
parliament, 1646 ; the ruins purchased by Sir John Cuttes, 1657. 
HARFLEUR, France. Henry V. of England invaded France and besieged this 
town, which surrendered after a month's defence, Sept. 22, 1415 ; retaken by 
the French, 1431 ; stormed and captured by the English, 1440; recaptured by 
Charles VII., 1450. 
HARLAW, battle, between the Earl of Mar, who commanded the Royal forces, and 
Donald Lord of the Isles ; it was a drawn battle, and great numbers of the gentiy 
on both sides fell in this civil conflict, July 24, 141 1. 
HARLECH CASTLE, Meiionethshire, built, it was supposed, by the ancient 

Britons ; rebuilt, 876, and re-edified by Edward I. 
HARLEIAN LIBRARY collected by Robert Harley, afterwards Earl of Ox- 
ford, and Sir Symonds D'Ewes, and consisted of nearly 8000 volumes of MSS., 
about 50,000 volumes of printed books, and 400,000 pamphlets ; they were pur- 
chased by the government for ^10,000, and deposited in the British Museum, 
26 Geo. II. c. 22, 1753. 
HARLEQUIN, a buffoon, who was introduced into the theatre by the Italians, 

circa 1500. 
HARLOTS, obliged to wear striped hoods of party colours, 1352 ; the name is 
said to have arisen from Arlotta, mother of William I. of England, a tanner's 
daughter of most notorious character, but this is doubtful, as it was applied to 
both sexes ; it is derived from horlet, the diminutive of Jiore, the past participle 
of hyra7i. 
HARMONICA, or MUSICAL GLASSES, improved by Dr Franklin, 1760; in- 
troduced into France, 1765 ; a stringed one invented by John Stein, 1788. 
HARMONIUM. This musical instrument invented by M. Grenie in Paris, 1810 ; 

the English hamionium invented by Mr Evans of Cheltenham, 1841. 
HARMONY, United States of America, in the State of Pennsylvania, founded by 
Germans, who called themselves the ' Harmony Society,' Dec, 1804 ; they built 



382 HARP HARTLEPOOL 

the New Harmony States of Indiana, 1815, which was purchased by Robert Owen, 
1825, for the establishment of a social system, but failed, and was broken up, 
1826 ; the scheme was philanthropic, but in practice wholly irreconcilable with 
existing usages- 

HARP. This ancient musical instrument is mentioned several times in sacred 
history ; Bruce, the traveller, discovered a drawing of a harp in the ancient sepul- 
chre at Thebes, said to have been executed B.C. 1600. An Irish harp with 28 
strings said to have belonged to Brian Boromu of Ireland, 1012 ; pedals intro- 
duced, 1720; Erard patented one upon a new principle, 1794! and the double 
action, 1808. 

HARPER'S FERRY, Virginia, Negro insurrection at, headed by John Brown, 
Oct. 16, 1859 ; Brown hanged, Dec. 2, 1859 ; threatened by the Confederate 
army, the armoury and stores of every description burnt, April 18, 1861 ; surren- 
dered to the Confederates under Gen. Jackson, with 12,000 soldiers, 40 cannons, 
10,000 small arms, and immense stores, Sept. 15, 1S62. 

HARPOONER, transport from Quebec to England, with invalids and other troops 
on board, foundered off the coast of Newfoundland, when more than one-half on 
board perished, Nov. 10, 1816. 

HARPSICHORD, first made by Hans Ruckers in Germany, circa 15 10 ; used in 
public festivals in Italy, \^'2.i ; improved by Vincentino, 1555; Rigoli of Florence 
invented the vertical harpsichord, 1620 ; first used at the Duke's Theatre, Lin- 
coln's Inn Fields, 1667. 

HARRENTON LAKE, Ireland, disappeared in the earth, March 25, 1793. 

HARRIOT, Thomas, discovered two spots on the sun, 1610, before Galileo an- 
nounced the same fact. 

HARRISBURG, N. America, founded, 1785; incorporated, 1808; made the 
capital, 1812. 

HARRISON, John, inventor of the time-keeper for the discovery of the longitude ; 
he produced four, in the years 1735, 1739, 1749, and subsequently that which pro- 
cured him the reward of ;!^20,ooo from parliament, promised by the Boai-d of 
Longitude, 1767; and further perfected his time-piece, 1772; he died, March 
24, 1776, aged 84. 

HARROW, Middlesex. The Grammar School founded by charter of Queen Eliza- 
beth, Feb. 19, 1571, by John Lyon ; statutes made in, 1590 ; confirmed by the 
Court of Chancery, Aug. 17, 1810 ; the schools partially destroyed by fire, Oct. 
22, 1838 ; chapel built, 1837-39. 

HARROWGATE, Yorkshire, noted for its medicinal springs ; the oldest is Tewit- 
well, discovered, 1576 ; the old Spa discovered by Dr Stanhope, 1630 ; the 
Saline Chalybeate at Low Harrowgate, 1S19. 

HARTFORD, North America, explored by the Dutch, 1633 ; settlement made, 
1635; created a city, 1784; the State-house erected, 1792; Trinity College 
founded, 1824; the first institution for the deaf and dumb in the United States, 
organized, 181 7. 

HARTLEBURY CASTLE, Worcestershire, erected by Walter de Cantilupe and 
Gifford, Bishop of Worcester, 1268 ; destroyed by the parliamentary forces under 
Gen. Morgan, 1646. 

HARTLEPOOL, Durham, the monastery of Hieu founded, 640 ; destroyed by the 
Danes, 800 ; a harbour known here, 1171 ; erected into a borough by King John, 
1200; it suffered in the wars; the Scots overran the town, 1312-1315 ; during 
the Civil War it was taken by the Scottish army, 1644, who retained possession 
till 1647; docks at, erected, 1835 ; the new docks opened, 1847 ; enlarged, and 



HARTLEY HASTINGS 383 

a new one opened, 1852 ; a lighthouse erected on the Hough from the designs of 
Stephen Robinson ; first stone laid, Aug. 12, 1846 ; the first light shown, Oct. i, 
1847. 

HARTLEY, Northumberland, at the Hartley colliery, an atmospheric rotative 
engine erected, 1768. 

HARTLEY COLLIERY, NEW, at Newcastle, 204 men and boys lost their lives 
by suffocation through the breaking of the beam which belonged to the pumping 
machinery, Jan. 16, 1862 ; ;^7o,ooo raised for the relief of their families. 

HARTLEY'S FIRE-PROOF FLOOR was invented by David Hartley, M.P. 
for Hull, before 1774, in which year the sum of ;!^25oo was voted him by the 
House of Commons, 1776 ; an obelisk was erected on Putney Heath by the cor- 
poration of London in testimony of his services, 1776 ; the patent was extended 
1777, for 31 years. 

H ARTWELL, Buckinghamshire, the manor of, bestowed by "William the Conqueror 
upon William Peverell and others, 1067 ; the land was seized by Henry II., 1 155, 
and afterwards bestowed upon Walter de Hartwell, 11 70; Louis XVIII. , being 
expelled from France, 1793, resided here ; his wife died, 1810; left here to be re- 
instated in his kingdom, April 20, 18 14. 

HARVARD COLLEGE, New England, built, 1637 ; endowed by John Harvard, 
1638 ; the first president was the Rev. Henry Dunster, 1640 ; the Rev. Charles 
Chauncey, 1655 ; the library destroyed by fii-e, and all Harvard's books, but one, 
burnt, 1764. 

HARVEIAN SOCIETY instituted in London, 1831. ^ 

HARVEST, Remarkable. — 'A.d. 1713. — The harvest was early, so that all 
the corn was inned before St Giles's day, being the ist of September : a bushel of 
wheat, which before was sold for los., was then sold for lod., and a bushel of 
oats, which before was sold for 8s., was then sold for 8^/. — a.d. 1329. — The 
third year of Edward III., a statute was made prohibiting the importation of 
wheat, rye, or barley into this realm, imless the price of wheat exceeded 6s. 8d. the 
quarter, of rye ^., of barley 3^^., at that port or place where the same should 
be brought in, upon pain of forfeiture thereof ' 

HARVEY, Dr WILLIAM, discoverer of the circulation of the blood, published 
his theory, 1628. 

HARWICLI, Essex, occupied by the Romans ; a castle erected by the Emperor 
Claudius, a.d. 51 ; Egbert captured it from the Danes, 746 ; the privilege of 
sending members to parliament granted to, by Edward II., 13 18 ; incorporated the 
town, 1319 ; Prince Edward and his mother landed here from Hainault with a 
force to regain his kingdom, 1326 ; he embarked when Edward III. from this 
port for France, 1338; the town nearly destroyed by the French fleet, 1339; 
Henry VIII. visited the town, 1543 ; fortified against the Dutch by Charles II., 
1666 ; lighthouse erected, 1822, the light visible 21 miles ; an act for the improve- 
ment of the harbour, 26 & 27 Vict. c. 71, July 28, 1863 ; amended, 27 & 28 Vict. 
c. 102, July 29, 1864 ; again amended, 28 & 29 Vict. c. 120, July 5, 1865. 

HARWOOD NUNNERY, Bedfordshire, built, 1150. 

HASBAIN, battle. The Duke of Burgundy (Jean sans Peur) defeated the insur- 
gents of Liege in a sanguinaiy battle, Sept. 23, 1408. 

HASLAR HOSPITAL, Hants, erected for wounded seamen and marines, 1762; 
additions made to, of lecture-rooms, &c., July 4, 1829. 

HASTINGS, Sussex. Hastings, a Danish pirate, built a fortress, or castle, to 
protect his men, 808 ; granted by William I. to William, Count de Ewe, 1096 ; 
a parliament held in, by William II. ; the castle taken by stratagem by £udo de 
Rie, circa II18; repaired by the dean and chapter of Chichester, 1330-31 ; Athel- 



384 HASTINGS HAVRE DE GRACE 

Stan established a mint, 924 ; William Rufus resided here, 1090 ; made one of 
the incorporated ports by William I.; burnt by the French, 1377 ; incorporated 
by Eliz., 158S ; confirmed by Charles II.; new town built, 1828-29. 
HASTINGS, battle. William, Duke of Normandy, sailed from St Valery on the 
Somme, Sept. 27, 1066 ; arrived at Pevensey in Sussex, and disembarked his 
army on the eve of the feast of St Michael, Sept. 28 ; the battle fought at Senlac 
from sunrise to sunset, when Harold II. was slain with the greater part of his 
army, Oct. 14 ; an abbey was founded near the spot by William I., 1067. 
HASTINGS, WARREN, Governor-general and founder of India, tried by the peers 
of Great Britain for high crimes and misdemeanors ; his trial lasted seven years 
and three months, and ended in his acquittal, April 17, 1795. 
HASWELL COLLIERY, Sunderland, 94 persons killed by an explosion, Sept. 

28, 1844. 
HATFIELD, Hertford, this manor given to the monastery of Ely, A. d. 1108 ; 
the palace purchased by Henry VIII., Nov. 24, 1539; Princess Elizabeth resided 
here, 1555 ; Hatfield House built, 161 1 ; the militia reviewed here by George 
TIL, June 13, 1800. 
HATFIELD, JAMES, fired a loaded pistol at George HI., May 15, 1800, at 
Drury-lane Theatre ; he was proved insane, and died in Bethlehem hospital, Jan. 
23, 1841, aged 69. 
HATFIELD PEVERELL PRIORY, Essex, founded by Ingelrica, wife of Ranulph 
Peverell, circa 1097 ; Hatfield Regis Priory, founded by Alberic de Vere II., 1130. 
HATS. In the wardrobe account of Henry III., 1271, a beaver hat ornamented with 
gold and precious stones is mentioned ; beaver hats were worn at the court of Ed- 
ward III., 1340; in the inventory of Sir John Fastolfe, 1459, is mentioned one 
beaver hat lined with damask silk ; they were subsequently called Castors ; brooches 
highly enriched were worn in, in Elizabeth's reign ; afterwards manufactured in 
England by Spaniards, 1510 ; Henry VIII. paid 15^. for a hat and plume, Oct. 23, 
1532 ; high-crowned hats worn in the reign of Elizabeth ; low broad-brims, 1700 ; 
the three-cocked hat, 1704; directions for making, 3 & 4 Edw. VI. c. 2, s. 5, 
1549 ; the trade regulated by 5 & 6 Edw. VI. c. 24, 1552 ; Stubb in his ' Anatomy 
of Abuses,' 1585, speaks of the high and low crowned hats, also white, red, and 
other colours ; foreign hats notto be imported, 3 Hen. VIII. c. 15, 1511-12 ; no 
one allowed to wear a hat under the rank of a knight, 8 Eliz. c. 11, 1566 ; fur- 
ther regulations made by 13 Eliz. c. 19, 1570 ; repealed by 39 Eliz. c. 18, 1597 ; 
hats and caps to be exported duty free, 11 & 12 Will. HI. c. 20, 1700; taxed, 
1785, and 1796 ; repealed, 181 1 ; duty on imported, loj-.; reduced, 1853, to is.; 
the hatters' festival held on St Clement's day, Nov. 23 ; the hat-band makers' 
company incorporated by Charles II., Dec. i, 1664. 
HAVANNA, Cuba, founded in 15 19 by Velasquez; surprised and burned by a 
French privateer, 1538 ; the English attempted to storm the town, but failed, 
1655 ; captured it, 1763 ; the remains of Columbus removed from San Domingo 
to the Cathedral here, 1796. 
HAVERFORDWEST, Pembrokeshire, castle built in the reign of Stephen, 1135, 
by Gilbert de Clare; successfully defended against the French, 1402 ; the town in- 
corporated by Edward I.; confirmed by Rich. HI.; held by the Royalists, 1643. 

HAVRE DE GRACE, France, founded by Louis VIL, 1509 ; fortified by Francis- 
L, and the port commenced ; Henry of Richmond embarked from this port for 
Bosworth Field, 1485 ; delivered to Queen Elizabeth by the Prince de Conde, 
leader of the Huguenots, and Ambrose Dudley, Earl of Warwick, appointed com- 
mander of the town, 1562 ; besieged by the French under the personal inspection 
of Charles IX., who took it, June 28, 1563 ; attacked by the English fleet for 



HAWARDEN CASTLE HAYTI 385 

three days, under Admiral Rodney, when the fortifications and numerous vessels 
were destroyed, July 4-6, 1759 ; bombarded, 1794, and 1795 ; again by Sir 
Richard Strachan, May 25, 1798 ; declared in a state of blockade, Sept. 6, 
1803 ; attempt of the English to burn the shipping failed, Aug. I, 1804 ; the old 
fortification replaced by two new forts, 1859. 

HAWARDEN CASTLE, Flintshire, built, 1260 ; demolished, 1643. 

HAWKERS AND PEDLARS, licensed, 8 & 9 Will. IIL c. 25, 1698, and 9 & 
10 Will. III. c. 27, 1698 ; penalty on, for not having a license, 3 «&: 4 Anne, c. 4, 
1704; hawkers of unstamped newspapers to be imprisoned, 16 Geo. IL c. 26, 
1743 ; licensing of, 50 Geo. IH. c. 41, June 2, 1810; laws amended, 22 & 23 Vict, 
c. 36, Aug. 13, 1859 ; extended, 24 & 25 Vict. c. 21, June 28, 1861. 

HAWKING, known in England in the 8th century ; Winifred or Boniface, Arch- 
bishop of Mons, presented Ethelbert, King of Kent, with one hawk and two 
falcons ; hawk bells used in the 9th century ; by 34 Edw. III. c. 22, 1361, a 
stray hawk to be carried to the sheriff; made felony to steal a hawk or eggs, 
37 Edw. III. c. 19, 1363; 31 Hen. VIII. c. 12, 1539; 32 Hen. VIII. c. Ii, 
1540, and 5 Elizabeth, c. 21, 1562 ; in the time of Richard III., 1480, <)d. per 
day was allowed for their keep ; the breeding and keeping of, regulated by 1 1 
Hen. VII. c. 17, 1495 ; fell into disuse in the 17th century. 

HAXEY, in Axeholme, Lincolnshire, 56 houses burned at, valued at ^10,000, 1743. 

HAYLES ABBEY, Gloucestershire, founded by Richard, Earl of Cornwall, 1246. 

HAYLING ISLAND AND BAY, Hants, made a fashionable resort, 1827. 

HAYMARKET, The, a market for the sale of hay, opened, 1664 ; regulated 
by 8 & 9 Will. III. c. 17, 1697 ; removed to Cumberland market, by 11 Geo. 
IV. c. 14, 1830. — Haymarket Theatre first opened, 1702 ; rebuilt by James 
Potter, and opened, Dec. 29, 1720, then known as the Little Theatre ; a patent 
for, granted to Foote, 1747 ; rebuilt and made a royal theatre, 1767; a large 
audience assembled to see a man get into a quart bottle, Jan. 1 7, 1 749 ; purchased 
by Colman, Jan. i, 1777 ; on the royal visit, Feb. 3, 1794, sixteen persons were 
trodden to death, and many died of the injuries they received ; this theatre closed, 
Oct. 14, 1820; the present house built by Nash, opened, July 14, 1821 ; a riot 
caused by some tailors here, 1805. — Her Majesty' s Theatre, the first theatre erected 
by Sir John Vanbrugh, 1 705 ; destroyed by fire, June 17, 1789 ; rebuilt from the 
designs of Michael Novosielski ; first stone laid by the Earl of Buckinghamshire, 
April 3, 1790; opened, March 26, 1791 ; the exterior altered, and the arcade 
erected from the designs of Nash and Repton, 1818-20, at the cost of ^50,000 ; 
called the Queen's Theatre upon the accession of Her Majesty, 1837 ; the interior 
redecorated, 1846 ; Jenny Lind made her first appearance. May 4, 1847; her last. 
May 18, 1849 ; the theatre opened under the direction of Mr E. T. Smith, Api-il 
10, i860, and the first pantomime produced; totally destroyed by fire, Dec. 5, 
1867. 

HAYNAU, GENERAL, a disgraceful attack made upon, atBarclay & Co. 's Brewery, 
for flogging ladies in the Hungarian war ; he escaped in a police galley, Sept. 5, 
1850. 

HAYTI, or Haiti, West Indies, Island of, better known as the Island of St Domingo, 
discovered by Columbus, 1492 ; the native inhabitants were all butchered by the 
Spaniards, who colonized it, 1496 ; the western portion colonized by the French, 
1665 ; ceded to France, Sept. 20, 1697 ; revolt of the Mulattoes, Aug. 23, 1791 ; 
again, 1793, committing dreadful slaughter upon the inhabitants ; the island taken 
possession of by a British force, Sept., 1793; Toussaint 1' Ouverture appointed 
General-in-chief of the Revolutionists ; the English evacuated the island, 1798 ; 
the independence of, proclaimed, July i, 1801 ; the French sent an army, under 
General Leclerc, who defeated them and captured their chief, May 7, 1802 ; the 

25 



386 HEALTH HEBRON 

French compelled to evacuate the island, 1803 ; the standard of the blacks hoisted, 
Nov., 1803 ; Dessalines, a negro chief, ordered a massacre of all the whites, May 
29, 1804; Dessalines crowned king, Oct. 8, 1804; died, Sept., 1805 ; succeeded 
by Christophe, who became president, Feb., 1807; and crowned emperor, June 
2, 181 1 ; Pethion ruled at Port au Prince, who was succeeded thereby Bo3'er, 
May, 1818; Christophe shot himself, Oct. 6 ; independence declared, TDec, 1821 ; 
confirmed by France, April, 1825 ; Hayti proclaimed a republic under Solouque, 
March i, 1846 ; proclaimed an empire by Solouque, who crowned himself em- 
peror, April 18, 1852 ; deposed, Dec. 22, 1858 ; united to Spain, March 18, 
1861 ; insurrection against this power, and St Domingo seized by the rebels, Sept. 
I, and a republic proclaimed ; the insurgents defeated by the Spanish forces, 1864; 
Cape Haytien captured by the insurgents, May 9, 1865 ; President Geffrard re- 
signed, Sept. I ; banished, March 27, 1866 ; a revolt of the inhabitants quelled, 
Aug. 12, 1867. 

HEALTH, Board of, appointed, 11 & 12 Vict. c. 63, Aug. 31, 1848 ; remodelled 
by 17 & 18 Vict. c. 95, Aug. 10, 1854 ; further amended, 18 &. 19 Vict. c. 115, 
Aug. 14, 1855. 

HEALTHS, custom of drinking, said to have arisen in Saxon times, when Rowena, 
the daughter of Hengist, drank Vortigern's health, at an entertainment, in a gold 
cup, 460. 

HEARTH MONEY, a tyrannical tax, levied by 13 & 14 Charles H. c. 10, 1662, 
15 Charles II. c. 13, 1663, and 16 Charles II. c. 3, 1664, on every fire-place in 
England ; it was abohshed by i Will. & Mary, c. 10, 1688. 

HEAT, experimented on by Mariotte, 1682, and by Scheel of Sweden ; brought 
to notice by Dr Black, of Glasgow, 1757 ; Dr Ilerschel discovered that the rays 
of heat exist independently of light, iSoo; confirmed by Sir Henry Englefield, 
1802 ; Mr Leslie and Berard proved that the point of the greatest heat in the solar 
spectrum is in the red rays, 1804 ; confirmed by Melloni, 1836 ; the polarisation 
of, discovered by Professor Forbes. Heat discovered in the moon's rays, in 
America, 1821. 

HEATON CASTLE, Northumberland, built, chra 1380 ; besieged unsuccessfully 
by the Scots, 1513. 

HEBREW BIBLES, the most ancient Old Testament in print, dated Soncino, a.d. 
1488, and Brixia:, 1494 ; the New Testament, dated Basil, 15 16, edited by Eras- 
mus ; in Greek and Latin, dated Alcala, 1514 ; the MSS. now extant are of the 
4th, 5th, 6th, 7th, 8th, 9th, and loth centuries. 

HEBREW LANGUAGE, the language of the Israelites, known as the Hebrew, 
B.C. 130 ; Josephus the first to apply it to the old Hebrew as spoken in the days 
of Moses ; new words were afterwards introduced ; points first introduced in 
reading, A.D. 475. 

HEBREWS, Epistle to the, was written to the Church of Alexandria by St Paul 
A.D. 63. 

HEBRIDES, Scotland, the islands were anciently inhabited by t'he Celtic race, 
governed by the kings of Norway; Somerled made Lord of the Isles, 1156; 
Alexander II. of Scotland attempted to dethrone the Norwegians, 1249 ; King 
Haco led an expedition against Scotland to assert his rights ; his fleets were dis- 
persed by a tempest, Aug. 5, 1263 ; Magnus, his son, agreed to give them up to 
the Scots, 1266; Dr Johnson visited them, 1733; the power of the chiefs 
abolished, 1748 ; great numbers emigrated to America, 1792 ; famine, 1846. 

HEBRIDES, NEW, Pacific Ocean. This group of islands discovered by Quiros, 
1606 ; visited by Bougainville, 1768 ; and by Cook, 1774, who thus named them. 

HEBRON, Palestine. The patriarchs, Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, resided much 



HEBURN COLLIERY HELIER 387 

here, and are here entombed. David made it a royal city and resided here at the 
beginning of the 12th century ; it was captured by the Crusaders ; made the seat 
of a Latin bishopric, 1167; reverted to the Moslems, 1 187. 

HEBURN COLLIERY, Northumberland, 11 men destroyed by an explosion at, 
Aug. 18, 1814. 

HECINECKEN, called the learned prodigy of Lubeck, who was master of several 
languages at four years of age, when he died, 1725. 

HECLA, MOUNT, Iceland, eruptions of, 1004, 1766 ; 1846, when several new 
craters were formed, and the fire rose to 4000 English feet above the summit. 

HEDGLEY MOOR, battle. Queen Margaret defeated by the Yorkists, under 
Lord Montacute, April 25, 1464. 

HEDINGHAM CASTLE, Essex, built by Alberic de Vere, Earl of Oxford, circa 
1 155 ; besieged and taken by King John, 1216 ; surrendered to the Dauphin of 
France, 1217 ; recaptured by the Earl of Pembroke ; Heni-y VII. entertained 
here, 1509 ; repaired and enlarged by John deVere, Earl of Oxford, 1490. 

HEELBRACE for ships, invented by Captain Handy, 1829. 

HEGIRA, or the flight of Mohammed, the prophet, from Mecca to Medina, a.d. 
July 15, 622 ; the era of the Hegira commenced from his expulsion, July 16, 622. 

HEIDELBERG, Baden, taken by the Spaniards, under Tilly, who delivered it 
up to pillage for three days, and carried off its library to Rome ; taken by the 
French, under Melac, who burnt the town, 1688, and the troops of the same nation 
repeated this with more cruelty, 1693 ; celebrated for its great tun, made 1343, 
containing 21 pipes of wine ; a larger one was made, 1664, which contained 600 
hogsheads, or 300 pipes ; this was destroyed by the French, 1688, when another 
was made to contain 800 hogsheads, and was once kept full of the product of the 
vintage; it is now disused. University of, established, 1386; remodelled, 1802. 

HEILBRONN, Wiirtemberg, a fortified city, built upon the site of a Roman station, 
A.D. 805 ; made a free city, 1300. 

HELDER, Holland. Van Tromp killed in an engagement off, 1 653 ; the fleet 
captured, and the town taken, by a force under Sir Ralph Abercrombie, Aug. 30, 
1799. 

HELEN, ST, Bishopsgate-street, a priory of Benedictine Nuns fomided by William 
Fitz-William, circa 1210; augmented by William Basing, Sheriff of London, 
1308; it was surrendered to Henry VIII. , 1538. The 'Nuns' Grating' is still 
visible in the church ; the earliest monument in the church is to John Crosby, 
formerly Mayor of the Staple, 1275 ; the church was repaired, 1633 ; and re- 
stored, 1866-7. 

HELENA, ST, Atlantic, Island of, discovered by Juan de Castella, a Portuguese, 
May 21, 1502 ; visited and described by Cavendish, 1588 ; colonized by the 
Dutch, 1612 ; abandoned by them, 1651. The English East India Company 
settled there, 1651 ; recaptured by the Dutch, 1655 ; the English and Dutch by 
turns occupied it until 1673, when it was given over to the East India Company 
by Charles II. It is remarkable as the place of exile of the greatest character of 
modern times, the Emperor of France, Napoleon I., Oct. 16, 1815 ; and also as 
the place of his death. May 5, 1821 ; the body of Napoleon exhumed, Oct. 18, 
brought to France from St Helena, and interred under the dome of the Invalides 
hi Paris, Dec. 15, 1840. 

HELIER, ST, Jersey. Fort Regent built, 1806-12 ; the principal church erected, 
1341 ; the Court-house, 1647 ; the Victoria Pier commenced, 1841 ; finished and 
opened by Queen Victoria, Sept. 2, 1846. 



388 HELIGOLAND HENRI QUATRE 

HELIGOLAND, North Sea, captured by the English, Sept. 5, 1807 ; ceded to 
them by treaty, Jan. 14, 1814. 

HELIOMETER, an instrument for measuring the stars, invented by Bougier, 
1774. — See Micrometer. 

HELIOSCOPE, an instrument which reflects the image of the sun upon a plain 
surface, invented by Scheiner, a German, 1625. 

HELL-FIRE CLUBS, associations formed in London, among persons of rank, 
for impious discussions, ridiculing the Trinity, &c. ; the members met at Somerset 
House, in a house in Westminster, and in Conduit-street ; they were suppressed 
by the Council, April 28, 1721 . 

HELMETS mentioned in I Sam. xvii. 5 ; i Chr. xxvi. 14 ; Ezek. xxvii. 10. The 
Romans and Anglo-Saxons wore this piece of armour ; the Normans wore the 
helmet with a protection for the nose, 'the conical nasal,' 1060 ; visors made 
movable, 1230; the 'flat-topped' and 'round-topped,' 1270; the 'sugar-loafed,' 
1280; the 'flat-topped,' 1300; in 1308 the chain-mail gorget, and crests about 
the same time ; feathers first worn, 1400 ; the coronet worn upon a wide-rimmed . 
helmet, 1410 ; scrolls, 1470 ; the close helmet worn, 1550 ; the plumes worn in 
the 17th century. 

HELMSLEY, Yorkshire. Castle built by Edward I., 1306 ; taken by Fairfax 
and demolished, 1645. 

HELMSTADT, Germany. University founded, 1575 ; suppressed by Jerome 
Bonaparte, 1809, and the library removed to Gottingen. 

HELPSTONE, Northampton, a Roman villa discovered at, June, 1828. 

HELSINGFORS, Finland, founded by Gustavus I. of Sweden in the i6th centuiy; 
burnt by the Russians, 1728, and again, 1 741 ; taken by the Swedes under 
Lewenhaupt, 1 742 ; taken by the Russians, 1 808 ; ceded with the whole of Fin- 
land, 1809 ; the government removed here and made the capital, 1815 ; the uni- 
versity removed to this town from Abo, 1827. 

HELSTONE, Cornwall, made a borough by King John, 1201, and a coinage town 
by Edward I., and returned two members to parliament, 1298 ; incoi-porated by 
Elizabeth, 1584. 

HELVETII. These people were found by Csesar in Gennany, and Avhen he had 
crossed the Saoiie sued for peace, B.C. 107. 

HEMP. This plant first mentioned by Herodotus ; the cordage of that large ship the 
' Syracusia ' made from this plant, B.C. 200 ; first used in England, for the purpose 
of making fishing nets, 1533 ; bounties conferred for its cultivation, 1783 ; import 
of, from Russia, 1785, no less than 17,645 tons ; in that year ^^2396 was paid to 
encourage its growth ; it requires five acres to produce one ton ; the annual 
quantity imported exceeds 100,000 tons; Granholm's patent for improving, 
granted, Dec. 25, 1816. 

HENCHMEN, pages of honour selected by Heniy VIII. from the sons of gentle- 
men, and in public processions walked at the head of the King's horse, 1530. 

HENDERSON, Mr, hanged for murdering Mrs Dalrymple, March 25, 1746. 

HENGIST and HORSA, Saxon chiefs, arrived in England, 449 ; the first battle 
between them and the Britons, 455, when Hengist assumed the title of King of 
Kent ; Hengist entertained Vortigern and 300 of the English chiefs, on Sahsbury 
Plain, when he massacred them all, 476. 

HENOTICUM. The Emperor Zeno passed this edict, intending to unite the 
Eutychians with the Catholics, 482. 

HENRI QUATRE, a French man-of-war of 100 guns, wrecked in the Black Sea, 
Nov. 14, 1854. 



HENRY I. HEREFORD 389 

HENRY I. to VIII., kings of England .—&<? England. 

HENRY III. of France, assassinated by a monk, Aug. i, 1589. 

HENRY IV. of France, assassinated by Ravaillac, May 14, 1610. 

HENRY, ST. The Saxon order was instituted by Augustus III., king of Poland, 

Oct. 7, 1736 ; it afterwards became dormant, but was revived, Sept. 4, 1768. 
HEPTARCHY in England, the government of the Seven Kings, from 455 to 827, 

when Egbert subdued all the others under his own rule. — See England. 

HERACLEA, Black Sea, several coal-fields discovered, 1841, by Mr Davy and Mr 
Granville Withers, Civil Engineers. 

HERALDRY first introduced by the English at the time of the Crusades, 1095, 
and at the jousts and fournaments in the reign of Henry I., 1 104 ; the shield of 
Geoffrey Plantagenet bears his arms; he died, 1 1 50; the Rolls of Arms in the 
reign of Henry III. and Edward I. display the simplest forms of this science ; 
crests were assumed, circa 1280 ; Richard the Third established a regular form of 
family heraldry, 1483. 

HERALDS' COLLEGE instituted by Richard III. ; the college or house called 
Cold Harbour, in the parish of Allhallows the Less, London, given to, March 2, 
1484 ; Derby House, Doctors' Commons, given to the Garter King-at-Arms by 
Queen Mary, as a college, July 18, 1555 ; destroyed in the fire of 1666 ; the pre- 
sent building erected by Sir C. Wren, 1683 ; partially taken down, 1867. 

HERAT, Afghanistan. The ancient Areia of Alexander. It was formerly a part 
of the Pei-sian Empire ; taken by Mahomet in the 7th century ; it was seized by 
Genghis Khan, who destroyed the city, 1220 ; restored, 1225 ; captured by the 
Mongols, 1319 ; by Tamerlane, 1381 ; re-united to Persia, 1511 ; annexed to 
Afghanistan by Ahmeh Khan, 1 749 ; Shah Zeman made it the capital ; the Persians 
attacked the city unsuccessfully, 181 5 ; again besieged by the Persians unsuccess- 
fully, 1833 ; Mahommed Shah of Persia, assisted by Russian officers, again be- 
sieged this city, Nov. 22, I S3 7, but the Afghans, under Eldred Pottinger, an 
English officer, successfully defended the place for 10 months, the siege was 
raised, Sept. 9, 1838. 

HERCULANEUM, Italy, severely shaken by an earthquake, Feb. 5, a.d. 63; 
entirely overwhelmed and destroyed by an eruption of Vesuvius, Aug. 24, 
79; a peasant in digging a well discovered the buried city, 1706, which had 
almost been forgotten; the government prosecuted a search in 1738, and dis- 
covered the theatre, and a library of 2000 MSS., in 1754 ; a glass manufactory dis- 
covered, Feb. 27, 1829. 

HEREFORD, Herefordshire. The capital of Maria. Oswy king of Mercia made 
this town the capital of Lichfield, 655 ; a synod held at, 673 ; the cathedral 
founded in the reign of Offa, 750 ; Ethelbert buried in, 782 ; rebuilt from 
the designs of Bishop Losing after the church of Aix-la-Chapelle, 1079 — 1 130 ; 
the north transept and chapter-house finished, 1282 ; the town fortified and castle 
built in the reign of Athelstan, 925-40 ; taken by the Britons out of Wales, 1039 ; 
the walls rebuilt by Harold, 1054 ; besieged by Stephen unsuccessfully, 1141 ; 
the town incorporated by Richard I., Oct. 9, 1 189 ; the title of the chief magis- 
trate changed from Bailiff to Mayor, 1382 ; Despenser, Earl of Arundel, and three 
others executed, 1326 ; taken by Sir William Waller for the Parliament, April, 
1643 ; the fortifications destroyed by order of the Long Parliament, 1647 j 
Charles II. granted them increased privileges ; St Giles's Hospital founded, 
1290; chapel rebuilt, 1682; the hospital remodelled, 1770; school founded by 
Bishop Trillick, 1354; rebuilt, 1760; county hall erected, July, 1817; the 
cathedral partially restored by the dean and chapter at the cost of ;i^40,ooo, and 
re-opened, July 4, 1863 ; musical festival at, Aug. 20, 1867. 



390 HEREFORD HERTFORD 

HEREFORD, Bishopric of, founded before the Saxon invasion ; added to Lich- 
field by Oswy, king of Mercia, 655 ; divided into separate sees, 676 ; Putta made 
bishop, 676. 

HERETICS, thirty, who came from Germany to England, to propagate their 
opinions, were branded in the forehead, publicly whipped, and left naked in the 
streets, in mid-winter, when none daring to relieve them, they died of cold and 
hunger, 1 160. Ordered to be apprehended, 5 Richard II. c. 5, s. 2, 1382; 
ordered to be burned, 2 Henry IV. c. 15, 1400-I ; Henry VIII. , having estab- 
lished six articles of faith, appointed death by burning to all those who should be 
proved heretics, 25 Henry VIII. c. 14, 1533-4 ; this punishment abolished, 29 
Car. II. c. 9, 1676 ; by an act passed, 9 & 10 Will. III. c. 32, persons denying 
Christianity were to be punished by three years' confinement, 1698. 
HERITABLE JURISDICTIONS, and Movable Rights, abolished in Scotland, 
1747 ; these were what would be called in England Feudal Rights, and were 
valued at ;^i64,222 ; the largest sum paid was to the Duke of Argyle, ;^2i,ooo, 
and the smallest to J. and J. Smith, clerks to the regality of Aberbrothock, 
;^I3 6s. 8d. 
HERMENEGILDE, ST. This order was instituted by Ferdinand VII., king of 

Spain, Nov. 28, 1814. 
HERMITS, individuals who retired from persecution on notions of religion being 
adverse to social life, and resided alone in caves and desert places, under vows and 
mortifications ; from them sprung the houses of the monastic orders ; the first of 
these solitary religious seems to have been a man called Paulus, who fled to the 
Thebaid desert from persecution, about 250. 
HEROD'S FOOT GUNPOWDER-WORKS, near Liskeard, Cornwall, exploded, 

and dreadfully mutilated two of the workmen, April 26, 1852. 
HERRARA, battle. Don Carlos of Spain at this place, near Arragon, with an 
army of 7000 infantry and 600 horse, defeated th6 army of Gen. Buerens, 9000 
strong; they lost 300 in killed, and 2400 prisoners, Aug. 24, 1837. 
HERRING FISHING first practised by the Dutch, 1 164 ; the herring statute passed 
by Edward III., 1357 ; true mode of preserving and pickling herring first prac- 
tised before 1352 ; the English Herring Fishing Company first established, Sept. 
2, 1750 ; commissioners appointed to superintend the trade by Geo. III., 1808 ; 
in 1 781 herrings came in such large quantities to Buscoe, on the coast of Gotten- 
- burg, that they were caught by the hand ; in 1784 1,400,000 francs' worth of her- 
■ rings were caught in the space of a fortnight in Loch Urn ; in 1773 there was 
such an invasion of herrings in Loch Torridon that 150 fishing boats caught from 
12 to 20 casks each in the space of a single night ; in some cases 50,000 herrings 
have been caught by a single cast of the nets ; the laws relating to white herring 
fishing amended, July 15, 1867. 
HERRINGS, battle. The English under the command of Sir John Fastolfe at- 
tacked by the French under Dunois the Bastard of Orleans, at Roveroy, in order 
to intercept a convoy of salt-fish, which was sent by the Duke of Bedford to the 
army ; the French were defeated : this disaster is known as the ' Journee des 
Harengs,' Feb. 12, 1429. 
HERSCHEL completed his great telescope of 40 feet, 1787 ; laid before the Royal 
Society a catalogue of nebulas and stars, which he had discovered with his glasses ; 
discovered the planet Uranus, or the Georgian, March 21, 1781 ; a volcano in the 
moon, 1783 ; and subsequently two other volcanoes emitting lava ; two satellites 
revolving round the Georgian, 1787 ; also a sixth and seventh satellite of Saturn, 
1789. 
HERTFORD, Hertfordshire, the principal residence of the East Saxons kmgs ; a 



HERTFORD COLLEGE HIBERNIA 



391 



synod held at, when a body of Canon Law was then first introduced into England, 
Sept. 24, 673 ; Edward the Elder built a castle here, 913 ; the Priory founded by 
Ralph de Limesay, circa 1092 ; the revolted barons captured the town, 1213 ; incor- 
porated by Elizabeth, 1588 ; a preparatory school for the East India Company's 
College at Haileybury, built upon the site of the castle by James I., 1617; Christ 
Hospital also has a preparatory establishment here, founded, 1683 ; finished, 
1696; enlarged, 1818. 

HERTFORD COLLEGE, Oxford, formerly Herts Hall, conveyed to Walter 
Stapleton, bishop of Exeter, 1312 ; licensed by Edward I., May 10, 1314 ; made 
a college by Dr Richard Newton, 1721 ; statutes published, 1747; the Gate- 
house built, 1688 ; the chapel consecrated, Nov. 25, 1716. 

HESSE, Germany, anciently included in the Landgraviate of Thuringia ; it passed 
to Henry, Prince of Brabant, 1247 ; divided into Upper and Lower Hesse, 1458 ; 
united, 1500 ; divided into four divisions, 1567; Prince of, embraced the Catholic 
faith, Nov., 1754 ; the Prince of, attacked by a lunatic at his table, March 24, 
1760 ; a new constitution adopted, 1850; a treaty for the marriage of Prince 
Louis of, to the Princess Alice of England signed, Aug. 14, 1861. 

HESSE CASSEL, Germany, founded by Philip the Magnanimous, 1567; Frederick 
IL let out several thousand men to England and received upwards of three 
millions sterling for their services, 1776-84 ; the left bank of the Rhine seized by 
the French and incorporated with Westphalia, 1 803 ; declared in a state of siege, 
Sept. 7, 1850 ; the diet dissolved, Sept. 27, 1850 ; the constitution proclaimed, 
Jan. 5, 1831 ; abrogated, April 13, 1852 ; re-established, June 21, 1862 ; the 
state invaded by 17,000 Prussians, under Gen. Beyer, June 16, 1866 ; the King of 
Westphalia taken prisoner, June 22 ; annexed to Prussia, Sept. 17, 1866. 

HESSE DARMSTADT, Germany, founded by George I., 1567 ; increased in 
territory by the treaty of Luneville, 1801 ; joined the Rhine Confederation, 
1806 ; made Grand Duke, 1807 ; joined the French, 1813 ; by the treaty of 
Vienna a further portion of territory was obtained, 1815 ; the constitution settled, 
Dec. 17, 1820 ; modified, 1848, and again, 1856 ; several districts north of the 
river Maine annexed to Prussia by treaty, Sept. 15, 1866. 

HESSE HOMBURG, founded, 1596 ; the landgrave deprived of his sovereignty, 
1806 ; restored, 1815 ; became a member of the confederation, 1817. 

HESSIANS, body of, taken into English pay, 1726 ; again, Hessian troops, 6000 
in number, landed in England, May 15, 1756 ; re-embarked for Germany, April 
28, 1757 ; 3- corps raised to fight against the Americans, the prince to be paid ^"30 
per head for all killed off; in Dec. 23, 1786, the account being settled, the sum 
of ;!{^47i,ooo was paid into the bank, to the credit of the landgrave of Hesse, 
being the sum due to him upon his bargain. This sum, divided by 30, gives the 
loss of the Hessian corps alone, in that vicious war, at 13, 700 men put /5wj fl'^ 
combat to the landgrave's gain. A force was again appHed for from this mercenary 
principality to put down the rebellion in Ireland, 1798 ; a foreign legion raised 
during the Crimean war, 1854; colours presented to, by Prince Albert, Dec. 6, 
1855- 

HEVER CASTLE, Kent, built, 1340. 

HEXHAM, Northumberland, a Roman station ; a monastery founded by St Wilfrid, 
673 ; made a bishops' see, 675 ; united to Lindisfarne, 810; the town besieged 
and taken by the Scots, 1296, and again, 1346, when a great many of the inhabit- 
ants were slain ; a serious riot happened here, March 9, 1761. 

HEXHAM, battle, in which the Lancastrians were beaten by the Yorkists, fought, 
May 15, 1464. 

HIBERNIA, a vessel so named, bound from Liverpool to Australia, with 208 pas- 



392 HICKS' HALL HIGHWAYMEN 

sengers, was destroyed at sea through "the neghgence of the second mate, and 150 
lives were lost from the want of a sufficiency of boats to take tliem in, Feb. 5, 

1833- 
HICKS' HALL, Smithfield, London, built, 161 1 ; the justices first met in, Jan. 
13, 1612 ; ordered to be pulled down, Jan. 7, 1778 ; the Sessions House, Clerken- 
well, built from the design of Mr Rogers ; began. May 20, 1779 ; completed, 
1782. 
HIDE ABBEY, near Winchester, founded, 1130. 

HIEROGLYPHICS appear upon the earliest tombs in the East, and upon the 
pyramids. Several attempts were made to decipher these characters, but little pro- 
gress was made till the Rosetta stone was discovered, 1 799 ; Mr Young enlarged 
the previous systems, and first discovered the name of Ptolemy on this stone, 1814 ; 
Champollion improved Young's system, 1822, since which time many learned men 
have turned their attention to this science. 
HIGH CHURCH AND LOW CHURCH. These names were not coined till 
the close of the 17th century, and were not stamped in full relief as party names 
till the Convocation holden in 1702, the first year of Queen Anne's reign. The 
learned Dr South thus explains these epithets : 'The High Church are those who 
think highly of the Church, and lowly of themselves ; the Low Church are those 
who think highly of themselves, and lowly of the Church.' 
HIGH COMMISSION COURT, established by parliament in Elizabeth's reign, 
to exercise ecclesiastical jurisdiction, i Eliz. c. i, s. 18, 1559 ; new commission 
issued, 1583; last, abolished by 16 Charles I. c. 2, 1640; meeting held at St 
Paul's, where the people made a tumult, Oct. 22, 1640. 
HIGH COURT OF JUSTICE appointed to try Charles I., Jan. i, 1649; as- 
sembled in Westminster Hall, Jan. 20, 1649. 
HIGHGATE, Middlesex, the archway began, Oct. 31, 1812 ; finished, 1813 ; 

opened, Aug. 20, 181 3. 
HIGHLAND and Agricultural Society of Scotland, instituted at Edinburgh for the 

encouragement of agriculture, 1785- 
HIGHLAND DRESS, forbidden to be worn in Scotland by law, Aug., 1746 ; re- 
stored, 1782 ; Highland clans reduced by General Cadogan, 1716 ; clans disarmed, 
May 31, 1715 ; again, 1746. 
HIGHLAND SOCIETY, established in London, May 28, 1778; incorporated, 
1 816, by 56 Geo. III. c. 20, and subsequently by i & 2 Will. IV. c. 47, Aug. 23, 
1831 ; in 1 781 the society established an annual competition for performance on 
the bag-pipes. 
HIGHNESS, a title of honour given to princes, first to Henry VII., and continued 
by Henry VIII., with the addition of 'Your Grace;' at the close of his reign he 
adopted the title of ' Your Majesty.' The Prince of Orange had this title granted 
to him by Louis XIV., 1644. 
HIGH TREASON ACT, formerly so oppressive, that the 25th of Edward HI., 
1352, was passed to secure as much as possible the liberty of the subject, by en- 
acting that two witnesses are necessary to prove it ; certain acts against, repealed, 
I Edw. VI. c. 12, 1547 ; the acts against, extended to Scotland, by 7 Anne, c. 21, 
1708 ; death by hanging substituted for burning, 30 Geo. HI., c. 48, 1790 ; by 
40 Geo. III. c. 93, July 28, l8oo, it was enacted that where there was an overt 
act that was a direct attempt on the life of the sovereign, such a trial should be 
conducted in the same way as in a trial for murder ; petit treason to be punished as 
murder only, 9 Geo. IV. c. 31, s. 2, June 27, 1828 ; repealed, 24 & 25 Vict. c. 
95, Aug. 6, 1861 ; re-enacted, c. 100, s. 8, Aug. 6, 1861. 
HIGHWAYMEN, an act passed to encourage their apprehension v/ith a reward, 



HIGHWAYS HOHENZOLLERN 393 

1693 ; an act passed, sentence to seven years' transportation, 7 Geo. II. c. 21, 

1734- 

HIGHWAYS or Roads, act to repair, passed, 1525 ; those of Scotland regulated by 
4 Geo. IV. c. 49, July 4, 1823, and i & 2 Will. IV. c. 43, Oct. 15, 1831, also 3 
& 4 Will. IV. c. 33, July 24, 1833 ; those of England regulated, 5 & 6 Will. IV. 
c. 50, Aug. 31, 1833 ; 2 & 3 Vict. c. 45, Aug. 4, 1840 ; amended by 25 & 26 
Vict. c. 61, July 29, 1862, and 27 & 28 Vict. c. loi, July 29, 1864. 

HILDESHEIM, Hanover. Charlemagne instituted a bishopric here, 822 ; cathe- 
dral founded by Louis the Pious, 818; secularized and ceded to Prussia, 1803 ; 
incorporated with Westphalia, 1807 ; restored to Prussia, 1813 ; ceded by this 
power to Hanover, 181 3. 

HILFIELD HALL, Warwick, built, 1576 ; destroyed by fire, Feb. Ii, 1864. 

HIMBRA, Sicily, founded, circa B.C. 648 ; destroyed by the Carthaginians, 408. 

HINCHINBROOKE NUNNERY, founded by William I., circa 1 126. 

HINCHINBROOKE PRIORY, Huntingdonshire, built, 1704. 

HINDON, Wilts, 150 houses in, destroyed by a fire, July 2, 1754. 

HINDOO ERA, or that of the Cali-Yuga, beginning 3102 years before Christ. 

HINDOSTAN, Indiaman, lost in a storm, 1803. 

HINDUSTAN, India. Alexander commanded an expedition to, B.C. 327 ; before 
that time but little kno^^m ; the Mahoinmedan power having conquered Persia, 
carried their victorious army into this country, where they settled under Mahmoud, 

A.D. 1000. 

HISTORIOGRAPHER of England. John Dryden appointed to this office, Aug. 
18, 1670. 

HITCHIN, Herts, 20 houses destroyed at, by fire, Sept. 11, 1762. 

HOBART TOWN, Australia, founded and made the seat of government by Lieut. 
Collins, 1804. 

HOBILERS, a class of light cavalry, who derived their designation from the small 
horses or hobbies which they rode, mentioned in Rymer as early as 1324 ; 
Edward III. summoned the sheriffs of the northern counties to attend him into 
Scotland with a company of hobilers, properly armed, 1332 ; they were princi- 
pally drawn from Ireland, 1 347. 

HOBLYN, Mr, of Sloane-street, introduced cocoa-nut oil into England, 1817. 

' HOBSON'S CHOICE,' derived from one Hobson, who let out horses at Cam- 
bridge, and obliged any who hired them of him to take that next the stable door. 
He was a carrier by trade, and put up at the Bull, Bishopsgate-street, on his Lon- 
don journeys. Milton has celebrated him, when in the plague year he was for- 
bidden to go to London, 1630. He gave to the university and town the site of the 
Spinning House, or ' Hobson's W^orkhouse,' 1628; he died, 1630. 

HOCHKIRCHEN, battles. Frederick II. of Pnassia and Count Daun ; Frederick 
was defeated, being surprised, Oct. 14, 1758 ; Napoleon defeated the Russians 
here. May 22, 1813. 

HOGUE, LA, naval battle. The English, under Admiral Rooke, attacked and de- 
feated the French fleet, under Admiral Tourville, May 23, 1692. 

HOHENLINDEN, battle between the French under Marshal Moreau and the 
Austrians under the Archduke John, who were beaten, and lost 700 killed and 
8000 wounded, with as many prisoners, and ichd cannons, Dec. 3, iSoo. 

HOHENZOLLERN, the House of The kings of Prussia trace their origin to Count 
Thassilo of Zollem, one of the Generals to Charlemagne ; his successor. Count 
Frederick I., built the Castle of HohenzoUern, near the Danube, 980; Frederick 



394 HOHENZOLLERN-HECHINGEN HOLLAND 

III. elevated to the rank of a Prince of the Holy Roman Empire, 1273, and re- 
ceived the Burgraviate of Nuremberg in fief; his great grandson, Frederick VI., 
was invested by Sigismund vi^ith the province of Brandenburg, 1411, and was 
raised to the rank of Elector, 141 7 ; Albert, a younger son of the family, elected 
Margrave of Prussia, 1511 ; Frederick Wilhelm, of the Brandenburgh line, died, 
1688 ; his son Frederick crowned King of Prussia, Jan. 18, 1701. 

HOHENZOLLERN-HECHINGEN and HOHENZOLLERN-ZIGMARIN- 
GEN, Germany, ceded to the King of Prussia with all rights, by treaty, Dec. 7, 
1849. 

HOLBORN, London, the bars first set up at the boundary of the city, 1346 ; first 
paved, at the expense of Henry V., 141 7 ; the Holborn Valley Viaduct crossing 
the valley of the Fleet, erected from the design of Mr Haywood, built under the 
authority of 27 & 28 Vict. c. Ixi., June 23, 1864 ; first stone laid by Mr Deputy 
Fry, June 3, 1867 ; Middle Row removed, 1867 ; tlie Amphitheatre opened, 
1867. 

HOLBORN THEATRE, built by Mr Parry, and opened with a racing drama, 
written by Mr Boucicault, 'Flying Scud,' Oct. 6, 1866. 

PIOLLAND, fine linen, so called from being made in that country ; Holland sheets 
mentioned as being used in England, 1596 ; the Holland towels, 1620 ; also for 
shirts at i^s. 4^. an ell, 1608. 

HOLLAND, a portion of the territory of the Belgee, in the time of the Romans, 
who were subdued by that people, B.C. 47. It contains about 10,000 square 
miles of surface. After the Romans it was conquered by the Frisians, Danes, 
and Franks. The portions near the Rhine and Meuse were divided into petty 
earldoms. In 923 Theodric, or Diodric, brother to Herman, Duke of Saxony, 
was appointed Count of Holland by Charles the Simple of France ; Zealand and 
Friesland were included in his domains. Guilderland was added by Henry IV., 
Emperor of Germany in 1079, and became a duchy, 1339 ; Utrecht was governed 
by its powerful prelates ; Florence IV. carried on hostilities against the Flemings 
and Frisians, dying at Antioch on an expedition to the Holy Land, 1 1 89 ; William 
I. formed a league with John, King of England, the Emperor Otho, and Ferrand, 
Earl of Flanders, against France, 12 13, but he was taken prisoner at the battle of 
Bouvines ; John, Earl of Holland, married Elizabeth, daughter of Edward I. of Eng- 
land ; Philippa, daughter of William HI., Earl of Holland, married Edward III. 
of England, Jan. 24, 1327 ; Jacquelin, heiress of Holland, 1417, wedded John IV., 
Duke of Brabant ; Rotterdam annexed to Brabant, 141 8 ; the Duke of Brabant 
divorced from Jacquelin, 142 1 ; she afterwards married Humphrey, Duke of 
Gloucester, 1423 ; the Countship passed into the family of Burgundy by marriage, 
and Philip assumed the government, 1434 ; Dort suffered from an inundation, 1446; 
Maria, daughter of Charles the Bold, the last Duke of Burgundy, married Maxi- 
milian, Duke of Austria, and upon her father's death the kingdom passed under 
Austrian rule, 1477 ; declared war against the Hanse Towns, 1510 ; the begin- 
ning of the Reformation, 1516; Charles V. granted a new constitution, 1520; 
Friesland annexed to Holland, 1522 ; tlie Inquisition introduced, 1565 ; a lament- 
able inundation destroyed best part of the country, and upwards of 30,000 people, 
1570 ; a revolution of the inhabitants headed by Prince William broke out, 1572 ; 
the famous alliance of Utrecht agreed to, Jan. 23, 1579 ; a treaty concluded with 
Queen Elizabeth, who appointed the Earl of Leicester governor, 1585 ; Sir 
Philip Sydney killed at the battle of Zutphen, Sept. 22, 1586 ; Leicester recalled, 
1587; the Dutch East India Company established, 1595; Prince Maurice cap- 
tured Antwerp, 1597 ; gained a decisive victory at Nieuport, 1600 ; the siege of 
Ostend, which lasted for three years, terminated by the town capitulating, Sept. 
20, 1604; the synod of Dort assembled, Nov. 13, 1618 ; the war with Spain re- 



HOLLAND HOUSE HOLLAND, NEW 395 

newed, 1621 ; during 1628, the Dutch fleet succeeded in capturing a great part of 
the Spanish fleet, with a great quantity of bulHon, vahied at 15,000,000 of livres; 
Breda besieged, 1637 ; capitulated to the Prince of Orange, 1638 ; Van Tromp 
defeated the Spanish fleet off Gravelines, Feb. 18, 1639 ; blockaded the Spanish 
fleet in the Downs, and defeated them ; peace concluded with Spain, Jan., 1648; 
war declared, 1652, with England; Admiral Blake engaged Van Tromp with a 
fleet of 42 sail, May 19, 1652 ; Sir George Ayscue engaged the Dutch fleet under 
De Ruyter, Aug. 16 ; Tromp defeated the English fleet under Blake, Nov. 28 ; 
sailed up the English Channel, Nov. 29, 1652, and Blake defeats Tromp with a 
fleet of 76 vessels, Feb. 18, 1653; and again by General Monk off the mouth of 
the Meuse, Aug. 10, Van Tromp being mortally wounded ; peace concluded, 
1654 ; Charles IL declared war against, 1665 ; the Duke of York defeated the 
Dutch fleet under Opdam, June i, 1665 ; De Ruyter attacked the English fleet under 
the Duke of Albemarle, June i, 1666 ; peace concluded at Breda, July 10, 1667 ; 
the Triple Alliance signed, Jan. 13, 1668 ; broken by Charles IL, who joined 
with Louis the XIV., and declared war against, April, 1672 ; an army of 120,000 
French, commanded by Conde and Turenne ; they crossed the Rhine, June 12, 
and overran the country, 1672 ; the sluices opened by the command of the Prince 
of Orange, and the country saved, 1673 ; Louis again invaded the country, and 
defeated at Bonn, Nov. 12 ; peace concluded with England, Feb., 1674 ; the 
Prince of Orange married the Princess Mary, daughter of the Duke of York, Nov. 
4, 1677 ; peace with France restored, Sept. 17, 1678; the Prince of Orange 
ascended the English throne as William III., Feb. 13, 1689 ; war with France 
renewed ; peace restored by the treaty of Ryswick, Sept. 20, 1697 ; war declared 
against France, May 15, 1702 ; the country again overran by the French army ; 
peace restored, April 1 1, 1713 ; war renewed, April 17, 1747 ; Maestricht besieged 
and taken, April, 1748; treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle concluded, Oct. 18, 1748 ; the 
stadtholdership was declared hereditary, 1747; in 1756, the French formed a con- 
nection which was opposed to the stadtholder and England ; in 1780, war broke 
out between Holland and England, which ended in the peace of 1783 ; the Civil 
War broke out, 1787 ; war declared by the French republic against England and 
Holland, 1793; Holland was subdued by the French in the winter of 1794-5, 
when the canals were all frozen ; the stadtholder sought a refuge in England ; the 
fleet fell into the hands of Admiral Mitchel, Aug. 30, 1799; a new constitution 
introduced by France, April, 1 805 ; the territory was next made a kingdom under 
Louis Bonaparte, June 5; 1806, who abdicated, July i, iSlo ; Plolland was then 
united to France, July 10, 1 810 ; a revolution destroyed the French power and 
the Prince of Orange elected, Nov., 1813; a free constitution agreed to, and Bel- 
gium annexed to Holland, 1814 ; the inundations of 1825 caused great distress ; 
Belgium made a separate kingdom, June, 1831 ; Holland began war by invading 
the country; but the Belgians being supported by the French, the Dutch were 
compelled to retire, and the war ceased, 1832 ; William I. abdicated in favour of 
his son, Oct. 7, 1840; the laws revised and several measures of reform agreed 
to, 1848; William III. came to the throne, March 17, 1849; partitioned into 
Roman Catholic Bishoprics by the Pope, 1853 ; many import dues abolished, 
1854 ; great suffering caused by an inundation, 1861 ; a decree abolishing slavery 
in the Dutch West Indies, passed, July i, 1863. — See Netherlands. 

HOLLAND HOUSE, Kensington, built by John Thorpe for Sir Walter Cope, 
1607 ; occupied by Sir Thomas Fairfax, July 9, 1649 ; passed to Addison, who 
died here, June 17, 1719; sold to Henry Fox, 1762. Dahlia flower first raised 
in England, in the garden of, 1 804. The gathering of the Highland Society held 
in, since 1849. 

HOIvLAND, NEW, once the name of the whole, the western part of the Aus- 
tralian continent is only so named now, or West Australia, discovered, 1605, ly- 



396 HOLLAND PRIORY HOLY PLACES 

ing between 15 and 35 degrees south latitude, and 112 and 127 degrees east longi- 
tude. The south extremity of this fifth continent was discovered by Tasman, 
1642. The extremity north of the tropic is called North Australia. South Aus- 
tralia extends from about 27 to 42 degrees south latitude, and from 134 to 142 
degrees east longitude. New South Wales extends from 141 to 153 degrees east 
longitude, and from 28 to 37^ degrees south latitude ; it was taken possession of 
by Captain Cook, 1770. 

HOLLAND PRIORY, Lancashire, founded, 1309, 

HOLLINGBURY CASTLE, Sussex, built by the Normans, circa 1089 ; several 
Roman antiquities discovered in the neighbourhood, 1827. 

HOLLOWAY PRISON, Middlesex, erected by the corporation of London, from 
the designs of J. B. Bunning, the city's architect ; the first stone was laid by the 
Lord Mayor (Sir James Duke), Sept. 26, 1849 ; completed and delivered over to 
the Right Hon. William Hunter, Lord Mayor, for the magistrates of the city, Oct. 
5, 1852 ; the site and building, with fittings, cost ^91,334 ; it contains 436 cells, 
and 14 work-rooms, besides officers' apartments. 

HOLM CHAPEL, Cheshire, entirely destroyed by fire, July 10, 1753. 

HOLM CULTRUM ABBEY, Cumberland, built by David, King of Scotland, 
1 150. 

PIOLMFIRTH, Yorkshire. The Bilberry dam reservoir burst, causing the death 
of 100 persons, and property damaged to the extent of ^^ 600,000, Feb. 5, 1852. 

HOLSTEIN, Germany, conquered by Charlemagne ; the Emperor Conrad II. 
conferred it as a fief upon Adolphus, Count of Schauenburg, 1030 ; this line be- 
came extinct, 1459 ; King Christian of Denmark elected Count of, March 13, 
1460 ; ceded to Denmark by the Grand Duke of Russia, 1773 ; incorporated with 
that kingdom, 1806 ; taken by the Swedes, 1813 ; restored to Denmark the next 
year ; a law passed for the regulation of, by a provincial council. May 28, 1831 ; 
the inhabitants appealed to the German diet to be incorporated with Holstein, 
Aug. 3, 1846 ; revolution in, against Denmark, March 24, 1848 ; surrendered by 
the treaty of Vienna to Austria and Prussia, Oct. 30, 1864 ; annexed to Prussia, 
Aug. 17, 1866. — See Denmark and Prussia. 

HOLT MINERAL SPRINGS discovered, 1726. 

HOLY ALLIANCE, a league between Russia, Prussia, and Austria, to abide by 
each other in subduing all European outbreaks ; England declined being a party 
to it, Sept. 26, 1815 ; the King of the Netherlands joined it, June 21, 1816. 

HOLY CROSS, a society founded in London for the spread of Ritualism, 1867. 

HOLY GHOST, order of knighthood, so called, instituted in France, 1198; re- 
established, 1578 ; abolished at the Revolution, 1791 ; at Rome, 1798. 

HOLYHEAD, Anglesea. Church built, 1291 ; schools founded, 1745 ; an act 
passed to build a pier at, 1809 ; an arch of Mona marble built upon it in com- 
memoration of the visit of George IV., 1821 ; the harbour enlarged, 1824. 
HOLY ISLAND. Castle erected in, 730; the Danes visited and destroyed the 
church, 794 ; invaded by Malcolm HI., 1061 ; the castle destroyed, 1819. 

HOLY LEAGUE, a league between Pope Julius II. and King Ferdinand to ex- 
pel the French from Italy, Oct. 4, 1511 ; Henry VIII. joined it soon after; 
broke up, April i, 15 13. 
HOLY MAID of Kent, Elizabeth Barton, who, pretending to inspiration, foretold 
that Henry VIII. would die a violent death if he divorced Catherine of Spain, 
and married Anne Boleyn. For this, she with her followers were hanged at 
Tyburn, April 20, 1534. 
HOLY PLACES. The church of the Holy Sepulchre founded upon Mount Cal- 



HOLYROOD HONDURAS 397 

''vary by the mother of Constantine the Great in the 15th century; partially 
destroyed by fire, 1808 ; the Holy Places placed under the control of the Greek 
patriarch, A.D. 621 ; the Latins claimed a share in the control of, during the last 
century ; the emperors of Russia have interfered in the affairs of, claimmg the sole 
right for the Greek Church; France interfered for the Latins, 1819, and in 1851 
claimed a restitution of matters as tliey stood in 1740 ; the Sultan issued a firman 
settling the disputed points, Feb., 1852, giving the key to the Latins ; the Russians 
disagreeing, determined to make war upon Turkey, 1853. 

HOLYROOD, Edinburgh, Abbey and palace founded, 1128; the Parliament met 
in, I177; James II. born here, Oct. 16, 1430 ; crowned at, March 25, 1437; 
married here, 1449 ; buried in, 1460 ; James III. resided at, and was married, July 
13, 1469 ; James V. married at, to Margaret of England, Aug. 7, 1503 ; a fire at, 
April 17, 1506; destroyed, April, 1544; restored, 1546; Rizzio murdered in, March 
9, 1566 ; Charles I. crowned here, June 18, 1633 ; partially destroyed by fire, 
Nov. 13, 1650, the apartments of Queen Mary being preserved ; rebuilt from the 
designs of Sir W. Bruce, 1669 ; repaired, 1758 ; the roof of the Abbey fell in, 
Dec. 2, 1768. 

HOLY-ROOD, festival of, in the Roman Church, on account of the pretended 
discovery of a piece of the true cross, by the Emperor Heraclius, 615. 

HOLY SEPULCHRE, order of, instituted, according to Faviii, by Baldv/in I., 
king of Jerusalem, 1103. 

HOLY TRINITY, order of knighthood, began, 1211. 

HOLY WARS.— ^^^ Crusades. 

HOLY WATER used in the Roman Church, circa 120. 

HOMAGE of the Welsh princes to Alfred the Great, 881 ; of Constantine of Scot- 
land, 923; Malcolm of Scotland, 1070, 1072; William of Scotland, 1200; of the 
Irish princes, 1210; of the King of England to the Pope, 1216 ; of Alexander of 
Scotland, 121 7. 

HOMER, works of, said to have been burned in the fire at Constantinople, written 

with golden letters on the gut of some large animal, 477 ; first published at 

Florence, 14S8. 
HOMILDON-HILL, battle. The Scottish army under the Earl Douglas totally 

defeated by the English under the Earl of Northumberland and his son Hotspur ; 

Douglas and many of the leaders captured, and 800 men were killed ; the battle 

was won entirely by the English archers, Sept. 14, 1402. 

HOMILIES drawn up by Archbishop Cranmer, 1547 ; another edition of, was 
prepared by order of Queen Elizabeth, 1563. 

HOMCEOPATHIC ASSOCIATION instituted in London, 1845 ; first number of 
their journal issued, Feb., 1856; the British Homoeopathic Society instituted, 1859. 

HOMOEOPATHY introduced by Samuel Hahnemann into Germany, 1 796 ; he pub- 
lished his Materia Medica, 1821 ; married Mile D'Hervilly at the age of 80, and 
died in Paris, July 2, 1843. 

HOMOGRAPHY, an art for the reproduction of lithography or engravings, dis- 
covered in France, circa 1855. 

HONDURAS, America, discovered by Columbus, 1502 ; the British wood-cutters 
made a settlement here, 1645, and extended from Cape Catoche to the river 
Belize ; they were attacked by the Spaniards, 1659 and 1678, but were upon both 
occasions unsuccessful ; driven by the Spaniards from the Campeachy Shore, 
1718; peace concluded, 1763 ; ceded to England, 1670 ; a storm winch destroyed 
15 vessels and a number of houses visited the settlement, June i, 1788 ; another 
attempt was made to conquer the colonists, 1 798, but it was gallantly repulsed ; 



398 HONE, WILLIAM HORNE END 

the present constitution adopted, 1853 ; convention between Gt Britain and, 
relative to the boundary of, April 30, 1859 ; erected into a colony, May 16, 1862. 

HONE, WILLIAM, prosecuted by the government for three political parodies, and 
as often acquitted, to the ministerial disappointment, Dec. 18, 181 7. 

HONG-KONG, China, ceded to Gt Britain, Jan. 20, 1841 ; confirmed by the treaty 
of Nanking, Aug. 29, 1842 ; a great part of the Chinese quarter destroyed by 
fire, Lieut. Lugg was killed attempting to subdue the same, Dec. 28, 1851 ; par- 
tially destroyed by fire, Feb. 13, 1852 ; an attempt made to poison the Europeans 
at, March 17, 1857 ; terrific typhoon at, great destruction of property and loss of 
life, Sept. 8, 9, 1867 ; a most disastrous fire broke out at the warehouse of Messrs 
Morgan, Lambert, & Co., upv^^ards of 200 warehouses were destroyed, Nov. 28 ; 
bishopric established, 1849. 

'HONI SOIL QUI MAL Y PENSE,' the motto of the Order of the Garter, in- 
stituted, April 23, 1349. 

HONITON, Devonshire, a noted town for the manufacture of lace, nearly destroyed 
by fire, July 19, 1747 ; 140 houses burnt there, 1765 ; 37 destroyed. May, 1790 ; 
and 47 burned down, 1797 ; bridge of, carried away by a flood, Nov. 10, 1807. 

HONOLULU. The first stone of the English Cathedral laid by the king, March 
5, 1867. — See Sandwich Islands. 

HONOUR, LEGION OF. This order instituted by Napoleon I., May 19, 1802. 

HOOD, ROBIN, and his man Little John, said to have been Earl of Huntingdon, 
noted Foresters in the North ; Robin bled to death by a monk, 1247. 

HOOD'S ISLAND, one of the Gallipagos, in the Pacific, explored, June, 1793. 

HOOGHLY, Bengal, founded by the Portuguese, ci)'ca 1538 ; united to the king- 
dom of Delhi, 1542 ; taken by the Mogul troops, 1632 ; the English obtained 
permission to erect factories, 1676 ; hostilities coinmenced between the Nawaub 
and the English, the troops of the former were defeated and the town partially 
destroyed, 1686; ceded to England by treaty with Meer Cossim, 1760; con- 
firmed, 1765, by the Emperor, Shah Allum. 

HOOPS. Fardingales were used by the fashionable, 1650; hooped petticoats 
succeeded, 1710; crinolines introduced from France, 1855 J disused, 1867. 

HOPS, used for brewing before 1425 ; mentioned in the 'Northumberland Household 
Book,' 1512 ; their use for brewing prohibited, 1528 ; in 1859 the number of acres in 
England devoted to this produce was 45,665, producing a revenue of ^(^599,083 ds. 
2>d. ; an act passed to prevent frauds and abuses in this trade, 54 Geo. III. c. 123, 
July 23, 1814 ; amended, 29 & 30 Vict. c. 37, June 11, 1866. — Hops and Malt 
Exchange opened in New South wark-street, London, Oct. 16, 1867 ; cost 

;^50,000. 

HORATIO, brig, blown up at St Helena, when all on board perished, Sept., 
1825. 

HORN, supposed to be the old wind instrument, from the Welsh horn made of 
that substance, and called pibhorn ; the dance called the hornpipe supposed to be 
derived, 1300 ; drinking-horns used at an early period. 

HORN-BOOKS, the alphabet, vowels, and the Lord's Prayer printed on a slip of 
paper, which was covered with a thin layer of horn to keep it from being torn, 
common in the 15th century ; horn-books and primers ordered to be purchased 
and given to the poor children of St Maiy's, Bury St Edmunds, by the will of 
Francis Pynner, 1639 ; Mr Halliwell quotes the price of one bought for Mr 
Eyresbough, Jan. 3, 1715-16, for two pence. 

HORN, CAPE, discovered by Schouten, 1616. 

HORNE END, the roof of a barn which had been converted into a Methodist 



HORNERS HORTON CASTLE 399 

meeting-house, fell in during the service, by which four persons were killed and 
many wounded, July 12, 1810. 

HORNERS, the Company of, applied to parliament in the reign of Henry IV. to 
prevent the importation of horns without the seal of the company ; incorporated 
by Charles I., May 5, 1627 ; re-incorporated by the same king, Jan. 12, 1638 ; 
arms granted to, 1638. 

HOROLOGICAL BRITISH INSTITUTE founded in Clerkenwell, London, 
for promoting the science of horology, 1858. 

HORSE GUARDS instituted, 1553 ; Horse Grenadiers, 1693 ; Horse Guards build- 
ing, Whitehall, erected from the designs of Mr Kent, 1753 ; the clock made by 
Thwaites, 1756, then the first turret clock. 

HORSES. These animals are mentioned as being used for agricultural purposes, 
Is. xxviii. 28 ; the Avar-horse is described by Job, xxxix. 19-25 ; David first estab- 
lished a force of cavalry and chariots, 2 Sam. viii. 4 ; i Kings iv. 26. The Anglo- 
Saxon horses were highly esteemed ; Hugh Capet sent to Athelstan several 
horses as a present, 926. The Irish had a breed of little active horses called 
Hobilers, used for mounting the light cavalry, 1399 ; the Duke of Newcastle, in 
1667, speaks of the Spanish horse as the noblest in the world. A market for the 
sale of, established in Smithfield in the reign of Henry II. ; the importation of, 
forbidden by Henry VII. ; an act passed for improving the breed of horses, 27 
Henry VIII. c. 6, I535"6 ; the nobles ordered to breed great horses, 33 Henry 
VIII. c. 5, 1541-2 ; the stealing of any horse made felony without benefit of clergy, 
37 Henry VIII. c. 8, 1545 ; since commuted to transportation, 2 ,& 3 Will. IV. c. 
62, July II, 1832. The ai-t of shoeing with iron practised by the Romans ; in- 
troduced into England by the Normans ; the earliest figure of a mediaeval horse- 
shoe occurs on a seal of Walter Marshall, seventh Earl of Pembroke, 1246 ; 
the sheriff of Surrey ordered to furnish 30,000 shoes, and 60,000 nails, 1254. 
Muzzles for these animals used in England before 1570. The price ^these animals 
in the reign of Edward I. was ^10 ; Henry V., ^50; Henry VIII., two Fries- 
land horses were purchased for ^33 ; also for a large horse, ;r^53 ; for another, 
^37 ; and in 1547, two were sold in Smithfield for £\ 13J. bd. A tax first levied 
upon them by 24 Geo. HI. c. 31, 1784, subsequently increased ; regulated on horses 
let to hire, 16 & 17 Vict. c. 88, Aug. 20, 1853 ; on race horses, 19 & 20 Vict. c. 
82, July 29, 1856; amended, 20 Vict. c. 16, March 21, 1857. The names of 
those used in noble families, 1512 : a gentil horse, one of the best breed ; a pal- 
frey, principally used by ladies ; hobbies, small, strong, active nags ; clothsek, a 
cloak-bag horse, as a male horse carried post ; monteaux ; carriage, once called 
waggon horses ; a curtal was a horse with his tail cut ; a gambaldynge was a 
showy prancer ; and an amblynge horse, an ambler as now understood. 

HORSLEYDOWN, or HORSEYDOWN, Surrey, a part of the possessions of 
Bermondsey Abbey, surrendered to Henry VIII., 1537, and granted to the Cor- 
poration of London by King Edward VI. in the first year of his reign as a common 
pasturage ; a fair held here, 1660; suppressed by the Common Council, 1762; 
afire destroying much shipping happened here, April 30, 1780 ; St John's church 
built, 1736. 

HORTICULTURAL SOCIETIES : one founded in London, 1804 ; incorpor- 
ated, 1809; the Edinburgh Society founded, 1809 ; the Dublin Society, Jan., 
1817 ; Colchester, Aug., 1823 ; the gardens at ChisAvick opened, 1825 ; the gar- 
dens removed to Kensington and opened by Prince Albert, June 5, 1861 ; opened 
free to the public on the birthday of the Prince Consort, Aug. 26, 1864 ; the In- 
ternational Exhibition held at. May 22, 1867. 

HORTON CASTLE, Northumberland, erected by William de Vescy, circa 11 77; 
destroyed, 1809. 



400 HOSEA HOSPITALS 

HOSE A, the first of the Minor Prophets, who wrote B.C. 783, gives an animated 
account of the social and poUtical life of Israel. 

HOSPITALLERS, order of knighthood, or the military knights of St John of 
JeiTisalem, under religious vows, 1048, 1097 ; they became a military order, 1104 ; 
and unsuccessfully defended Acre, 1290; conquered Rhodes, 1310, and made it 
their head quarters ; the island retaken by the Turks, 1522 ; they retired to Sicily, 
and from thence to Malta, 1530 ; they several times resisted successfully a siege by 
the Turks ; the Emperor Paul of Russia took them under his protection, 1799 ; 
they retired to Trieste, when Malta was taken by Napoleon ; the monastery of St 
John's, Clerkenwell, London, was erected, 1185 ; the South Gate still exists as 
St John's Gate. 
HOSPITALS. ■ These benevolent institutions fostered by the ancients ; they were 
spoken of as being well known in the Council of Nice, a.d. 325 ; the most cele- 
brated one was that of Caesarea, endowed by the Emperor Valens, 370 ; the hos- 
pital of Chrysostom, at Constantinople, was the next in size ; 24 hospitals were 
known in Rome in the 9th century ; a foundling hospital was first founded at 
Milan, 787, and a Lazaretto about the same time ; an orphan hospital by 
Alexius I., in Constantinople, 1090 ; the estates of, to be properly administered, 
2 Hen. V. s. I, c. i, 1414. The principal hospitals in London are the 5 royal foimd- 
ations of Edward VI. A report published by the London newspapers, stating that 
Queen Victoria intended founding a convalescent hospital in the coimtry, in con- 
nection with St Bartholomew, June i, 1S67 ; leading articles congratulating the 
country, June 4 and 5 ; denial and exposure of this hoax, June 8. The follow- 
ing is an alphabetical list of the principal institutions : — 
Bethlehem, founded, 1547. 
Cancer, instituted, 185 1. 
Charing Cross, instituted, 1818 ; built from the designs of Mr Burton ; first stone 

laid by the Duke of Sussex, Sept. 15, 1818. 
Children, Sick, Gt Ormond-street, instituted, 185 1. 
City of London, established, 1848; new building opened, 1855. 
City Orthopaedic, opened, 185 1. 
County Lunatic Asylum, Hanwell, established, 1831. 

Consumption, Brompton, instituted, 1841 ; incorporated, 1850. The building at 
Brompton designed by Mr Francis ; the first stone laid by Prince Albert, June 
II, 1844 ; opened, 1846 ; the western wing added, July, 1848. 
Dental, Soho Square, established, 1858. 
Diseases of the skin, Blackfriars, instituted, 1841. 
French Protestant, Victoria Park, Hackney, built from the designs ofR. L. Rou- 

mieu, 1866; first instituted in Bath-street, St Luke's, 1708. 
German, Dalston, opened, 1845. 
Great Northern, King's Cross, estabhshed, 1856. 
Guy, founded by Thomas Guy, 1721; built from the designs of G. Dance, 1722-4; 

increased, 1839. 
Incurables, Royal Hospital for, founded, 185 1. 
King's College, established, 1839 ; incorporated, 185 1. The hospital rebuilt ; the 

first stone laid by the Archbishop of Canterbury, June 18, 1852. 
Lock, Paddington, established, 1746; the Asylum founded, 1787; the Chapel 

built, 1764 ; removed to the present site, 1842. 
London, Whitechapel Road, founded, 1740; incorporated, 1758; a west wing 

added, opened by the Prince of Wales, July 4, 1864. 
London Fever, Liverpool Road, Islington, established, 1802 ; the present build- 
ing erected and opened, 1850. 
London Homoeopathic, Gt Ormond-street, founded in Golden Square, 1849 ; re- 
moved, 1859. 



HOST HOUSE DUTY 401 

Magdalen, St George's-in-the-Fields, established, 1758. 

Metropolitan, Free, Bishopsgate, instituted, 1836. 

Middlesex, established, 1745 ; built, 1755 ; incorporated, 1836; enlarged, 1848. 

National Hospital for the paralysed and epileptic. Queen Square, instituted, 1859. 

Ophthalmic, Royal, Moortields, founded, 1804; the Royal Inlirmary, Cork-street, 
founded, 1804-5. 

Orthopaedic, Royal, Oxford-street and Hanover Square, established in Bloomsbury 
Square, 1838. 

Queen Adelaide, Lying-in, Vere-street, established, 1829. 

Queen Charlotte's Lying-in, Marylebone Road, instituted, 1752, at St George's 
Row, Tyburn Road ; removed to Bayswater, 1791, and to Lisson Green, New 
Road, 1 8 10. 

Royal Free, Grey's-Inn Road, founded, 1828 ; removed to its present site, 1843, 
the premises formerly the barracks of the Light Horse Volunteers. 

St Bartholomew's, Smithfield, founded by Prior Rayhere, 1123, and refounded 
by Henry VIII. , 1547. 

St George's, instituted, 1733 ; incorporated, 1834 ; the Hospital rebuilt from the 
design of Mr Wilkins, 1831. 

St Luke's, established, 1751 ; the present hospital for the insane built from the 
design of G. Dance, junior ; the foundation-stone laid by the Duke of Monta- 
gue, July 30, 1782, cost ^50,000; incorporated, 1838 ; added to, 1841, and the 
chapel built, 1842 ; further improved, 1851. 

St Mark's, City Road, established, 1835. 

St Mary's, Paddington, instituted, 1843 ; built from the designs of Mr Hopper ; 
first stone laid by Prince Albert, June 28, 1845 ; opened, 1850. 

St Thomas's, purchased by the city of London, 1 551, and chartered by Edward 
VI., 1553 ; damaged by fire, 1676-1689 ; enlarged, 1732 ; partially recon- 
structed from the designs of Sir R. Smirke, 1835 ; taken by the Charing Cross 
Railway, i860 ; temporaiy hospital erected at the Surrey Gardens ; rebuilding 
of New, began at Westminster, 1S67. 

Seaman's, the Dreadnought, instituted, 183 1 ; incorporated, 1833. 

Small-pox, Highgate, established at King's Cross, 1746 ; building ei^ected, 1767; 
removed to Highgate, 1850. 

University, Gower-street, instituted, 1833. 

Westminster, instituted, 1719; incorporated, 1836. 

HOST, Elevation of the, began by papal authority, 1201 ; kneeling commanded, 
1201 ; a bell to be swung at, 1228. 

HOTTINGUER, a packet-ship from Liverpool, wrecked on the Glamorgan bank, 
and 13 of the crew perished, Jan. 18, 1852. 

HOUGHTON GALLERY OF PICTURES sold to the Empress of Russia, 1779. 

HOUGHTON HALL, Norfolk, burned doMm, Dec. 12, 17S9. 

HOUNSLOW HEATH POWDER-MILLS, blown up and several persons killed, 
July 25, 1826; an explosion at, seven persons killed, March 30, 1859 ; Messrs 
Curtis & Harvey's powder-mills exploded, killing several workmen, and totally 
destroying the mill, March 11, 1850. 

HOUR GLASS, in general use in the churches both in England and Scotland, in 
the l6th century ; the frontispiece to the Bishop's Bible of 1569 ; Archbishop 
Parker is shown with the hour or pulpit glass beside him ; a half-hour glass is men- 
tioned as belonging to All Saints' Church, Newcastle, 1632 ; one was bought for 
the church of St Katharine, Coleman-street, for one shilling, 1564; the pulpit 
glass reintroduced into the Savoy Chapel, 1867. 

HOUSE DUTY, a duty of is. 6d. upon all houses rented at ^5 and under ^20 ; 

26 



402 HOUSEHOLD, THE ROYAL HUGUENOTS 

2s. id. ^20 and under ^40 ; zs. lod. over that rent, 48 Geo. HI. c. 55, Schedule 
B., June I, 1808 ; repealed, 14 & 15 Vict. c. 36, July 24, 1851. 

HOUSEHOLD, THE ROYAL, first aiTanged by Edward IIL, and afterwards by 
Edward IV., his annual expenses were ^^ 13, 000 ; Henry VII. made several new- 
regulations for the management of; and Henry VIII., 1540, and he regulated the 
salaries of all the members and servants of his household, 7 Hen. VIII. ; the civil 
list voted to William HI. was yearly ^700,000 ; the same to Anne and George 
I. ; ;^8oo,oooto Geo. IL & HI.; to George IV. /i, 050,000; to William IV. 
;^5io,ooo ; Victoria, ;!^385,ooo. 

HOUSES first numbered in England, 1764 ; New Burlington-street, the first street 
numbered, in the month of June, 1 764. 

HUBELY, Hindustan. The East India Company founded a factory here, 1630 ; 
plundered by the Mahrattas, 1673 ; captured by the Mogul troops of Aurungzebe, 
1685 ; retaken by the Mahrattas, 1 707 ; lapsed to the British, 1818. 

HUDDERSFIELD, Yorkshire. This town, now one of the chief seats of the 
woollen trade, has sprung up during the last century. The Cloth Hall erected by 
Sir John Ramsden, 1765, and enlarged by his son, 1780 ; the canal commenced, 
1774 ; the Mechanics' Institute founded, 1825. 

HUDSON, North America, founded, 1784; incorporated, 1785. 

HUDSON'S BAY, North America, discovered by Captain Hudson, 1610. The 
traders from Canada explored a part of this territory, 1767 ; granted to the Hud- 
son's Bay Company by Charles II. , May 2, 1670 ; Mr Hearne established the ex- 
istence of the Great Northern Ocean, 1771 ; the Churchhill river explored by Mr 
Joseph Frobisher, 1775 ; the North- West Company of Montreal established, 
1783 ; the two companies united, 1821 ; further powers granted to them by the 
Government, May 13, 183S, and Vancouver Island, 1848. 

HUE AND CRY. This ancient British custom of rousing the country by passing 
the war cry from one hamlet to another ; the Highlanders carried a half burnt 
stick, this was substituted by the fiery cross in the 17th century. This legal 
method of procuring arrests, 13 Edw. I. c. 6, 1285; the hundred held responsible 
for the offender. The 27 of Eliz. c. 13, 1585, ordered to be made by horsemen 
and footmen ; 8 Geo. II. c. 16, 1735, the officer refusing to make the hue and 
cry is liable to a penalty of £i) ; a printed sheet was issued three times a week at 
Bow-street. 

HUESCA, Spain, founded before the birth of Christ by the Romans, chosen by 
Sertorius as the seat of a university, B.C. 77 ; conquered by Pedro I., Nov. 25, 
1096. The cathedral built by Juan de Olotzaga, a Biscayan, 1400 ; the present 
University founded by Pedro IV., 1354 ; the College of San Vicente founded by 
Jayme Callen, 1587. 

HUGUENOTS. The French Protestants of the i6th century were derisively 
called so ; Francis I. kindled a severe persecution against them, 1540 ; they be- 
came involved in politics, and joined in an attempt to seize Francis II. , Feb. i, 
1560, and made an attempt to take the town of Amboise, but failed, and for the 
next month they were butchered in every direction ; upwards of 1200 persons were 
executed. They made a bold movement, commanded by Conde, upon Paris, they 
met the Royalists' army at Dreux, and after a severe struggle, in which both sides 
lost 8000 men, they were defeated, Dec. 19, 1562. The Edict of Amboise granted 
them free permission to celebrate their worship, March 19, 1563 ; they commenced 
a second civil war, 1567, and after several struggles peace was proclaimed, 1570. 
The massacre of, Aug. 24, 1572 ; the Edict of Nantes passed, 1577 ; renewed, 
1591 ; revocated, Oct. 18, 1685, and hundreds of the most industrious people of 
France were reduced to ruin. 



HULKS HUNGARY 403 

HULKS. This method of punishment first tried in England upon the Thames, 
1776, the convicts on board being employed in raising ballast, under Mr Duncan 
Campbell, July 15 ; abolished, 1856. 

HULL, Yorkshire. The ancient name of this town was Wyke-upon-Hull, founded, 
1160 ; possessed by the abbot of Meaux, 1296 ; purchased by Edward I., 1297, 
and the name changed to Kingston-upon-Hull ; the castle erected by Edward, 
1298; strengthened by Richard IL, 1380 ; repaired and refortified by Henry 
VHL, 1530-40 ; refused to receive Charles I., 1642 ; Cromwell examined its for- 
tification, 1649. The town made a royal burgh, 1300 ; and fortified by Edward H., 
1323; strengthened by Richard II. ; the Trinity House founded for decayed sea- 
men and their widows, 1369 ; besieged by the Royalists unsuccessfully, April 23, 
1640; a new dock built, 1774; the Humber Dock, 1809; the Junction Dock, 
July, 1829; the Theatre Royal built, 1809; the Royal Institution established, 
1822 ; burnt, Oct. 13, 1859 ; panic at the Queen Theatre, several persons seriously 
injured, 1865. 

HULLHOU.SE, Mr, discovered the art of gilding and silvering silk, 1794. 

HULSEAN LECTURES, founded by the Rev. J. Hulse, 1790, to be preached 
four or six times yearly, upon the evidences of revealed religion, &c. ; the first 
lecturer was the Rev. Christopher Benson, master of the Temple, 1820. 

HUMANE SOCIETY, founded by Drs Goldsmith, Heberden, Towers, and Lett- 
som, 1774; a Receiving House erected, 1794; rebuilt upon the ground pre- 
sented by George III., by James B. Bunning, Arch., the first stone being laid by 
the Duke of Wellington, 1834. 

HUMBERSTAYNE ABBEY, Lincolnshire, founded by William Diogo, circa 1 189. 

HUMILIATI, a religious society founded by certain persecuted Milanese, 1017 ; 
embraced the rule of St Benedict, 1151 ; confirmed by Pope Innocent III., 1200 ; 
abolished on a charge of luxury and cruelty by Pius V., 157 1. 

HUNDRED DAYS, the second reign of Napoleon, after his return from Elba, 
and again ascending the throne of France, from March 20, 1815, to June 29, 
1815. 

HUNDREDS, or CENTURIA. This ancient territorial division among the 
Teutonic races mentioned by Tacitus. England divided into, by Alfred, circa 
880; the ' Hundred Mote,' or court, held for the administration of justice within 
the boundary. 

HUNGARY. The ancient Roman Dacia, made a Roman province, A. D. 8 ; the 
Huns became powerful, 377 ; they increased under Attila, but were over- 
thrown by the Goths, 489 ; the whole kingdom subjugated by Charlemagne, 
799 ; the Magyars, Turks, and Finns overran the country and established a 
settlement in the early part of the 9th century. Stephen I. elected king, 997 ; he 
increased his dominions ; the country invaded by the Tartars, 1 241 ; Dalmatia 
added to these dominions by Louis I., 1342 ; defeated at the battle of Nicopolis, 
1396 ; they subdued the whole of Austria, with the exception of Vienna, 1457 ; 
Vienna taken, 1485 ; Belgrade taken by the Turks, 1516 ; Buda, the capital of 
Lower Hungary, taken by them, 1541 ; peace concluded with Turkey, 1606 ; 
civil war broke out amongst the inhabitants, occasioned by the Protestants re- 
volting in defence of their religion, 1637 ; it lasted eight years ; Peterwaradin 
captured by the Turks, 1660 ; the dukes of Lorraine and Bavaria defeated the 
Turks, in the plains of Mohatz, and the crown declared hereditary in the House of 
Austria, 1687 ; Belgrade taken from the Turks, 1690 ; retaken by them, 1690 ; 
Prince Eugene defeats them at Zeuta, 1697 ; retakes Belgrade, 1717 ; peace con- 
cluded, 1718 ; the Imperialists defeated at Krotzka, and Belgrade besieged by the 
Turks ; a peace concluded with them, the Imperialists resigning the former town 



404 



HUNGARY, KINGS OF 



with Servia and Wallachia, 1739. From 1812 to 1825 the diet remained in 
abeyance, at the diet of 1825 several reforms were introduced ; Ferdinand V. 
opened the diet, Nov. 11, 1847. The continued aggressions of Austria upon 
Hungary with the view of destroying tlie old constitution,' and assimilating it to 
the other dependent provinces of the empire, produced a revolt in 1848, the state 
of other parts of the Austrian dominions presenting a favourable opportunity for 
the purpose. Sept. 29, 1848, the Hungarians beat the Ban of Croatia in an open 
combat ; the treacherous conduct of Austria induced the Hungarians to declare 
the kingdom independent, Dec. 8, 1848 ; the Hungarians defeated by the Aus- 
trians at Szisko, Dec. 28, 1848, and by the Ban jellachich, at Mohr, Dec. 29, 

1848 ; driven over the Waag, Jan. 2, 1849 ; Buda taken, Jan. 5, 1849 ; Leopold- 
stadt taken, Feb. 2 ; the Austrians driven back to Pesth, March 6 ; de- 
clared independent, April 14 ; the Hungarians completely defeated the Aus- 
trians at Gran, April 27 ; the Austrians obliged to fly from Pesth, April 18, 
and craved aid of Russia, and a Russian army marched to help them. May i, 

1849 ; the Austrians, under Gen. Haynau, took Newsatz by storm, June 15 ; the 
first battle between the Austro-Russians and the Hungarians, the latter retire 
across the Waag, June 21, 1S49 ; battle of Acs, July 2, 1849 ; the Hungarians 
rout the Ban Jellachich, July 14, 25, and 31, 1849 ; the Flungarians defeated by 
the Russians, m a three days' combat, and their leader, Georgey, retreated, July 
15, 1849 ; battle of Komorn, with the Austro-Russians, July 16, 1849 ; Bem, the 
Hungarian, entered Moldavia, July 23, 1849; the Hungarian army worsted be- 
fore Temesvar, Aug. 9, 1849 ; Kossuth resigned, Aug. 11 ; Georgey made Dicta- 
tor, 24,000 men laid down their arms at Vilagos, near Arad, Aug. 13 ; Komorn 
surrendered to the Austrians, Sept. 28, 1849 ; 11 generals were hanged at Arad, 
Oct. 6 ; the Imperial crown discovered and taken to Vienna, 1853 ; the Magyar 
language abolished in law pleading, Jan. i, 1854; the Emperor published a patent 
regulating the administration, Sept., 1859 ; rejected by the Chamber and with- 
drawn, i860; a new constitution granted, Feb., 1861 ; opening of the Hiingarian 
diet, April 6 ; the Chamber dissolved, Aug. 22 ; an amnesty granted to political 
prisoners, Nov. 18, 1862 ; Count de Torok appointed minister of justice in the 
room of Count Andrassy, Sept., 1864 ; the Emperor Francis Joseph visited Pesth, 
June 6, 1885 ; the military tribunals abolished, June 8 ; the Hungarian diet 
opened' by the Emperor at Pesth, Dec. 14 ; the Emperor and Empress again 
visited Pesth, Jan. 30, 1866; Francis Joseph, Emperor of Austria, crowned King 
of, at Pesth, June 8, 1867 ; Bank of Credit opened, Aug. 28, 1867. 

HUNGARY, KINGS of :— 



House of Stephen. 

Stephen 999 

Peter the German ... 1038 

Aba 1041 

Peter reinstated 1044 

Andrew I. I047 

Belal 1061 

Solomon, Andrew's son ... 1064 

Geysal io75 

Ladislaus the Pole ... 1077 

Coloman 1095 

Stephen II. i"4 

Belall "31 

Geysall "41 

Stephen III I161 

Bela HI "73 

Enieric "96 



Ladislaus II., reigned only 

six months 
Andrew II. 

Bela IV 

Stephen IV. 

Ladislaus HI. 

Andrew HI. , son of Rodolph 

of Plapsburgh ... 

House of Anjou. 

Charobert ... 

Louis the Great, King of 

Poland 
Mary, daughter of Louis ... 
Mary and Sigismond 
Elizabeth ... 
Albert, Duke of Austria ... 



1204 
1204 

123s 
1270 
1272 

1290 



1302 

1342. 
1382 
1392 
1437 
1437 



HUNGARY WATER HUNTINGDON 



405 



Ladislaus IV 1440 Ferdinand HI 1625 

Ladislaus V. 1453 Ferdinand IV 1647 

Matthias Corvin 1458 Leopold I. 1654 

Ladislaus VI., King of Joseph 1 1687 

Bohemia 1490 Charles 171 1 

Louis II. of Hungary, and 

I. of Bohemia of that House of Lorraine. 

name ... ... ... 1516 Maria Theresa, Empress ... 1 740 

John Zapolski and Ferdin- Francis I. ... ... 1745 

and I., King of Bohemia 1526 Joseph II. ... ... 1780 

Leopold 11. ... ... 1790 

House of Austria. Francis II., Emperor of Ger- 

Ferdinand I., only elected many ... ... ... 1792 

Emperor of Germany 1541 Francis L, Emperor of Aus- 

Maximilian, Emperor, 1564 1561 tria only, after ... ... 1804 

Rodolph 1573 Ferdinand V. do. (abdicated) 1835 

Matthias II. 1609 Francis Joseph 1848 

Ferdinand II 1619 

HUNGARY WATER first noted, 1631. 

HUNGERFORD MARKET, London, built by Sir E. Hungerford, 1680 ; the 
new market designed by Fowler, 1830 ; first stone laid, June 18, 1831 ; opened, 
July 2, 1833; the Exhibition-hall beneath, erected, 1851 ; the Music-hall de- 
stroyed by fire, March 31, 1854; the site of the market taken for the Charing 
Cross Railway, April 16, 1862. 

HUNGERFORD SUSPENSION BRIDGE, London, built from the designs of 
J. K. Brunei, 1352 feet long; the central distances, 676 feet ; the height of the sus- 
taining towers, 58 feet; above the water, 84 feet ; cost, ;^i 10,000 ; commenced, 
1 841 ; opened, April 18, 1845 ; taken down by the Charing Cross Railway and 
removed to Clifton; re-erected and opened, Dec. 8, 1864. 

HUNS. This race is said to have inhabited the plains of Tartary before the 
Christian era, and made frequent incursions into China ; the great wall of, built to 
protect the inhabitants against the attacks, circa B. c. 200 ; defeated by Vouti the 
5th Emperor, 148 ; invaded the Roman states, A.D. 290 ; defeated by the Goths, 
383 ; invaded the Eastern empire, under Attila, 441 ; the Western empire, 450 ; 
empire extinguished, 454. 

HUNTERIAN SOCIETY, instituted in London, 1819 ; catalogue of their library 
published, 1836. 

HUNTING. This ancient sport carried to the summit of perfection by the ancient 
Greeks and Romans ; Aristotle wrote a treatise on Field Sports ; the Gauls had an 
ardent passion for the chase. Hunting first mentioned in England in the reign 
of Edward I., his pack of hounds consisting of six couples ; a curious treatise 
written by William, twice huntsman to Edward II., on this sport; stag hunting 
practised in the reign of Edward III. 

HUNTINGDON, Countess of, encouraged the revival of Calvinistic doctrines, and 
appointed Whitfield her private chaplain, 1 748 ; established a college at Trevecca 
in South Wales, for the education of preachers of this doctrine, 1781 ; removed 
to Cheshunt, Herts, 1 793. She built many chapels during her life. 

HUNTINGDON, England, a castle built here by Edward the Elder, 917 ; a 
prioiy of black canons founded, 971 ; patronized and protected by Eustace de 
Luvetot, who rebuilt their house, 1131-2; the castle destroyed by Henry II. ; 
the Grammar School founded, 1260 ; Charles I. lodged here on his way to Lon- 
don to be tried; the town incorporated, 1206, by King John; confirmed by 



4o6 HURST CASTLE HYDE PARK 

Henry IH., and later by Charles I. ; the sovereigns frequently visited Hinchin- 
brook Palace ; it was plundered by the Royalists, Aug. 24, 1645. 

HURST CASTLE, Hants, erected by the command of Henry VHL, circa 1537 ; 
Charles I. removed a prisoner here from Carisbrooke, Nov. 30, 1648. 

HURSTMONCEAUX CASTLE, Sussex, built by Lord Dacre, treasurer to Henry 
VI., circa 1460 ; partly destroyed, 1777. 

HUSBANDMEN, an act passed regulating the wages of, 5 Eliz. c. 4, 1562-3. 

HUSS, JOHN, put to death for his belief, when under a safe-conduct from the Em- 
peror Sigismond, before a council of priests at Constance, who had instigated the 
pope to issue a bull against heretics ; by the clergy he was cast into prison, in de- 
fiance of the Emperor's pledge, and they burned him alive, July 6, 141 5 ; having 
got his companion, Jerome of Prague, into their power, they burned him alive also 
the following year, May 30, 1416. 

HUSSARS, the National Cavalry of Hungary, formed, a.d. 1458; added to the 
Austrian army, 1629 ; in France, 1692 ; in Prussia, 1729. A list of the English 
regiments of, and when formed : the 7th or Queen's own regiment, 1688 ; the 
8th, or the King's Royal Irish regiment of Hussars, raised, 1693 ! '^h^ loth, the 
Prince of Wales's own, foiTned, July 22, 1 715 > the nth, or Prince Albert's own, 
July 22, 1715 ; the 15th, or the King's regiment of Light Dragoons, incorporated, 
17595 the 9th, or Queen's Royal regiment of Light Dragoons Lancers, formed, 
1715- 

HUSTINGS, court of the city of London, is of Saxon origin, it is supreme, and the 
most ancient court ; granted to be kept weekly by the charter of King Henry I., 
circa 1 130. It is the most ancient of the city courts ; it consisted of two divisions, 
the 'Hustings of Pleas of I>and,' and the 'Hustings of Common Pleas;' the 
judges of the court are the Lord Mayor, Sheriffs, and Recorder. It has of late 
years fallen into disuse. 

HYALOGRAPHE, an instrument for tracing a design on a transparent surface, 
invented in Paris, 1822. 

HYDE ABBEY, near Winchester, founded by King Alfred and his son, St Edward 
the Elder, 903 ; the remains of Alfred the Great were removed to this abbey, 
1130 ; its site is now occupied by a gaol. 

HYDE PARK, the ancient site of the manor of Hyde, belonging to the Monastery 
of St Peter's, Westminster, conveyed to Hen. VIII., 1536 ; sold by order of 
parliament for ^17,000, 1652; first made public, 1670; Queen Anne added 
nearly 30 acres to it, 1705 ; the militia reviewed here by Geo. II., 1759 ; the 
volunteers encamped in the park after the Gordon riots ; the Regent's fete and 
fair held, Aug., 1814 ; the statue to the Duke of Wellington, '■Achilles,'' placed 
there, June 18, 1822; the Crystal Palace began, July 30, 1850 ; taken down, 
1852 ; grand display of fireworks at the proclamation of peace. May 29, 1856 ; 
a crowd of ichd,ooo persons collected to protest against the Sunday trading bill, 
July I, 1855 ; another gathering, July 8, and again, July 17 ; inquiry into the 
conduct of the police at, Aug. 2 ; meetings in consequence of the high price of 
bread, Oct. 14-21, 1855 ; another, which assumed the form of a not, Oct. 28 ; 
the Garibaldi riots in, Oct. 5, 1862 ; the Queen reviewed the volunteers in, June 
23, i860 ; and the volunteers again reviewed by the Prince and Princess of Wales, 
]May 28, 1864 ; an act passed for improving the Kensington entrance, &c., 28 & 
29 Vict. c. cclxii., July 5, 1865 ; reform meeting appointed to be held in, notice 
issued to prevent it, July 17 ; assemblage of a mob at, and riot, part of the rail- 
ings thrown down, July 23, 1866 ; bill brought into the House of Commons to 
prevent pubhc meetings being held in, July 22, 1867 ; meeting of the Reform 
League in, to protest against, Aug. 5 ; bill withdrawn, Aug. 15. 



HYDERABAD IBERNO-CELTIC SOCIETY 407 

HYDERABAD, Hindustan. Upon the death of Nizam-ool-Moolk, 1748, the 
throne was contested by his two nephews, Nazir Jung and Mozuffer Jung, the 
Enghsh supporting one side and the French the other ; Nizam Ali succeeded to 
the tlirone, 1 761 ; he ravaged the Carnatic, 1765, and conchided a treaty with 
the East India Company, 1766 ; and again, 1768 ; his territories were increased 
by the Marquis Wellesley, 1799 ; on the conchision of the first Mahratta war, 
1804, a further grant was made. 

HYDRAULIC CHEMISTRY invented, 1746. 

HYDRAULIC FIRE-ENGINES invented, 1682. 

HYDRAULIC PRESS invented by Bramali, 1818. 

HYDRAULIC WEIGHING MACHINE invented in France by M. Henry, 
Sept., 1821. 

HYDRODYNAMICS. Torricelli assigned the law correctly, 1643 ; Castelli, a 
disciple of Galileo, first investigated the motion of fluids, 1628 ; Daniel Bernoulli 
first appHed the higher branches of mathematical analysis to the investigation of 
this science, 1738, and by D'Alembert, 1744 ; Professor Airy published a new 
system, 1 83 1. 

PIYDROPATHY invented by Vincenz Priessnitz, 1826 ; and in full operation, 
1829. 

HYDROSTATIC PRESS invented by Bramah, 1796. 

HYENA'S CAVE discovered near Maidstone, at Boughton-hill ; bones of the 
horse and rat also found there, June, 1827. 

HYLTON CASTLE, Durham, built by Lord de Hylton, 1290 ; rebuilt by Lord 
Hylton, 1742. 

HYMNS in Christian churches, by some said to have been introduced into Chris- 
tian worship from the Jewish psalmody. Three several kinds of sacred song are 
recognized in Holy Scripture, answering to the triple division noticed in Eph. v. 
19. I. The canticle, or song of one person, like that of Hannah. 2. The hymn, 
or symphonious melody, such as the song of the Three Children. 3. The alter- 
nate, or responsorial, as Miriam's Song of Triumph. Paul and Silas sang praises 
unto God in prison, Acts xvi. 25 ; hymns again mentioned, Col. iii. 16. St 
Hilary of France composed them for the use of Christian churches, 431. 

HYTHE, Kent, one of the Cinque ports. St Bartholomew's Hospital founded, 
1336 ; St John's, 1570; the Guildhall rebuilt, 1794; the Public Library, 1854 ; 
the Military Canal began at, 1805 ; the Military School of Musketry opened, 
1855- 



IAMBIC METRE. The great satirist Archilochus was the first Greek poet who 
composed Iambic verses according to fixed rules ; he had been suitor to Neobule, the 
daughter of Lycambes, who, after promising him his daughter in marriage, refused 
to ratify his engagement, which so enraged the poet that he held the family up to 
public scorn in verse, B.C. 700. 

IBERNO-CELTIC SOCIETY instituted at Dublin for the preservation of ancient 
remains, and the encouragement of Irish literature, 1818; only vol. I. was pub- 
lished of its Transactions. 



4o8 ICE IDIOTS 

ICE proved to be lighter than water by Galileo, IS97 5 Professor Faraday and 
Tyndall made several scientific discoveries in relation to, 1850 — 1857; Mr 
Harrison of Victoria patented an invention for making ice, 1857 ; Mr Tudor of 
Boston first exported ice, 1806 ; the first cargo arrived at Calcutta, 1833, and 
sold for 3^. per lb.; the Wenham Lake Ice Company started, 1824; it has large- 
store-houses in the United States ; an extensive range of ice-houses erected in the 
Bois de Boulogne, 1859. 

ICELAND, Northern Ocean, discovered by a Danish pirate, 860 ; Ingolf, a Nor- 
wegian, led a body of his countrymen and formed a settlement here, 874 ; republic 
formed, 928 ; Haco, king of Norway, formed it into a state, 1261, and it remained 
under the dominion of that country until 1380, when Denmark assumed the sway; 
devastated by a plague, 1402 ; the reformation of religion was brought about, 
1551 ; the smallpox carried, off 1600 inhabitants, 1707 ; visited by a severe famine, 
1 753 and 1759. Hecla, a volcano 5000 feet high ; ten eruptions between 1104 and 
1693 ; a terrible one, 1766 ; anew volcano, Skaptaa Yokull, devastated the island, 
1783. A terrible mortality among the cattle, 1784: 19,488 horses, 6800 oxen, and 
129,947 sheep died ; the black death visited the island, 1250. Highest elevation is 
Snofiel, which is 6860 feet ; commercial monopoly suppressed, 1756 ; volcanic 
eruption in, Aug. 29, 1867. 

'ICH DIEN,' I serve, the motto of the blind king of Bohemia, slain at the battle 
of Cressy, Aug. 26, 1346 ; said to have been adopted by the Black Prince, as the 
motto for the plume which he wore, by the will of Edward the Black Prince, June 
7, 1376, this motto was ordered to be placed upon his tomb in Canterbury 
Cathedral . 

ICHTHYOLOGY. This science first founded by Belon, Rondelet, and Salviani, 
1553-58. 

ICILIAN LAW passed by the patricians in Rome, granting to the Plebs the 
public lands to be their quarters for ever, B.C. 454. 

ICON BASILIKE, a portraiture of his Sacred Majesty Charles I., in his solitude 
and sufferings, said to have been written by Dr Gauden, 1648. 

ICONIUM, Asia Minor, the capital of Lycaonia. Cicero spent 10 days here, B. C. 50 ; 
St Paul and St Barnabas preached in the synagogue, Acts xiv. i, A.D. 50 ; taken 
from the Greeks by the Saracens, and afterwards by the Turks, A.D. 1075 ; the 
Seljukee Sultan built a wall round the town in the 13th century ; Ibrahim Pasha 
defeated the Turks here, Dec. 21, 1821. 

ICONOCLASTS, or IMAGE BREAKERS, a sect that appeared with Leo, the 
Isaurian, who passed an edict for the destruction of images, A.D. 726, which 
occasioned a civil war throughout the Eastern Empire ; Germanus, the Patriarch of 
Constantinople, was degraded by Leo on account of his partiality for images, 736 ; 
Copronymus passed an act of council against, 754 ; Leo IV., when emperor, 
passed a penal measure against the image-worshippers, 775 ; the Nicene Council 
revoked these edicts, 786 ; Leo V., the Armenian, restored the previous policy, 
814 ; this was revoked by Theodora, 842 ; Charlemagne published four books 
againstthe worship of images which was approved by the Council of Frankfort, 794. 

IDES, in the Roman reckoning of time, the 13th of every month, except March, 
May, July, and Oct., when it was the 15th ; Jvdius Ca;sar was assassinated on the 
ides of March, B. C. 44 ; they comprised the eight days after the nones ; the last 
day only was called the ides ; the nones were the 7th of March, May, July, and 
Oct., and the Sth of the other months. 

IDIOTS. The king to have the custody of the lands of, 17 Edw. II. c. 9, s. i, 
1324 ; owners of land, made to be represeirted by trustees, and authorized advances 
of moneys for drainage, 13 & 14 Vict. c. 31, s. 6. 



IDOLS IMPOSTORS 409 

IDOLS, worship of. Traces of, are found in the Pentateuch and Job ; in Europe, 
600 years before the Christian era ; destroyed by Constantine, sacrifices to cease, 
A. D. 330 ; abolished by Honorius, 404 ; that of the Saxons in Kent, 640. 

IDSTADT, battle. The Danes defeated the Schleswig-Holstein forces, July 25, 
1850. 

ILCHESTER, Somersetshire, an important Roman station (Ischalis); some of the 
coins of William the Conqueror were minted here, 1070 ; successfully defended 
against Robert Mowbray, by William Rufus, 1088 ; Roger Bacon born here, 
1214. 

ILLINOIS, United States, visited by the French traveller, Marquetta, 1673 ; the 
French formed a settlement here in the 17th century ; ceded to England, 1763 ; 
became a part of the United States, 1775 ; formed into a separate State, Indiana, 
1800 ; reconstructed and called Illinois, 1S09 ; admitted into the Union, 1818 ; 
the present constitution adopted in convention, Aug. 31, 1847 ; accepted by the 
people, March 7, 1848. 

ILLUMINATI, a sect charged with heresy, which originated in Spain, denomin- 
ated there Alumbrados or enlighteners, 1575 ; a. society somewhat similar was 
founded by Dr Weishaupt, 1776 ; they placed their salvation upon their superior 
mode of prayer; at the congress of Wilhelmsbad, 1783, they made many con- 
verts, and in 1 785 the system was divulged. 

ILLYRICUM first mentioned in history in the Peloponnesian war ; made a kingdom, 
B.C. 383 ; the Romans invaded this state, 229, and it became a dependence of 
Rome ; rebelled against that power, 168 ; subdued and made a Roman province, 
10. Invaded by the Sclaves, and erected into the independent kingdoms of Croatia 
and Dalmatia ; the name of this state entirely disappeared in the 14th century ; 
revived by Napoleon, 1809 ; ceded to Austria, 1814. 

IMAGE WORSHIP, idolatry, or the worship of idols, of very early introduction ; 
images and relics seem to have commenced in the Romish Church, 448 ; became 
general, 692 ; condemned, 824 ; the worship of, restored by the council held at 
Constantinople, 829; removed out of the English churches, 1548. 

IINIMACULATE CONCEPTION. The first public controversy on this question 
arose, A. D. 1140; in the 14th century this controversy became very violent be- 
tween the Dominicans and the Franciscans, and again in the 1 7th century ; decreed, 
by a bull of Pio Nono, an article of faith of the Church of Rome, Dec. 8, 1854. 

IMPALEMENT in heraldry introduced, 1206. 

IMPALEMENT, an Eastern punishment ; the assassin of Gen. Kleber impaled in 
Egypt, 1 801. 

IMPEACHMENT, the prosecution of an individual by either of the houses of par- 
liament ; the first took place, 1386, in the instance of a Lord Chancellor ; no 
pardon can be pleaded to an impeachment of the Commons in parliament by 
statute, 12 Will. III. c. 2, 1700; Warren Hastings impeached, Feb. 13, 178S ; 
Lord Melville, April 29, 1806 ; Queen Caroline, by bill of pains and penalties, 
Aug. 16, 1820. 

IMPOSTORS, religious, political, mendicant, even literary, have been numer- 
ous : Adelbert, in the 8th century, pretended to have a letter from Jesus 
Christ, which fell from heaven at Jerusalem in the 8th century ; multitudes fol- 
lowed him into woods and desert places, to live simply in imitation of John the 
Baptist. Mahomet of Mecca pretended to revelations from heaven and commu- 
nications with the angel Gabriel ; he also wrote a book denominated the Koran ; 
his followers multiplied to 158,000,000 ; bom, 569 ; died, 632 ; fond of women, 
he enjoined polygamy, and pretended to direct descent from Ishmael. Two women 



4IO IMPROPRIATIONS 

executed, and two men crucified, for pretending to be the Virgin Mary and Mary 
Magdalen, the men for personating the Messiah, I22I ; impostors punished in 
Eno-land, 1222 ; Gonsalvo Martin burned by tlie Inquisition in Spain for calling 
himself the archangel Michael, 1360 ; Elizabeth Barton, the holy maid of Kent, who 
prophesied against Henry VIII. in case he married Anne Boleyn, to serve the papal 
party, hung, April 20, 1534 ; Elizabeth Croft, hid in a wall, uttering mysterious 
and seditious speeches, 1553 ; George David, a waterman's son at Ghent, who 
called himself the nephew of God, who came into the world to adopt children for 
heaven, favoured a community of women, had many followers, and died at Basil 
in Switzerland, 1556. Hatchet, a man who personated the Saviour, executed for 
blasphemy, 1592. Griska Eutropia, a prior of St Basil's order, pretending to be 
the son of John Basilowitz, Czar of Muscovy; supported by Poland, he was invited 
to the throne of Russia, put the reigning Czar and all his family to death, and was 
himself assassinated in his palace, 1606. A boy of Bilston, who deceived the pub- 
lic, detected, 1 620 ; James Naylor, personated the Saviour, whipped, his tongue 
burned through on the pillory, by order of the House of Commons, Dec. 4, 1656 ; 
at Tedworth, Wells, a drummer having been deprived of his drum by a magis- 
trate, a drum was continually heard going in his house for 2 or 3 years, and the 
owner was tried for a wizard and transported, 1661 ; Greatrakes, an Irishman, 
who pretended to cure diseases in the way of the royal antidote then in vogue, 
caused high disputes in Ireland, 1665, but being examined before the Royal 
Society in England, fell into disrepute, 1666 ; Sabbati Levi, a Jew of Smyrna, 
who personated Christ at Constantinople, 1666 ; Titus Gates, a clergyman of the 
English Church, who made out a pretended plot to kill the king on the part of 
the Papists, Sept. 6, 1678 ; in 1685 he was whipped and sentenced to imprison- 
ment for life, but was pardoned and pensioned in the next reign, 1689. Psalm- 
anezer, George, born in the south of France, 1679 ; studied among the Dominicans ; 
he pretended to be a Japanese convert to Christianity, and before he was a heathen 
of Formosa, a language of which countiy he actually invented, and translated the 
Church Catechism into it, also writing a pretended history of the country, which 
passed through two editions ; the imposture was detected by some of the learned 
men at Oxford in a controversy on the subject, 1746. Fuller forged a plot against 
William III., for which he was fined and stood in the pillory, 1691 ; one Young, 
a prisoner in Newgate, forged the hand-writing of the Earls of Marlborough, 
Salisbury, and others to a pretended King James ; the noble lords were im- 
prisoned, but the forgery was soon detected, and Young was fined ;i^iooo and put 
in the pillory, 1692 ; three French refugees pretended to be prophets, and de- 
clared that one Dr Emms would rise out of his grave, 1707 ; Mary Tofts, of 
Godalming, Surrey, pretended that she had rabbits within herself, and prevailed 
upon two medical men to support her cause, 1726 ; Elizabeth Canning, for her 
frauds and impostures, was found guilty of perjury and transported, 1753 ; Bam- 
fylde Moore Carew, king of the beggars, born, July, 1693 ; passed his life in imposi- 
tions upon the credulity of others, and was often in prison ; the Cock Lane Ghost, 
by William Parsons and his wife, was detected, 1762 ; Joseph Balsamo, or Count 
Alessandro di Cagliostro, a liar of the first magnitude and prince of quacks, who 
deceived half the world, the alleged holder of the secret of Egyptian Freemasonry, 
died in the fortress of St Leo at Rome, 1795 ; Joanna Southcote, who has had a 
multitude of followers, and declared that she had conceived a new Messiah, died, 
Dec, 1814 ; Joseph Smith, the founder of the Mormons, who pretended to a 
revelation from heaven, engraved on gold plate, found in one of the back States of 
America, 1827 ; he was shot in a squabble by one of the U. S. soldiers ; Joseph 
Ady, the noted letter of advantage writer, charged with defrauding Mr Salkeld, 
May 10, 1830. 
IMPROPRIATIONS. Henry VIIL, m 1539, having destroyed the monastic estab- 
lishments of his country, found that, of the many livings belonging to them, they 



IMPROVISATORI INCOME TAX 411 

reserved the great tithes, allowing the small to the vicar, or him who sei^ved the 
church ; Henry, therefore, bestowed the tithes among his favourites. 

IMPROVISATORI, or declaiming in verse upon any subject, was extensively prac- 
tised in Italy in the 12th century ; Serafino D'Aquila was the most eminent Im- 
provisatore, 1 490. 

INCENDIARISM. For this crime burning to death was the penalty in temp. Ed- 
ward I.; made high treason, 1429 ; denied benefit of clergy, 1528 ; many offences 
of this nature in Kent, 1830; in Suffolk, 1830 ; except in particular cases the 
punishment of death remitted, 1827-8 ; amended, 1837; as to farming property, 
1844. 

INCENSE, very early used by the ancient Pagans and Persians. The Hebrews 
used it specially in the service of Jehovah, and were forbidden to use it in private, 
Exod. XXX. 34 — 38. 

INCEST, common in England under the Saxons ; Vortigem married his own 
daughter, 446 ; the Portuguese sanction it ; in 1 760, the Queen of Portugal mar- 
ried her own uncle ; and Joseph, the son of that marriage, married his aunt, the 
Princess Mary, 1777 ; Don Miguel of Portugal was betrothed to his niece. Donna 
Maria, 1826. It was once punished with death in England, and again under the 
Commonwealth, May 14, 1650. 

INCH CAPE ROCK, or BELL ROCK LIGHTHOUSE, a dangerous rock about 
24 miles east of Dundee harbour, the scene of numerous shipwrecks ; tradition 
assigns the erection of a bell to warn passing vessels, to the abbots of Aberbro- 
thock. This tradition has been embodied by Dr Southey in his ballad of ' Ralph 
the Rover.' The first lighthouse erected from the designs of Mr Robert Steven- 
son, the engineer of the Lighthouse Board, 1807^1811; the height of the pillar is 
115 feet, it cost ;^ 60, 000 ; first lighted, Feb. i, 181 1. 

INCHKEITH, Scotland, given to the gallant Keith for his bravery at the battle of 
Barry in Angus, against the Danes, loio ; the English fleet sent to assist the lords 
of the congregation against the Queen Dowager, fortified this island, 1549 ; taken 
by the French, under M. Desse ; the lighthouse erected, 1805. 

INCLOSURES in England. The waste land to be inclosed and converted to 
the uses of husbandry, 20 Hen. III. c. 4, 1235-6, and 13 Edw. I. c. 46, 1285 ; 
the lords of wastes and commons may inclose them with the consent of the major 
part of the commoners, 29 Geo. II. c. 36, 1756, and 31 Geo. II. c. 41, 1758; by 
6 & 7 Will. IV. c. 115, Aug. 20, 1836, only the consent of two-thirds of the com- 
moners are required. Law consolidated, 41 Geo. III. c. 109, July 2, 1801, and 
8 & 9 Vict. c. 118, Aug. 8, 1845. The provisions extended by 10 & 11 Vict. c. 
Ill, July 23, 1847 ; again extended, 11 & 12 Vict. c. 99, Sept. 4, 1848 ; farther 
extended by 15 & 16 Vict. c. 79, June 30, 1852. The exchange and improvement 
of inclosed lands promoted, 22 & 23 Vict. c. 43, Aug. 13, 1859. 

INCOME TAX, first imposed during the war with France, by 39 Geo. III. c. 
12, Jan. 4, 1799; and repealed, 42 Geo. III. c. 42, May 4, 1802; again revived, 
1803, and continued until 1816, when it was finally repealed ; the present tax 
originated, 5 & 6 Vict. c. 35, June 22, 1842. A duty of ']d. in the pound was 
granted on the property and income of all persons in Gt Britain possessed of 
^150 a year ; at first imposed for three years; subsequently continued to April 5, 
1S55, when it was decreased to dd., and on April 5, 1857, made 5^., and ex- 
tended to Ireland and to all incomes of ;!^ioo a year ; relief granted to incomes 
under ^100 a year, and extended to £\'^o, 22 & 23 Vict. c. 18, Aug. 13, 1859 ; 
10^. in the pound granted from April 6, 1860-61 ; g^/. for one year, 24 & 25 Vict. 
c. 29, from April 6, 1861 ; reduced to 4^/., 26 & 27 Vict. c. 22, June 8, 1863 ; in- 
creased \d. in the pound to pay for the Abyssinian War, Dec. 7, 1867 ; a deduc- 



412 INCUMBERED ESTATES INDIA 

tion of ;i{^6o a year to be allowed from incomes below ;!f 200, and balance taxed 
at 5^. in the pound. 

INCUMBERED ESTATES, West Indies, facilitating the sale and transfer of, in 
the West Indies, 17 & 18 Vict. c. 117, Aug. 11, 1854; amended by 21 & 22 
Vict. c. 96, Aug. 2, 1858. 

INCUMBERED ESTATES, Ireland, an act passed for the sale of, July 28, 1829 ; 
the commissioners held their first court in Dublin, Oct. 24 ; an act passed for facili- 
tating the sale and transfer of, 1 1 & 12 Vict. c. 48, Aug. 14, 1848 ; further facilitated 
by 1 2 & 1 3 Vict. c. 7 7, July 28, 1 849 ; amended, 1 6 & 1 7 Vict. c. 64, Aug. 15,1853; 
powers extended, 15 & 16 Vict. c. 67, June 30, 1852 ; amended, 18 & 19 Vict. c. 73, 
July 30, 1855 ; an act passed for facilitating the transfer of land, and creating a per- 
manent court for the sale and transfer of land, whether it be incumbered or not, 
by the title of ' The Landed Estates Court, Ireland,' 21 & 22 Vict. c. 72, Aug. 
2, 1858 ; the judges reduced to two by 29 & 30 Vict. c. 99, Aug. 10, 1866. 

INDEMNITY, BILL OF, passed, generally to secure a minister against abuses of 
his office : one, April 19, 1801 ; to guard against the effects of the law for abuses 
of power during the suspension of the Habeas Corpus, March 10, 1818 ; to in- 
demnify such persons as have omitted to qualify themselves for offices and employ- 
ments until March 25, 1862, 24 & 25 Vict. c. 77, Aug. 6, 1861. 

INDEPENDENTS, a sect of Protestants, who hold the perfect independence of 
each Church, or congregation of believers, and that they have a right to govern 
within themselves in religious affairs, nor has one Church a right to censure or ex- 
communicate another ; the Baptists and Presbyterians hold the same doctrine ; 
this sect originated with Robert Brown ; the first meeting-house was founded in 
this country by Henry Jacobs, 1593 ; the Act of Toleration passed, i Will. III. st. 
i. c. 18, 1689; united with the Presbyterians, 1691 ; all disabilities removed, 
1828. 

INDEX EXPURGATORIUS, or list of prohibited books, madeby Roman Catho- 
lic inquisitions ; the Church began to restrain the liberty of reading all sorts of 
works, A.D. 400; Constantine forbid the reading of the books of Arius, circa 330 ; 
the Council of Carthage forbid the reading of Pagan books, A. D. 400 ; the Pope 
ordered certain works to be burnt and the rest not to be read, 800 ; the university 
of Louvain published a list of forbidden books, 1546 ; the Council of Trent, 1564 ; 
the Index of heretical books being formed, it was confirmed by a Bull of Clement 
VIIL, 1595 ; printed by order of Philip II. of Spain, at Antwerp, 1571. The 
Scriptures were forbidden to the laity by Clement, 1595 ; most of the better works 
of France, England, Germany, and Spain are in the list ; and the Index of the 
Austrian government is said to be even more intolerant than that of Rome, 1850. 

INDIA, Hindustan. The ancients, under Alexander the Great, penetrated no 
farther than the Punjaub, B.C. 327; the Greek kingdom of Bactria, founded by 
Theodotus, formerly was a part of India, B.C. 255 ; overthrown by the Tartars, 
B.C. 126; they were driven beyond the Indus by Vicramaditya I., B.C. 56 ; Mah- 
moud of Ghuzni conquered the north-western part, A.D. 1000 ; Delhi taken and 
made the seat of government, 1093 ; the dynasty of Patan, or the Affghan emperors, 
begun with Cuttub, 1205, and ended with MahmoudllL, 1393 ; the Great Mogul, 
orMongul, emperors, began with Baber, 1525, and continued by the Patans to 
Shah Aulum, 1760 ; the descent and reign of Jenghis Khan, 1237, and of Tamer- 
lane, 1398 ; Delhi taken, and India conquered, with the slaughter of 100,000 of 
its people ; the reign of Akbar, 1555 ; of Aurunzebe, 1660 ; of Kouli Khan and 
the Persians, 1738 ; the defeat of the Mongul forces by the Rohillas, 1749 ; Vasco 
de Gama landed with three ships on the Malalaar coast. May 20, 1498 ; 
Albuquerque, the Portuguese Admiral, burned Kolikod, 15 10; Goa ceded to 
them, 1510; they built a fort at Kolikod, 15 13, and occupied Bombay, 1532 ; 



INDIA 413 

the Venetian merchant, Csesar Frederick, visited Ahmadabad, 1563 ; Thomas 
Stephens, of New College, Oxfoi^d, visited Goa, Oct., 1579 ; Sir Francis Drake 
landed at Ternate, and subsequently at Java, 1579. The first English charter was 
granted, Dec. 31, l5oo, to a company of merchants ; the second to the East India 
Company, May 31, 1609 ; the establishment of factories at Surat ; Sir Thomas Roe 
sent out as an ambassador, Jan. 14, 1615 ; he was received by the Mogul, Jan. 10, 
1616 ; Fort St George erected into a presidency, 1653 ; charter granted by Charles 
II., April 3, 1661 ; the French East India Company established, 1664; Bombay 
ceded to, March 27, 1668 ; Surat taken by Sevagee, and sacked, Oct. 3, 1670 ; 
English factory established at Calcutta, 1690; Calcutta purchased, 1698; new and 
old Company unite, July 22, 1702 ; English fail in taking Pondicherry, 1748 ; 
treaty of peace signed here, the French and English withdrawing from inteifer- 
ence in native affairs, Dec. 26, 1754 ; the pirate, Angria, routed, Feb. 11, 1756 ; 
Surajah Dowla took Calcutta, June 18, 1756 ; 123 prisoners suffocated in the 
Black Hole, June 18, 1756; Clive retook Calcutta, Jan. 2, 1757; Hoogley taken, 
Jan. 10 ; Surajah Dowla defeated by Clive at Plassey, June 23 ; Fort William 
built, 1757 ; Patna, June 24; retaken, Sept. 5 ; the French took Madura, Aug. 
8 ; Fort St David, June l, 1758 ; Arcot taken, Oct. 4 ; besieged Madras, Dec. 
II ; raised the siege, Feb. 19, 1759 ; Machlipatnam taken by the English, April 
6 ; Wandewash captured, Nov. 9 ; Arcot recaptui-ed by the English, Feb. 9, 
1760 ; the revenues of Chittagaon and Midnapur ceded to the Company, Sept. 27; 
Pondicherry taken, Jan. 14, 1761 ; Pondicherry and other forts restored to the 
French by the treaty of Paris, Feb. 10, 1763 ; the French surrendered Gingee, 
April 5 ; Moorshedabad taken by the English, July 24, 1763 ; defeated Meer 
Cansim at Geriah, Aug. 2 ; the battle of Buxar, Oct. 23, 1764; Lord Clive re- 
turned to Calcutta as Governor-General, May 3, 1765, and secured the revenues 
of Bengal, Bahar, and Orissa, Aug. 12 ; Moogheer Allahabad taken by Sir R. 
Fletcher, 1765; treaty with Nizam Ali, May 8, 1766; Hyder Ali concluded a 
treaty at Madras, April 4, 1769 ; Hastings became governor of Bengal, 1772 ; 
Supreme Court established, 1773 ; the Rohillas defeated by the English, April 
23, 1774; Salsette taken by the, Dec. 28; Hastings accused of taking bribes 
from a female connection of Emir Jaffier, 1775 ; Hastings accused of taking 
further bribes and presents, 1776 ; Lord Pigot arrested and died in prison, 1777 ; 
an engagement with the French fleet off Pondicherry, Aug. 10, 1777 ; Pondi- 
cherry taken, Oct. ; Gwalior taken by Major Popham, 1778; the celebrated 
march of Gen. Goddard across India, he reached Burhanpur, Jan. 30, 1779; 
left it, Feb. 6, and reached Surat, Feb. 26 ; Conjeveram burned, and the 
army, under Baillie, cut to pieces, Sept. 4, 1780; Hyder Ali defeated the Eng- 
lish and conquered the Carnatic, 17S0 ; captured Arcot, Oct. 31 ; he was de- 
feated by Sir Eyre Coote, July i, 1 781; again, Aitg. 27; Hastings accused of 
taking fresh bribes, Sept. 19, 1781 ; the English imder Col. Braithwaite defeated 
by Tippoo, and his forces cut to pieces, Feb. 18, 1782 ; Hyder Ali overthrown, 
June 2, 17S2 ; succeeded by his son Tippoo Sahib, Dec. 11, 1782; Trincomalee 
taken by the French, Aug. 31, 1782 ; the French fleet defeated off, Sept. 8 ; a 
famine at Madras, Oct. 15; Hyder Ali died, Dec. 7; Tippoo took Cuddalore 
and Bednore, 1783 ; attacked by the British, June 13, 1783 ; Mangalore surren- 
dered, Jan. 23, 1784, and treaty made with Tippoo, March II ; Hastings re- 
signed, Feb. 8, 1785; Travancore invaded by Tippoo, Dec. 24, 1789; ravaged 
the greater part of the country. May 7, 1790; Bangalore taken by Lord Corn- 
■wallis, March 21, 1791 ; Nundydroog taken by Major Gowdie, Oct. 9; Kist- 
naghery attacked by Colonel Maxwell, Nov. i ; Coimbitore besieged and taken 
by Tippoo, Nov. 2 ; Savendroog besieged and taken by Colonel Stewart, Dec. 
21 ; Ootradroog taken, Dec. 24 ; Simoga besieged and surrendered, Jan. 3, 
1792; Seringapatam besieged by Lord Cornwalhs, and taken Feb. 5; treaty 
with, and his two sons given as hostages, March 9 ; restored to him, 1 794 ; courts 



414 



INDIA 



of justice, criminal and civil, appointed, 1 793 ; the Dutch settlement at Ceylon 
taken, 1795 > Seringapatam taken, and Tippoo Sahib killed. May 4, 1799; parti- 
tion treaty signed with Nizam and the Rajah of Tangor ; surrendered his power to 
the English, Oct. 25, 1779; the Carnatic secured, 1800, Pondicheriy having been 
restored to the French by the treaty of Amiens, 1801 ; treaty of Bassein signed, 
Dec. 31, 1802 ; Gen. Wellesley captured Ahmednugger, Aug. 12, 1803 ; defeated 
Scindia at Assaye, Sept. 23 ; took Burhanpoor, Oct. 13 ; defeated Scindia again 
at Argaum, Nov. 28; Gwalior taken, Dec. 15; Allighur stormed, Aug. 30; 
General Lake defeated the army of Scindia, before Delhi, Sept. 12 ; entered 
the town, Sept. 16 ; Agra taken, Oct. 17 ; Scindia ceded Ahmednugger and 
several other places, Dec. 29 ; treaty signed with, by which he agreed to receive 
and support a British contingent, Feb. 27, 1804 ; war declared against Holkar, 
April 16 ; Indoor taken by Col. Murray, Aug. 24 ; Holkar attacked Delhi, but 
defeated after a nine days' siege, Oct. 8 ; again defeated by Gen. Frazer at the 
battle of Deeg, losing 87 guns, Nov. 13 ; the fort of Deeg captured, Dec. 4 ; 
Bhurtpore besieged by Lord Lake, Jan. 3, 1805 ; raised, Feb. 22, the British 
having lost 2334 men in killed and wounded ; treaty signed with Sindia, Nov. 
23 ; with Kolkar, Dec. 24 ; mutiny at Velore, Col. Fancourt, 13 officers, and 99 
Europeans murdered, July 10, 1806 ; war declared against the Rajah of Travan- 
core, 1807; defeated at Anjuriche, Dec. 3, 1808; again defeated, Jan. 15, 1809; 
and again defeated, Feb. 21, war ended ; mutiny of the Madras native force at 
Chittledroog, who seized the treasure, Aug. 6 ; defeated by Col. Gibb, Aug. 23 ; 
the island of Amboyna taken by the English, Feb. 17, 1810 ; the isle of Bourbon, 
Jiily 9 ; Banda, Aug. 9 ; Ternate, Aug. 29 ; Mauritius, Dec. 9 ; the Company's 
Charter renewed, but the trade with India thrown open, July 21, 53 Geo. III. c. 
155, 1813 ; the Nepaulese attacked the station at Bhutwal, May 29, 1814; war 
declared against, Nov. i ; Nepaul ceded Kumaon by the Convention of Almora, 
April 27, 1815 ; Ahmednugger ceded by Rao, June 13, 1817; the Governor- 
general took the field against the Pindarees, Oct. 18 ; defeated them at Khirki, 
Nov. 5 ; the battle of Sitabaldi, Col. Hopeton Scott defeated the Rajah of Nag- 
poor, Nov. 26 ; Holkar defeated at Mehidpoor, Dec. 28 ; peace with Holkar 
signed, Jan. 6, 1818 ; the Pindary war ended with the destruction of the principal 
hordes and chiefs, in May ; the Nuwab of Oude assumed the title of King, 
1819 ; Marquis of Hastings resigned, Aug. i, 1823; Malacca ceded to the Dutch, 
1824, and Singapore purchased ; war declared with Burmah, Rangoon taken, 
May 1 1 ; Tavoy and Tenasserim captured in Aug. ; Martanban and Yeh in Oct. ; 
mutiny of the 47th Bengal Native Infantry and part of the 26th and 62nd, Nov. 
I ; the mutineers punished and the 47th regiment erased from the army list ; a 
rebellion broke out at Bhurtpoor, Feb. 13, 1825 ; the British forces marched for 
Ava, Dec. 9 ; Bhurtpoor taken by the English under Lord Combermere, Jan. 18, 
1 826 ; treaty signed with Burmah by which the Burmese ceded Asam, Arakan, 
Tavoy, and Tenasserim, and paid ;^" 1,000, 000, Feb. 24 ; Europeans allowed to 
hold lands in India on lease for 60 years, Feb., 1829 ; the abolition of Suttee, or 
burning the widow, in Dec. ; the natives allowed to sit as jurymen and justices 
of the peace, 2 Will IV. c. 117, June 18, 1832 ; the charter renewed till April 
30, 1854, from April 22, 1834 ; the China trade of the Company to cease and St 
Helena to revert to the Crown, 3 «& 4 Will. IV. c. 85, Aug. 18, 1833 ; Koorg an- 
nexed, April 10, 1834 ; war declared against Dost Mahommed, Oct. i, 1838; the 
army commenced its march towards Afghanistan, Feb. 20, 1839 ; entered the 
Cabul Pass, April 12; Candahar occupied, April 21; battle of Ghuzni, and 
Shah Soujah restored, the English entering Cabul, July 23, 1839 ; Kelat captured, 
Nov. 13 ; Dost Mahommed defeated, Oct. 18, 1840 ; again defeated, when he 
surrendered himself, Nov. 3 ; the Cabul Passforcedby SirR. Sale, Oct. 12, 1841 ; 
general rising against the English at Cabul, Sir A. Burns and others murdered, 
Nov. 2 ; Sir W. McNaghten murdered, I>ec. 23 ; the English army capitulated, 



INDIA 415 

Dec. 26 ; retreat began, Jan. 6, 1842, and the troops were massacred in the 
Cabul Pass, Jan. 13, 1 842 ; Dr Biydon arrived at Jellalabad, being the only one who 
escaped out of 13,000, Jan. 13 ; a severe shock of an earthquake destroyed the 
fortification erected by Sir R. Sale, at Jellalabad, Feb. 19 ; defeated Akhbar Khan 
before, Api-il 7 ; General Pollock affects a junction with Sale, April 16 ; Ghuzni 
evacuated, March 6 ; retaken by General Nott, Sept. 6 ; General Pollock 
re-entered Cabul, Sept. 15, 1842; Lady Sale rescued and Cabul evacuated, 
destroying the defences, Oct. 12, 1842 ; Ameers of Scinde attacked, taken, 
and their territory annexed to the British empire, Feb. 17, 1843 ; battles 
of Maharajpoor and Punniar, and the capture of Gwalior, Dec. 29, 1843 ; 
mutiny of the Bengal army, the 34th Native Infantry disbanded at Meerut, March 
27, 1844 ; the inhabitants of Surat rebelled against the salt tax, Aug. 30 ; the tax 
lowered by one-half, Oct. I ; Sewapore taken by Col. Wallace, Jan. 17, 1845. 
The Sikh war commenced, Dec. 14, 1845 ; the Sikhs defeated at Moodkee by Sir 
Hugh Gough, abandoning their guns, Dec. 18 ; battle of Ferozeshah, the Sikhs 
again defeated with great loss, Dec. 21, 22, 1845 ; the Sikhs crossed the Sutlej 
unmolested, Dec. 27, 1845 ; Sir H. Smith severely checked, Jan. 21, 1846; the 
battle of Aliwal, the Sikhs defeated, Jan. 28 ; Sobraon, battle of, Feb. 18, 
the Sikhs lost 10,000 men, 67 guns, and their whole camp, — British, 2338 killed and 
wounded ; the citadel of Lahore occupied by the English, Feb. 22 ; treaty 
of Lahore, March 9 ; 79 soldiers kijled by the falling of their barracks at 
Loodiana, May 21 ; Mr Agnew and Lieut. Anderson murdered at Mooltan, April 
20, 1848 ; Lieut. Edwardes engaged the army of Mooh'aj, which he defeated 
after a battle of nine hours' duration, at Kineyrie, June 18 ; again defeated at 
lAidclosam, July I ; Mooltan besieged, Sept. 5 ; the outworks stormed, Sept. 12 ; 
the siege raised, Sept. 22 ; Lord Gough defeated them at Ramnugger, Nov. 
22 ; they are again defeated by Gen. Thackwell, Dec. 3 ; several commercial 
failures in Calcutta, 1848; the second siege of iVIooltan, Dec. 27; explosion of 
the powder magazine, Dec. 30 ; the city stormed and taken, Jan. 2, 1849 ; the 
citadel besieged and Moolraj surrendered, Jan. 2 ; Lord Gough defeatecl Sliere 
Shingh at Chillianwalla, with a loss of 40 guns, Jan. 13, — the British lost 38 officers 
and 600 men ; again defeated them at Goojerat with a loss of 56 guns and then- 
whole camp, and several thousand men, Feb. 21, — the English lost 92 men killed 
and 700 wounded ; 16,000 Sikhs laid down their arms, March 14. The Punjab 
annexed to the British rule, March 30 ; Lahore, all the crown lands, and the 
Kohi-noor transferred to the Queen in the month of April ; the Moolraj imprisoned 
for life, July 31, for the murder of Mr Agnew and Lieut. Anderson ; Sir 
Charles Napier appointed commander-in-chief. May 7 ; trial by jury estab- 
lished throughout British India, Oct. 26 ; Mr Bethune established a middle-class 
school for Hindoo girls. May 7 ; mutiny in the 32nd and 66th Native Infantry, the 
regiment disbanded, Feb. 21, 1850 ; outbreaks in the Agra jail, April 5 ; a fleet of 30 
ordnance boats, laden with 300,000 pounds of gunpowder, exploded off Benares 
350 lives were lost, and most of the buildings were destroyed. May i ; embassy 
from the King of Nepaul to the Queen of England arrived in this country, 
May 25, 1850 ; disputes with the Burmese, and war declared, 1852 ; Martaban 
taken, April 5 ; Rangoon stormed and captured, April 14 ; Pegu captured, June 
4 ; Prome taken, Oct. 9; Pegu annexed to the Indian empire, Dec. 20 ; the first 
railway opened at Bombay, April 16, 1853 ; close of the war, June 20 ; the Com- 
pany's charter renewed, 16 & 17 Vict. c. 95, Aug. 20 ; Nagpoor annexed, Dec. 
II ; Oude annexed to the empire, Feb. 7, 1856. Mutiny of the Sepoys on ac- 
count of the cartridges being greased with beef suet instead of mutton at Barrack- 
pore, Lucknow, and Meerut, April 3, 1857 ; they established their head-quarters 
at Delhi, and proclaimed the king Emperor of India, May 13 ; the regiments 
stationed at Lucknow mutinied. May 31 ; the 44th and 67th Native Infantry dis- 
armed at Agra, June i ; the 6th native regiment revolted, killing many Europeans, at 



4i6 INDIA 

Allahabad, June 4 ; the British residents at Cawnpore murdered by order 
of Nana Sahib, June 27 ; Luclcnow besieged by the mutineers, July 2 ; Cawn- 
pore taken by Gen. Havelock, July 17, who defeated the Nana at Bithoor 
on the 19th; Sir Colin Campbell appointed commander-in-chief, July 11 ; 
left London for Calcutta, July 12; arrived there, Aug. 14; Delhi stormed 
and taken by Gen. Wilson, Sept. 14-20 ; Lucknow relieved by Gen. Havelock, 
Sept. 25 ; the Agra contingent defeated by Gen. Greathead, Oct. 10 ; Sir Colin 
Campbell reached Cawnpore, Nov. 3, and in conjunction with Gens. Havelock 
and Outram, defeated and routed the rebels, Nov. 13-17 ; the English army 
and residents left Lucknow, Nov. 22 ; Gen. Havelock died at Alum-Bagh on 
his way to Cawnpore, Nov. 25 ; Gen. Windham defeated at Cawnpore, Nov. 27 ; 
the mutineers defeated by Sir Colin Campbell at the same place, Dec. 6 ; the first 
party of ladies and children arrived at Calcutta from Lucknow, Jan. 9, 1858 ; Sir 
Colin Campbell besieged Lucknow, March 8 ; capture of, and flight of 50,000 
rebels, March 19 ; a reward of a lac of rupees for the apprehension of Nana 
Sahib offered, April 5 ; Capt. Peel died at Cawnpore, April 27 ; Gen. Sir Hope 
Grant defeated the rebels at Nawab Gunge, near Lucknow, May 13 ; Gwalior 
taken by the rebels, June i ; recaptured by Sir Hugh Rose, June 19 ; the city 
and fort of Calpee taken by the same Gen., June 23 ; an act passed transferring 
the government from the East India Company to the Queen, 21 & 22 Vict. c. 
106, Aug. 2, 1858 ; the rebels vinder Tantia Topee defeated at Beora by Gen. 
Mitchell, Sept. 15 ; royal proclamation announcing the transfer of the authority 
of the late East India Company to the Queen, Nov. i ; a decree published con- 
stituting the Punjab a lieutenant-governorship, Jan. 9, 1859 ; Oude pacified, 
Jan. 24 ; Tantia Topee taken prisoner, April 7 ; hanged, April 18 ; a public 
thanksgiving for the suppression of the mutiny, May i ; dissatisfaction expressed 
by the Indian troops upon their being transferred to the Crown, July i ; Khan 
Bahadoor Khan, one of the leaders in the late mutiny, hung at Bareilly, March 

24 ; a bill introduced into parliament for the better regulating of the Indian army, 
June 12; act passed, 23 & 24 Vict. c. 100, Aug. 20, i860; William Johnson, a 
private of the 5th European regiment, shot for refusing to obey the command of 
his superior officer, Nov. 13, i860 ; the regiment disarmed ; famine in the north- 
western provinces, Jan. 12, 1861 ; subscriptions raised in England to relieve the 
inhabitants ; first meeting at the Mansion House, March 28 ; ^20,000 remitted to 
Bombay, April 3; the amount reached ^111,998, of which sum ^54,998 was 
remitted to Calcutta, and ;^57,ooo to Bombay ; a currency issued by the Indian 
Government, July 16, 1861 ; the financial statement made by Sir C. W^ood, July 

25 ; an act passed to facilitate the enlistment of persons transferred from the 
Indian to the general forces of Her Majesty, 24 & 25 Vict. c. 74, Aug. 6, 1861 ; 
and the retiring pensions regulated and paid, 24 & 25 Vict. c. 89, Aug. 6, 
1861 ; the law concerning the civil service amended, 24 & 25 Vict. c. 54, Aug. i, 
1861 ; an act passed for making better provision for the constitution of the 
Council of the Governor-General of India, and for the Local Government of the 
several presidences and provinces of India, and for the Temporary Government 
of the country in the event of a vacancy in the office of Governor-General, 24 & 
25 Vict. c. 67, Aug. 1,1861 ; High Courts of Judicature established in, by 24 & 25 
Vict. c. 104, Aug. 6, 1861 ; the Earl of Elgin, Governor-General, arrived at Cal- 
cutta, March i, 1862 ; installation of, March 12 ; the financial statement made by 
Sir C. Wood, July 25, 1863 ; Governor-Gen. Lord Elgin died at Dhurumsala, 
Cashmere, Nov. 20 ; the mountain tribes in the Punjab rebelled in Nov. ; Sir 
John Lawrence, the Viceroy, left England, Dec. 9 ; arrived at Calcutta, Jan. 
12, 1863 ; the government of Bengal prohibited the burning of the dead 
within sight of Calcutta, and the throwing of the corpses into the river 
Hooghley, in March ; the financial statement made by vSir C. Wood, July 
23, 1864 ; destructive hurricane at Calcutta, several vessels lost, the loss of 



INDIA, GOVERNORS-GENERAL OF MUTINY RELIEF FUND 417 



life being very g:"eat, Oct- 5> I S64 ; a violent cyclone in the Bay of Bengal, 
the island of Saugor inundated and 7000 persons drowned, and at Masuli- 
patam 60,000 men were lost, besides a great number of vessels, Nov. i, 1864; 
Sir William Mansfield succeeded Sir Hugh Rose as commander-in-chief of 
the army, March 23, 1865 ; Mr Massey, the financial minister, arrived at Calcutta, 
March 31 ; the budget laid before the Council, April i ; disapproved of by Sir C. 
Wood, May 8 ; enlarged powers given to the Viceroy by 28 & 29 Vict. c. 
17, May 9; Sir C. Trevelyan arrived hi England, May 19 ; the financial state- 
ment made by Sir C. Wood, June 29 ; commercial crisis in Bombay, June and 
July ; peace restored with Bhotan, Nov. 1 1 ; the financial statement of Mr 
Massey submitted to the Council, Maixh 24, 1866 ; Indian prize-money to be paid 
by the treasurer of Chelsea Hospital, by 29 & 30 Vict. c. 47, June 28, 1866 ; 
Viscoimt Cranborne made the financial statement in parliament, July 19 ; 
W. R. S. N. Fitzgerald appointed Governor of Bombay, Nov. 20 ; famine in 
Orissa, Bengal, 700,000 persons died, 1500 children left orphans, 1866 ; a sub- 
scription for their support opened, June 19, 1867 ; Sir C. Northcote made the 
financial statement to parliament, Aug. 12 ; interview of the chief commis- 
sioner. Col. Fytche, with the KingofBurmah, Oct. 9 ; a cyclone at Calcutta and 
Bengal, which destroyed upwards of 600 native boats, part of the suburbs of the 
city, and 3000 of the inhabitants, Nov. I ; visit of the Viceroy to Lucknow and 
a state Durbar held, Nov. 9. 

INDIA, GOVERNORS-GENERAL OF. 

Dawson, Alexander Jan. 27, 1748 
Jan. 8, 1752 
Aug. 8, 1752 
March 25, 1759 
Nov. 23, 1759 
June I, 1764 
Nov. 26, 1764 
Jan. 26, 1767 
Dec. 16, 1769 
April 25, 1771 
Feb. I, 1785 
Feb. 26, 1786 
Meadows, Major-Gen. W. 

April 28, 1790 
Teignmouth, Lord Sept. 19, 1792 
INDIA, the most exalted order of the Star of, founded, June 25, i 

vestiture at Windsor Castle, Nov. i, 1861. 
INDIA, overland route to, described and carried out by Mr Waghorn, a naval officer ; 
after taking great pains to perfect it, he reached London, Oct. 31, 1845, with, 
the Bombay mail of the 1st of the month ; he reached Suez in 19 days, Alexandria 
in 20 days, landed near Trieste, and reached London, through Austria, Baden, 
Prussia, and Belgium, at half-past four a.m. on the 31st Oct. He proposed to 
complete the distance in 21 days, but his death took place, Jan. 8, 1850. 
INDIAN COUNCIL appointed to govern India by 21 & 22 Vict. c. 106, Aug. 2, 

1858, upon the abolition of the East India Company and the Board of Control. 
INDIAN MUSEUM AND LIBRARY, established by the East India Company 

at their house in Leadenhall-street, 1800; transferred to Fife House, i860. 
INDIAN MUTINY RELIEF FUND, established at a meeting held at the Man- 
sion House, Aug. 25, 1857; the subscriptions, &c., amounted to ^472,724; 
amount disbursed to the sufferers, ^^250, 509 ; the remainder reserved for paying 
annuities. 

27 



Fytche, William 
Drake, Roger 
Clive, Colonel 
Vansittart, Henry 
Clive, Lord 
Spencer, John 
Verelst, Henry 
Cartier, John 
Hastings, Warren 
McPherson, Sir J. 
Cornwallis, Lord 



Mornington, The Marquis 
Oct 
Cornwallis, Marquis 
Barlow, Sir G. 
Minto, Lord 
Moira, Earl 
Amherst, Earl 
Bentinck, Lord W. 
Auckland, Lord 
Ellenborough, Lord 
Hardinge, Lord 
Dalhousie, Earl of 
Canning, Lord 
Elgin, Lord 
Lawrence, Sir John 



4, 1797 

Jan. 9, 1805 

Feb. 9, 1806 

July 19, 1806 

Nov. 18, 1812 

Oct. 23, 1822 

March 13, 1828 

Aug. 12, 1836 

Oct. 20, 1 841 

May 6, 1844 

Aug. 4, 1847 

July 4, 1855 

Jan. 21, 1862 

Dec. 5, 1863 

first in- 



4i8 INDIA OFFICE INDULGENCES 

INDIA OFFICE, Whitehall, London. An act passed for improving the site of 
the new offices, 28 & 29 Vict. c. 32, June 2, 1865 ; built from the designs of 
Scott ; opened with a ball to the Sultan of Turkey, July 19, 1867. 
INDIAN RAILWAYS. 

The East Indian Company formed, 1845 ; incorporated, Aug. i, 1849 ; 37 miles 
opened, Sept., 1854 ; 121 miles, Feb., 1855 ; the total length opened in 1 866, 
1 130 miles. 
Great Indian Peninsular, incorporated, 1849 ; opened, May, 1854. 
Madras Company, established, 1852 ; opened to Arcot, July i, 1856 ; to Bey- 
poor, May, 1862. 
The Bombay, Baroda, and Central, incorporated, July, 1855 ; began, May, 1856. 
Scinde Company, incorporated, July 2, 1855 ; reconstructed, Aug., 1857; partially 

opened, May il, 1861 ; wholly opened, 1866. 
Eastern Bengal Company, commenced, April, 1857 ; 114 miles opened, Nov., 

1862. 
Great Southern India Company, formed, 1857 ; began. May, 1859 ; 79 miles 
opened, March, 1862. 
INDIA RUBBER, the vulgar name for Caoutchouc, brought from South America, 
and first explained by M. de la Condamine to the French Academy of Science at 
Paris, 1736; Mj* J. Priestley first called attention to this material as being useful 
to artists for obliterating pencil marks, 177° j first sold in London by Mr Nairre, 
opposite the Royal Exchange at 3J. a half inch, 1771 ; Mr Hancock took out a 
patent for making elastic braces, &c., 1820 ; Macintosh first took out a patent for 
making cloth waterproof, 1823 ; these two inventors combined, 1825 ; steam- 
machinery first used in the manufacture of, 1835 ; Mr Hancock obtained a patent 
for vulcanized India rubber, 1843, and Mr Goodyear, 1844 ; many patents for 
making have since been granted. In 1850, the importation was 800,000 lbs. ; in 
i860, 3,000,000 lbs. 
INDIAN, or WESTERN TERRITORY, United States of America, that part of 
America east of the Mississippi, 600 miles long, and from 300 to 600 miles 
broad, containing 120,000 square miles, to which the American government re- 
moved part of the Indians, 1851, between the Rocky Mountains and Mississippi. 

INDIANA, one of the United States of North America, oh the north side of the 
Ohio ; the first settlement made by the French, 1702 ; joined with Illinois and 
formed a territorial government, 1801 ; separated, 1809; admitted to the Union, 
Dec, 1816 ; constitution agreed to, Aug. 4, 1851 ; came into operation, Nov. i. 

INDICTIONS in Chronology, used for an epoch or manner of counting time among 
the Romans, containing a cycle or revolution of 15 years : the first was used in the 
Theodosian Code; first instituted by Constanti7ie, A.D. 312, and sanctioned by the 
Council of Nice, Jan. I, 313, and began on Sept. I ; second, the Imperial or 
CcBsarean, began on Sept. 24 ; third, or Pontifical, being generally used in Papal 
bulls, Dec. 25, or Jan. i, A.D. 313, accordingly as either of these days was con- 
sidered the first of the year ; 4th, or French, began in Oct., 740, in Sept , 752 ; the 
Greek Indiction, Sept. i ; Roman Indiction, Jan. i. 

INDIGO first mentioned, 1193 ; again, 1444; well known as being from India, 
1516 ; known in Germany, 1600 ; in Holland, 1631 ; planted in Carolina, 
America, 1747; mentioned in England, 1581 ; imported into England, 1840; 
the consumption, 1861, was 52,808 cwts. 

INDORE, Hindustan, plundered by Scindia, 1801 ; occupied by a British force, 
under Colonel Murray, 1804 ; restored, 1805 ; Mulkerjee elected to the throne, 
Feb., 1852. 

INDULGENCES, the granting of, in the Papal Church commenced under Gregory 
VII., 1077 ; Urban II. gave them as rewards to the Crusaders, 1090. Clement 



INDULTS INFANTRY 



419 



V. made a public sale of them, 1313 ; Leo X. granted them in order to finish St 
Peter's at Rome, and afterwards generally, and thence mainly began the Reform- 
ation in Germany ; protested against by the Diet of Nuremberg, 1522 ; Luther's 
pi-opositions against, posted up at Wittemberg, 15 17. The prices paid for the 
various indulgences are described in the Tax Book of the Holy Apostolic Chan- 
cery, first printed at Rome, 15 14. 

INDULTS, granted by the Church of Rome to kings and cardinals ; granted to 
Francis I. of France upon the abolition of the Pragmatic Sanction, 15 16, by 
agreement with the college of cardinals, 1555 ; by Paul III. to the Parliament of 
Paris, 1538. 

INDUSTRIAL EXHIBITIONS. See Exhibitions. 

INDUSTRIAL AND PROVIDENT SOCIETIES. The formation of, 
legalized, 15 & 16 Vict. c. 31, June 30, 1852 ; amended, 17 & 18 Vict. c. 25, 
June 16, 1854, and by the 19 & 20 Vict. c. 40, July 7, 1856; further amended by 
30 & 31 Vict. c. 117, Aug. 20, 1857 ; power given to invest their money in Sav- 
ings' Banks, 22 & 23 Vict. c. 53, Aug. 13, 1859. — ^t?;? Friendly Societies. 
INDUSTRIAL SCHOOLS. An act passed for making better provision for the 
care and education of vagrant, destitute, and disorderly children, and for the ex- 
tension of Industrial Schools, 20 & 21 Vict. c. 48, Aug. 17, 1857 ; amended, 23 
& 24 Vict. c. 108, Aug. 28, i860; repealed, and the law consolidated, 'The 
Industrial Schools Act,' 24 & 25 Vict. c. 113, Aug. 6, 1861 ; further amended 
by 29 & 30 Vict. c. 18, Aug. 10, 1866 ; a bill introduced to extend the provision 
of this act to Ireland, but was not passed, Aug. 9, 1867. 
INFANT SCHOOLS. See Schools. 

INFANTICIDE. The practice of child-killing has existed from the remotest period : 
in Greece the destruction of deformed or weak children was encouraged ; in China 
a large number of female infants are annually put to death ; this offence was 
carried out with much severity by the Hindoos ; the Marquis of Wellesley en- 
deavoured to stop this wicked practice ; in England the concealment of the death 
of a bastard child considered absolute evidence that it had been murdered, 21 
James I. c. 27, 1623 ; this was somewhat mitigated by 43 Geo. III. c. 58, June 
24, 1803 ; the concealment of the body of a bastard child declared a misdemean- 
or, and punishable by imprisonment not exceeding two years, 9 Geo. IV. c. 31, 
s. 14, June 27, 1828 ; persons indicted for child murder may be convicted of con- 
cealing the birth, 24 & 25 Vict. c. 100, s. 60, Aug. 6, 1861. 
INFANTRY, a name given to foot-soldiers ; Boccaccio, who wrote in the 14th 
century, so called the men who marched in the rear of the cavalry ; Charles VII. 
of France had 16,000 foot-soldiers ; Louis XL formed a standing army of 10,000 
Infantry ; the Infantry in England are the successors of the men-at-arms who 
fought at Crecy. 
INFANTRY, English Regiments of, with the date of their formation. 

1st Royal regiment of foot are the representatives of a body of gallant Scots, 
formerly in the service of Gustavus Adolphus, king of Sweden, and others 
in the service of the kings of France, formed in 1633 ; Sir John Hepburn ap- 
pointed colonel, Jan. 26, 1632. 
2nd, or Queen's Royal regiment, raised, 1661 ; Henry, second Earl of Peter- 
borough, appointed the first colonel, Sept. 30, 1661. 
3rd, or the Buffs, formerly designated the Holland regiment, first formed, 1572 ; 
re-formed, 1665, and called the Buffs, 1708; Lieut. Robert Sidney appointed 
colonel. May 31, 1665. 
4th, or the King's Own, formed, 1680 ; Charles Fitzcharles, Earl of Plymouth, 
appointed colonel, July 13 ; called the King's Own, 1715. 



420 



INFANTRY 



5th, or the Northumberland Fusileers, raised, 1674 ; first colonel appointed, 
Daniel O'Brien ; fifth, Viscount Clare. 

6th, or Royal first Warwickshire, formed in Holland, 1674 ; Luke Lillingston ap- 
pointed colonel, Aug., 1674 ; obtained the title of Royal, 1832. 

7th, or the Royal Fusileers, formed, 1685 ; George Legge (Lord Dartmouth) ap- 
pointed colonel, June 11, 1685. 

8th, or the King's regiment, raised, June, 1685 ; Sir Robert Shirley, Bart. (Lord 
Ferrars) appointed colonel, 1685, then styled the Princess Anne of Denmark's 
regiment ; in 1702 designated the Queen's regiment, and in 1716 the King's. 

9th, or the East Norfolk regiment, 1685 ; Capt. Henry Co)-nwall appointed 
colonel, June 19, 1685. 

lOth, or the North Lincolnshire regiment, 1685 ; the Earl of Bath appointed 
colonel, June 20, 1685. 

nth, or North Devonshire regiment, 1685 ; Charles, Marquis of Worcester, ap- 
pointed colonel, Oct. 26, 1685. 

1 2th, or the East Suffolk regiment, 1685 ; the Duke of Norfolk appointed 
colonel, June 20, 1685 ; designated the East Norfolk regiment, 1783. 

13th, or first Somersetshire regiment, or Prince Albert's regiment of Light Infantry, 
1685 ; the Earl of Huntingdon appointed colonel, June 20, 1685 ; Prince Albert 
presented a set of new colours to, Feb. 21, 1859- 

14th, or the Buckinghamshire regiment, 1685 ; Sir Edward Hales appointed 
colonel, June 22, 1685 ; first called the Buckinghamshire regiment, 1782. 

15th, or Yorkshire East Riding regiment, 16S5 ; Sir William Clifton appointed 
colonel, June 22, 1685 ; first called the Yorkshire East Riding regiment, 1782. 

l6th, or the Bedfordshire regiment, 1688 ; Lieut. Archibald Douglas appointed 
colonel, Oct. 9, 1688. 

17th, or the Leicester regiment, 1688 ; Solomon Richards appointed colonel, 
Sept. 27, 1688. 

l8th, or the Royal Irish regiment, 1684; Arthur Forbes, Earl of Granard, ap- 
pointed colonel, April i, 1684 ; in 1695 the title of Royal Regiment of Foot of 
Ireland added by William III, subsequently changed to the present title. 

19th regiment, or the first Yorkshire North Riding regiment of foot, formed, Nov., 
1688 ; Francis Lutterell appointed first colonel, Feb. 28, 1689 ; the present 
title given to, 1782. 

20th, or the East Devonshire regiment of foot, Nov., 16S8 ; Sir Robert Peyton 
appointed first colonel, Nov. 20. 

2lst, or the Royal North British Fusileers, 1678 ; Charles, Earl of Mar, appointed 
colonel, Sept. 23, 1678 ; present title given to, 1694. 

22nd, or Cheshire regiment, raised, 1689 ; Henry Howard, Duke of Norfolk, ap- 
pointed colonel, March 16. 

23rd, or the Royal Welsh Fusileers, formed, 1689 ; Henry, fourth Lord Herbert 
of Cherbury, appointed first colonel, March 17, 1689 ; Charles Herbert ap- 
pointed colonel, April 10, 1690 ; in 1 714 styled the Prince of Wales's Own j 
new colours presented to, by Prince Albert, July 12, 1849. 

34th, or Cumberland regiment of foot, formed, 1 702 ; Robert Lord Lucas ap- 
pointed colonel. 

36th, or Herefordshire regiment, formed, 1701 ; William Caulfield (second 
Viscount Charlemont), appointed first colonel, June 28. 

39th, or the Dorsetshire regiment, raised, 1702 ; Richard Coote appointed first 
colonel, Feb. 13. 

42nd, or Royal Highland regiment, first called the Blackwatch, 1 739 ; John 
Lindsay, Earl of Crawford, appointed first colonel, Oct. 25 ; designated the 
Royal Highland regiment, 1758. 

46th, or South Devonshire regiment, formed, 1741 ; John Price appointed 



INFERNAL MACHINE INK 



421 



colonel, Jan. 13, then numbered the 57th ; changed to the present number, 174S ; 

county title added, 1782. 
53rd, or Shropshire regiment, raised, 1755 > ^'^ ^i^t numbered 55 ; William Whit- 
more appointed first colonel, Dec. 21. 
56th, or the West Essex regiment, raised, 1755; Lord Charles Manners appointed 

colonel, Dec. 26, 1755. 
6ist, or South Gloucestershire, formed, 1758 ; Major Granville Elliott appointed 

colonel, April 21. 
67th, or South Hampshire regiment, formed, 1758; James Wolfe appointed 

colonel, April 21, 1788. 
70th, or Surrey regiment, raised, 1758 ; John Parslow appointed the first colonel, 

April 28 ; the royal authority given to assume the title of the Glasgow Lowland 

regiment ; the title changed to the Surrey, 1825. 
71st Highland Light Infantry, the first regiment formed, 1758 ; disbanded, 1763, 

after the peace of Fontainebleau ; another 71st raised by Major-General the 

Hon. Simon Frazer, Oct., 1775 ; the 2nd battalion disbanded at the con- 
clusion of peace, April 5, 1783 ; the 1st battalion, June 4, 1784; the 73rd 

regiment raised, 1777 ; John Lord Macleod appointed colonel, Dec. 19, 1777 ; 

in 1786 this regiment was ordered to assume the title of the 71st. 
72nd, or the Duke of Albany's Own Highlanders, raised, 1778 ; Kenneth, Earl 

of Seaforth, appointed lieut. -colonel, Dec. 29, 1777; number altered from 

78 to 72 ; the present title conferred, 1823. 
73rd regiment, formed from the 2nd battalion of the 42nd regiment, 1780 ; 1786, 

directed to take the title of the 73rd ; Major-General Sir George Osborn, Bart., 

appointed colonel, April 18. 
86th, or the Royal County Down, raised, 1793, and styled Cuyler's Shropshire 

Volunteers, from their colonel ; Major-General Cornelius Cuyler appointed, 

Oct. 30; changed their title to the 86th, or Leicester regiment of foot, 1806; 

assumed their present title, 181 2. 
87th, or Royal Irish Fusileers, formed, 1793 ; Sir John Doyle, Bart., G.C.B., ao- 

pointed lieut. -colonel. May 3, 1796 ; styled the Prince of Wales's Own, 1827, 

and subsequently ordered to take their present title. 
88th, or Connaught Rangers, raised, 1793 ; the Hon. John Thomas de Burgh, 

afterwards the Earl of Clanricarde, appointed colonel, Sept. 25, 1793. 
92nd Highlanders, formed, Feb. lO, 1794 ; embodied, and the Marquis of Huntley 

appointed colonel. May 3, 1796, and first called the looth regiment ; changed 

to the 92nd, 1798. 

INFERNAL MACHINE, first used at the siege of Antwerp, by the Spaniards, 
invented by Frederick Jambelli, 1585 ; tried by the English at Dunkirk, 1646 ; 
at Havre de Grace by William ; constructed by the French to be used at Algiers, 
1688 ; attempt made to destroy Napoleon by one, on his way to the opera, 
Dec. 14, 1800 ; Fieschi made a still more diabolical attempt upon the life of 
Louis Philippe ; it was erected in a room in the Boulevard du Temple ; upwards 
of 40 persons were wounded, several being killed, July 28, 1835 ; the Orsini shells 
were thrown at the carriage of the Emperor Napoleon, on his way to the opera, 
Jan. 14, 1858. 

INGOLDSTADT, Bavaria, fortified, 1448; university founded, 1472 ; removed to 
I^andshut, 1 760 ; and to Munich, 1 800 ; besieged by the French, under Moreau, 
and taken, June, 1800 ; the fortifications destroyed ; rebuilt on an improved plan 
subsequently. 

INGOUR, battle, defeat of the Russians by the Turks, under Omer Pasha, Nov. 6, 

1855- 
INK. Camparius wrote several works upon inks, at Venice, 1619 ; the Romans had 

a pui-ple iitk, kept for the signing of state documents, by an edict issued by Leo 



422 INKERMANN INQUISITION 

the Great ; it was deatli even to obtain or endeavour to use it ; the edict was in 
force from 470 to 1452 ; in the 12th century the privilege of using it was extended 
to the imperial family ; Mr Runge invented a new writing ink, 1849 ; Mr 
Leonardhi of Dresden invented a solid ink, which he called ' Alizarine.' 
INKERMANN, battle. The Russians, 40,000 strong, attacked a division of the 
Eritish army of 8000 men, under cover of a dense fog ; the former were defeated 
with a loss of 10,000 men, Nov. 5; 1854. 

INNHOLDERS' COMPANY, established as the Hostelers' Company, 1446; their 
present title conferred by the Court of Aldermen, 1473 ; incorporated by Henry 
VIII., 1515; reincorporated, 15 Charles II., Dec. 21, 1644; hall built after the 
fire of 1666. 

INNS OF COURT, instituted at first to teach the law, as in a university, after the 
Court of Common Pleas was fixed in Westminster Hall ; the Temple was founded 
by the Knights Templars and given over to the lawyers about 1346 ; the Temple 
Church was built by the knights, 1 185 ; the outer Temple was not made an Inn of 
Court vmtil 1560 ; the following are the dates of these foundations : — 



Bernard's Inn, one of Chancery 


1445 


New Inn 1485 


Clement's Inn 


1478 


Scroope's Inn ... ... 1484 


Clifford's Inn 


1345 


Sergeants' Inn ... ... 1429 


Furnival's Inn 


1563 


Sergeants' Inn, Chancery Lane 141 1 


Gray's Inn, 32 Edward III. 


1357 


Staple's Inn ... ... ... 1415 


Lincoln's Inn 


1312 


Thavies' Inn ... ... 1519 


Lyon's Inn 


1520 





INNSPRUCK, Austria. The gymnasium converted by the Emperor Leopold into 
a university, 1672 ; the palace of Maria Theresa, built, 1770 ; the town taken by 
the French, 1805 ; Hofer, during the War of Independence, after a desperate 
struggle, defeated and routed the French army at the Inn's bridge, 1809. 

INOCULATION for the small-pox, first tried upon seven condemned criminals, 
1721; practised in Scotland, 1726; in Ireland, 1723; at Hanover, 1724. 
The bishops and clergy preached against the practice of small-pox inoculation 
down to 1760 ; vaccine inoculation, the substitute, was introduced by Dr Jenner, 
Jan. 21, 1799 ; he was voted ;/"! 0,000 by parliament for the discovery, June 2, 
1802 ; Napoleon in honour of Dr Jenner liberated a prisoner of war, Dr Wick- 
ham, at his request, and afterwards whole families of English, never refusing 
a request from him ; inoculating for, made punishable, 3 & 4 Vict. c. 29, s. 8, 
July 23, 1840 ; amended by 21 & 22 Vict. c. 97, Aug. 2, 1858. 

INQUISITION, an ecclesiastical jurisdiction established for the trial and examina- 
tion of persons that are suspected of holding any religious opinion contrary to 
those professed by the Church of Rome : it was called the ' Holy Inquisition.' 
Theodosius I. appointed inquisitors to inquire into charges against heretics, A. D. 
382 ; Honorius continued these officers, 398 ; in the Lateran Council, convoked by 
Pope Innocent HI. at Rome, 1215 ; the establishment of this iniquitous system is 
generally attributed, 1215 ; confirmed by Pope Gregory, 1228-9; Louis IX. estab- 
lished a court at Toulouse, Nov., 1229 ; the duties of the judges and rules for 
the court compiled by Raymond of Pegnaforte, and appointed by Pope Gregory, 
1233 ; established in Italy, 125 1 ; inquisitors appointed in France, 1255 ; abolished, 
1598 ; first introduced into Spain by the Bull of Pope Sixtus, Nov., 1478 ; in- 
quisitors appointed by Ferdinand and Isabella, Sept., 1480; they established their 
court in the Dominican convent of St Paul of Seville, from whence they issued 
the first edict, Jan. 2, 1481 ; during this year 298 heretics were burnt in Seville 
alone ; Thomas de Torquemada appointed by Sixtus IV. Inquisitor- General of 
Spain, Oct. 17, 1483, who reorganized it, Oct. 29, 1484; suppressed by a decree of 
Napoleon I., Dec. 4, l8o8, and definitively abolished by the Cortes, Feb. 12, 



INSOLVENCY INTERDICT 423 

1813; re-established by Ferdinand VII., July 21, 1814 ; again suppressed, 1820 ; 
established in Portugal by King John III., 1536 ; in Vienna, 1289, by a concor- 
dat with Pope Julius III. ; it was agreed that three senators should be present at 
the sitting of the court, 155 1 ; the trench exposed the instruments used by these 
holy sons of the Church to torture their victims ; great ingenuity was displayed in 
the invention ; in Spain alone, upwards of 32,000 persons were burnt alive by this 
institution ; in the library of the Inquisition at Rome the records of that tribunal 
are preserved ; Pope Paul III. by his bull dated April, 1543, founded the congre- 
gation of the Holy Office at Rome, consisting of Cardinals, who were styled 
' Inquisitors-General ' of the faith, who had the superintendence of all other in- 
quisitors ; their powers extended by Pius IV., 1564; further regulated by Sixtus 
v., 1588. 

INSOLVENCY. The first act passed to establish a general system of realization 
and distribution of property of insolvent traders, 34 & 35 Henry VIII. c. 4, 1542- 
3 ; the laws relating to, in England, consolidated by 7 Geo. IV. c. 57, May 26, 
1826 ; extended by i & 2 Vict. c. no, Aug. 16, 1838 ; again by 2 & 3 Vict. c. 
39, Aug. 17, 1839 ; the Court for the Relief of, established in Portugal-street, pur- 
suant to the 23rd s. of I & 2 Vict. c. no, 1838, and four commissioners appointed ; 
tire laws relating to, amended, and the powers possessed by the Court for the Re- 
lief of Insolvent Debtors transferred to the Court of Bankruptcy, 24 & 25 Vict. c. 
114, Aug. 6, 1 86 1. 

INSTITUTE, NATIONAL, of France, appointed for perfecting the sciences and 
other literary labours, 1796 ; Napoleon changed the constitution of the society, 
1803; the name changed to the Institute of France, 1806 ; to the Imperial Insti- 
tute, 181 1. 

INSTITUTION OF BRITISH ARCHITECTS, founded, 1834 ; incorporated 
by royal charter, Jan. II, 1837. 

INSTITUTION OF CIVIL ENGINEERS, established, 1818; incorporated, 
June 3, 1828. 

INSURANCE, the origin of, is attributed by some to the Romans ; the Court of 
Flanders established a Chamber of Insurance, 1310 ; Italy carried out a contract 
of Insurance, 1340; Portugal, 1370; in England, by the Lombard merchants, the 
first statute passed to regulate, 43 Eliz. cap. 12, 1601 ; fire insurance proposed in 
Germany, chxa 1609 ; the Common Council of London agreed to a plan for insur- 
ance, Nov. 16, 1681 ; abandoned by order of the Court of Aldermen, Nov. 16 
1682 ; the Friendly Insurance Company established, circa 1675 5 first advertised 
Sept. 16, 1681 ; the first life assurance office established was the Amicable 
Society, 1706 ; reorganized, 1807, by charter; the first fire office, the Hand in 
Hand, founded, 1696 ; the Sun Office, June 15, 1810; the Union Office, 1714; 
the Royal Exchange, June 22, 1720; the London Assurance Corporation, the' 
same date ; the Equitable, 1762. There are now above 170 offices established in 
England and 15 in Scotland ; first duty upon fire insurance proposed and carried 
by Lord North, \s. 6d. per cent., 1782 ; duties upon marine insurance fixed, 7& 
8 Vict, c. 21, June 6, 1844 ; the duty reduced from y. to is. 6d. upon stock-in- 
trade, 1864 ; reduced to a uniform rate of is. 6d. per hundred, June 25, 1865 ; 
marine duty altered and amended, April 4, 1867 ; new policies must specify the 
principal places where the business of the company is carried on, at which notices 
of assignment may be given, 30 & 31 Vict. c. 144. 

INTAGLIO, gems indented or incised. This art was known to the ancients, and 
is mentioned in the sacred writings : Tamar desiring a pledge from Judah, he gave 
her his signet. Gen. xxxviii. 18. The gems upon the breastplate of the High 
Priest are said to have been engraved in this way, Ex. xxxix. 

INTERDICT. This ecclesiastic censure of the suspension of the ordinances of re- 



424 INTEREST INUNDATIONS 

ligion first promulgated in the 6th century ; Gregory V. placed the whole of 
France under an interdict on account of King Robert marrying his cousin, 997 ; 
England, in the reign of King Steplien, 1147, and King John, 1208. 

INTEREST upon money lent has varied from time to time in England : at the Con- 
quest, only the Lombard merchants and Jews were permitted to make loans, for 
which they charged from 7 to 12 per cent.; at Verona, in 1228, fixed by law at 
I2}4 per cent.; Barcelona from 7 to 10, in 1435 ; it increased so such a degree 
in England, that a statute was passed limiting the rate to 10 per cent., 37 Hen. 
VIII. c. 7, 1546 ; this was amended by Edw. VI., 1552; but it afterwaixls rose to 
14 percent, by the 13 Eliz. c. 8, 1570; the act of Hen. VIII. was enforced and 
made perpetual, 39 Eliz. c. 18, 1797; reduced to 8 per cent, by James I.; re- 
duced to 6 during the Commonwealth, which was confirmed by 12 Chas. II. c. 13, 
1660 ; reduced to 5 by 12 Anne, s. 2, c. 16, 1713 ; restriction repealed by 17 & 18 
Vict. c. 90, Aug. 10, 1854; in Scotland no interest allowed until 1587, then 10 
per cent.; reduced in 1633 to 8, in 1661 to 6, and since to 5. In Ireland no in- 
terest permitted to be taken until 1635, then 10 per cent; reduced to 8 in 1704, 
to 7 in 1722, and to 6 in 1732. In France fixed at 5 per cent, in 1665 ; reduced 
to 4 in 1 766. In America the rates vary from 8 to 5 per cent. 

INTERIM, The, in history, is that period when the Emperor Charles V. of Ger- 
many passed an ordinance or regulation to be observed in the empire with regard 
to the Articles of Religion then controverted, till such time as they should be de- 
termined by a council, 1548. The two others were the Interim of Leipsic and 
Franconia. 

INTERNATIONAL COPYRIGHT. See Copyright. 

INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION SOCIETY. The Prince of Wales inaugur- 
ated the English College at Kew, July 10, 1867. The system first inaugurated 
by M. Barbier at Auvergne, 1862. 

INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION. See Exhibition. 

INTERNATIONAL STATISTICAL CONGRESS, held at Vienna, 1S57 ; in 
London, under the presidency of Prince Albert, July 16, i860. 

INTERNATIONAL WORKING MEN'S CONGRESS, met at Lausanne, Sept. 
2 ; terminated, Sept. '], 1867. 

INTERREGNUM from the death of Charles I., Jan. 30, 1649, to the accession of 
Charles II., May 29, 1660. 

INUNDATIONS. The Thames destroyed a considerable number of the inhabit- 
ants of its banks nine years after Christ ; the Severn overflowed and destroyed 
vast quantities of cattle, 80 ; the Medway overflowed its banks, and covered 
the country for miles, 87 ; the Humber rose, and laid the adjacent country, 
for 50 miles, under water, 95 ; the Severn overflowed, and drowned 5000 
head of cattle, and people in their beds, 115 ; the Trent overflowed above 
20 miles on each side of its banks, and drowned many people, 214 ; the Tweed 
had an inundation which destroyed a considerable number of the inhabit- 
ants on its banks, 218 ; an inundation of the sea in Lincolnshire, which laid 
under water many thousand acres, that have not been recovered to this time, 245 ; 
the Ouse, in Bedfordshire, overflowed and drowned numbers of people and cattle, 
250; an inundation of the Humber, 269; another in the Isle of Thanet, 317; 
another which destroyed all the inhabitants in Fern Island, seven miles S.W. 
from Holy Island, 323 ; an irruption of the sea in Lancashire, 330 ; an inundation 
of the Tweed, 336 ; the Severn overflowed, 350 ; above 5000 people lost in 
Cheshire by an irruption, 353 ; an inundation of the Dee, 387 ; another of the 
Dee, which drowned 40 families, 415 ; an irruption of the sea in Hampshire, 419; 
another irruption in North and South Wales, 441 ; an inundation of the Severn, 
487 J an inundation of the Humber, 529; an inundation of the sea in Norfolk, 



INUNDATIONS 425 

Suffolk, and Essex, 575 ; an inundation of the sea in Ciieshire and Lancashire, 
649 ; an inundation of tlie Medvvay, 669 ; an inundation at Edinburgh, which did 
great damage, 730 ; an inundation at Glasgow, which drowned above 400 families, 
738 ; an inundation of the Tweed, which did immense damage, 836 ; an inunda- 
tion of the Medway, 861 ; one in the Humber, S64 ; an inundation of the Dee, 
8S5 ; an inundation at Southampton, which destroyed many people, 935 ; an 
inundation of the Thames, 973 ; an inundation of the .Severn, which drowned 
abundance of cattle, 1046 ; the sea overflowed 4000 acres of Earl Godwin's 
land, in Kent, since called Godwin Sands, iioo ; a great part of Flanders over- 
flowed by the sea, 1108; an inundation of the Thames for above six miles at 
Lambeth, &c., 1243 ; a considerable one in Friesland, 1220 ; another, since 
named the Dollart sea, 1277 ; at Winchelsea, above 300 houses were over- 
thrown by the sea, 12S0 ; 120 laymen and several priests, besides Women, 
were drowned, by an inundation at Newcastle-upon-Tyne, 1339 ; at the Texel, 
which first raised the commerce of Amsterdam, 1400 ; the sea broke in at Dort, 
and drowned 72 villages and 100,000 people, and formed the Zuyder Zee, 
142 1 ; another, in 1521, in Holland; at Hartshead, in Yorkshire, Sept. 11, 
1673 ; at Dagenham, in Essex, Dec. 17, 1707, and continued till 1721 ; in 
Holland and Zealand, when 1300 inhabitants were drowned, 1717, and Holstein 
in the same year; in Yorkshire, called Rippon flood, May 18, 1722; at Chili, 
which overflowed the City of Conception, 1730 ; in Feb., 1735, at Dagenham, 
and upon the coast of Essex, which earned away the sea walls, and drowned 
several thousand sheep and black cattle ; in Holland, 1754; north of England, 
1755 j ii^ Spain, and did 3,000,000 livres damage at Bilboa, April, 1762; in 
France, May following, and did great damage ; at Coventry, 70 persons were 
drowned, and much damage done, also in Cambridgeshire, Gloucestershire, &c., 
Nov., 1770; in the north of England, when Newcastle-bridge, &c., was carried 
away, 1771 ; at Venice, at Naples, v.'here it carried away a whole village, and 
drowned 200 of the inhabitants, Nov. 10, 1773 ; in Calcutta, in the East Indies, 
1773 j ^t Battersea and Chelsea, March 9, 1774 ; in Kent, 1776 ; in Languedoc, 
April 26, 1776 ; north of England, when Hexham-bridge, Ridleyhall-bridge, &c., 
were thrown down, March, 1782 ; in different parts of Germany, when some 
thousands had their houses and property destroyed, 1785 ; ii^ different parts of 
England in Sept. and Oct., 1785 ; at Briglithelmstone, when the blockhouse was 
washed down, Oct. 9, 1786; in Spain, Navarre, Sept., 1787, where 2000 lost 
their lives, and all the buildings of several villages were carried away by the cur- 
rents from the mountains ; a terrible inundation by the Liff"ey, in Ireland, which 
did veiy considerable damage in Dublin and its environs, Nov. 12, 1787 ; at Kirk- 
wald, in Scotland, by breaking the dam-dykes, Oct. 4, 1788, which nearly de- 
stroyed the town ; in Scotland and the north of England, July, 1789 ; of the river 
Don, near Doncaster, and the Derwent and Trent, Nov. 20, 1791 ; of great extent 
at Placentia, in Italy, Nov., 1791 ; at Bromsgrove, in Worcestershire, April 12, 
1792 ; in Lancashire, August, 1792 ; almost throughout England, by the melting 
of the snow, the greatest part of the bridges being either destroyed or damaged, 
Feb., 1795; in China, in 1800; at St Domingo, which destroyed 1400 persons, Oct., 
1800; on the coast of Holland and Germany, Nov., 1801 ; in Dublin and parts 
adjacent, Dec. 2 and 3, 1802 ; in various parts of England, 1808 ; at Boston, by 
the tide breaking down the sea-banks, Nov. 10, 1810; by the bursting of the 
Driggle reservoir, nine miles west of Huddersfield, by which a cottage was swept 
away, and four children, with their father and mother, perished in the flood, Nov. 
29, 1810 ; at Pesth, near Presburg, by the overflow of the Danube, by which 24 
villages, with their inhabitants, were swept away, April, 1811 ; in the vicinity of 
Salop, by the bursting of a cloud during a storm, by which many persons and 
much stock perished. May 27, 181 1 ; by the overflowing of the Elbe, the village 
of Wurgen, in the duchy of Luneburg, was swept away, Oct., 181 1 ; by the rising 



426 INUNDATIONS 

of the water in the Thames, which overflowed the houses in Palace-yard, and 
filled Westminster Hall, Oct. 21, 1812 ; dreadful inundations in Hungary, Aus- 
tria, Silesia, and Poland, in the summer of 1813; by the overflow of the Danube 
a Turkish corps of 2000 men, on a small island, near Widdin, was surprised and 
met with instant death, and the island itself sunk and disappeared, Sept. 14, 
1813 ; by the overllowing of the Drave, near Orsatch, six villages and the suburbs 
of a town were swept away, and a congregation of 240 persons buried beneath the 
ruins of a church, Aug., 1813 ; in Silesia 6000 inhabitants were destroyed, and the 
ruin of the Frencharmy, under Macdonald, accelerated by the floods ; by the overflow 
of the Mississippi, the country on the west side was inundated to the distance of 65 
miles, in June and July, 1813, by which 22,000 head of cattle were destroyed ; by the 
overflow of the Nerbudda river, in the province of Bengal, which swept away 15 
villages, with the houses, inhabitants, and cattle, Feb. 12, 1814; at Strabane, in 
Ireland, by the melting of the snow on the surrounding mountains, the most de- 
structive flood that had been witnessed for 20 years, Jan. 12, 1816 ; the greatest 
floods ever remembered in Northumberland and Durham, Feb., 1816 ; 53 villages 
in the great Werder, 49 in the districts of Siegenhoff, and lyElbing villages, were 
under water, in March, 1816 ; at Thiel, Arnheim, Zutphen, and numerous other 
places on the continent, the harvest was nearly destroyed by inundations from 
continued rain, in June and July, 1816. Such heavy rains fell in London and its 
vicinity, that many parts of the outskirts of the town were laid under water, and 
great damage was done. May 8, 1818. The river Drance in the Valais, having 
its course obstructed by the fall of an avalanche, a large lake was formed ; the 
barrier by which the water was retained being at length imdermined, it gave way, 
and the tremendous torrent rushed down the Val di Bagne with such rapidity as 
to sweep everything before it, and reduce the whole of the vale, for several miles, 
to a state of utter ruin. May 16, 1818. Floods in the neighbourhood of Boston 
and Spilsby, by which much mischief was done. May, 181S ; heavy inundations 
in the Fen counties, which deluged 5000 acres of land between Boston and 
Market Deeping only, and destroyed many of the wheat crops, June, 1819 ; an 
inundation in Cheshire, in consequence of a thunder-storm, Aug., 1820 ; an in- 
undation in consequence of a heavy fall of rain, at Holywell, in Flintshire, which 
did immense damage ; on the water reaching the heated steam furnaces of the 
copper works, the furnaces burst with an explosion like a heavy clap of thunder, 
and some part of the works took fire ; a loss of several thousand pounds was sus- 
tained by the copper and cotton works alone, Oct., 182 1 ; an inundation in the 
Lincolnshire fens, Jan., 1822 ; heavy floods in the Thames, from Christmas Day, 
1821, to Jan. 7, 1822, in which, at times, the water rose four inches higher than 
in the great flood of 1774 ; the immense quantity of rain which fell in Monmouth- 
shire undermined three acres of wood on a slope near Rinefield, and caused it to 
slide down to the river, Feb., 1822 ; Moravia much injured by floods, 1822 ; at 
Vienna, 50,000 houses laid under water, Feb., 1830 ; 10,000 houses, at Canton, 
in China, swept away, and lOOO persons perished, Oct., 1833 ; cattle and agri- 
cultural property, to a considerable amount, destroyed by an inundation of the 
Dodder, near Dublin, 1834 ; inundation in France, the Saone covering 60,000 
acres ; Lyons inundated ; lOO houses swept away at Avignon, the Saone not hav- 
ing been so high for 238 years, Nov., 1848 ; at Brentford and the surrounding 
country, several lives lost, and immense property destroyed, Jan. 16, 1841 ; inun- 
dations in the centre and west of France, bridges and the Orleans and Viason 
viaduct swept away, the latter cost 6,000,000 of francs, the damage 4,000,000 ; 
the Seine rose 20 feet above its banks in one night, Oct. 22, 1846 ; the Holm- 
firth reservoir broke away, Feb. 5, 1852 ; lOO killed and property valued at 
^600,000 destroyed ; serious floods in the Eastern counties of England, at Not- 
tingham several bridges were destroyed, July, 1853 ; in Ireland, Patrick bridge 
swept away, Nov. 2, 1853; many houses and much property destroyed in the 



INVERARY IONIAN ISLANDS 427 

South of France, June i, 1856 ; the Great Middle Level Drain built in the em- 
bankment of the Ouse, near King's Lynn, burst, inundating 10,000 acres of highly- 
cultivated land, many prosperous farmers were reduced to ruin. May 4, 1862 ; the 
embankment of the Bradford Reservoir, Sheffield, of 95 acres, gave way and de- 
stroyed property valued at ;i{^ i , 000, 000, 270 persons being killed at midnight, 
March 11, 1S64 ; several towns in Yorkshire inundated, Nov. 16, 1866. 

INVERARY, Scotland, made a royal borough by Charles I., 1648 ; the castle built, 
1748. 

INVERBERVIE, Scotland, created a royal borough by David II., 1342 ; its 
charter renewed by James VI., 1595. 

INVERKEITHING, Scotland. This ancient borough had its charter renewed by 
William the Lion ; this was afterwards confirmed by James VI., 1598. 

INVERLOCHY, Scotland. The castle erected in the 15th century. The Royalist 
troops under the Marquis of Montrose defeated the Covenanters under the Duke 
of Argyll, Feb. 2, 1645. 

INVERNESS, Scotland, the ancient capital of the Picts in the 6th century ; four 
charters granted to it by William the Lion ; burnt by Donald Lord of the Isles, 
141 1 ; the ancient castle, in which Macbeth is said to have murdered Duncan, 
pulled down by Malcolm Canmore, who re-erected it ; it remained a royal 
fortress till blown down by the troops of the Pretender, 1746 ; the bridge over the 
Ness erected, 1685 ; destroyed by a flood, 1849 ; the present iron suspension 
bridge finished, 1855 ; the Town Hall erected, 1708 ; first lighted with gas, 1826 ; 
sewers built, 1831. 

INVINCIBLE, ship-of-war, 74 guns, lost near Winterton, Norfolk, nearly all on 
board perishing, March 20, 1801. 

INVOCATION of the Saints and Virgin, traced as far back as Gregory the Great, 
593- 

lONA, Hebrides, the ancient seat of Christianity and learning ; Columba built a 
monastery here, circa 57° j this building burned by the Picts, 801 ; it was after- 
wards re-erected, and destroyed by the Danes, who slew the abbot and 15 monks, 
900 ; Donald of the Isles became a monk of this order, 1413 ; protected by James 
IV., 1509 ; destroyed at the reformation of 1561 j the cathedral erected in the 
13th century ; part seen by Pennant, 1772- 

IONIA, Asia Minor, a Greek colony, founded circa B.C. 1044 ; conquered by 
Cyrus, 557 ; they endeavoured to throw off the Persian yoke, 500 ; and in 479 
they assisted the Greeks at the battle of Mycale, when Alexander had destroyed the 
Persian power; this island became subject to Macedonia ; united to Rome, 133. 

IONIAN ISLANDS. Homer was the first historian who noticed these islands ; 
Corfu was colonized, B.C. 734; during the Peloponnesian war they were several 
times assailed ; fell into the hands of the Romans, 179 ; ravaged by the Hmis, a.d. 
398 — 441 ; united to Lombardy by the Emperor Heraclius I., ciira 621 ; formed 
into separate states, circa 890 ; Corfu captured by Robert Guiscard, X081, and 
by Roger, King of Sicily, II46 ; the Crusaders halted to refresh here, 1 192 and 
1203 ; added to Venice, Aug. 16, 1401, at the fall of the Venetian republic ; 
ceded to France by the treaty of Campo Formio, 1797 ; transferred to the Porte 
by the Czar, March 21, 1800 ; surrendered to France by the treaty of Tilsit ; par- 
tially conquered by England, 1809-10 ; placed under British protection, Nov. 5, 
1815 ; a constitution granted to, July 11, 1817 ; proclaimed, Dec. 28. Aftersome 
serious attempts at insmTection Mr Gladstone was deputed with a commission to 
inquire into their grievances; he anived there, Nov. 23, 1858 ; the Assembly pro- 
posed their annexation to Greece, Jan., 1859 ; this was rejected ; annexed by treaty 
to Greece, Nov. 14, 1863 ; convention with Great Britain signed, March 29, 1864 ; 
completed, June i, 1864. 



428 IONIC SECT IRELAND 

IONIC SECT. The oldest of the schools of Philosophy, founded m Asia Minor by 
Thales of Miletus, circa B.C. 600. 

IOWA, United States of N. America. The first white settlement made at Dubuque 
by French Canadians, 1686 ; purchased from the French by the United States, 
1803 ; formed a part of the Missouri territories from 1804 to 1821 ; added 
to the Wisconsin territory ; formed into the separate State of Iowa, June, 1838 ; 
city began, 1839 ; admitted into the Union, 1846. 

IPSUS, battle. The Macedonian monarchs combined against Antigonus and 
Demetrius, B.C. 301 ; Antigonus was defeated and killed, and Demetrius fled to 
Greece. 

IPSWICH, Suffolk, a town of considerable note during the heptarchy, fortified with 
a vallum and foss ;_ the Danes pillaged the town, 991 ; and again, iioo, destroy- 
ing part of the wall ; repaired in the 5 th year of the reign of John, 1204 ; the castle 
erected by Hugh Bigod, Earl of Norfolk, 1141 ; demolished by Henry II., 1186 ; 
the Priory of Holy Trinity founded by Normanius Gastrode, circa 1172 ; the first 
charter granted by King John, May 25, 1199 ; revoked by Edward I., 1285 ; he 
afterwards renewed it, 1291 ; Charles II. extended their privileges by charter, 
1665 ; the library founded by Mr Alderman William Smarte, Jan. 8, 1598; re- 
moved to the Town Hall, 1832 ; New Town Hall opened, Jan. 29, 1868. 

IRELAND, according to the ' Annals of the four Masters,' was founded in the 
age of the world, 2242 ; ' Ceasiar came to Ireland with 50 girls and three men ; ' 
the island visited by St Patrick, A.D. 432 ; the Danes invaded and committed great 
enormity, 795 ; defeated by Brian, who was born at Clontarf, April, 23, 1014; the 
island invaded by the Norwegians under Magnus, their king, 1102 ; Pope Adrian, 
granted Ireland to Henry II. of England, 11 54. In the invasion of Ireland 
Strongbow preceded Henry II., Aug. 23, 1169 ; the conquest of Ireland by Henry 
II. — he landed near Waterford, Oct. 26, 11 71 ; conquered the whole island, I172 ; 
cantoned the island among 10 of the English court — Strongbow, Fitz-Stephen, 
De Cogan, Bruce, De Lacy, De Courcy, Burke, Fitz-Andelm, De Clare, De 
Grandison, and Le Poer ; Roderick O'Connor, king or chief lord of Connaught, 
was permitted to retain his throne ; King John invaded and reduced the island, 
and afterwards introduced the English laws and customs, and gave them a charter 
of liberty, i2io ; Henry HI. confirmed the same, 1216 ; the island given to Ed- 
v/ard, Prince of Wales, 1254; divided into shires, 1295; Edward Bruce of Scot- 
land invaded the island, and v^as crowned king. May 25, 1315 ; defeated at 
Armagh by the English, 6200 Scots were put to the sword, and their king be- 
headed, Oct. 14, 1318 ; Lionel, Duke of Clarence, married the heiress of Ulster, 
1361 ; Richard II. landed at Waterford, with 4000 men-at-arms and 30,000 bow- 
men, and gained the people by knighting their chiefs, Oct., 1394; visited this 
island again, June 17, 1399 ; the cruel Head-Act passed at Trim, which gave any 
one who found thieves robbing, by night or day, the power to kill and cut off their 
heads, for which, whoever brought the head was to receive a reward, 1465 ; the 
Irish compelled to adopt the dress of the English, and use surnames, 1466 ; Poyn- 
ing's Act passed, 1494; no man was to be taken for an Englishman in Ireland who 
had not his upper lip shaved, and it was no felony to kill an Irishman in time of 
peace; Henry VIII. assumed the title of King of Ireland, 1542 ; local courts in- 
stituted, 1546 ; the reformed religion introduced by the clergy, who did not 
know the language, 1584, many of them men of loose lives ; numerous Roman 
priests executed for exercising their functions, 1587 ; the Fitz-Maurice Rebellion 
suppressed, 1579 ; the garrison of Limerick surrendered upon terms, 1583, and 
was then put to the sword by Lord-Deputy Grey, 1583 ; discontent in Ulster, 
1589 ; 17 ships, with 5394 men, saved of the Armada, washed on the coast of 
Ireland, 1589, all put to the sword by Sir William Fitzwilliam, the governor,, 
under the pretence that they might side with the discontented Irish ; Tyrone's in- 



IRELAND 429 

surrection, 1594 ; he defeated the Queen's troops, and took the fort of Blackwater ; 
revolt of the Earl of Desmond and its suppression ; 574,628 acres of land seized 
upon or forfeited, and offered at 2,d. or 30'. per acre, none of the native Irish being 
allowed to purchase, 1583; a body of Spaniards landed in Kinsale, Sept. 23, 1601, 
under Don Juan d'Aguila, but the Irish did not join him ; Tyrone pardoned, 
March 30, 1603 ; Ulster became wholly vested in the crown, 1612 ; a dreadful 
famine in Ireland, from the Royal troops destroying the corn, 1612, three chil- 
dren seen feeding in one place on their dead mother, — and children waylaid and 
eaten, — people with their mouths green from eating nettles and docks ; King 
James I. published an Act of Oblivion, 1610 ; insurrection in Ulster, 1641 ; a 
massacre of the Irish in Island-Magee by the Scotch, Nov. 1641, followed by one 
of English Protestants, when 10,000 are said to have been put to death ; the 
Marquis of Ormond arrived in Cork, Sept., 1648 ; a peace made by the Confeder- 
ate Catholics, Jan. 17, 1649 ; the Royal supporters conquer most of the principal 
towns ; Cromwell landed at Dublin, Aug. 15, 1649 ; stormed Drogheda, and put 
the garrison to the sword, Sept. 12, 1649 ; Cromwell reduced Ireland to obedi- 
ence, transporting the people to the colonies, or driving them to the continent, 
1652 ; the Irish population that remained driven into Connaught, 1654 ; Duke 
of Schomberg landed in Carrickfergus, 1689 ; James II. landed in Ireland, July 
28 ; siege of Derry, 1689 ; landing of King William III. at Carrickfergus, 
June 14, 1690 ; battle of the Boyne, July I, 1690 ; Limerick surrendered to Gen. 
Ginckle, Oct. 3, 1691 ; treaty of Limerick, Oct. 3, 1691 ; ratified by the king, 
1695 ; 12,000 of the inhabitants left Ireland for France and Flanders after this 
battle ; linen manufacture patronized by the government, 1696 ; the country over- 
run with robbers called the Kellymount gang, 1740; the French under Thurot 
landed at Carrickfergus, Feb. 21, 1760 ; re-embarkecl, Feb. 26; insurrection of 
the Whiteboys, 1761 ; some indulgences granted to the Roman Catholics, 1778 ; 
Ireland admitted to a right of free trade, 1779 ; discharged from a submission to the 
English council, 1782 ; Order of St Patrick instituted, 1783 ; a national bank 
established, 1783 ; the Fitzgeralds' Rebellion commenced, May 4, 1798 ; sup- 
pressed, 1799 ; union of the two countries, Jan. i, 1801 ; Emmett's revolt, July 
23, 1803 ; tried and executed, Sept. 20 ; English and Irish Exchequer united, 
Jan., 181 7 ; King George IV. visited Ireland, Aug. 11, 1821 ; famine caused by 
the failure of the potato crop, 1822 ; the currency equalized, Jan. i, 1826 ; Roman 
Catholic Emancipation granted, April 13, 1829 ; Reform Bill passed, Auo-. 7, 
1832 ; Poor Laws introduced, July 31, 1838 ; repeal meetings first held, March 16, 
1843 ; trial of O'Connell and others for sedition, Jan. 15, 1844 ; again, for a poli- 
tical conspiracy, Feb. 12, 1844, and found guilty; municipal corporations regu- 
lated, 3 & 4 Vict. c. 108, Aug. 10, 1844 ; Irish National Society for Education in- 
corporated, Sept. 23, 1845 ; potato famine all over Ireland, the government expends 
;if 700,000, 1845 ; Smith Brien committed for a breach of parliamentary order, 
April 30, 1846 ; he and others of the physical force party forsook the Repeal Asso- 
ciation, July 29, 1846 ; O'Connell spoke the last time in the House of Commons, 
Feb. 8, 1847 ; died at Genoa, May 15, 1847, aged 73 ; famine in Ireland ; tem- 
porary relief act passed, 10 & 11 Vict. c. 7, 1847, and ^10,000,000 granted by 
parliament to relieve the people ; deputation of Smith O'Brien and others to Paris, 
to the members of the insurrectional government, April 3, 1848 ; great meetmo- 
of the Young Irelanders in Dublin, April 4 ; arrest of Mitchell, editor of the 
United Inshman, May 13 ; he is found guilty, and sentenced to 14 years' 
transportation. May 26 ; Duffy, Martin, Meagher, Doherty, and others ar- 
rested in July ; the Habeas Corpus suspended in Ireland, July 26 ; Mar- 
tin sentenced to 10 years' transportation, Aug. 14 ; Smith O'Brien tried for 
high treason and found guilty, sentenced to death, Oct. 9 ; the sentence com- 
muted to transportation for life ; fatal Orange affray at Dolly Brae, and several 
lives lost, July 12, 1849 ; the Queen visited Ireland, Aug. i ; the opening of tiie 



43° 



IRELAND 



Incumbered Estates Court in Dublin, in pursuance of an act passed July 28 ; 
the first court held in Dublin, Oct. 25 ; immense sales effected in 1850 and 
1851 ; the Roman Catholic Defence Association formed, April 22, 1851 ; a meet- 
ing held of the Irish tenant league at Boyne, July 14 ; first line of telegraph 
opened, June i, 1852 ; the Exhibition at Cork opened, June 10 ; dispersion of the 
tenants' right meeting at Warrington, July 3 ; religious riots at Belfast, July 14 ; 
election riots at Six Miles' Bridge, Clare, July 22, five persons shot, and several 
wounded by the miUtary ; opening of the Exhibition at Dublin, May 12, 1853 ; 
the Queen and Prince Albert visit Ireland, Aug. 29 ; conference upon the tenants' 
right, Oct. 4 ; Exhibition closed, Oct. 31 ; floods in the south of Ireland, Patrick's 
bridge swept away, the Blackwater flooded, carrying away a number of houses 
and cattle, several persons being killed, Nov. 2, 1853 ; Smith O'Brien pardoned, 
May 3, 1856 ; religious riots at Belfast, Sept., 1857 ; riot at Dublin on the entry 
of the Lord-Lieutenant, the Earl of Eglinton, March 12, 1858 ; serious inunda- 
tions in, Sept., 1858 ; religious riots in Galway upon the No-Popery lectures of 
Sig. Gavazzi, March 29, 1859 ; the Queen and Prince Albert again visit Ireland, 
Aug. 22, 1861; reviewed the troops intheCun-agh camp, Aug. 24; visited the Lakes 
of Killarney, Aug. 27 ; frightful assassinations in, M . Gustave Thiebault shot, April 
28, 1862 ; Mr Maguire stabbed, May 6 ; Mr John Herdman shot near Belfast, by 
his cousin. May 1 5 ; Mr Francis Fitzgerald shot at Limerick, May 16 ; Mr Brad- 
dell shot by Hayes, July 30, escape of the murderer ; attempt to shoot Mr Gore 
Jones, Jan. 2, 1863 ; insult offered to the Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland by the Earl 
of Leitrim, Oct. 6 ; he was removed from the Commission of Peace ; several 
Fenians arrested in Dublin, Sept. 15, 1865, and the office of the Irish People 
newspaper seized ; several arrested at Cork, Sept. 16 ; the Head CenU-e, James 
Stephens, arrested in Dublin, Nov. 10 ; escaped from the Richmond bridewell, 
Nov. 24; trial of suspected persons at Dublin, Nov. I — 13; a special commission 
opened for the trial of the prisoners at Cork, Dec. 14 ; Habeas Corpus act suspend- 
ed, 29 & 30 Vict. c. I, Feb. 17, 1866 ; again suspended, 29 & 30 Vict. c. 119, Aug. 
10' 1866 ; the judges of the Incumbered Estates Court reduced to two by 29 & 30 
Vict. c. 99, Aug. 10, 1866; Fenian rising in Dublin, Feb. 13, 1867, and March 5-6 ; 
the Police Barracks at Kilmallock attacked by 200 Fenians, commanded by Dunne, 
who shot Mr Bourne, the manager of the Union Bank ; the poHce by accident shot 
Dr Cleary in attacking these ruffians, March 6 ; the military, under Sir Hugh Rose, 
scoured the country, March 14 — 20 ; the Habeas Corpus act further suspended, 30 
& 31 Vict. c. I, Feb. 26, 1867, and again. May 31 ; landing of several Fenians at 
Chunegar, June 3 ; facilities granted for erecting bridges, July 15 ; an act passed 
for the more effectual appHcation of charitable donations and bequests, 7 & 8 Vict. 
c. 97 ; amended, 30 & 31 Vict. c. 54, July 15 ; railways to furnish accounts to 
Her Majesty's commissioners, 7 & 8 Vict. c. 85 ; amended, 30 & 31 Vict. c. 
104, Aug. 15 ; a meeting of the Agricultural Society held at Dublin, Aug. ; 
an act passed for the safe keeping of the public records, 30 & 31 Vict. c. 70, 
Aug. 12 ; the official establishment of the High Court of Chancery and the 
Superior Courts of Common Law altered and regulated, 30 & 31 Vict. c. 129, 
Aug. 20 ; the jurisdiction of the Court of Admiralty and its procedure amended, 
30 & 31 Vict. c. 114, Aug. 20 ; facilities given for carrying out public works, 30 
& 31 Vict. c. 112, Aug. 20 ; demonstration and funeral procession of 16,000 per- 
sons at Dublin, Dec. 8; the Fenian procession prohibited in Dublin, Dec. 12; pub- 
lication of a declaration against the Church Establishment, Dec. 12 ; the Martello 
Tower at Foata, near Queenstown, captured by Fenians, Dec. 26, and the arms 
taken ; an explosive substance thrown into the post-office, Dec. 26 ; Mr Allport, 
a gunsmith in Patrick-street, Cork, his shop robbed in the open day, Dec. 31. 
The census of 1861 gives the population at 5,798,967 persons. 
IRELAND, Lord-Lieutenant of, the chief governor and viceroy of that island ; an 
ancient appointment, first given by Henry II., 1 1 73, toHughdeLacy, LordofMeath; 



IRELAND 



431 



other governors were styled successively Lord Warden, Protector, Lord of Ire- 
land, Lord Justice, Seneschal, Governor, Lord Deputy, Gustos, and Lord-Lieu- 
tenant ; the first with the title of Lord-Lieutenant appears to have been Piers 
Gaveston, Earl of Cornwall, the favourite of the unfortunate Edward II., his ap- 
pointment bearing date 1308. 



LIST OF THE LORD-LIEUTENANTS : — 



Albemarle, George Monk, Duke of 
Bedford, John, Duke of 
Bedford, Jasper, Duke of ... 
Bedford, John, Duke of 
Berkeley, J. Berkeley, Lord 
Birmingham, Philip Courtney, Lord 
Bolton, Charles, Duke of 
Buckinghamshire, John, Earl of 

,, ,, ,, again 

Camden, John, Earl of 
Capel, Henry, Lord 
Carlisle, Fred., Earl of 
Carteret, John, Lord 
Chesterfield, Philip, Earl of 
Clarence, George, Duke of 
Clarence, Lionel, Duke of 
Clarendon, Henry Hyde, Earl of 
Cornwallis, Charles, Marquis of 
Cromwell, Oliver 
Devonshire, William, Duke of 
Dorset, Lionel, Duke of ... 
„ „ „ again 

Dudley, Sir J. Sutton 
Essex, Arthur Capel, Earl of 
Essex, Robert, Earl of 
Fitzwilliam, William, Earl of 
Grafton, Charles, Duke of 
Grey, Sir John de ... 
Halifax, George, Earl of 
Harcourt, Simon, Earl of 
Harrington, William, Earl of 
Hartington, William, Marquis of 
Hertford, Francis, Earl of 
Kildare, Gerald, Earl of ... 
,, ,, ,, again 

,, ,, ,, again 

Lancaster, Thomas, Earl of 
Lincoln, John de la Pole, Earl of 
Lucy, Sir Anthony 
March, Edmund Mortimer, Earl of 
March, Edward, Earl of ... 
March, Roger Mortimer, Earl of 
Mountjoy, Sir Charles Blount, Lord 
Northington, Robert, Earl of 
Northumberland, Hugh, Earl of 
Ormond, James, Earl of ... 
Ormond, James, Earl of ... 
Ormond, James, Marquis of 



from 1660 to 1662 


1410 


1413 


1490 


1496 


1757 


1761 


1670 


1672 


1382 


1384 


1717 


1721 


1777 


1780 


1787 


1790 


1795 


1798 


1695 


1701 


1780 


1782 


1724 


1731 


1745 


1747 


1461 


1479 


1361 


1369 


1685 


1686 


1798 


1800 


1649 


1660 


1737 


1745 


1731 


1737 


1751 


1755 


1428 


1432 


1672 


1677 


... 1598 


1599 


1795 


1795 


1 72 1 


1724 


1427 


1428 


1761 


1763 


1772 


1777 


1747 


1751 


1755 


1757 


1765 


1767 


1483 


1485 


1496 


1501 


1504 


1520 


1401 


1410 


... 1485 


1490 


1331 


1361 


1380 


1382 


1413 


1414 


1395 


1399 


1599 


1639 


1783 


1784 


1763 


1765 


1329 


1331 


1440 


1446 


1643 


1649 



432 



IRELAND, CHURCH OF 



Ormond, James Butler, Duke of 

,, again 

Ormond, James Butler, Duke of 

„ ,, ,, ,, again 

Oxford, Robert de Vere 

Pembroke, Thomas, Earl of 

Portland, William Henry, Duke of 

Richard H. • ... 

,, ,, again 
Richmond, Ilenry, Didie of 
Rochester, Laurence Hyde, Earl of 
Robarts, John, Lord ... 

Rutland, Charles, Duke of 

Shrewsbury, Charles, Duke of 
Shrewsbury, John, Earl of 
Stanley, Sir Thomas 
Surrey, Thomas Howard, Earl of 
Sussex, Thomas, Earl of 
Sydney, Henry Sydney, Lord 
Talbot, Sir John ... 
Temple, George, Earl of 
Townsend, George, Viscount 

Tyrconnel, Richard Talbot, Earl of 

Wharton, Thomas, Earl of 
Wells, Lion, Lord ... 

Westmoreland, John, Earl of 

Windsor, Sir William de ... 

York, Henry, Duke of 

A LIST OF THE LORD-LIEUTENANTS SINCE 180O: 



from 1662 to 


1669 


1677 


1685 


1703 


1707 


1711 


1713 


1384 


1394 


1707 


1709 


1782 


1782 


1394 


1395 


1399 


1401 


1530 


1558 


1 701 


1703 


1669 


1670 


• 1784 


1787 


1713 


1717 


1446 


1449 


1432 


1438 


1520 


1530 


1639 


1643 


1690 


1695 


1414 


1416 


1782 


1783 


1767 


1772 


i686 


1690 


1709 


1711 


1438 


1440 


1790 


1795 


1369 


1380 


1501 


1504 



1801, May 25 

1806, March 28 

1807, April 19 

1813, Aug. 26 

1817, Oct. 9 

1821, Dec. 19 

1828, March I 

1829, March 6 

1830, Dec. 23 .. 

1833, Sept. 26 

1834, Dec. 29 

1835, April 23 

1839, April 3 

1841, Sept. 15 

1844, July 26 

1846, July II 

1847, May 26 

1852, Feb. 27 

1853, Jan. 4 

1855, Feb. 28 

1858, March 12 

1859, June 18 

1864, Nov. I 

1866, Aug. 24 

IRELAND, CHURCH OF. 



Philip York, Earl of Hardwicke. 
John Russell, Duke of Bedford. 
Charles Lennox, Duke of Richmond, 
Earl Whitworth. 
Earl Talbot. 
Marquis of Wellesley. 
Marquis of Anglesea. 
Duke of Northumberland. 
Marquis of Anglesea. 
Marquis of Wellesley. 
Earl of Haddington. 
Marquis of Normanby. 
Earl Fortescue. 
Earl de Grey. 
Baron Heytesbury. 
Earl of Bessborough. 
Earl of Clarendon. 
Earl of Eglinton. 
Earl of St Germans. 
Earl of Carlisle. 
Earl of Eglinton. 
Earl of Carlisle. 
Lord Woodhouse. 
Marquis of Abercom. 
There is no authentic account of the original source 



IRELAND IRISH PARLIAMENT 433 

from whence Christianity had come to Ireland ; but it appears that about a.d. 
402 several churches had been founded by some missionaries in Munster and 
Leinster. Palladius was the first bishop, 431, and the Church was duly organized 
by St Patrick, from his consecration about 440, till his death in 493. It was in 
1 152 that the Roman Pontiff acquired ordinary jurisdiction over the Irish Church, 
when at the synod of Kells the four archbishops, for the first time, received palls 
from Rome. In 1537, the Irish Parliament declared the King supreme head of 
the Church of Ireland, prohibited appeals to Rome, and suppressed the papal 
jurisdiction in that country. In the reign of Mary I., five of the bishops favour- 
able to the Reformation were irregularly expelled. Queen Elizabeth again i-ejected 
the papal power, and her act was approved by 17 out of 19 Irish bishops in the 
Parliament of 1 560. The Articles of the Church of England were adopted by the 
Irish Church in the synod of Dublin, 1634. The Church of Ireland is governed 
by two archbishops and ten bishops. The representative bishops in the English 
Parliament for the year 1868 are the archbishop of Armagh, the bishops of Killa- 
loe, Kilmore, and Meath. According to a return made to Parliament in 1S64, 
there were 1504 benefices of the Established Church in Ireland. A Royal Com- 
mission appointed, to inquire into, issued, Oct. 30, 1867. The Roman Catholic 
hierarchy, fofinded 1 152, consists of four archbishops, whose schismatical sees are 
in Armagh, Dublin, Cashel, and Tuam, and twenty-four bishops, who are all 
nominated by the Pope. The established Church disestablished and disendowed, 
26 July, 1869., 

IRELAND, Societies in : the Royal Agricultural Improvement Society, instituted 
at Dublin, 1841 ; Association of the Fellows and Licentiates of the Queen's Col- 
lege of Physicians, instituted, 1816; Institution of Civil Engineers, established at 
Dublin, 1835; remodelled, 1844; Royal Geological Society, instituted, 1832; Royal 
Zoological Society, instituted, 1801 ; Royal Irish Institution for promoting the Fine 
Arts, established, 1813 ; Royal Irish Art Union, instituted at Dublin, 1838; 
Royal Ii-ish Academy for promoting the Study of Science, &c., incorporated, 1786. 
IRISH ACADEMY, the Royal, of Science, Literature, and Antiquities, estab- 
lished, April 18, 1785. 
IRISH BRIGADE. This corps, so celebrated in the French service, had its origin 
in the treaty of Limerick, which stipulated that the garrison might march out with 
the honours of war, and be pennitted to embark for France, or elsewhere ; many 
transferred their allegiance to France, Oct. 3, 1691. 
IRISH HARP. See Harp. 

IRISH HOSPITALS. Smith's School, incorporated, 1669 ; Blue-coat Hospital, 
incorporated, 1670 ; Royal, near Kilmainham, 1683 ; Dublin Workhouse, estab- 
lished, 1728; Charitable Infirmary, opened, 1728; Stephen's Hospital, incor- 
porated, 1730; St Patrick's Hospital, founded, 1745, incorporated, 1746; Ly- 
ing-in Hospital, established, 1745; incorporated, 1757; Mercer's, incorporated, 
1750 ; St Nicholas', opened, 1753 ; Lock Hospital, instituted, 1755 ; Charitable 
Loan, instituted, 1757; Venereal Hospital, opened, 1758; Dublin Hospital, 
opened, 1762. 

IRISH MASSACRE. This wide-spread conspiracy for destroying Dublin Castle 
and the public buildings, and massacring all the Protestants, was discovered, 
Oct. 23, 1641, but not in time to prevent the sacrifice of many lives. 

IRISH PARLIAMENT, Speakers of the House of Commons in the, from 1661 
to the Union. 

1 66 1, May 8 Mervyn, Sir Audley, 

1661, Sept 6 Temple, John, 

1692, Oct. 5 Levinge, Sir Richard, 

1695, Aug. 27 Rochfort, Robert, 

28 



434 IRISH SOCIETY IRON CROWN OF LOMBARDY 



1703, Sept. 21 



Brodrick, Alan, 



1710, May 19 ... ... ... Forster, Hon. John, 

1713, Nov. 25 ... ... ... Brodrick, Alan, 

1715, Nov. 12 ... ... ... Conolly, Right Hon. Wm., 

1729, Oct. 13 ,.. ... ... Gore, Sir Ralph, 

1733, Oct. 4 ... ... ... Boyle, Hon. Henry, 

1756, April 26 ... ... ... Ponsonby, Right Hon. John, 

1771, March 7 ... ... ... Pery, Right Hon. Edmund Sexten, 

1785, Sept. 5 Foster, Right Hon. John. 

IRISH SOCIETY. The Province of Ulster and the towns of Dei-ry and Coler- 
aine granted to the Corporation and the Livery Companies of London by charter 
of King James I., March 29, 1613, under the title, ' The Society of the Governor 
and Assistants of London of the new plantation in Ulster, within the realm of 
Ireland ; the sums raised by them for the repairs and plantation ^60,000; the 
estates divided amongst the corporation and companies according to the sums 
raised by them, by the Common Council, Dec. 17, 161 3. 
IRISH SOCIETY, established for promoting religious instruction among the Irish 

Romanists, 1818. 
IRISH WORKING SCHOOLS SOCIETY, established, Oct., 1773. 
IRON is mentioned with brass as the earliest known metals, Gen. iv. 22 ; sheet- 
iron was used for cooking utensils, Ezek. iv. 3 ; Lev. vii. 9 ; the market of Tyre 
was supplied with bright or polished iron by the merchants of Dan and Javan, 
Ezek. xxvii. 9 ; first made in England by the Romans, A. D. 120 ; the Sheriff of 
Surrey and Sussex ordered to furnish 30,000 horse-shoes and 60,000 nails, 1254 ; 
there were 72 forges in the Forest of Dean, 1282 ; the export of, prohibited by 
Edward HI., 1354; there were only 59 manufactories, 1740; vessels made of 
cast-iron by the Dutch and Portuguese, 1517 ; cannons cast, 1521 ; John Owen 
was the first Englishman who employed this metal for the making of cannons in 
England, 1535, and Ralph Page, 1540; blast furnaces erected in the Forest of 
Dean, 1550 ; the Dutch first introduced the making of iron into Russia, the first 
blast furnace being erected at Kaloega, 1613; James I. granted patents to iron- 
masters for using pit coals, 1619, but the obstacles were not easily overcome ; 
Lord Dudley patented his invention of ' melting iron ewre with sea coles or pit 
coales in furnaces with bellows,' Feb. 22, 1620 ; the ballustrades for the palace of 
Moscow were cast by the Russians at Toela ; pig-ii'on from bog-iron was made in 
Holland at Rekhem, 1689 ; the first bellows, of any magnitude for blasting, made 
by Smeaton at the Carron Iron-works, 1760; Mr Henry Cort of Gosport intro- 
duced, at great cost to himself, two of the most important inventions, ^ puddling'* 
and ^ rolling,^ 1783, and Feb., 1784; the hot-blast process patented by Mr 
Neilson, 1828, has effected an entire revolution in the making of iron ; Mr Crane 
introduced stone coal or culm in smelting, 1836 ; Mr Budd, a blast of high pres- 
sure, 1842 ; Mr Nasmyth invented his steam-hammer, 1842 ; Mr Bessemer's 
process patented, 1855 ; since much improved by him. 

IRON CROSS. This military and civil order was established by Frederick William 
III. of Prussia, March 10, 1813 ; the iron cross and medal of Belgium estab- 
lished, 1830. 

IRON CROWN OF LOMBARDY. It derives its name from the circle of iron 
encrusted in the interior, which is supposed to have been forged out of one of the 
nails of the cross. It is composed of a thin collar of gold, loaded with sapphires, 
emeralds, rubies, and other precious stones uncut, interspersed with flowers of 
gold, presented to tlie Empress Theodolinda by Pope Gregory, first used by King 
Agilulph, A.D. 591, and the successive monarchs ; Napoleon I. crowned Avith it at 
Milan, May 26, 1805 ; restored to Italy, Nov. 4, 1866. 



IRON HELMET ISLE OF MAN 435 

IRON HELMET, l\e order of the, founded by William I. of Hesse, March 18, 
1814. 

IRON MASK, a state-prisoner in France, so named from a black velvet mask 
which he wore for 43 years that he was confined, first in the castle of Pignerol ; 
removed, 1681, to Exelles, from thence to the island of St Marguerite, 1687, and 
finally to the Bastile of Paris, 1698. He was supposed to be a prince, and was 
always most respectfully treated ; a number of individuals were named, but none* 
was ever proved to be the correct party ; he died, Nov. 19, 1703. 

IRONMONGERS' COMPANY, first noticed as a company, 25 Edw. Ill, 1351 ; 
incorporated by 3 Edw. IV. , March 20, 1463 ; confirmed by 4 & 5 Philip & Mary, 
June 20, 1558 ; by i Eliz., Nov. 12, 1560 ; by 2 James I., June 25 ; re-incorpor- 
ated by I James II., March 18 ; arms granted to, 34 Henry VI., Sept. i, 1455 ; 
confirmed by 22 Henry VIII. , and again, by 2 Eliz., May 28, 1560. Hall built, 
circa 1494 ; rebuilt, 1587 ; escaped the fire of 1666 ; rebuilt from the designs of 
Mr Holden, and opened, 1750 ; the interior altered and re-opened, June 8, 1847 J 
exhibition of works of arts at, May 8, 1861, 

IRON SHIPS.— ^^<? Shipbuilding. 

IRVINGITES, the followers of Edward Irving, who propounded a new doctrine 
upon the human nature of Christ, and believed in the utterances of unknown 
tongues ; he was ejected from the Church of Scotland, March 15, 1833 ; his fol- 
lowers built the cathedral in Gordon-square, 1852-3 ; opened, Jan. i, 1854. 

ISABEL, ST, island in the Pacific Ocean, discovered by Mendana, 1567. 

ISABELLA, ST, order of, instituted in Portugal by the Queen for ladies of rank, 
1804. 

ISABELLA THE CATHOLIC, order of, founded by Ferdinand VII. of Portugal, 
March, 24, 1815. 

ISAIAH THE PROPHET, son of Amoz, wrote his Book of Prophecies, circa 

B.C. 760. 
ISAURIA, Asia Minor. The inhabitants lived by plunder ; they held possession 
of the sea, and became so formidable as pirates that the Romans made a special 
campaign against them, B.C. 78, but they remained unsubdued for some cen- 
turies. 

ISCHIA, Mediterranean, first colonized by the Greeks ; another colony settled 
here, B.C. 474, under Hiero of Syracuse ; seized by the Saracens, a.d. 847 ; made 
a bishopric, 1179 ; plundered by the pirate Barbarossa, 1543-4 ; taken by the Eng- 
lish forces, 1807 ; a severe earthquake at, Feb. 2, 1828. 

ISLAMISM, invented by Mahomet in a cave at Mecca, where, with the help of a 
renegade Jew and others, he penned and composed the Koran, which was a pre- 
tended revelation from the angel Gabriel, and soon afterwards assumed the pro- 
phetical character, A.D. 604. 

ISLE OF FRANCE, discovered, 1505 ; the Dutch first settled there, 1598; the 
French colonized it, 1715 ; taken by the British, Dec. 2, 1810. 

ISLE OF MAN, governed by Orbsenius, son of Alladius, a prince of Ireland, 
A.D. 422 ; St Patrick landed at, 444 ; conquered by Edwin, King of Deira, 630 ; 
subjugated by Norway, 1077 ; and sold by Magnus VI. to Alexander III. for 4000 
marks, 1266 ; Kmg Guttred built the abbey of Rushen, 947 ; dissolved, 1553 ; 
Harold, king of, married the Princess of Norway, and was shipwrecked on their 
return, and lost, 1248 ; the island of, conquered by Sir John Comyn at the battle 
of Ronaldsway, 1270 ; the islanders placed themselves under the protection of 
Edward I., 1290; Sir William de Montacute, Earl of Salisbury, defeated the 



436 ISLE OF PINES - ISRAEL 

Scots, 1343, and married Mary, the daughter of Reginald, the next heir to the 
throne of, crowned King, 1344 ; sold by his descendants to Sir William Scroop, 
1395 ; taken by Sir John Stanley for Henry IV. ; he conferred it upon the Con- 
queror, 1407 ; Peel Castle erected by Henry, fourth Earl of Derby, 1593 ; fortified, 
1643^ granted to William, sixth Earl of Derby, by James I., Feb. 9, 1609; 
granted by him to his son James Stanley, Aug. Ii, 1637 ; upon his decapitation, 
Oct. 16, 165 1, it was granted to Lord Fairfax by the Parliament, 1652 ; restored to 
Charles, 8th Earl of Derby, 1662 ; the Manx Magna Charta granted by James, 
tenth Earl of Derby, 1703 ; the eleventh Earl of, dying without issue, 1736, the lord- 
ship of Man devolved upon the Duke of Athol ; the sovereignty of, surrendered 
to the crown of Great Britain, by the Duke of Athol, for ^70,000, and ;i^3000 
reserved to his descendants from the revenue of the island, 1765 ; a copper coinage 
issued, 1786 ; all the duke's interest purchased by the Imperial Parliament for 
;!<^4i6,ooo, 1825 ; a fiscal act passed regulating the revenues of the island, 7 & 8 
Vict. c. xliii., July 19, 1844; the disafforesting of, ordered. May 26, 1865. 

ISLE OF PINES, South Pacific, the French took possession of it along with New 
Caledonia, 1853. 

ISLES, BISHOPRIC OF THE. This see was founded, 440, and not only in- 
cluded the ^budas, or Western Isles, but the Isle of Man ; and its prelates oc- 
casionally resided at lona, Man, and Bute. The bishopric of Sodor and the 
Western Isles was instituted, 83S ; transferred from the province of Canterbury to 
that of York, 1542 ; made a post-revoltttion as Argyll and the Isles, 1847. 

ISLINGTON, London. Paulinus Suetonius encamped here previous to his en- 
gagement with Queen Boadicea at Battle Bridge, A.D. 61 ; lands in, given to St 
Paul's, 1065 ; Canonbury House erected, 1253 ; restored, 1523 ; Llenry VI. 
arrested here, 1465 ; Richard Roth and four other reformers burnt at the stake, 
1557 ; Queen Elizabeth visited Islington, 1581 ; the new river opened, Sept. 29, 
1613 ; Lady Owen's almshouses founded, June 12, 1608 ; the village infested 
with highwaymen, 1739, 1771. St James's Chapel built from the design of Mr 
Hurst ; the first stone laid, June 16, 1787 ; opened, 17S8 ; consecrated, June 8, 
1 791. White Conduit-house, the cockneys' rendezvous for drinking tea, erected 
in the reign of Charles I.; extended, 1754 ; pulled down, March, 1849 ; an act 
passed for the management of the parish, 20 & 21 Vict. c. xxi., 1857. The Agricul- 
tural Hall erected from the designs of Frederick Peek ; first stone laid by Lord 
Berners, Nov. 5, 1861 ; opened for the cattle-show, Dec. 8, 1862 ; the Prince of 
-Wales visited, Dec. 13, 1863 ; the first dog-show held, June 24, 1862 ; the first 
horse-show, July i, 1864 ; Mr Spurgeon held a series of services from Sunday, 
March 24, to April 21, 1867 ; the statues of Sir Hugh Myddleton and a drinking- 
fountain erected at Islington-green, July 26, 1862 ; Homsey Wood House pur- 
chased for the Finsbury Park, Feb. 13, 1866. 

ISMAIL MOLDO, Wallachia, a Turkish possession, besieged and taken by the 
Russians, after an heroic defence, Dec. 22, 1790; Suwarrow, so well known as 
the ' Butcher of Ismail,' put 30,000 men, the entire garrison, to the sword ; and 
'that not satiating his thirst for vengeance, he gave the place up to pillage to his 
barbarian soldiers, and ordered 6000 women to be massacred ; the Russians took 
this town again, Sept. 26, 1809 ; ceded to Russia, May 28, 1812 ; ceded by treaty 
to Moldavia, the Russians first destroying the fortifications, March 30, 1856. 

ISPAHAN, Persia, taken by Timor, 1387, when he slew most of the inhabitants. 

ISRAEL. The descendants of Jacob and of the Ten Tribes, who formed a 
new kingdom, Shechem being the capital, i Kings xii. 25 ; it lasted from B.C. 
975 to B.C. 721. 



ISSONDUM 


Kings of Israel. 


ITALY 


975 Jeroboam 


B.C. 855 


Jehoaliaz 


957 Nadab 


841 


Jehoash 


955 Baasha 


825 


Jeroboam II 


932 Elah 


770 


Zachariah 


930 Zimri 


770 


Shallura 


930 Omri 


769 


Menahem 


919 Ahab 


759 


Pekahiah 


897 Ahaziah 


758 


Pekah 


895 Jehoram 


728 


Hoshea 



437 



884 Jehu 
ISSONDUM, France, suffered several sieges ; burnt, 1651. 

ISSUS. In the immediate neighbourhood of this city Alexander annihilated the 
Persians under Darius, B.C. 333 ; Septimus Severus defeated Pescennius Niger, 
and obtained the Roman Empire, a.d. 194. 

ISTHMIA, one of the Greeks' national festivals, instituted, B.C. 1326 ; the Romans 
allowed to take part in them, 228 ; the Sicyonians conducted tliese games, 146, 
for a short time, until the rebuilding of Corinth. 

ISTRIA or HISTRIA, in the Adriatic, first subdued by the Romans, but soon 
rose again to independence ; reconquered by C. Claudius, B.C. 177 ; incorporated 
with Rome ; made a marquisate by the Emperor Plenry IV. ; conquered by 
Venice, 1 190 ; the Venetian part of, ceded to Austria by the treaty of Campo 
Formio, 1797, and that of Luneville, 1801 ; united to Italy by the treaty of 
Presburg, 1805. 

ITALY, anciently called Saturnia, of considerable extent in the time of Thucydides ; 
conquered by the Romans, B.C. 509; Veii captured, 396; the Volscian power destroy- 
ed, 343 ; the revolt of the Latins, 340 ; the second Samnite war brought Italy into 
the struggle for liberty, 326 ; conclusion of, 304; renewal of, 298; peace restored, 
290 ; war renewed with the Etruscans, 282 ; Italy completely subdued, 275 ; the 
Volscinians revolted, 265; the Istrians subdued, 177; outbreak of the social 
war, 90 ; in possession of the Sabellian nation, 90 ; Cisalpine Gaul united to, 
41 ; Odoacer captured Pavia, Ravenna, and Rome, and proclaimed himself King 
of Italy, Aug. 23, a.d. 476 ; Theodoric, King of the Ostrogoths, defeated him at 
Aquileia, March 27, 489 ; Ravenna surrendered to Theodoric, 493 ; he died in 
his palace at Ravenna, 526 ; Rome besieged for a year, March, 537 ; the Goths 
ceased to have any power in Italy after 553 ; became a part of the Greek nation, 
554 ; overran by the Lombards and Avari, 566 ; Alboni proclaimed king at 
Milan, 568 ; murdered, June 28, 573 ; Autharis chosen king, 584 ; the islands of 
the Adriatic were formed into a republic and elected their first doge, 697; Pavia be- 
sieged by Pekin of France ; made a treaty v\'ith Astolphus ; Charlemagne besieged 
the city; by the treaty of Verdun the country was delivered, with the imperial title, 
to Lotharius I., 843 ; invaded by the Saracens, 928 ; Otho seized the throne, 
945 ; Hardouin, Marquis of Ivrea, crowned King of Italy in Pavia, 1002 ; tlie 
Guelphs and Ghibehnes faction arose, 1 129; the crown bestowed on Frederick, 
Duke of Bavaria, by the German diet, 1152 ; six times did the Emperor cross the 
Alps with a numerous force to reduce the country in conjunction with the people 
of Pavia; he defeated the Milanese, 1154; Barbarossa entered Italy, I158 ; Milan 
and other towns received him ; a treaty was agreed to, Sept. 7, 1 158 ; Crema be- 
sieged and surrendered, Jan., 1 160; Milan surrendered to Frederick, March, 1162; 
Frederick again entered Italy and besieged Alessandria ; compelled to raise the 
siege, April, 1 1 75 ; defeated at Legnano, May 29, 1 1 76 ; a truce for six years 
concluded, I177 ; treaty of Constance, June 25, I183 ; Frederick reconquered 
the whole of Upper Italy, 1238; Charles of Anjou King of Italy, 1261 ; he invaded 



438 ITALY 

Naples and defeated Manfred at Benevento, Feb. 26, 1266; Conradin, grandson 
of Frederick II., invaded Italy, but was defeated, Aug. 26, 1268 ; taken prisoner, 
and shortly afterwards executed, Oct. 26 ; Henry of Luxembourg elected to the 
throne, 1308 ; he crossed Mont Cenis and appeared in Italy, 1310. The Condot- 
tieri : these bands of robbers devastated Italy, 1348-54; Charles VIII . of France 
advanced to Naples, determined to subdue Italy, 1494 ; Louis XII. of France 
passed the Alps with a powerful army, Aug., 1499 ; he took several small towns, 
but was obliged to retire the same year ; the French defeated at Ravenna, iinder 
Gaston de Foix, April 11, 15 12 ; Francis sent an army, under Bonnivet, to invade 
Lombardy and take possession of Milan, 1523, but he was unsuccessful ; Pavia 
besieged by Fra;icis, King of France, and Charles V. of Spain ; the former was 
taken prisoner and his army dispersed, Feb. 24, 1525 ; Parma and Piacenza raised 
to a dukedom by Paul III., 1545 ; Milan and Naples separated from Italy, 1553; 
the battle of Turin was won by the Imperialists, under the command of Prince 
Eugene of Savoy, Sept. 7, 1706; the French surrendered all her possessions 
in Italy to AiLstria, March 13, 1707 ; Montserrat ceded by Austria to Savoy, Oct. 
7, 1703; the Imperialists took possession of Naples, 1707; the Emperor confirm- 
ed in his possessions by the treaty of Rastadt, March 6, 1714 ; the Spanish Infant, 
Don Carlos, seized the kingdom of Naples, and defeated the Austrians at Bitonto, 
May 23, 1734; crowned at Palermo, in Dec. ; by the treaty of Vienna, Nov., 
1735, arrangements were made to settle the peace of Italy ; the death of Charles 
VI. without male issue brought about the Austrian war, 1743 ; the Austrians de- 
feated at Velletri, near the Neapolitan frontier, and driven out of Milan, Aug. 
10, 1744; Genoa surrendered to the Austrians, Sept. 7, 1746; besieged by the 
Austrians and Piedmontese, 1747 ; Aix-la-Chapelle, treaty of, April 30 — Oct. 18, 
1748 ; Sardinia attacked by the French, Sept., 1792 ; Voltri taken by the Aus- 
trians, under General Beaulieu, April 9, 1796 ; General Augereau forced the de- 
files of Millesimo, April 13 ; Dego taken and retaken ; after several successes an 
armistice was concluded with Sardinia, April 29, 1796 ; treaty signed, May 17; Lodi 
captured. May 10, 1796 ; the Cisalpine republic formed, Dec, 1796; Venice trans- 
ferred to Austria by the treaty of Campo-Formio, Oct. 17, 1 797; the French invaded 
the country and imprisoned the pope, 1798 ; the Russians defeat the French, 1799 ; 
Bonaparte crossed the Alps and took Milan, and defeated the Austrians at Marengo, 
June 14, 1800 ; made King of, and crowned at Milan, May 26, 1805 ; his brother 
Joseph proclaimed King of Naples, Jan. 14, 1806 ; Joseph exchanged it for the 
Spanish throne, 1808, and he was succeeded by General Murat, July 15, 180S ; 
Tuscany given to the Parma family, and in 1 808 made a French province ; visited 
by a pestilence, 1810; Murat dethroned, May 20, 1815; the kingdom settled by the 
treaty of Vienna, 1816; insurrectionof the army in Naples, July, 1820; Pepe landed 
at Melazzo, entered Palermo by capitulation, Oct. 6, 1820, and proclaimed the con- 
stitution ; an Austrian army entered Naples, March 23, 1821, and restored the old 
regime ; rebellion in Piedmont ; abdication of Victor Emmanuel, March 10, 
1821 ; the Austrians crossed the Ticino and defeated the army, April 8, entered 
Turin on the loth, and took possession of the fortress of Alessandria on the i ith ; 
Victor Emmanuel confirmed his abdication on the 19th ; succeeded by his son, 
Charles Albert ; several states rebelled against their form of government, 1848 ; 
the Austrians expelled from Milan, March 23 ; Charles Albert declared war 
against ; he forced the Austrian lines on the Mincio, April 8 ; Goito taken. May 29 ; 
Peschiera surrendered. May 30 ; defeated by the Austrians at Custozza, July 25 ; 
at Milan, Aug. 4 ; armistice concluded, Aug. 9 ; war renewed, March 12, 1849; 
the Sardinian army defeated at Novara, March 23, 1849 ; abdication of Charles 
Albert, March 23 ; Victor Emmanuel concUided a treaty, Aug. 6 ; Venice sur- 
rendered, Aug. 29, 1850 ; the Austrians cross the Ticino and invade Sardinia, 
April 26, 1859 ; Victor Emmanuel declared war against, April 27 ; Florence and 
Parma revolted ; the Emperor Napoleon III . join the French forces; the Sardinian 



ITALY 439 

army defeated the Austrians at the battle of Montebello, May 20 ; at Palestro, May 
31 ; Magenta, June 4, and Malegnano. June 8 ; the victors enter Milan, June 
8 ; the Austrians again defeated at Solferino, June 24 ; an armistice agreed to, 
July 8 ; a meeting of the two emperors at Villafranca, July 1 1, and a treaty agreed 
to; the King of Sardinia and Napoleon entered Turin, July 15 ; the duchies an- 
nexed to Sardinia, Aug., Sept. ; the kingdom divided into provinces, Oct. 31 ; Gari- 
baldi withdrew from active service, Nov. 18; the Cavou.v ministry formed, Jan. , i860; 
Savoy and Nice ceded to France by treaty, March 24; revolution in Sicily, April; in- 
surrectionat Naples, Aug. ; Garibaldi enters Naples, Sept. 8; Victor Emmanuel pro- 
claimed King of Italy, Sept. 9 ; Loretto taken, Sept. 18 ; Ancona taken, Sept. 29 ; 
Pecaro and Perugia taken, Sept. 1 1 and 16 ; the King of Naples left for Gaeta, Sept. 
7 ; Garibaldi entered Naples, Sept. 8 ; proclaimed Victor Emmanuel King of Italy, 
Sept. 9; handed over the Neapolitan fleet to the Sardinian Admiral, Sept. 1 1 ; the 
Neapolitans defeated by Garibaldi at Volturno, Oct. I ; Victor Emmanuel enters 
Naples, Nov. 7 ; Garibaldi retired to Caprera, Nov. 9 ; his army disbanded, Nov, 
27; Gaeta taken, Feb. 13, 1861 ; the first meeting of the new parliament, Feb. 18, 
at Tui-in ; Victor Emmanuel II. proclaimed king, March 17 ; England recognized 
the kingdom of, March 30 ; the monastic orders suppressed, 1861 ; France recog- 
nized the new kingdom, June 24 ; the Exhibition opened at Florence by the king, 
Sept. 15. Garibaldi raised an insurrection in Sicily, Aug. 3, 1862; he took Catania, 
Aug. 20 ; landed in Calabria ; taken by the Italians, under General Pallavicino ; 
Garibaldi and his son wounded, Aug. 29 ; imprisoned at Spezia ; amnesty granted 
to, Oct. 5 ; a convention for the integrity of the Roman States signed, Sept. 15, 
1864 ; the first Italian parliament held at Florence, Nov. 18, 1865 ; war declared 
against Austria, June 20, 1866 ; General La Marmora sent an intimation to the 
Commandant of Mantua, that hostilities would commence on the 23rd ; the 
Austrians were commanded by Archduke Albrecht ; the Italian army was com- 
manded by the King of Italy, and crossed the Mincio on the 23rd of June ; they 
were defeated at Custozza, with a loss of 720 killed, 31 12 wounded, and 4315 
missing ; the Austrians lost 960 killed, 3690 wounded, and nearly 1000 prisoners, 
June 24 ; the Italians recrossed the Mincio the same night ; Garibaldi with 6000 
volunteers suffered a defeat at Cassai-obach, June 25, and 'at Bogolino, when 
Garibaldi was wounded, July 3 ; the Italian army, under Cialdini, crossed the Po 
at Massa, July 7 ; the Austrians retired before him ; Garibaldi's forces made 
some movements on the Tyrol, and on the 19th captured the fort of Ampola ; 
an armistice was agreed to, July 22 ; the Italian fleet defeated at Lissa, June 20 ; 
a treaty of peace agreed to and signed, Oct. 3 ; Venetia ceded to Italy, by Vi'hich 
the kingdom was free from the Alps to the Adriatic, and the iron crown restored, 
Nov. 4, 1866 ; the senate decreed to impeach Admiral Persano for disobedience of 
orders, Jan. 29, 1867 ; a bill brought into the Italian parliament for the separation 
of Church and State, Jan. 17 ; the ministry of Baron Ricasoli reconstructed, Feb. 
16 ; the parliament opened at Florence by the king, March 22 ; resigned, April 
4 ; the Rattazzi ministry formed, April 7 ; Admiral Persano found guilty and de- 
graded, April 15 ; the bill for the sale of the Church property passed, Aug. 15 ; 
received the royal assent, Aug. 17 ; popular tumults attended by the most atro- 
cious acts of bloodshed committed at Florence during the rage of the cholera, 
Sept. 13 ; the new gallery of Victor Emmanuel at Milan opened by the king, 
Sept. 15 ; Garibaldi preparing to march upon Rome, was arrested at Sinigaglia, by 
order of the government, and conveyed to Alessandria, Sept. 23 ; removed to 
Caprera, Sept. 27 ; attempted to escape from, Oct. 2 ; several engagements with 
the Papal forces and Garibaldians, Oct. 5 ; proclamation issued by, for marching 
upon Rome, Oct. 6 ; a treaty of navigation with the North German Confederation 
signed, Oct. 14, to take effect from Jan. i, 1868 ; the Garibaldians, under Menotti 
Garibaldi, defeated at Nerola, Oct. 18 ; Garibaldi leaves Caprera and arrives at 
Florence, Oct. 28 ; the ministry of Signor Rattazzi resigned, Oct. 21, and General 



440 



ITALY 



Cialdini called upon to form one, but failed, Oct. 26 ; the Papal forces defeated 
at Monte Rondo, Oct. 26 ; the States of the Church sold, Oct. 26 ; proclamation 
issued by the king against the Roman invasion, Oct. 27 ; Menabrea formed a 
ministry, Oct. 28; General Cialdini with the Royal army crossed the Papal frontier, 
Oct. 30 ; General Dumont with the French forces entered Rome the same day ; 
Garibaldi defeated at Mentona, Nov. 3 ; surrendered to the Italian army, Nov. 4 ; 
the Italian troops evacuate the Papal States, Nov. 5 ; note from the government 
upon the suppression of the insurrection, Nov. 6 ; note of the Italian minister upon 
the settlement of the Papal question, Nov. 7; Garibaldi returned to Caprera, Nov. 
25 ; the Menabrea ministry defeated by two votes, Dec. 22 ; resigned, Dec. 23. 
The following Table indicates the annual revenue from Church property. 

MONASTIC ORDERS AND CORPORATIONS. £ 

Revenue from land 19,688,889 

Income from various sources ... ... ... ... 10,478,952 



Total /30, 167,841 

BENEFICES, ABBEYS, PRIORIES, CANONRIES, &C. 

Revenue from land ... ... ... ... ... ... 15,515,424 

Income from various sources ... ... ... ... 9,911,744 



Total i;25,427,i68 

BISHOPRICS, SEMINARIES, AND BUILDINGS. 

Revenue from land 13,720,596 

Income from various sources ... ... ... ... 9,224,954 



Total ^22,945,550 

PARISHES. 

Revenue from divers sources ... ... ... ... 17,716,018 

CONFRATERNITIES 

Revenue from divers sources ... ... ... ... 4,699,783 

A Table showing the respective losses of the allied armies and the Austrians in 

the different combats and battles which took place during the campaign in Italy. 

' At Montebello — allies, 7000 engaged, 850 killed and wounded ; Austrians, 
13,000 engaged, 1 150 killed and wounded, and 150 prisonei's. Palestro — allies, 
21, 000 engaged, 1400 killed and wounded; Austrians, 24,000 engaged, 2100 
killed and wounded, 950 prisoners, andsixpieces of cannon. Magenta andTurbigo — 
French, 55,000 engaged, 4400 killed and wounded, 200 prisoners and one cannon ; 
Austrians, 75,000 engaged, 13,000 killed and wounded, 7000 prisoners, and four 
cannon. Malegnano — French, 16,000 engaged, 900 killed and wounded ; Aus- 
trians, 18,000 engaged, 1400 killed and wounded, 900 prisoners. Solferino — 
allies, 145,000 engaged, 16,800 killed and wounded, 350 prisoners; Austrians, 
170,000 engaged, 21,000 killed and wounded, 7000 prisoners, and 30 cannon.' It 
is thus seen that the total loss in killed and wounded of the allies was 24,350, and 
of the Austrians, 38,650, making a difference against the latter of 14,300. The 
number of French taken prisoners was only 300, while the Austrians lost 16,000. 
The French took 40 pieces of cannon, and the Austrians only one. 
ITALY, changes in the ministry since 1861 : — 

Sept. 5, 1861. Ricasoli president, several new ministers appointed. 

Mar. 3, 1862. Ricasoli still president, but all the other ministers changed. 

Mar. 31, 1862. Some new ministers appointed. 

April 7,1862. More new ministers. 



ITALY, KINGS OF JACOB, ST 441 

Dec. 8, 1862. Total change of ministry. 

Sept. 24, 1864. Accession of the Minghette ministry. 

Dec. 14, 1865. La Mai-mora appointed president, and several other ministers 

changed. 

June 20, 1866. La Marmora remains, but all the other ministers changed. 

Feb. 16, 1867. Total change of ministry, Ricasoli appointed president. 

April 7, 1867. Accession of the Rattazzi ministry. 

Oct. 28, 1867. Appointment of the Menabrea ministry. 

ITALY, KINGS OF. 

Berenger ... ... A.D. 888 Lothaire ... ... 945 

Guy, Duke of Spoleto ... 889 Berenger II. & Adalbert 950 

Lambert ... ... 894 Otho I. ... ... ... 962 

Louis the blind ... ... 900 Otho II. ... ... 973 

Berenger ... ... 905 Otho III. ... ... 983 

Rodolf, King of Burgundy 922 Napoleon I. ... ... 1804 

Huglr, Count de Provence 926 Victor I. March 17, 1861 

IVES, ST, Cornwall, incorporated by charter, 16 Chas. I., 1640 ; confirmed by 

James II., 1685 ; Town Hall built, 1832 ; the Pier was erected by Mr Smeaton, 

1770. 
IVORY. The Assyrians appear to have carried on a great traffic in this article. 

The ivory to make the throne of Solomon was supplied by the caravans of Dedan, 

Is. xxi. 13 ; Eze. xxvii. 15 ; the ivory house or palace of Ahab, i Kings xxii. 39 ; 

in 1784, the number of tusks imported into Nantes was 744. In the Exhibition of 

1 85 1 was shown the largest piece known ; it was 11 feet long and one foot broad. 

The Tagua Nut, or vegetable ivory : this is found on the banks of the river 

Magdalena, Columbia, and is capable of being carved into a variety of ornaments 

and receiving a high polish. 
IVRY-SUR-SEINE, France. Henry IV. defeated the army of the League, under 

the Duke of Mayenne, March 14, 1590. 



JACINTO, SAN, Texas. Gen. Santa Anna was defeated and taken prisoner by 
the Texans on the banks of this river, April 21, 1816. 

JACK CADE'S REBELLION. A general rising of the men of Kent and Surrey 
against the tyrannical measures of the government; assembled on Blackheath, 
June I, 1450 ; they held possession of London, committing great excesses in the 
city, but upon Cade marching into Southwark, the citizens shut the gates of 
London Bridge, and defended them with great braveiy, many being killed ; at- 
tainted as a traitor, 27 Hen. VI. c. I, 1450. Cade killed by a Kentish gentleman, 
Alexander Eden, who found him lurking in his garden, at Heathfield, in Sussex. 

JACK THE PAINTER, alias James Aikin, trial of, for setting fire to the rope- 
house in Portsmouth dockyard, Dec. 7; I776- 

JACOB, ST, a Swiss hamlet, the scene of a great battle, fought in 1444, between 
1600 Swiss and a vastly more numerous French force, under the Dauphin, after- 
wards Louis XL, known as the Swiss Thermopylae. 

JACOBIN CLUB, a French revolutionary club, at first known as the Breton Club, 
1789 ; they held their first meetings at Versailles ; they subsequently held their 
public meetings in the monastery of the Jacobins in the Rue St Honore, at Paris. 



44^ JACOBITES JAMAICA 

They held a meeting in the Champ de Mars, July 17, 1791 ; several persons killed 
by the military. 

JACOBITES, the adherents to the cause of King James II., abdicated, 168S; 
several unsuccessful attempts to recover the throne were inade by the agents of this 
party in Scotland and in England, 1715 ^'■^'^ 1745? Bishop Atterbury was con- 
cerned in this plot, and was banished from England, Oct., 1722. 

JACOBUS, a gold coin struck in the reign of King James I., valued at 25^'. 

JACQUARD LOOM, exhibited at the Exposition of Industry at Lyons, Sept., iSoi ; 
the same year he obtained a patent for it. He set up his first loom at Lyons, 
1802 ; purchased for the use of the public by an imperial decree, Oct. 27, 1806. 

JACQUERIE, an insurrection in France, so called from the familiar nickname of 
Jacques Bonhomme, applied to the French peasantry; it commenced in the neigh- 
bourhood of Clermont and Beauvais, May, 1358 ; they besieged the town of Meaux, 
but were defeated with a loss of 7000. 

JAFFA, Syria (the ancient Joppa), during the wars of the Maccabees its shipping 
was set on fire by Jonathan, i Mace. x. 76 ; its fortifications rebuilt, i Mace. 
V. 34 ; pillaged by the Romans, when 8400 of its inhabitants were slain, and 
the town burnt, circa B.C. 66 ; afterwards became a i^efuge for pirates, and was 
utterly destroyed; taken by Omar, A.D. 636; captured by Baldwin I. in the 
Crusades, retaken by Saladin, 118S ; sacked, 1722 and 1775 ; stormed by Napo- 
leon I., March 6, 1797, when 500 Turkish prisoners were put to death, March 10. 

J AGO, ST, in Cuba, plundered and demolished by the English, Oct. 2, 1662 ; 
island of, bombarded, Sept. 21, 1741. 

JAMAICA, West Indies, discovered by Columbus, May 3, 1494 ; the Spaniards 
settled here, 1509 ; taken by the English, 1597 ; reoccupied by the Spaniards ; 
captured by an English squadron under Admiral Penn, carrying 4000 men under 
the command of Venables, May 3, 1655; formally ceded by Spain by the treaty 
of Madrid, 1670 ; Port Royal destroyed and serious damage inflicted upon life 
and property by an earthquake, June 7) 1692 ; visited by a fearful hurricane, 
Aug. 28, 1722; another, Oct. 22, 1726; divided into three counties, and justices 
appointed, Oct. 21, 1758; seat of government removed to Kingston, Sept. 16, 
1756 ; much damage inflicted upon the island by a hurricane, Sept. i, 1734, and 
Oct. 20, 1744; insurrection of negroes detected, Feb., 1745 > suppressed the next 
year ; the Maroons revolted, 1795, subdued, March ; damage done to the extent 
of;!^300,ooo by a hurricane, Aug. 10, 1751 ; slave trade abolished, 1807; the 
hurricane, Oct., 1815, destroyed upv/ards of 1000 persons, and a great number of 
dwellings ; insurrection in, by the negroes, martial law declared, Dec. 22, 1831 ; 
great fire at Kingston, Aug. 26, 1843, when upwards of 400 houses were destroyed 
and property valued at ^^250, 000 ; upwards of 30,000 of the inhabitants died by 
cholera, 1850- 1 ; the constitution has been modified by several measures adopted 
by the Assembly, 1854 and 1856. Mr Eyre appointed Governor, July 15, 1S64 ; 
a negro taken before the magistrates for using threatening language, and creating 
a disturbance at Morant Bay Court House, Oct. 7 ; a warrant issued against 
Paul Bogle, Oct. 9 ; Paul Bogle, a negro, taken for attempting to rescue the pri- 
soners from the officers at Stony Gut, Oct. 10 ; the Court House attacked and 
set on fire by an armed body of insurgents ; the Rev. V. Herschell, Mr Charles 
Price, Lieut. Hall, and Baron Kethelhodt murdered in a shocking manner with 
several others, Oct. 11 ; martial law proclaimed, Oct. 13, by order of council ; the 
Governor proceeded to Morant Bay, Oct. 14 ; a court-martial held on the i6th, 
27 persons were found guilty, and hung ; Mr G. W. Gordon tried, Oct. 20 ; found 
guilty, and hung, Oct. 23, 1865 ; Paul Bogle executed the next day ; the Legis- 
lative Assembly opened, Nov. 7 ; Gen. Sir Henry Storks appointed to succeed 
Governor Eyre, Dec. 22 ; Mr Russell Gurney, Recorder of London, and Mr J. B. 



JAMES JAMES, ST, PALACE 443 

Maule, witli Mr Roundell as secretaiy, appointed commissioners to inquire into 
the late disturbances in, Jan. 2, 1866 ; Governor Storks arrived at Kingston, 
Jan. 6 ; the Commissioners arrived at, Jan. 20 ; held their first meeting, Jan. 23 ; 
terminated, March 21 ; returned to London ; report signed, April 9 ; laid before 
Parliament, June 18 ; upwards of looo houses were burnt, and besides many 
persons being flogged, a great number were put to death ; an act passed to make 
provision for the government of, 29 & 30 Vict. c. 12, March 23, 1866 ; Sir J. P. 
Grant appointed Governor, July 17 ; the late Governor Eyre landed at South- 
ampton, Aug. 12 ; reception and entertainment at a public banquet, Aug. 21 ; 
the Eyre Defence Fund raised, 1866; application for warrants against Col. Nelson 
and Lieut. Brand for the murder of Mr Gordon, at Bow-street, Feb. 6, 1867 ; 
proceedings taken against Ex-Governor Eyre before the magistrates at Market 
Drayton, March 25 ; discharged, March 29 ; charge of Lord Chief Justice Cockburn 
to the grand jury at the Central Criminal Court, Old Bailey, upon the indictment 
against Col. Nelson and Lieut. Brand, April 10 ; the grand jury threw out the bill, 
April II. 

JAMES, Princes of the House of Stuart. James L came to the Scottish throne, 1406, 
and was assassinated, Feb. 21, 1437. His son James II. came to the throne 1437 ; 
was accidentally killed by the bursting of a cannon at the siege of Roxburgh, Aug. 
3, 1460. James III., his son, was crowned, 1460; and murdered, July 11, 1488. 
He was succeeded by his son, James IV., 1488, who was slain at Flodden, 15 13. 
His son, James V., born, 1512 ; cam.e to the throne on his father's death ; died, 
Dec. 14, 1542. James VI., of Scotland became King of England under the title 
of James I., 1603 ; crowned, July 25, 1603. James VII. of Scotland, and II. of 
England, was crowned, April 23, 1685 ; abdicated, 16S9 ; died in exile, Sept. 16, 
1701. 

JAMES II. landed in Ireland with an army, March 12, 1689 ; met the parliament 
there, April 19 ; besieged Londonderry, April 29 ; coined brass money there, June 
18, 1689 ; defeated at the Boyne, and embarked for France, July i, 1690; an 
attempted descent by him upon England prevented by the destruction of the 
French fleet, May 19, 1692 ; a second time prevented, March 2, 1695. — ^James 
I. and II., Jtr England, the Kings of. 

JAMES, the son of Zebedee, the first apostle who suffered martyrdom ; he was exe- 
cuted by order of Herod Agrippa, A.D. 42, in Jerusalem. 

JAMES THE JUST, bishop of Jerusalem, wrote one of the canonical epistles of the 
New Testament, A. D. circa 62. 

JAMES'S FORT, on the Gambia, Africa, destroyed by the French, April 23, 1757. 

JAMES, ST, order of knighthood ; a military order instituted by Ferdinand II., 
King of Leon, 11 70; confirmed by the Pope, 11 75. 

JAMES'S, ST, CHURCH, Piccadilly, built by Sir C. Wren, consecrated, July 13, 
1684 ; the first rector was Dr Tenison. 

JAMES'S, ST, HALL, Piccadilly, built from the design of Owen Jones, opened, 
March 25, 1856. 

JAMES'S, ST, PALACE, occupies the site of the Lepers' Hospital, founded, 1290; 
Henry VIII. obtained possession of it, 1532, and enlarged it, and made it a palace ; 
Elizabeth and Edward VI. did not reside here, but Mary did, and died here, Nov. 
I7i 1558 ; granted by James I. to his son Henry, 1610, at whose death it reverted 
to the crown, 1612 ; enlarged by Charles I. ; made the prison of the Duke of York, 
Gloucester, and the Princess Elizabeth ; the Duke of York escaped, April 20, 
1648; William of Orange received the Peers here, Dec. 18, 1688; the state rooms 
were enlarged by Geo. III., whose marriage was celebrated at, Sept. 6, 1761 ; 
Geo. IV. was born here, Aug. 12, 1762; refitted for the marriage of the Prince of 
Wales, April 8, 1795 ; the east wing destroyed by fire, Jan. 21, 1809 ; the Em- 



444 JAMES'S, ST, PARK JAPAN 

perors of Russia and Prussia resided here, 1S14 ; the banquetting-hall added, 1822; 
the remains of the Duke of York lay in state, Jan., 1827 ; it is now only used for 
public receptions. 

JAMES'S, ST, PARK, first walled in by Henry VIII.; Charles II. added 36 
acres and replanted it, 1661 ; and finally arranged by King George IV., 1826-27, 
and 1828; the Chinese bridge over the canal erected, Aug. I, 1814; first lighted 
with gas, 1822 ; the canal was altered and extended to a winding lake with 
islands, etc., in 1827 ; Henri J. Stephan threw himself off the Duke of York's 
column, May 14, 1850. 

JAMES'S, ST, THEATRE, built by Beazley for Braham, the eminent singer; 
opened, 1835. 

JANE, QUEEN OF ENGLAND. See England, Lady Jane Grey. 

JANISSARIES ; the Turkish infantry, first established by Amurath II., 1372 ; 
they were educated for the army from the age of 12 years, and became a formidable 
body even to their masters ; they deposed Bajazet H., 1512 ; and caused the death 
of Amurath III., 1595 ; Othman II. they first deposed, and then murdered, 1622 ; 
Selim III. deposed and imprisoned by them, 1S07 ; they elected Mustapha as 
his successor, May 29, whom they dethroned in two months, and advanced 
Sultan Mahmoud from prison to the throne ; insurrection of, at Constantinople, 
June 14-15, 1826; exterminated by order of Mahmoud, June 15, when 15,000 
were slain ; firman issued abolishing them, June 16. 

JANSEN, SIR THEODORE, one of the South Sea directors, deprived of his 
estate to the extent of ^200,000, but was allowed ^50,000, 1721. 

JANSENISTS, a sect founded by Cornelius Jansen, 1625, a bishop of the Church 
of Rome, of exemplary piety ; his work, ' Augustinus,' 1640 ; a controversy arose 
about his doctrine in 1640, and it was condemned by a bull of Pope Urban VIII., 
1642 ; again condemned by Innocent X., May 31, 1653 ; Alexander VII. issued a 
new bull against, 1656 ; the disputes of, revived in Paris, 1693 j the memorable bull 
of Clement XL, ' Unigenitus,' issued against, Sept. 8, 1713 ; persecutions against, 
followed ; a bed of justice held by Louis XV. to enforce a second registration of 
the edict against, 1730 ; the cemetery of St Medard, where the Jansenist saint 
was buried, closed, 1732 ; the Abp of Paris, Christophe de Beaumont, renewed 
the persecution against this sect, 1749. 

JANUARIUS, ST, order of, instituted by Charles HI., King of Naples, July, 
1738. 

JANUARY introduced into the Roman calendar by Numa ; made the first month 
in the English calendar, 1752. 

JANUS, THE TEMPLE OF, erected by Numa ; its gates were always kept open 
in time of war, and shut in time of peace ; it was first shut during the reign of 
Numa its founder; after the first Punic war, B.C. 235 ; by Augustus after the 
battle of Actium, B.C. 31 ; on Augustus returning from the Spanish war, B.C. 25 ; 
again in the same Emperor's reign in the 12 years of peace, B.C. 10 ; under Nero, 
A.D. 53 ; Vespasian, A.D. 71 ; under Gordian the last time, A.D. 242. 

JANVILLIERS, battle between the French and Prussians, in which the latter, 
under Bliicher, were defeated, Feb. 14, 1814. 

JAPAN, Asia. The first emperor was raised to the throne, B.C. 660; ' Sinmu 
Tenu,' and the religion of Buddha first introduced, A.D. 69 ; gold first discovered, 
A.D. 749; invaded by the Chinese, 788 ; the present empire founded by Yoritomo, 
1188 ; invaded by the Mogul Tartars, with an armada of 4000 vessels containing 
a force of 240,000 fighting men, 1284 ; first made known to Europe by Marco 
Polo ; the Jesuits, under the leadership of Francis Xavier, landed here, 1549 ; the 



JARDIN DES PLANTES JEDBURGH 445 

teachers of Christianity first persecuted by order of the Emperor, 1587 ; renewed, 
1597, when several European priests were crucified ; visited by the Enghsh, 
1612 ; the persecution renewed, 1637, and on the 12th of April in the following 
year, 37,000 Christians were put to death ; the Spaniards and Portuguese 
were subsequently expelled the kingdom, 1640; the Dutch first visited, 1600; 
the Americans fitted out an expedition under Commodore Perry, who arrived 
here, July 8, 1853 ; concluded a treaty, March 31, 1854 ; visited by an English 
squadron, Sept. 7, 1854; an earthquake at Jeddo, which destroyed 100,000 
houses and 57 temples, and killed 30,000 persons, Nov. 11, 1855 ; the Russian 
frigate Diana lost at, Dec. 23, 1855 ; treaty with the Russians signed, Oct., 
1857 ; with France and America, 185S ; treaty of peace between Her Majesty 
Victoria and the Tycoon at Jeddo signed, Aug. 26, 1858 ; departure of the 
Japanese ministers to Europe, Jan. 23, 1861 ; the British embassy attacked at 
Jeddo, July 5 ; Mr Richardson murdered, Sept. 14, 1862 ; an indemnity paid 
by the Tycoon, ^1000 ; ^25,000 was also demanded of Prince Satsuma ; he re- 
fused payment ; the city of Kagosima bombarded by Adm. Kuper, Aug. 15, 
1863 ; the indemnity demanded for the murder of Mr Richardson paid by Prince 
Satsuma, Dec. 11 ; three ambassadors from, arrived in France, April 15, 1864 ; 
a treaty agreed to, returned to Japan in June ; the combined fleets of the English, 
French, and Dutch forced a passage through the straits of Simonosaki, Sept. 
7 ; Major Baldwm and Lieut. Bird murdered at Kamakera, Nov. 20, 1864 ; the 
murderer executed, Dec. 28 ; Sir H. Parkes appointed minister at, April 1 1, 
1865 ; the Japanese subjects permitted to go abroad for the purposes of study or 
trade by the passport system, adopted May 23, 1866 ; a treaty of commerce with 
Great Britain, France, the United States, and Holland signed, June 25 ; the town 
of Yokohama partially destroyed by fire, Nov. 26 ; the English settlement at 
Nagasaki seriously damaged by a storm, July, 1867 ; a treaty signed with 
Belgium for the purposes of trade, Sept. 12 ; the Cosmopolite, a steam vessel 
manned and officered by Japanese, arrived at Hong-kong, Oct. 15 ; this was the first 
trading vessel which has visited a foreign port ; the ports of Jeddo and Osaki 
opened by treaty, Jan. 29, 1868. 

JARDIN DES PLANTES, the botanical garden began by Louis XIII., 1626; 
opened, 1650 ; it was then called the 'Jardhi du Roi;' the royal menageries of 
Versailles and Raincy transferred to it, 1794; Cuvier appointed, 1795. 

JARNAC, battle between Henry HI. of France, vv^hen Duke of Anjou, who de- 
feated the Huguenots ; the Prince of Conde was slain, March 13, 1569. 

JARROW COLLIERY, 40 persons killed by an explosion, Aug. 21, 1845. 

JASMINE, or JESSAMINE, said to have been brought here from Circassia in the 
15th century ; the yellow jessamine introduced, 1656, and the Catalonian jessa- 
mine, a native of India, '1629. 

JASPER. This gem is frequently mentioned in Scripture ; it was the last of the 
12 inserted in the breast-plate of the high priest, Ex. xxvii. 20 ; xxxix. 13. 

JAUER, Prussian Silesia. This ancient town is surrounded by an old wall, and con- 
tains a castle built by Plenry III., 1244. 

JAVA. This island was first discovered by Marco Polo, A.D. 1298 ; the Dutch 
visited, 1595 ; they obtained permission to build a fort where now stands the 
city of Batavia, 1610 ; this fort was besieged by a native force abetted by the 
English, 1619 ; it was relieved by a Dutch fleet under Adm. Koen ; the town 
built shortly afterwards, and in 1628 was again besieged ; Jacatra. ceded to the 
Dutch, 1677 ; 30,000 Chinese with their families massacred by the Dutch in 
order to plunder, 1740 ; the island captured by an English force, Aug. 19, 181 1 ; 
restored to the Dutch, 1814. 

fEDBURGH, Scotland. David I. founded an abbey here, 1165, and built a castle 



446 JEDDAH JERSEY 

in the I2th century ; the town was burnt by the Borderers under the Earl of 
Surrey, 1523. 
JEDDAH, Mecca, massacre of the English and French consuls and 20 other Eu- 
ropeans at. May 15, 1858 ; Capt. Pullen anchored before the town and demanded 
justice on the perpetrators, July 23 ; no satisfactory answer being returned, he 
bombarded the town on the 25th and 26th ; the commander requested time to 
communicate with the Porte, who directed justice to be done ; 1 1 of the assassins 
were executed, Aug. 2. 

JEDDO, or YEDDO, Japan. An earthquake destroyed 100,000 dwellings, 57 
temples, and 30,000 persons, and a fire burst forth in 40 different parts of the city, 
Nov. II, 1855 ; Lord Elgin landed at, Aug. 12, 1858 ; treaty of peace between 
Her Majesty Queen Victoria and the Tycoon signed, Aug. 26, 1858 ; Sir R. 
Alcock, Her Majesty's consul, landed at Yeddo, July 6, 1859 ; several Europeans 
murdered in the streets, i860; first visit of English ladies to, Dec, i860; Mr 
Henskin wounded in the streets of, Jan. 14, 1861 ; the Legation attacked and 
several persons killed and wounded, July 5 ; second attack upon the Legation, 
1862; Mr Richardson murdered, Sept., 1S62 ; an indemnity being demanded 
and not being complied with, Adm. Kuper bombarded Kagosima and destroyed 
the town, Aug. 15, 1863. 
JEFFREY, Robert, abandoned on the island of Sombrero, March 7, 1807, by 

Capt. Lake, R.N., who was dismissed the service for it. 
JEFFREY, son of King Richard, killed at a tournament in Paris, Aug. 19, 1186. 
JEFFREYS, GEORGE, the notorious judge, made Common Serjeant by the Corpora- 
tion of London, March 17, 1670-71 ; elected Recorder, Oct. 22, 1678 ; burned in 
effigy, Nov. 17, 1679 ; made Chief-Justice of Chester, April 29, 1680; of the King's 
Bench, Sept. 29, 1683 ; sent to the West, where he was guilty of the most atro- 
cious acts towards the adherents of the Duke of Monmouth, Aug., 1685 ; made 
Lord Chancellor, Sept. 28 ; taken disguised, and sent to the Tower, Dec. 12, 
1688 ; died, and buried there, April 19, 1689 ; his body removed to St Mary's 
Church, Aldermanbury, Nov. 2, 1693. 
JELLALABAD, Affghanistan. The town taken possession of by the English, Nov. 
13, 1 841 ; the fortifications destroyed by an earthquake, Feb. 19, 1842 ; success- 
fully defended by a few British troops under Sir Robert Sale against the army of 
Affghans under Akbar Khan, whom they defeated, April 7 ; relieved by Gen. 
Pollock, April 16 ; the fortification destroyed by order of Gen. Pollock. 
JEMMAPPES, battle, in which the raw levies of France defeated the Austrians, 
well intrenched and covered by 40 redoubts ; the combat continued for several 
days, when Dumouriez was victorious, the Austrians losing 2000 men, the 
French above that number, Nov. 6, 1792. 
JENA and SAALFIELD, battles between the French under Napoleon and the 
Prussians ; the King of Prussia was routed, losing upwards of 20,000 prisoners, 
300 cannon, and 60 standards ; the victor then marched upon Berlin, and the 
Prussian monarchy was in his power, Oct. 14, 1806. 
JENA, Germany. The university founded, 1556 ; opened, 1558. 
JENKINS, CAPTAIN, his ears cut off by the Spaniards, April 9, 1731. 
JENNERIAN INSTITUTION founded, 1803 ; the Royal, 1806. 
JEREMIAH THE PROPHET, the son of Hilkiah, wrote his prophecies, circa 

B.C. 629. 
JEROME OF PRAGUE condemned to be burned, and executed. May 30, 1416. 
JERSEY, one of the Channel Islands, with Guernsey, Alderney, and Sark, once 
portions of Normandy, and subjected to the crown of England by William the 



JERSEY JERUSALEM CHAMBER 447 

Conqueror, 1066; fortified, 1595; the north pier commenced, 1790; Jersey 
attacked by the French, 1779, and Jan. 6, 1781, when they were repulsed, 
but the English commander. Major Pierson, fell ; the south pier commenced, 
1821 ; a new harbour erected and opened, 1846 ; visited by Queeii Victoria, 
Aug. 27, 1846 ; a college founded in commemoration, and opened, Sept. 29, 
1852 ; the Theatre Royal burned, July 31, 1863. 

JERSEY, city. United States. This town was incorporated, 1820 ; the villages 
of Harsimus and Pavonia, 1851. 

JERUSALEM. This name first occurs in the Old Testament, Josh. x. i ; after 
the death of Joshua the Israelites took the city and smote it with the edge of the 
sword, and set it on fire, circa E. C. 1400; the ancient city, Jebus, was taken by David 
from the Jebusites, B.C. 1049 ; the walls repaired by Hezekiah ; the city was be- 
sieged and taken by Shishak, King of Egypt, 971 ; the temple and city plundered, 
and the walls destroyed, 2 Kings xiv. 13 ; 2 Chron. xxv. 23 ; between 979-962 
Jotham built the high gate of the temple, 728 ; the city and temple again plundered 
by Pharaoh Necho, King of Egypt, 608 ; besieged by Nebuchadnezzar, 606 ; taken 
after a three years' siege and razed to the ground ; again taken by the King of 
Chaldea, 587 ; C)'rus, King of Persia, having taken the city, 538, he issued an 
edict for the returnof the Jews, 536 ; the new city built, 454 ; taken by Alexander, 
332 ; Ptolemy Soter next took possession of it, 320 ; laesieged and pillaged by 
Antiochus Epiphanes, upwards of 80,000 of its inhabitants destroyed, 170; Judas 
Maccabseus purified the temple and restored the sacrifices, 163 ; Antiochus 
Eupator besieged and destroyed the defences of the city, 164 ; re-erected by 
Simon Maccabseus, 143 ; the city walls again destroyed by Antiochus Sidetes, 
King of Syria, 63 ; taken by the Romans under Titus, who razed the city and 
the temple to the ground, A.D. 70 ; rebuilt and fortified by the Emperor Adrian, 
131 ; the Jews rebelled under Barchochebas, but were defeated and dispersed by 
the Romans under Vespasian, 135 ; the temple of the Holy Sepulchre completed 
and dedicated with great solemnity, 335 ; declared a patriarchate by the Council 
of Chalcedon, 451 ; Constantine built a church to the Virgin on Mount Moriah, 
530 ; the Persians captured the city and destroyed the temple, 614 ; taken by the 
Saracens under Caliph Omar after a siege of four months, 637 ; taken by the 
Moslems, 960 ; captured by the Turks, 1073 ; the Crusaders under Godfrey of 
Bouillon appeared before the city, June 17, 1099 ; after a siege of 40 days the 
holy city was taken by storm, July 15, 70;000 Moslems v/ere put to the sword ; 
Godfrey elected king, July 23 ; wrested from the hands of the Christians by 
Saladin, Oct. 2, 1 187; its defences strengthened by him, 1192; the fortification 
destroyed by Sultan Melekel Moaddin, 1219 ; delivered over to Frederick H. by 
treaty, 1229, with the understanding that the fortifications should not be restored ; 
he made his public entry, March 17, 1229 ; the inhabitants began to restore the 
fortifications, 1239 ; the works interrupted and the city taken by David of Kerek, 
1240; restored to the Christians, 1243 ; the Turks regained possession of the city, 
1516 ; the present walls were erected by Suleiman the Magnificent, 1542 ; the 
church of the Holy Sepulchre partially destroyed by fire, Oct. 12, 1808 ; restor- 
ed, Sept., l8ro ; became subject to Mohammed Ali, the pasha of Egypt, 1832 ; 
restored to the Turks, 1S41 ; the new church for English Christians erected on 
Mount Zion, commenced, July, 1841 ; opened, Jan. 21, 1849; H.R.H. the 
Prince of Wales visited this city, Jan., 1862 ; St James, the son of Alpheus, the 
first bishop of Jerusalem, was the president of the earliest Council of the Church, 
A.D. circa 45. 

JERUSALEM CHAMBER, Westminster Abbey, built by Nicholas Litlyngton, 
abbot of Westminster, 1376-86 ; the French ambassador entertained here with 
great splendour, 1624. 



JESTERS 



JESUITS, SOCIETY OF 



JESTERS, or COURT FOOLS, were in ancient times a part of a royal or noble 
household ; Edward IV. was saved by his fool, 1470; the Princess Mary of Eng- 
land had a female fool or jester, the only one of the feminine sect known, 1556 ; 
William Somers, Henry VIII. 's jester, is well known ; Killigrew was the last 
official jester, 1668 ; the last domestic one was retained in the Hilton family of 
Durham till 1 746 ; the court fool abolished in France by Louis XIV. ; in England, 
by Charles II.; in Germany, 1756. 

JESUITS' BARK, i\ie. Co7'iex Peniviaims, discovered by a Jesuit, 1535 ; introduced 
into France as a medicine, 1649 ; in general use, 1680 ; quinine prepared from, 
1825, in Paris the remedy for intermittent fever. 

JESUITS, SOCIETY OF, founded by Ignatius Loyola, Aug. 15, 1534; confirmed 
by the bull of Pope Paul HI., Sept. 27, 1540 ; the faculty of theology issued the 
celebrated decree against, Dec. i, 1554 ; their founder (Loyola) died, July 31, 
1556, and was canonized by Pope Gregory XV., March 12, 1622 ; the order an- 
nulled, July 21, 1773. They were expelled from 



Saragosa, 

La Palintine, ... "... 

Vienna, ... 

Avignon, 

Antwerp, from Portugal and Sa^ 

go via, ... 
England, 

England again, ... 
England again, ... 

Japan, 

Hungaiy and Transylvania, 

Bordeaux, 

The whole of France, Dec 

as corrupters of youths, 

enemies of the King and State 
Holland, 

The city of Touron and Berne, 
England, Nov. 15, 
England again, by James I. 

Nov. 10, 

Denmark, Thorn, and Venice, 
Venice again. 



29, 
and 



IS5S 
1558 
1566 
1570 

1578 

1579 

1581 
1586 

1587 
1588 

1589 
1594 



1596 
1597 
1602 

1604 
1606 
1612 



The kingdomofAmura, in Japan, 1613 

Bohemia, ... ... ... 1618 

Moravia, ... ... ... 1619 

Naples and the Netherlands, ... 1622 

China and India, ... ... 1623 

Malta, 1634 

Russia, ... ... 1723 

Savoy, ... ... ... ... 1729 

Paraguay, 1733 

Portugal, ... ... ... 1759 

France again, and their property 

confiscated, ... ... ... 1764 

Spain and the two Sicilies, 

March 31, 1767 

Parma and Malta, 1768 

From the whole of Christendom 

by the bull of Clement XI V. , 1773 

Russia, 1776 

France again, ... 1804 and 1806 

Naples, 1810 

The order restored by the bull of 

Pius VII., Aug. 7, 1814 



The following Table shows the countries from which the Jesuits have been expelled 
from the time of their restoration in 1814, to the present moment : — 



Moscow, St Petersburg, and the 

Canton of Solotheirn, 
Belgium, 

Brest, by its inhabitants, in Oct. 
Russia, for ever, March 20, 

Spain, March 7, 

The Cathedral at Rouen, by the 

people, March, 
All the public and private schools 

in Belgium, Sept., 
The educational establishments 

directed by the Jesuits in 



France, closed by royal ordin- 

1816 ance, June 13, ... ... 1828 

1 8 18 Great Britain and Ireland, April 

1819 13, 1829 

1S20 France, ... ... ... ... 1831 

1820 Saxony, by a law passed Sept., 1831 
Portugal, May 14, 1834 

1825 Spain, July, ' 1835 

Rheims, by its inhabitants, Dec, 1838 

1826 Lucerne, 1842 

Lucerne, for ever, Feb. 13, ... 1S45 

France again, ... ... ... 1845 



JESUS COLLEGE JEWS 449 

The whole of Switzerland, Styria, and the Arch-Duchy of 

Sept. 6, 1847 Austria, May 8, 184S 

Bavaria, Feb. 17, ... ... 1848 The Austrian Empire, May 8, ,, 

Their establishments in Sardinia, Galicia, July, ... ... ... ,, 

March 2, 1848 Sardinia, July 19, ,, 

Naples, March II, ,, Sicily, July 31, ,, 

The Papal States, March 29, ... ,, Paraguay, June 28, 1858 

Linz, April 10, ... ... ... ,, Several Italian States, ... ... 1859 

Vienna, April 16, ,, Sicily, June, i860 

A statement from Rome, comparing the increase of the Jesuits, says : ' At the 
end of the year 1863 it was 7529, or 118 more than in 1862. They are distri- 
buted among 19 establishments, of which five are in Italy, five in Germany and 
Belgium, three in France, two in Spain, and four in England and America. The 
Italian Jesuits number 1617, the Austrian 362, the Belgian 576, the Dutch 236, 
the German 584, the French 2266, the Spanish 868, the Irish 139, and the 
American 350 ; the rest belonging to other nations. As may be seen, France 
has the most. At Rome there are 344, and in the foreign missions 1362, of whom 
560 are French, 296 Spanish, and 260 Italians, the remainder being natives of 
other countries. English Jesuits since increased. 

JESUS COLLEGE, Cambridge, founded by John Alcock, Bishop of Ely, 1496; 
The first court erected, 1 640-1. 

JESUS COLLEGE, Oxford, founded by Queen Elizabeth, 1571 ; enlarged, and a 
new charter granted, 1621 ; refronted, 1856, by Messrs Buckler. The chapel 
consecrated, May 28, 1621 ; restored, 1864; the library erected by Sir Leoline 
Jenkins, 1667. 

JEWS. They derive their origin from Abraham, who flourished circa B.C. 2000. 
The history of, divided by Jost into two eras, the first extending to the close of 
the collections of the oral laws, B.C. 536 — A.D. 600 ; the second reaching the pre- 
sent time. TheExodusisfixedby Bunsen, B.C. 1316; Lepsius, B.C. 1320; Brugsch, 
B.C. 1330. Joshua, the successor of Moses, conducted them into Canaan, B.C. 
145 1 ; he divided the land of Canaan among the twelve tribes, and died, 1426 ; 
he was succeeded by the Judges ; tlie first of these was Othniel, 1405 ; the second 
Ehud the Benjamite, 1325 ; he was succeeded by Deborah the prophetess, 
1285, who with Barak, the general of the Israelites, defeated the Canaanites un- 
der Sisera ; the fourth Judge was Gideon, 1245, who routed the Midianites, but 
declined the offer of kingly power ; the fifth Judge was Tola, 1233 ; the sixth was 
Jair, 1210 ; the seventh was Jephthah, 1188 ; the eighth was Ibzan, 1182 ; the 
ninth was Elon, 1175 ; the tenth was Abdon, 1165 ; the eleventh was Eli the 
high priest, 1157 ; the 12th and last Judge was Samuel, 1157. Saul began his 
reign, 1095, and having reigned 40 years, was succeeded by Ishbosheth his son. 
David anointed king by Samuel, 1093 ; he was succeeded by Solomon, 1015. 
The building of the Temple was commenced, 1012 ; finished, 993 ; plunder- 
ed by the King of Egypt, 962. Death of Saul, 1055 ; death of Solomon, the 
kingdom divided between Judah and Israel, 975 ; reign of Jeroboam over the ten 
tribes, 967 ; the Assyrian invasion under Phul, 770 ; Samaria taken, the ten tribes 
carried into captivity, 721 ; Shishak took Jerusalem, 971 ; Sennacherib invaded 
Judea, and lost a large part of his army by pestilence, 710 ; Hilkiah found the 
book of the law in repairing the Temple, 623 ; Jerusalem and Judea taken, and 
the ten tribes dispersed by Nebuchadnezzar, 601 ; Cyrus ordered their return 
from captivity, and the rebuilding of the temple, 536 ; Alexander the Great reduced 
the kingdom to subjection, 331 ; Ptolemy conquered Judea, and took 100,000 
Jews into captivity ; they were restored and taken into favour 204 ; the Temple de- 
stroyed by Antiochus Epiphanes, 175, who ordered the Jews to bt exterminated, 

29 



450 JEWS 

1 70 ; protected by the Roman Emperor Ctesar, and their ancient liberties restored, 
60 ; Herod persecuted them, 37, and 4 ; Judea made a Roman province, A.D. 44 ; 
the Jewish war with the Romans began, May, 66 ; Jerusalem taken, and the inhabit- 
ants massacred and the entire nation cut off, Sept. 8, 70. Christians prohibited from 
appearing at Jewish feasts, 740. In the East the Sultan Motavakel ordered all Jews 
to be branded, and their dwellings marked, and only to travel upon asses or mules, 
847 ; they were despoiled of their riches, and many murdered, 1036 ; Ferdinand the 
Great inflicted much misery upon them in Granada, 1050 ; massacred by the Cru- 
saders at Treves, 1097 ; upwards of 1300 were slain at Mentzby them ; at Worms 
the Jews took refuge in the bishop's palace, but they were put to the sword, many 
killing their children to prevent their pollution ; they were persecuted in England 
by King Stephen, 1 145, and at Gloucester, for crucifying a young Christian, 1 160 ; 
Richard I. ordered them not to appear before him on the day of his coronation, 
but some of thembeing found mixed with the crowd they were expelled, and then rose 
a general tumult, every Jew being slain, and his house destroyed, Sept. 3, 1189 ; 
the same scene was enacted throughout England ; Philip Augustus of France, by 
an edict, ordered that all debts due to the Jews be confiscated, and all pledges to 
be returned, 1181 ; they were surrounded in their synagogues by royal troops and 
dragged to prison, Feb. 14, 1 181, and their houses taken possession of ; a new edict 
confiscated all their immovable goods and possessions whatever, and themselves 
expelled the kingdom, April, 1181 ; permitted to return upon payment of a certain 
sum of money to the king, 1198 ; an edict issued granting to them interest at the 
rate of 40 per cent., 1214 ; the Jews imprisoned and tortured by order of King 
John, 1210 ; St Louis of France annulled one-third of all debts due to 'Jews, 
1234 ; the populace destroyed the Jews' quarter in Paris, 1239 ; the Talmud 
ordered to be burned, 1254, and the Jews to wear a brand ; the barons imprisoned 
all the Jews in Eondon and demanded large sums for their liberty, March 31, 1264 ; 
the council of Vienna issued a canon fixing certain rules for the admission of the Jews 
into society and their dress, 1267; persecuted by Edward I. in England; forbidden 
to erect synagogues and to wear coloured garments, 1279 ; in one day all the Jews 
in England were arrested for clipping the coin, Nov. 17, 1279; in 1287, all the 
race in England arrested and put in prison mitil they paid the king ;^ 12,000, and 
on Aug. 31, 1290, ordered to quit the country by Oct. 10, upon pain of death ; 
expelled from France, and the property seized, by order of Philip the Fair, July 
22, 1306; readmitted, March, 1361 ; ejected from the kingdom again, Sept. 7, 
1394 ; many fell victims to the popular fury in Spain, July, 1391 ; persecuted by 
the Inquisition for publishing a work unfavourable to Ferdinand and Isabella, 
1480 ; 280 were burned in that year at Seville ; all unbaptized Jews ejected from 
Spain by an edict of Ferdinand and Isabella, 1492, and despoiled of their wealth ; 
accused for setting many of the towns in Germany on fire, 1 542 ; 4000 burned at 
Wilna, 1655; regulated in Prussia by an edict of Frederick the Great, 1750; 
James II. relieved them from an alien duty, but this was revoked by William 
III. ; a bill passed the Legislature to naturalize all Jews who had resided three 
years in England, 1753 ; Joseph II. of Austria published his edict of toleration by 
which the Jews might settle in Vienna, 1780 ; Louis XVI. abolished the capita- 
tion tax, 1784; a commission appointed to revise all laws relating to the Jews, 
1788 ; recognized as free citizens, 1791 ; expelled from Russia by an ukase of the 
Empress Ehzabeth, 1795 ; all Jews engaged in commerce compelled to take out 
a patent by Napoleon I., 1807 ; admitted to civil rights in Baden, 1S09 ; Prussia, 
1812 ; Bavaria, 1813 ; Alexander of Russia issued an ukase, 1835, defining their 
position in the State ; persecuted at Damascus, Feb. i, 1840 ; the Corporation of 
London passed an act of common council admitting Jews to the freedom of the 
city, Dec. 10, 1830 ; an act to relieve Jews from taking oaths to municipal offices, 
8 & 9 Vict. c. 52, July 31, 1845 ; extended, 21 & 22 Vict. c. 48 and 49, July 23, 
. 1 858 ; Baron Rothschild returned to parliament for the city of London, by a majority 



JESUS JHANSI 451 

of 6019 votes, his opponent, Lord John Manners, only pollhig 3104, Aug. 3, 1847 5 
a bill was brought in to enable him to take his seat, but it was thrown out by the 
Peers ; he was again returned ; Mr Salomons elected member for Greenwich, but 
declared ineligible for refusing to take an oath that he was a Christian, Sept. 21, 
1847 ; Baron Rothschild re-elected for the city of London, 1852 ; act passed re- 
lieving them from certain religious penalties and disabilities, 9 & 10 Vict. c. 59, 
Aug. 18, 1846, and 21 & 22 Vict. c. 49, July 23, 1858 ; amended, 23 and 24 
Vict. c. 63, Aug. 6, i860 ; edict of the Sultan of Morocco, granting them increased 
privileges, Feb. 15, 1864. 

JESUS and MARY, an order instituted in Italy by Pope Paul V., 1615. 

JESUS CHRIST, supposed to have been born on the 25th of December, in the 
year of Rome, 752, that day commencing the Christian era : some say the date 
should be four years earlier than the vulgar era. 

JESUS CHRIST, order of knighthood, established in Spain by St Dominick, 
1216 ; approved of by the Pope ; Ferdinand VII. ordained that the minister of the 
order should wear the insignia. May 17, 181 5. 

JEWEL OFFICE, Tower of London, established, «>ra 1228; repaired, 1844. 

JEWELLERY, manufacture of, encouraged first in England very extensively, 1685 ; 
used much by the Roman ladies, Lollia Paulina wearing ornaments valued at 
;^322,9i6 sterling, a.d. 37. 

JEWELS, first worn in France by Agnes Sorel, 1434 ; the Crown Jewels of England 
pawned in Holland by Charles I., were redeemed by the sale of iron ordnance to 
the Dutch, 1629; those of France, seized by the National Convention, 1794; upon 
the restoration of Charles II., a new regalia was provided by Sir Robert Vyner, 
the king's goldsmith, at a cost of ^21,978 gs. i id., June 20, 1652 ; attempt made 
to steal them by Col. Blood, May 9, 1671. 

JEWRY, THE OLD, once inhabited by the Jews of London, who were most cruelly 
treated, the place being burnt and 500 Jews murdered, 1263, and banished by 
Edward I., 1272 ; the first synagogue in London, built at the corner of the Old 
Jewry, 1262, was defaced by the Londoners, who killed 700 of the poor Israelites, 
and robbed them of all they had. 

JEWISH CEMETERIES, the Portuguese, at Mile-End Road, first used, 1657 ; 
another at Fulham, 1816, and at Islington, 1862. 

JEWISH ERA dates from the creation, 3760 years and three months before ours. 
JEWS' FREE SCHOOL, founded for the education of poor Jewish children in 

Bell-lane, Spitalfields, 181 7. 
JEWS' HOSPITAL, Mile-End, instituted, 1811, for the Spanish and Portuguese Jews. 

JEWS' HOSPITAL, for the Dutch and German Jews, Mile-End, Old Town, estab- 
lished, 1795. 

JEWS' SYNAGOGUES :— 

Bevis Marks, the Spanish and Portuguese synagogue. 

Bryanstone-street, new synagogue erected from the designs of Mr Lett, 1861. 

Duke's-place, built by the Portuguese, 1656 ; the German synagogue at, built, 
1691. 

North London, at Barnsbury, foundation-stone laid, Dec. 24, 1867. 

Old Jewry, built, 1262 ; destroyed in the fire of 1666. 

St Helen's, Bishopsgate, built from the designs of Mr Davies, 1838. 

West London Synagogue, erected from the designs of D. Mocatta, Margaret- 
street, Cavendish-square, 1850. 
JHANSI, Hindustan, besieged by Sir Hugh Rose, March 28, 1858 ; defeated a strong 

relieving force, under Tantia Topee, April i j the town taken by storm, April 4. 



452 JOACHIM, ST JOHX, ST, OF JERUSALEM 

JOACHIM, ST. This order of knighthood was instituted m Spain, June 20, 
1755 ; made an equestrian order, 1785. 

JOAN OF ARC, the maid of Orleans, who pretended to a divine mission to expel 
the EngHsh from France ; she conducted a convoy of provisions into Orleans, 
April 29, 1429 ; she raised the siege of Orleans, May 8 ; present at the coron- 
ation of Charles, July 12 ; she took several towns, and defeated the English near 
Patay, June 10, 1429 ; she was made prisoner at the siege of Compiegne, May 
23, 1431 ; tried, Feb. 21, and burned as a witch in Rouen, May 31, in her 22nd 
year. 

JOAN, POPE, a mj-thical indi\"idual said to have filled the Papal chair for ten 
years, 855. 

JOANNA OF NAPLES strangled her husband, Oct. 5, 1345. 

JOB, the Book of, supposed to have been written by Moses, circa B.C. 1520. 

JOHN, King of England. — See England. 

JOHN, King of France, taken prisoner by Edward the Black Prince, at the battle 
of Poitiers, Sept. 19, 1356, and brought to England ; entered London, May 24, 
1357, but ransomed for ^1,500,000, 1360 ; returned to London, not being able to 
fulfil his engagements, and died at the Savoy, in the Strand, London, June 21, 
1377- 

JOHN DOE and RICHARD ROE, fictitious names given in as pledges to prose- 
cute, and well known for centuries among the fictions which disgraced that law 
which should deal only in facts. Since the reign of Edward III., 1340, these 
names were put into ^vrits, as pretended prosecutors, because prior to that reign, 
by the regulations of Magna Charta, -uitnesses or pledges were required before 
trial upon ever}' prosecution ; these names were abolished in practice, 1852. 

JOHN'S COLLEGE, ST, Cambridge, founded by Lady Margaret, Coimtess of 
Richmond and Derby, mother of Henry VII. ; the propert}' seized by Henry 
VIII., but he restored it, and the building began, 1511 ; the second court built 
by Mary, Countess of Shrewsbury, 1599 ; the third court buUt in the reign of 
Charles II. 

JOHN'S COLLEGE, ST, O-xford, founded by Sir Thomas White, Knt, 1555 ; en- 
larged and a new charter granted, March 5, 1557 ; the chapel consecrated, 1530 ; 
restored, 1843 ; the library built, 1596 ; the eastern wing added by Abp Laud, 
1631. 

JOHN'S GATE, ST, Clerkenwell, built by Prior Doc%vra, 1504; the first number 
of the ' Gentleman's Magazine ' published here by Edward Cave, 1731 ; Dr John- 
son first employed by Cave, 1737; restored by subscription, 1845-6, and again 
repaired, 1865. 

JOHN OF GAUNT, fourth son of Edward HI., was bom, 1339; created Duke of 
Lancaster, 1362 ; appointed Regent to Richard II., 1377; supported Wickliffe 
against his opposers, 1378; had his palace at the Savoy destroyed by "Wat 
Tyler's mob, 1381 ; ravaged Scotland to the gates of Edinburgh, 13S4 ; assumed 
the title of King of CastHe and Leon, having married the daughter of Peter the 
Cruel, 1385 ; died, Feb., 1399 ; his house, near Lincoln, buUt, 1397. 

JOHN O'GROAT'S HOUSE, situated on Duncansby Head, the most northernly 

point in Great Britain, buUt, 14S9, belonging to a family of that name. 
JOHN, ST, the younger brother of James, the son of Zebedee of Bethsaida, in 

Galilee, wrote his Gospel, circa A.D. 97. 
JOHN, ST, Newfoundland, taken possession of by Sir H. Gilbert, 1583. 
JOHN, ST, OF JERUSALEM, the priory, founded at Clerkenwell, by Lord 
Jordan Briset, 1 1 lo ; built, and the church dedicated to Heraclius, Patriarch of 



JOHN, ST, OF JERUSALEM JOINT-STOCK COMPANIES 453 

Jerusalem, March 6, 1185 ; meeting of the patriarch with Henry II. at, 1185 ; 
John entertained here during the month of March, 1212; the chapel of, built by 
Joseph de Chauncy, 1280 ; repaired, 1338 ; destroyed by Wat Tyler and his fol- 
lowers, 13S1 ; rebuilt, 1383-5 ; Henry, Duke of Lancaster, was staying here when 
he was proclaimed king, 141 1; suppressed, 32 Henry VIII. c. 24; granted to John 
Dudley, Lord Viscount Lisle, Lord High Admiral of England, soon afterwards for 
;^I003, and subsequently given to the Princess Maiy by Edward VI., who restored 
it partially, and Sir Thomas Tresham appointed by Her Majesty Loi-d Prior, Nov. 
30, 1557. In the reign of Elizabeth it was used as the wardrobe for the dramatic 
performers employed by the master of the revels of Her Majesty, 1571 ; Edmund 
Tylney appointed master, July 24, 1579 ; the rehearsals were held in the great 
hall ; the Priory granted by James I. to Ralph Freeman, May 9, 1607 ; the church 
restored by Elizabeth Druiy, and opened on St Stephen's-day, 1621. 

JOHN, ST, OF JERUSALEM, Knights Hospitallers of, first made a religious 
militar}^ order by Gerard Tour, 1099 ; they at first proNaded hospitality for pilgrims 
and the sick, under Ra}Tnond Dupuy ; they defended themselves against the 
infidels, under Saladin, 1121 ; defeated at Jenisalem, by him, 1 187; they dis- 
tinguished themselves at the siege of Ptolemais, July 12, 1191 ; set out from 
England and Germany for the recovery of the Holy Land, 1237 ; returned, Oct. 
3, 1247 ; defended St Jean d'Acre so obstinately that only seven remained alive 
when the fortress Avas taken, 1290 ; they captured the Island of Rhodes, Aug. 
15, 1310 ; took Sm}Tna, 1344, and held it until 1401, v>-hen it was taken by the 
Great Mogul ; the possessions of the Knights Templars bestowed upon, 17 
Edward II. c. 2, 1323-4 ; Rhodes was attacked by the forces of ^klahomed II., 
but after a siege of 89 days, the besiegers were defeated with great slaughter, 
gcxDO being slain, 1480 ; King Henry VII. was elected Protector of the Knights of 
Rhodes, 1502 ; the island attacked by Solyman the Magnificent with an army of 
300,000 men, June, 1522, who took it after a siege of four months ; the knights 
capitulating, they left the island, Jan. I, 1523 ; this order was suppressed in Eng- 
land and Ireland by 32 Henry VIII. c. 24, 1540. 

JOHNSON, Rev. Samuel, convicted of a libel on the Duke of York, and severely 
punished, Nov. 20, 1683 ; again, Nov. 16, 1686 ; his sentence reversed, and a 
pension assigned him, June 11, i68g. 

JOINERS' COMPANY incorporated by Henry VIII., Dec. 21, 1515 ; incor- 
porated with the Ceilers', 13 Elizabeth, April 14, 1570. Hall built, 1669-70. 

JOINPORE, Hmdustan. The fort founded by Sultan Feroze IIL of Delhi, and 
built of solid stone, 1370 ; annexed to the empire of Delhi, 1478 ; repaired, 1570, 
and the bridge built, which was submerged, 1773, when a brigade of British troops 
sailed over it ; it suffered no damage from its submersion. 

JOINTED SHIPS, vessels built upon this plan, invented by ]\IcSweney, called 
the Connector, 1858. 

JOINT-STOCK COMPANIES. ' After the crash of the Bubble Act, 6 Geo. I. c. 
iS, 1 719, several companies obtained private acts, but by the statute, 6 Geo. IV. 
c. 91, July 5, 1825, the crown was enabled to grant charters upon certain condi- 
tions ; amended by 4 & 5 Will. IV. c. 94, Aug. 15, 1834 ; this was repealed by 
7 Will. IV. and l Vict. c. 73, July 17, 1837 ; an act passed for the registration, 
incorporation, and regulation of, 7 & 8 Vict. c. iio, Sept. 5, 1844 ; these have 
all been superseded by the statute 19 & 20 Vict. c. 47, July 14, 1856, or the 
'Limited Liabilitj' Act ;' the Windmg-up Acts, 11 & 12 Vict. c. 45, Aug. 14, 
1848, and 12 & 13 Vict. c. 108, Aug. i, 1849 ; further amended, 20 & 21 Vict, 
c. 78, Aug. 25, 1857 ; again, 21 & 22 Vict. c. 60, July 23, 1858 ; companies for 
the erection of dwelling-houses for the labouring classes, incorporated by 18 & 19 
Vict. c. 132, Aug. 14, 1855 ; treaty between England and France relative to, 
April 30, 1862. 



454 JONESBOROUGH JUDGES 

JONESBOROUGH, battle. The Federals under Gen. Sherman defeated the Con- 
federates, capturing looo prisoners and lo cannons, Sept. i, 1864. 

JOPPA, Phoenicia, anciently inhabited by the tribe of Dan, Josh. xix. 46, B.C. 
500. See Jaffa. 

JORDAN. This river has never been navigable, flowing into a sea that has never 
known a port or a fishery ; the plains of, are mentioned, Gen. xiii. 10 ; Jacob 
passed over, Gen. xxxii. 10 ; St John baptized here, John x. 40. 

JOSHUA, the sixth of the sacred books. Part of this work has been compared to 
the Domesday Book of the Normans, written circa B.C. 145 1. 

JOURNALS of the House of Peers, the first taken, 1550; of the House of 
Commons, first ordered to be printed, and ;!^5000 allowed for the expenses of 
the work, 1752 ; the printing the acts of parliament commenced temp. Henry 
VII., and they have been consecutively published since. 

JUAN FERNANDEZ, Island of, discovered, 1705 ; Selkirk, a native of Scotland, 
lived here alone five years, whence the History of Robinson Crusoe, by De Foe. 

JUBILEE, among the Jews every 50 years, among the Christians at the end of 
every century, instituted by Pope Boniface VII., 1300 ; this was celebrated after- 
wards every 50 years by order of Clement VI. ; Urban VI. reduced it to every 33 
years, and Sextus IV. to every 25 years, 1475, at which period it is now fixed, 
an imitation of the Jewish custom ; and at Stratford, the Shakespeare, 1769 and 
1809 ; in honour of George HI. upon the completion of the 50th year of his reign, 
Sept. 25, 1809. 

JUDE, General Epistle of, written to the Jewish Christians in Syria and Arabia, 
A.D. 66 ; he was one of the Twelve Apostles and the brother of James. 

JUDGES appointed, and the kingdom divided into six circuits, three to each, 1 176 ; 
Robert de Brus appointed first chief justice, March 8, 1268 ; Thomas de Weyland 
banished for bribery, 1288 ; several punished for bribery and extortion, 17 Edw. 
I., 1289 ; William de Thorp charged with bribery, Nov. 3, 1350, and committed 
to the Tower, Nov. 13 ; no gift or fee to be received by, 8 Rich. II. c. 3, 1384 ; the 
Chancellor, De la Pole, impeached, Oct. 3, 1386, and dismissed; one committed 
the Prince of Wales for assaulting him on the bench, 141 2 ; their salaries increased, 
37 Henry VIII., 1547 ; Lord Bacon accused by the Commons of bribery, March 
15, 1621, fined ;^40,oooand to be imprisoned in the Tower during pleasure, May 3 ; 
a sermon preached against bribery before the judges at the Thetford assizes, by Mr 
Ramsey, March, 1630 ; an order made as to the wearing of robes, June 4, 1635 ; 
threatened with impeachment, and put in bail, and Berkeley taken off the bench, 
and committed by the Commons, Feb. 13, 1641 ; their salaries fixed at ;!^iooo, 
1648 ; three impeached, Nov. 24, 1680 ; Lord Chancellor Macclesfield fined 
;i^30,ooo, for peculation in his office, 1723-4 ; judges appointed to the superior 
courts, and their salaries fixed, 13 Will. HI. c. 2 ; their salaries augmented, 
and themselves appointed for life, instead of during pleasure, I Geo. III. c. 
23, 1 761 ; enlarged, 1772; appointed the puisne judges, 1779 ! some sent to the 
East Indies, 1774; three additional, appointed, 1784; a vice-chancellor, May 5, 
181 3 ; an additional judge to each court, Oct., 1841 ; two new vice-chancellors, 
April 2, 185 1 ; two Lord Chief Justices appointed by 14 & 15 Vict. c. 83, Aug. 
7, 1851 ; Sir Creswell Creswell appointed first judge of the Divorce Court, Jan. 
5, 1858. 

JUDGES, the salaries of :— 

Lord Chancellor ... ... ... ... ... ... ;[{^io,ooo 

Master of the Rolls ... 6000 

Lord Justices . . 6000 



JUDICIAL PRIVY COUNCIL JUNIUS 455 

Vice-Chancellors ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ^5000 

Lord Chief Justice of the Queen's Bench ... ... ... ... 8000 

Lord Chief Justice of the Common Pleas ... ... ... ... 7000 

Lord Chief Baron of the Exchequer ... ... ... ... 7000 

The Puisne Judges and Barons ... ... ... ,.. ... 5000 

The Judge of the Divorce Court ••■ ■■■ ■■• ••• ••. 7000 

JUDICIAL PRIVY COUNCIL COMMITTEE, for appeals from the various 
courts, constituted, 2 & 3 Will. IV. c. 92, Aug. 14, 1833. 

JUGGERNAUT, the Great Temple of, built, circa a.d. 480 ; it afterwards be- 
came buried in the sands ; restored, I198 ; pilgrimages to the shrine of, taxed ; 
proposal to abolish the tax on the pilgrims to, July, 1812 ; abolished, 1839. 

JUGGLERS, performers of deceptions, considered to be magicians ; a horse that 
performed certain tricks declared to be possessed by a devil, and burned at 
Lisbon, 1601 ; in 1739, a juggler was put to the torture in Poland till he con- 
fessed how he did his tricks, and then hung ; equestrian tricks caused great won- 
der at Rome, 1581 ; Wildman, a conjurer of bees, and their tamer, 1766 ; John 
Muller's iron fly, and an eagle that flew to meet the Emperor Maximilian, 1470, 
at Nuremberg; Vaucanson's flute-playing automaton, 1738, and Phillipstahl's 
in London, 1 809, were considered by the vulgar as touching the supernatural ; the 
rope trick introduced, 1864. 

JUGURTHINE WAR began, B.C. iii ; Marius subdued most of the strongholds, 
107 ; Jugurtha taken, 106 ; he was kept in captivity till the return of his con- 
queror, Jan. I, 104 ; he then adorned his triumph, and was starved in prison. 

JULIAN PERIOD, pi-oduced by the lunar cycle 19, solar cycle 28, and Roman in- 

diction 15, multiplied together, being 7980 years, beginning 4713 years before our 

own era. Calendar reformed by Pope Gregory, 1582. 
JULY, the seventh month of the Julian year, from Julius, the surname of Caesar, 

who was born in it : the fifth month of the Roman Calendar until the year 713 

A. D. , when January and February were added. June was originally the fourth 

month, so named from Juno the goddess. 
JULY, the Revolution of, in France, the populace committing the wildest excess, 

29-31, 1830 ; a decoration called the July Cross founded to commemorate the 

citizens who had distinguished themselves, Oct. 9, 1 830. 
JUNCTION AND BIRMINGHAM CANAL, New, commenced, 1828. 

JUNCTION OF THE ATLANTIC AND PACIFIC proposed by the isthmus 
of Tehuantepec, Feb., 1825. 

JUNCTION OF THE RHINE AND THE DANUBE, a canal for, first con- 
templated through the valley of the Salz, 1834. 

JUNGFRAU, Switzerland, ascent of this glacier for the first time, Sept. 10, 
1828. 

JUNIOR CARLTON CLUB instituted, 1864; the Club-house is now building. 

JUNIOR UNIVERSITY CLUB built from the designs of Sir R. Smirke, R.S., 
IS55-57- 

JUNIUS, Letters of, by a celebrated political writer, who published his papers in 
'diV^ Public Advertiser : the first appeared, Jan. 21, 1769; the last number pub- 
lished, March 3, 1772 ; exceedingly cutting and severe, they were also thought to 
exaggerate the offences and errors of certain public characters, which has since 
been found by collateral evidence, in memoirs and biographies, not to have been 
the case ; the secret of his name the writer declared should perish with him ; Sir 
Philip Francis is supposed to be the author of them. 



456 JUNTO JUTLAND 

JUNTO, a political association in the reign of Queen Anne, consisting of the follow- 
ing six leading Whigs : the Duke of Devonshire, Lord Halifax, Lord Somers, 
Lord Wharton, Lord Sunderland, and Lord Orford, 1707-8. 

JUPITER, the planet so called, known to the Chaldeans 2000 years before Christ ; 
the satellites discovered by Galileo, Jan. 7-13, 1610 ; Harriot observed them, 
Oct. 17. 

JURIES were common to the northern nations ; they were known in Wales before 
they were introduced into England ; Reginer, a Dane, ordered 12 to be impan- 
nelled, 820 ; first established in England by Ethelred, 979 ; the plaintiff and 
defendant in those times used to feed them, whence the common law of denying 
sustenance to a jury after hearing evidence, and for fear of bribery ; the number 
of jurors 12, but not limited in the assize of Henry II.; the first mention of 12 
being the number to be summoned is in the Constitutions of Clarendon, 1 164, 
and the Statute of Northampton, 1176 ; a coroner's jury established, 4 Edw. I. s. 
2, 1276 ; the right of a foreigner to be tried by a mixed jury claimed by some 
Jews, who were accused of murdering a Chiistian child at Lincoln, Nov. 22, 
1250 ; an act passed consolidating and amending the laws relative to jurors and 
juries and defining the qualifications of grand-jurymen, 6 Geo. IV. c. 50, June 22, 
1825 ; an alien on his trial may have half the jury foreigners, Edward III., 1353 ; 
France established the trial by jury in criminal cases, Sept. 16, 1791 ; act passed 
for the trial by jury in civil cases in Scotland, 55 Geo. III. c. 42, 1815 ; to amend 
the Irish laws of, 1 833 ; a judge may detain a jury during his pleasure if they do not 
agree in their verdict ; the unanimity of the jury was everything with the founders 
of this mode of trial ; the evidence must be so clear, that all the 12 honest men 
can give a verdict of innocent or gitilty upon it without reservation ; facilities given 
for the dispatch of business before grand juries, 19 & 20 Vict. c. 54, July 4, 1856. 

JUSTICE, Lord Chief. Robert de Brus first appointed, 52 Henry III., March 8, 
1268. 

JUSTICES IN EYRE, or ITINERANT JUDGES, established by Henry IL, 
A. D. II 76, who made their circuits through the kingdom for this purpose ; Eng- 
land was divided into six circuits and 18 judges, I179 ; the circuits were reduced 
to four and the judges to 15. 

JUSTICES OF THE PEACE, first called Conservators of the peace; by the 
statute, 34 Edw. HI. c. I, 1360, they were called Justices, and appointed by 
special commission under the great seal, the form of which was settled by all the 
judges, 1590 ; by the statute, 18 Edw. III. c. 2, 1344, two or three men of the 
best reputation in each county appointed ; the number restrained by 12 Rich. II. 
c. 10, 1388, and 14 Rich. II. c. 11, 1391 ; must be residents in their several 
counties, 2 Henry V. s. i, c. 4, 1414 ; qualifications fixed by 5 Geo. II. c. 18, 
1732, and 18 Geo. IL c. 20, 1745 ; persons not capable of being upon the com- 
mission, 6 & 7 Vict. c. 73. 

JUSTICIARS OF ENGLAND, the first appointed by William the Conqueror 
was the Earl of Kent, and William Fitz-Osborne, Earl of Hereford, March, 
1067 ; the last, 1 26 1. 

JUSTICIARY COURT OF SCOTLAND established, 1672. 

JUSTINIAN, his Code of Laws published, 520, four years after his Digest ; began 
his reign, 527 ; died, Nov., 565. 

JUSTS, i^^^ Tournaments. 

JUTLAND, Denmark. During the loth and I ith centuries the whole of the coimtry 
was a forest ; the sea broke through the dykes, destroying 15,000 persons, 1634 ; 
the cathedral founded, 1248 ; three English ships-of-war were wrecked off this 
coast, 1807. 



JUVENILE OFFENDERS KANDY 457 

JUVENILE OFFENDERS, Prison for, established at Parkhurst, Isle of Wight, 
I & 2 Vict. c. 82, Aug. 10, 1838 ; enlarged, 5 & 6 Vict. c. 98, s. 12, Aug. 10, 
1842. 



K 



KAFFA, Crimea. The ancient Theodosia of the Greeks, it was founded by 
Milesian colonists ; it was taken after a long siege by Leucon, King of the Bos- 
phorus ; it was taken by the Genoese in the 13th century ; captured by the Turks, 
1475 ; taken by the Russians, 1771 ; made a free port, 1 806. 

KAFFRARIA, Cape of Good Hope. The Dutch made a settlement here, circa 1674; 
they first came in contact with the natives, 1 740 ; they drove them over the Great 
Fish river, 1 780 ; the British took possession of the country, 1 795 ; it was restored 
to the Dutch, 1802 ; again taken by the English, 1806. See Cape of Good Hope. 

KAGOSIMA, Japan. Mr Ricliardson murdered here, Sept. 14, 1862 ; the town 
bombarded by the fleet under Admiral Kuper, Aug. 15, 1863. 

KAIRA, Hindustan, ceded to the East India Company by the Guicowar, May, 
1803. 

KAIRWAN, N. Africa, founded by the Arabs, a.d. 670. 

KAISERSLAUTERN, Germany. The town fortified and castle built by Frederick 
I., circa 1 160; the French attempted to take the town, destroying the castle, 
Nov. 28, 1793 ; they were defeated with considerable loss here, May 24, 1794. 

KALAFAT, Wallachia, occupied by a large Turkish force, Oct. 28, 1853 ; they 
fortified and held the town until delivered up to the Austrians by the treaty of 
June 14, 1S54. 

KALEIDOSCOPE, an optical instrument, invented by Dr Brewster, and patented, 

181 7, greatly assistant in the formation of patterns. 
KALITSCH ALLIANCE, offensive and defensive, ratified here between Frederick 

William III. of Prussia, and Alexander, Emperor of Russia, against France, Feb. 

28, 1813 ; joined by England, June 14. 

KALITSCH, battle between the French and Russians, Feb. 13, 1813, in which 
the former were defeated. 

KALUNGA FORT, in the East Indies, repulse of the English from, and Gen. 
Gillespie killed, Oct. 31, 1814 ; attacked again with no better success, Nov. 27, 
but ultimately evacuated by the enemy, Nov. 30. 

KAMPTULICON, a flexible floor cloth, composed of cork and india-rubber, pa- 
tented by Mr Galloway, Feb. 14, 1844. 

KAMTSCHATKA, Asiatic Russia, discovered by the Russians, and taken posses- 
sion of by them, 1649 ; a party of Cossacks attempted to penetrate into the in- 
terior, 1696, but without success ; subjected to Russia, 1706 ; visited by Behring, 
1728; by Clarke, Captain Cook's companion, who died in, Aug. 22, 1779. 

KANDAHAR, Affglianistan. The present city built by Ahmed Shah, and made 
the seat of Government, 1754 ; the Government removed to Cabal, 1774 ; occupied 
by the British forces under Gen. Nott, from 1839 — 42. 

KANDY, Ceylon, the capital of the Kings of Kandy till 1815 ; captured by the 
English, Feb. 14, to whom it was ceded by treaty, March 2. 



45S KANGAROO ISLAND KELLY COLLEGE 

KANGAROO ISLAND, so named by its discoverer, Capt. Flinders, from tlie num- 
ber of kangaroos discovered tliere, 1 802. 
KANGRAH, this celebrated hill fort captured by the famous Mahmoud of Ghizni, 
who plundered it of immense riches, A.D. loio ; it was retaken by the Rajah of 
Delhi, 1043 ; it was one of the places selected for the culture of the tea tree, 
1850. 

KANSAS, N. America, purchased by Act of Congress from the French, 1803 ; and 
formed into a settlement, 1854; admitted into the Union, 1856. 

KARICAL, Hindustan, granted to the French by the Rajah of Travancore, 1739 ; 
taken by the English under Col. Monson, 1760. 

KARNAK, Egypt. The hall of the temple built by Sethee I., cii-ca B.C. 1340; 
the great obelisk, the monument of Queen Amen-numt, erected, B.C. 1442. 

KARS, Turkey. The castle founded by Amurath III., 1586 ; besieged by the 
Persian conqueror Nadir Shah, 1735, unsuccessfully; the Russians under Gen. 
Neswatoff attempted to take it, 1806, but failed ; they again besieged it under the 
command of Gen. Paskiewitsch, July 1, 1828, and took it after an obstinate 
resistance, Aug. 27 ; Gen. Williams appointed to superintend the defence and 
fortification of, Sept., 1854 ; besieged by the Russians under Mouravieff, June 9, 
1855 ; assaulted by the Russians, who were severely repulsed after 8 hours' fighting, 
Sept. 29 ; capitulated through famine, Nov. 28, 1855 ; restored to the Turks 
by treaty, March 30, 1856. 

KASAN, European Russia, founded by the Tartars, 1441 ; subjected to Russia, 
1552; the ancient archives destroyed by fire and part of the town, 1774 > t-be 
government powder stores exploded, 1815, and 1842 ; half of the city burnt. 

KATCHA BAY, Black Sea, the fleet suffered severely by a hurricane off this 
coast, Nov. 14, 1854. 

KATHERINE HALL, Cambridge, founded, 1472. 

KATHERINE'S, ST, DOCKS, London, designed by Mr Hardwicke ; first stone 
laid. May 3, 1827; opened, Oct. 25, 1828; total cost, ;^i, 700,000. .Sc^ Docks. 

KATHERINE'S, ST, HOSPITAL, at the tower founded by Queen Matilda, 
circa 1 148; the last service held here, Oct. 30, 1825; removed to Regent's 
Park, 1827. 

KATZBACH, battle. The French, commanded by Marshal Ney, defeated the 
Prussians under Field-marshal Bluclier, Aug. 26, 1813. 

KEARSAGE, Federal war steamer, Capt. Winslow, defeated and sunk the 
Alabama, Capt. Semmes, June 20 ; Capt. Semmes, 13 officers, and 26 men, 
saved by Mr Lancaster in his yacht, 'The Deerhound,' June 20, 1852. 

KEASY PRIORY, Suffolk, founded, 12 10. 

KEELING ISLANDS, Indian Ocean, discovered by Capt. Keeling, 1609. 

KEHL, Germany, taken by the French under Moreau, June 23, 1796 ; besieged by 
the Austrians, and captured after 50 days, Jan. 9, 1797 ; annexed to France, Jan. 
27, 1807 ; restored by the treaty signed at Paris, May 30, 1814. 

KELAT, Beloochistan. This town was taken by the British, under Gen. 
Wiltshire, Nov. 13, 1839, Mehrab Khan being slain ; a detachment of Sepoys 
being left to hold the town, they were defeated by the Beloochees under Nussir 
Khan, July, 1840 ; retaken by General Nott, Nov. 3, 1840 ; the ruler, Nasir 
Khan, acknowledged by the British, and the troops withdrawn, 1841. 

KELDHOLM PRIORY, Yorkshire, founded by Robert de Stutevill, cijxa 1135. 

KELLY COLLEGE, Devonshire, Admiral Benedictus Marvs^ood Kelly left a sum 
of ^80,000 to found a Church of England College at, he died, Sept. 26, 1867. 



KELLY, MISS KENSINGTON PALACE 459 

KELLY, MISS, fired at while acting in Drury-lane, by George Barnett, Feb. 17, 
1 81 6, who was tried, and found insane. 

KELSO, Scotland. The abbey founded by David I., 1128; the founder's son, 
Henry Earl of Northumberland, buried in, 1 152 ; the church founded. May 3, 1 128 ; 
partially destroyed by the English army, 1545 ; demolished by the English, 1545 ; 
the bridge built by Rennie after the model of Waterloo Bridge, length 494 feet, 
breadth 25 feet, height 42 feet, opened, 1803 ; cost ^18,000 ; Town Hall built, 
1816 ; Queen Victoria visited this town, Aug. 21, 1867. 

KENDAL, Westmoreland. The weavers from Flanders and other foreign places 
settled hei-e, 1337; law made for the protection of the manufacture of Kendal 
cloth, 13 Rich. II., 1389, and that it should not require to be sealed, 9 Hen. IV. 
c. 2, 1407 ; incorporated by Elizabeth, 1575 ; confirmed by Charles I., 1635-6 ; the 
corporation adopted the Local Government Act, 1858 ; the Town Hall built, 1828. 

KENDAL CASTLE, Westmoreland, erected and fortified by Ivy de Talboys, 
temp. Stephen, 1133-54; Catherine Parr, one of the Queens of Henry VIII., 
born, 1509. 

KENILWORTH, Dictum of, issued by certain bishops and others appointed, on the 
surrender of Kenilworth Castle, after six months' siege, to the royal forces of 
Henry III. ; by this dictum, all who took up arms against the king were to pay him 
the value of their lands for seven, five, and two years ; first issued, Oct. 31, 1266. 

KENILWORTH ABBEY, Warwickshire, founded by Geoffrey de Clinton, cham- 
berlain to Henry I., 1122. 

KENILWORTH CASTLE, Warwickshire, built by Geoffrey de Clinton, Treasurer 
to Henry I., whose tower walls are 16 feet thick, 1120; sold by the founder's 
grandson to Henry III., who gave it to Simon de Montfort, as a marriage portion 
with his sister Eleanor, enlarged and fortified by him, 1262 ; taken by Edward I., 
who gave it to his son Edmund, afterwards Earl of Leicester, 1273 ; he held a 
tournament here, which was attended by a hundred knights and ladies, 1278 ; 
Edward II. confined in, 1326 ; a deputation of the Commons arrived here, and ex- 
torted from him his resignation of the crown, Jan. 20, 1327 ; enlarged by Edward 
HI., 1340-2; John of Gaunt strengthened the fortifications, 1396; reverted to 
the crown, 1399; given by Queen Elizabeth to Dudley, Earl of Leicester, who 
entertained her and the court for 17 days, 1562 ; considerably enlarged, and two 
new towers added by the Earl, 1570-75 ; Cromwell captured it, and gave it up 
to his army to pillage and destroy, 1646. 

KENNINGTON COMMON, Surrey. The Chartists held a meeting here, April 
10, 1848, but owing to the precautions taken, failed in creating an insurrection ; 
converted into a public park by 15 & 16 Vict. c. 29, June 17, 1S52 ; completed 
and opened, 1853. 

KENSAL GREEN, general cemetery, London, incorporated, 1831 ; opened, 
Jan. 31, 1832; consecrated, Nov. 2; the same year enlarged, and the additional 
ground consecrated by the Bishop of London, A. C. Tait, D.D., Aug. 14, 1862; 
much damage done to the catacombs by a fire which broke out, Sept. 18, 1865. 

KENSINGTON. The Gore estate purchased by the commissioners of the Great 
Exhibition, 69 acres, ^213,500, 1852 ; the South Kensington Museum built ; 
T/ie Boilers, 1856; the present building, from the designs of Capt. Fowke, R. E., 
1865 ; the Horticultural Gardens opened, 1861 ; International Exhibition, 1862 ; 
Her Majesty laid the foundation-stone of the Hall of Arts and Science, May 10, 
1867 ; Campden House destroyed by fire, March 23, 1862 ; Palace Gardens 
formed under the 5 Vict. c. i, Oct. 5, 1841. 

KENSINGTON PALACE, and Gardens, once the seat of Lord Chancellor Finch, 
partly taken out of Hyde Park, but only 26 acres in extent, purchased by William 



46o KENT KETTERING 

III. ; Queen Anne enclosed 30 acres, and planted it, 1701, taken out of Hyde Park, 
and Queen Caroline gave 300 acres more, 1 730 ; George II. died here ; Queen 
Victoria bom in the palace, May 24, 1819 ; the bridge designed by Rennie, and 
opened, 1827, at a cost of ^36,500 ; a ride formed, i860, and another, 1861 ; the 
ornamental water-works completed, 1861. 

KENT, England. The Cymri were the first settlers ; they were followed by the 
Belgse ; Hengist and Horsa landed in Pegwell Bay, 445 ; St Augustine landed 
in the Isle of Thanet, 597 ; Ethelbert, King of Kent, the first Christian King of 
England, 597 ; the first Christian Church, St Martin, built at Canterbury in 
Roman times ; became subject to Mercia at the end of the seventh century, and 
in 823 passed under the supremacy of the West Saxons ; William the Conqueror 
burnt Romney and Dover, iDut confirmed the men of Kent in their privileges, 1067; 
Thomas a Becket landed at, upon his return from exile, 1170; the insurrection 
under Wat Tyler, commenced at Dartford, 1381 ; the rebels iinder Jack Cade 
encamped on Blackheath, June i, 1450 ; 4000 French soldiers landed, and burnt 
the town of Sandwich, 1459 ; the shipping in the Medivay destroyed by the Dutch 
fleet, 1677 ; King James II. was captured at Sheerness, and conveyed to Favers- 
ham, 1688 ; the Kentish men rose in arms in favour of Charles I., May 23, 1648, 
but were defeated at Maidstone, June i, by Fairfax. 

KENT, a little boy four years of age, the son of Mr Kent, of Road, Somei-set? 
murdered by his sister Constance Kent, June 30, i860. See Road Murder. 

KENT, East Indiaman, sailed from tlie Downs, Feb., 1825, and took fire in Bay 
of Biscay, March i, 1825, during a storm, when 340 men, 66 women, and 45 
children were saved by the noble conduct of Captain Cook of the Cambria, that 
fortunately hove in sight, Marcli 2 ; 85 persons perished. The East India Com- 
pany rewarded the gallantry of the captain and crew of tire Cambria. 

KENT, Elizabeth Barton, the Floly Maid of, executed at Tyburn for witchcraft, 
April 20, 1534. 

KENTBURY, Berks, numerous houses at, destroyed by fire, April 10, 1742. 

KENTISFI PETITION, a petition agreed to at the assizes held at Maidstone, and 
signed by the grand jury, magistrates, and freeholders begging tlie House of Com- 
mons to cease their disputes upon the partition treaties and illegal orders, and to 
consider the bills of supply signed, April 29, 1701 ; presented. May 8, v.-hen the 
House refused to receive it, and committed William Colepepper and four other 
gentlemen who presented it, to prison ; this conduct brought forth a memorial 
from the people of Kent and other counties, and these gentlemen were soon released. 

KENTON, Exeter, a village seven miles from, destroyed by fire, April 16, 1856. 

KENTUCKY, North America, the first settlement was .established, 1760-70; a 
county of Virginia declared independent, 1790 ; admitted into the Union, June I, 
1792. 

KERMAN, Persia. The town taken by Aga Mahomet Khan, and its walls and 
public buildings destroyed, and 30,000 of its inhabitants put to death, 1794. 

KERTCH, Crimea, PantkapiEum colonized by the Milesians, Greeks, B.C. 600; 
became part of the Roman Empire, B.C. 50 ; taken by the Huns, A.D. 375 ; taken 
by Mithridates, King of Pontus, B.C. 689; occupied by the Genoese, A.D. 12S0; 
captured by the Turks, 1473; seized by the Russians, 1771 ; ceded to them, 1774; 
taken by the AlHes, May 25, 1855, fortified by them ; the museum and other public 
buildings despoiled, and their contents destroyed by the soldiers; the town partially 
burnt, June 14, 1855 ; restored to Russia by the treaty of Paris, March 30, 1856. 

KERTMEL PRIORY, Lancashire, founded by William Marsliall, Earl of Pem- 
broke, 1 188. 

KETTERING, Northamptonshire, destroyed by fire, 1767. 



KETT, ROBERT KIDDERMINSTER 461 

KETT, ROBERT, the leader of the rebellion in Norfolk. The insurgents' first act 
of violence was destroying the inclosure of the commons, June 20, 1549 ; they 
formed an encampment at Mousehold of 16,000 men, Oct.; Norwich taken by 
the rebels; defeated by the Earl of Warwick, Aug. 27; Kett taken and confined 
in the Tower of London ; tried at Westminster, and hanged in chains at Norwich 
Castle, Saturday, Dec. 7, 1549. 
KEW, Surrey, the first bridge of, erected by Robert Tunstall, 1759 ; upon the ap- 
plication of the founder's son leave was given by 22 Geo. III. c. 42, 1782, tobuikl 
one of stone from the designs of Mr Payne ; the first stone laid, June 4, 1 783 ; 
opened, Sept. 23, 1789. 
KEW CHURCH, built and consecrated. May 12, 1714; enlarged at the expense 

of King William IV., 1837. 
KEW GARDENS, Surrey ; the new conservatory erected by order of William IV. ; 
the orangery or greenhouse, erected by Sir W. Chambers, 1751 ; repaired, 1842 ; 
the Temple of the Sun built by him ; the botanical gardens, 1 1 acres, transferred 
by the Royal family to the public, 1S41 ; exclusive of pleasure-grounds, there are 
now 250 acres ; Sir W. Hooker says until 1853 the gardens were only in the 
course of formation. 
KEW HOUSE, Surrey. The property of Richard Bennett, son of Sir Thomas 
Bennett, Lord Mayor of London, 1603, to Samuel Molyneux, secretary to Geo. 
II.; he first encouraged scientific pursuits, and erected a telescope in his grounds, 
with which Dr Bradley first observed the ' Aberration of Light,' and the ' Nuta- 
tion of the Earth ; ' Frederick Prince of Wales obtained a lease of this house, 1 730; 
he died here, 1751 ; Princess Dowager first began the garden, now the Botanic 
Garden, 1759. 
KEW PALACE, the New ; this house was taken down, 1802 ; built by order of 
Geo. III., 1803 ; it was never finished, and the last of its materials were sold, 
1827. The house now called the Palace (was originally the Dutch House) erected 
in the reign of James I. ; leased to Queen Caroline, purchased for Queen Charlotte, 
1781 ; she died here, Nov. 17, 1818. The Temple of Vicfoiy erected in com- 
memoration of the battle of Minden in the grounds, 1760. 
KEYNSHAM ABBEY, Somersetshire, founded by William, Earl of Gloucester, 

1169. 
KHART, battle. The Turkish army defeated the Russians at this place, July 
19, 1829, but were in turn defeated by the Russians, under General Paskiewitsch, 
the 20tii of the following month. 
KHERSON, European Russia. The town founded, 1778 ; fortified, 1780 ; Howard 

the philanthrpoist died here, 1790. 

KHIVA, Asia, was an independent kingdom from the loth to the 13th centuries ; 

Genghis Khan conquered it, 1221 ; taken by Timur, 1379 ; the Turkomans 

are its pi^esent inhabitants. 

KHYBER PASS, Affghanistan. The English army, under the command of Gen. 

Elphinstone, began their retreat through this Pass, Jan. 6, 1842 ; out of 4500 

men, with 12,000 camp followers, only Dr Bryden reached Jellalabad on the 13th. 

KHYRPORE, Hindustan, ceded by treaty to the British, 1838, and annexed to the 

Indian possessions, March 24, 1843. 
KIDD, the pirate, executed. May 23, 1701 ; his effects given to Greenwich 

Hospital, 4 Anne, c. 12, 1705. 
KIDDER, RICHARD, Bishop of Bath, and his wife, killed in bed by the falling 

of a stack of chimneys, 1703. 
KIDDERMINSTER, Worcestershire, incorporated by Henry III., Feb. i, 1530 ; 
the trade of, promoted, 1533 ; during the 17th century the town was noted for mak- 



4&2 KIDNEY BEx\NS KILKENNY 

ing linsey-wolsey ; the number of rooms for weaving carpets was 417, 1677 ; in 
1772, 250; Charles I. granted their present charter, Aug. 31, 1637. 

KIDNEY BEANS, called also French beans, introduced in the i6th century ; the 
kidney-bean tree came from South Carolina, United States, about 1724. 

KIDWELLY, South Wales. A castle erected in the reign of William Rufus by 
William de Londres ; surprised and taken by Gryfydd ap Rhys, 1 1 14 ; he repaired 
and strengthened the castle, 1190 ; destroyed by his son, 1233 ; the Prioryof Kid- 
welly founded by Roger, Bishop of Salisbury, II33 ; the town incorporated by 
Henry VI., 1437; confirmed by James II. 

KIEF, Russia. The Cathedral of St Sophia founded, 1037, by Jaroslav Vladimi- 
rowitch ; the town ceded to Russia, 1686; university founded, 1833. 

KIEL, Denmark, the university founded by Christian Albert, 1650 ; college 
established, 1768 ; ceded by the Empress of Russia to Denmark, 1773 ; treaty 
signed at, between Sweden and Denmark, Jan. 14, 1814, Norway being given up 
to the former power ; insurrection in, against Denmark, and a provisional govern- 
ment established, March 24, 1848; ceded to Prussia, Aug. 14, 1865. 

KIERCY-SUR-OISE, France. At a council held here a capitulary was passed 
granting to the nobles in express terms the hereditary transmission of their bene- 
fices, 877. 

KILBURN, Middlesex, a priory founded at, between 1128 and I134, by Godwyn, 
a hermit, and Flerebert, Abbot of Westminster; dissolved, 1530; famed for its 
mineral spring, inclosed, 1714- 

KILCULLEN, Ireland, the new town built, 1319 ; battle of, between the revolted 
Irish and the British, under General Dundas, the latter was defeated. May 23, 
1798. 

KILDARE, Bishopric of, founded, 519 ; the first Protestant bishop was appointed, 
1550 ; united to Dublin. 

KILDARE, Curraghof, Ireland ; the insurrections here began the rebellion of 1798, 
May 23 ; occupied by Gen. Preston with his forces, 1783 ; 30,000 insurgents met 
at, in 1804 ; during the present century a permanent camp has been formed. 

KILFENORA, Bishopric of, a suffragan to the seeof Cashel, 1152 ; united to Clon- 
fert, 1 741 ; to Killaloe, 1752. 

KILGERRAN, Wales, the castle taken from the English by Rhys ap Gryfydd, 
1164 ; the Normans made an unsuccessful attempt to take it, 1166 ; captured by 
William, Earl of Pembroke, 1204; recaptured by the Welsh, 1215 ; again taken 
by the Earl of Pembroke, 1222 ; it has since remained in that family. 

KILKENNY, Ireland. Strongbow formed an English settlement here and erected 
the castle in the 12th century ; Wm Le Mareschal granted the town a charter of 
incorporation, afterwards confirmed by James I. ; the castle was purchased by the 
Earl of Ormond, 1391, in which he entertained Richard II., 1399 ; the town was 
walled, 1400; Jerpoint Abbey of St Canice founded, 1180; the hospital of St 
John founded, 1220 ; taken by the insurgents, 1641, and made the head-quarters 
of the Roman Catholic party ; the town walled by Robert Talbot, 1400 ; Crom- 
well besieged the town, March 23, 1650, thrice repulsed in his assaults ; Ireton 
arriving with a fresh force, the town surrendered, March 28 ; the first parliament 
was held here, 1294, and the last, 1536. The Kilkenny Statutes were passed 
here, by which it was made high treason for the English to intermarry with the 
Irish, or nurse the infants of such marriage ; and the use of an Irish name, dress, 
guise, or fashion, by any Englishman, incurred seizure of lands and imprisonment 
till he renounced them, 40 Edward III., 1364. 

KILKENNY, Ireland. The see of Ossory was first established at Seikyran, circa 
402 ; removed to Aghaboe, 1052, and to Kilkenny in the reign of Henry II. 



KILLALA KING'S, OR QUEEN'S BENCH 463 

KILLALA, Ireland, landing of the French at, under General Humbert, Aug. 22, 
1798 ; they defeated the royal forces under General Lake, but soon afterwards 
surrendered to General Cornwallis. 

KILLALA, see of, said to have been founded, 434 ; united to the see of Achonry, 
1607, and to Tuam, 1S33. 

KILLALOE, the see of, said to be founded in the 6th century ; the King of Tho- 
mond and Desmond died here in pilgrimage, 1142 ; the see of Kilfenora united 
with it, 1752. ^^ 

KILLIECRANKIE, battle, in Scotland, between William III. and the adher- 
ents of James II., Viscount Dundee formerly ; Graham of Clavei-house succeeded 
in raising a force of 2000 or 3000 Highlanders, with whom he defeated the king's 
forces, but he fell at the moment when victory declared in his favour, July 27, 
1689. 

KILMAINHAM HOSPITAL, Dublin, for disabled Irish soldiers, founded in the 
town of that name, 1675. 

KILMALLOCK ABBEY, Ireland, founded, 645 ; incorporated by Edward VI. ; 
confirmed by Elizabeth, 1584; invested by the Irish forces, 1598. 

KILSYTH, battle. The Covenanters, under Baillie, defeated by the Royalists, 
commanded by the Diike of Montrose, Aug. 15, 1645. 

KILT, or PHILIBEG, as worn in Scotland, introduced by Thomas Rawlinson, 
an iron-smelter, chra 1 728. 

KILWARDEN, LORD, murdered by the rebels in Dublin, July 23, 1803. 

KIMBOLTON Cx\STLE, Huntingdonshire, erected and fortified by Geoffrey de 
Mandeville, Earl of Essex, 1137-40 ; rebuilt by Sir Richard Wingfield, 1531 ; 
Catherine of Arragon resided here, where she died, 1536. 

KINBURN, Russia. The Russians, under Suwaroff, defeated the Turks near, 
1787 ; the forts at, capitulated to theallied squadrons, Oct. 17, 1855. 

KING, the name of the supreme ruler of the Hebrews during a period of about 
500 years previous to the destruction of Jerusalem, B.C. 586 ; the immediate oc- 
casion of the substitution of a regal form of government forthat of judges seems to 
have been the siege of Jabesh-Gilead, by Nahash, King of the Ammonites, i Sam. 
xi. 50, xii. 12; he was the commander-in-chief of the army, supreme judge, and 
absolute master of the lives of his subjects. 

KINGS, the First and Second Books of, originally only one book in the Hebrew 
Canon, and in the Vulgate the third and fourth books, the books of Samuel being 
the first and second ; these books contain the history from David's death and 
Solomon's accession to the destruction of the kingdom of Judah, and the desola- 
tion of Jerusalem ; first book written B-C. 1015 ; second book, circa B.C. 896. 

KING'S BOOK. This is the return of the commissioners appointed under 26 
Heniy VIII. c. 3, 1534, to value the first-fruits and tenths bestowed, it is entitled 
Valor Ecclesiasticus Tempore HeiiriclNWY. ; Auctoritate Regia iiistituta. 

KING'S, or QUEEN'S, BENCH, Court of. The ancient Ciiria Regis, so called 
because the king formerly sat there. The Rolls began, 6 Rich. I. ; made itinerant 
by Edward I., 1300. The court for Ireland established by Edward I. 

The Lord Chief Justices, from the Restoration, 1660, to the present time. 

Sir Robert Foster 1660 Sir Francis Pemberton ... 1681 

Sir Robert Hyde 1663 Sir Edmund Saunders 1683 

Sir John Kelynge ... ... 1665 Sir George Jeffries, the infamous 

Sir Matthew Hale 1671 Lord Jeffries 1683 

Sir Richard Raynsford 1676 Sir Edward Herbert 1685 

Sir William Scroggs 1678 Sir Robert Wright 1687 



464 KING'S BENCH PRISON KING'S COLLEGE 

Sir John Holt 1689 Lord Mansfield 1756 

Earl of Macclesfield ... ... 1709 Lord Kenyon ... ... ... 17S8 

Sir John Pratt 1718 Lord Ellenborough 1802 

Lord Raymond 1724 Lord Tenterden 181 8 

Earl of Hard vvicke 1733 Lord Denman 1832 

Sir William Lee 1737 Lord Campbell 1850 

Sir Dudley Ryder 1754 Sir Alexander Cockburn . . 1859 

The Lord Chief Justices for Ireland since the Union. 

Lord Kilwarden 1798 Francis Blackburne ... ... 1846 

Viscount Downs 1803 Thomas Lefroy 1852 

Charles Kendal Bushe 1822 James Whiteside 1866 

Edward Pennefather ... ... 1841 

KING'S BENCH PRISON, the chief prison for the confinement of debtors and 
persons in contempt of court ; it contains about 240 rooms ; built, 1751 ; burned 
down by the rioters, June 3, 1780 ; rebuilt, 1781 ; the Marshalsea and Fleet con- 
solidated with, 5 & 6 Vict. c. 22, May 31, 1842 ; amended, il & 12 Vict. c. 7, 
March 28, 1848 ; 23 & 24 Vict. c. 60, Aug. 6, i860; 24 & 25 Vict. c. 12, May 
17, 1861 ; ceased to be used as a prison for debtors. 

KING GEORGE'S ISLAND, Pacific Ocean, discovered by Commodore Byi-on, 
1765 ; visited by Captain Cook, 1773. 

KING GEORGE'S SOUND, Australia, discovered by the Spaniards,. 17 74 ; visited 
by Captain Cook, 1778. 

KING OF ENGLAND. Title first used by Egbert, 827 ; King of Ireland added, 
1541 ; of Great Britain, by James I., 1603. Henry IV. was called ' His Grace,' 
Henry VI. 'His Excellent Grace.' Edward IV. 'High and Mighty Prince.' 
Henry VII. 'His Grace' and 'His Highness.' Henry VIII. first 'His High- 
ness,' then ' His Majesty.' — N'otes and Queries. 

King of France. This title was first assumed by Edward HI., who claimed 
it in right of his mother, Feb. 21, 1340 ; Henry VI. was the last king pro- 
claimed in France ; the title relinquished by George II. 
King of the French. Title of, first taken by Louis XVI., Oct., 1789 ; Louis 

Philippe so invested, Aug. 9, 1830. 
King of Italy. Victor Emmanuel elected King of, March 17, 1861. 
King of the Romans, the title of the eldest sons of the emperors of Germany ; 

the first was Henry VL, 1055. 
King of Rome, the title of the son of Napoleon Bonaparte, 1811, given at his 

birth. 
King of Scotland (James VI. ), took the part of his mother against Queen 
Elizabeth, 1577 ; taken prisoner by some of the Scotch nobility, 1582 ; escaped, 
1583 ; entered into a treaty of reciprocal support with England, 1586 ; married 
a daughter of the King of Denmark, 1590 ; was attempted to be seized by Both- 
well, but he escaped, 1592 ; drove the Catholic lords out of his kingdom, 1594 ; 
insisted on being declared the successor of Queen Elizabeth, 1598 ; sent Eliza- 
beth word of the intended invasion of Ireland by the Spaniards, 1599 ; excluded 
from the throire of England by the Pope, and marked for assassination by the 
Gowries, 1600 ; became possessor of the throne of England as James L, by the 
death of Elizabeth, crowned, July 25, 1603. 

KING'S COLLEGE, Aberdeen, founded, 1500. 

KING'S COLLEGE, Cambridge, founded by Plenry VI. , 1443, and built by 

Nicholas Close, Bishop of Lichfield, 1446. 
KING'S COLLEGE, Halifax, incorporated, 1802. 
KING'S COLLEGE, London, opened, Oct. 8, 183 1 ; first conference of degrees, 



KING'S COUNSEL KINMEL HALL 465 

May I, 1850; museum presented to, 1843, and a library of 3000 volumes on 
philosophy and oriental literature, presented by William Marsden, F. R. S., 1835. 
KING'S COUNSEL, the first under the degree of King's Sergeant, so made, was 
Sir Francis Bacon, Aug. 25, 1604. 

KING'S CROSS, Battle Bridge, first so called in honour of the accession of George 
IV., Jan., 1820. 

KING'S EVIL, first touched for in England by Edward the Confessor, 1058 ; 
Clovis of France performed this custom, A.D. 481 ; Louis I., 814, and Francis 
I., 1527 ; Andrew Borde wrote, in the reign of Henry VIII., 'The Kinges of 
England, by the power that God hath gyven to them, doth make sicke men whole 
of a syckness, called the kinges evylL' The people were forbidden to repair to 
the court to be touched until the Michaelmas following. May 13, 1625 ; Charles 
II. issued an order of ceremony of touching for, 1683 ; he touched 92,107 per- 
sons, who were all cured, according to the King's physician. Queen Anne was 
the last sovereign who touched for this disease ; Dr Johnson was touched by her, 
1 712. A form of prayer was introduced into the Prayer Book, 1684. 

KING'S LYNN. The town incorporated by Henry VIII., 1524 ; the name of the 
town changed from Bishop's Lynn to King's Lynn by a second charter of Henry 
VIII. , 1538 ; he founded a grammar school in the town ; the water-works built by 
the corporation, 1830 ; enlarged, i860; St John's church erected at a cost of 
;,^5000, 1846 ; the hospital enlarged, 1852 ; the town drained, 1864 ; the Lynn 
and Sutton railway opened, March i, 1866. 

KING'S NEWTON HALL, Derbyshire, destroyed by fire, April 18, 1859. 

KING'S SPEECH, the first, delivered by Henry L, 1107. 

KINGSALE, Ireland ; the town taken by a detachment of Spanish troops, Sept., 
1601, who fortified it ; recaptured by the English, Dec. 28, 1601 ; held by the 
forces of King James II., 1690. 

KINGSTON, Duchess of, convicted and degraded for bigamy, April 22, 1776; 
allowed the title of the Countess of Bristol, May 18, 1779 ; she had first married 
Captain Hervey, and next the Duke of Kingston. 

KINGSTON, Jamaica, founded, 1695, after the destruction of Port Royal by an 
earthquake ; damaged by a fire to the extent of j^ ^00,000, Feb. 3, 1 782 ; a number 
of houses burnt at, March 29, 1862. 

KINGSTON, New York, incorporated, 1707; burnt by the British troops, 1777. 

KINGSTON-ON-THAMES. Egbert held a great council here, 838 ; many of the 
Saxon kings were also crowned in this town ; incorporated by King John, 1199 ■ 
the castle taken by Henry III., 1264 ; during the civil war the town was in pos- 
session of both parties ; Essex held it with 3000 men, 1642 ; the first stone of the 
bridge was laid by Lord Liverpool, Nov. 7, 1825 ; completed, 1S28 ; made a 
municipal corporation, 1835 ; the Town-hall built, 1837 ; St Mark's church built 
at the expense of Miss Burdett Coutts, 1845 ; improvement act granted to, 1855. 

KINGSTOWN, Ireland, so called to commemorate the visit of George IV., 1821 ; 
the harbour began at, 181 7 ; a harbour at Houth, on the opposite side, was also 
began in Sept., 1807; railway from, to Dublin, opened, Dec. 17, 1834; Queen 
Victoria landed and embarked from this place upon her visiting Ireland, Auo-. 5 
1849. 

KINGS WOOD ABBEY, Wiltshire, founded by William de Berkeley, 1139. 

KINGTON ST MICHAEL, Wiltshire, the priory founded by Adam Weyfer, circa 
1292. 

KINMEL HALL, St Asaph, the seat of Lord Dinorben, burnt, valued at ^35,000, 
Sept. 27, 1841. 

iO 



466 KINNER ABBEY KNIGHT 

KINNER ABBEY, Merionethshire, founded by Llewellyn, Prince of North Wales, 
1209. 

KINSTON, Herefordshire. An earthquake happened here which removed Mar- 
clay Hill for a considerable distance, Feb. 17, 1571. 

KIRBY and WADE, two captains in the navy, shot at Plymouth for cowardice, 
1703, having been sentenced in Jamaica previously. 

KIRKBY MUXLOE CASTLE, Leicestershire, built by William Lord Hastings, 

1474- 
KIRKCALDY, Fifeshire, mortgaged by David II. to the Abbey of Dunfermline ; 
it was sold, 1540 ; made a royal burgh, Feb. 5, 1644 ; the sailors' guild founded, 
1590 ; the church rebuilt, 1807 ; the streets lighted, 1811. 
KIRKHAM PRIORY, Yorkshire, built by Sir Walter Espec, 1122. 
KIRKOSWALD CASTLE, Cumberland, built by the Engaines, and enlarged and 
fortified by Thomas de Multon, 1330 ; again refortified by Sir Hugh de Morvill, 
one of the assassins of Thomas a Becket, 1200 ; Thomas Lord Dacre held it, 
1520-1 ; demolished by Lord William Howard, 1686-7. 
KIRKSTALL ABBEY, Yorkshire, founded by Henry de Lacy, 1147. 
KIRKSTEAD ABBEY, Lincolnshire, founded by Hugh Brito, son of Eudo, Lord 

ofTalesdale, 1139. 
KISSENGEN, Bavaria, famed for its waters. The Bavarian army, under Prince 
Charles of Bavaria, was defeated by the Prussians, under Gen. Manteuffel, with 
great loss, July 10, 1866. 
KISSING THE POPE'S TOE, first practised, 709. 

KITCAT CLUB, a society of about 30 in nuinber, men of rank and others, who 

met, 1703, at the house of one Cat, a pastrycook, in Shire-lane, to promote the 

success of the House of Hanover ; Steele, Garth, and Addison were members ; 

dissolved, circa 1720. 

KITTS, ST. See St Christopher. 

KLAGENFURT, Illyria. The House of Assembly built, 1391 ; the fortifications 

destroyed by the French, 1809. 
KNARESBOROUGH CASTLE, Yorkshire, erected by Seido de Burgh, one of 
the followers of William the Conqueror, 1069-82 ; the murderers of Thomas a 
Becket took temporary shelter here, 11 70; Richard II. confined in, 1399; captured 
by Cromwell from the Royalists, 1644 ; demolished by his army, 1646. 
KNEELING ordered to be performed at the name of Jesus, by the pope, about 
1275 ; also when the host passes through the streets ; and some places also at 
the vesper bell 
KNIGHT, a mounted soldier in the time of the Romans. After the battle of 
Camiffi, three bushels of gold rings were said to have been gathered from the fin- 
gers of those Roman knights who had fallen ; they were known in Rome, B.C. 
500. The honour was conferred in England by the priest during the Heptarchy ; 
Athelstan was the first knight made with the sword of state by Alfred, 900 ; 
William I. divided the country into upwards of 60,000 military allotments or 
knights' fees ; compelled to take the honour by 9 Henry III., 1224 ; in 1235, 19th 
Henry III., all who held of the king-in- chief one knight's fee or more were 
ordered to take upon themselves the honour of knighthood ; pecuniary census 
first established, 1240, and by the 28 Henry III., 1254, all who had ;^20 worth 
of land were required to enter themselves as knights ; increased to ^30 in the 
reign of Edward I., and ^^40 in the reign of Edward II. ; 'by the statute (de Mili- 
tibus), I Edward II., every one at the age of 21 who had ;^40 in land was 
compelled to take the order ; Charles I., 1629, insisted upon a composition of 



KNIGHT-BANNERET 



467 



;^20 from those who declined being knighted ; this was abrogated by 16 
Charles I. c. 20, 1641 ; knights of St George or the Garter instituted by 
Edward III., 1348; all orders of, abolished in France, July 30, 1791 ; 
knights and citizens were obliged to reside at the places they represented, 
1413 ; knights-baronet an hereditary knighthood ; chivalry instituted for money 
by James I., 161 1, and, in the course of chivalry, the least honourable of 
all knighthood from its being bought ; poor knights of Windsor, and others, 
foiTii a numerous body. There were also female knights, witness the title con- 
ferred on the brave women who prevented the city of Tortosa from falling into 
the hands of the Moors, 1 149. The knights of Glyn and Kerry, in Ireland, the 
heads of the two Fitzgerald families ; of the Round Table of King Arthur, 528 ; 
the same revived by Edward III., 1344 ; knights of the shire, the individuals v,'ho 
were entitled to sit in parliament for a county, chosen by the lesser barons, 1307; 
knight -templars instituted, 11 18, being military-and religious, who were incited to 
carry on the Crusades ; they settled in the Temple in England, as one of their 
establishments, 1154 ; they acquired great wealth in the lapse of time, and their 
property became the object of desire to the sovereigns under whom they lived. In 
France the monarchs, to attain this end, accused them of great crimes, arrested 
the Grand Master and a number of knights in the palace of the temple, at Paris, 
and seized their property, Oct. 13, 1307 ; those in England became victims to a 
similar rapacity in the same year, 1307 ; Philip the Fair of France accused them 
of idolatry ; the Grand Master James de Molai was tried, Nov. 26, 1308 ; 54 of 
the knights were publicly burned. May II — 13, 1310, and the Grand Master, 
March 18, 1813 ; abolished by order of the Council of Vienna, April 3, 1312 ; 
thousands were butchered, and their property given to the knights of Malta. 

KNIGHT-BANNERET was the title first given by Conan, who commanded the 
Roman legions in England, 383 ; rank next in precedent to a baron, 5 Rich. II. 
s. 2, c. 4, 1382 ; the last. Admirals Pye and Spry, and Capts Knight, Beckerton, 
and Vernon, created by Geo. III. at Portsmouth, 1773. The orders of knight- 
hood and merit are numerous ; in the several nations, the following are the more 
noted : — 

Alcantara, instituted ... A. 

Alexander Nevskoi, Russia 

Amaranta, Sweden 

Angel, Golden ... 

Angelic Knights, Greece 

Annunciada, Mantua ... 

Annunciation, Savoy ... 

Argonauts, Naples 

Aviz, Portugal ... 

Band, Spain 

Bannerets, England, 736, 1368. 

Bath, England, 1204, revised 

Bear, Switzerland 

Bee, France 

Black Eagle, Prussia ... 

Blood of Christ, Mantua 

Bourbon, France 

Broom 

Brotherly Love, instituted 

Burgundian Cross 

Calatrava, Castile 

Charles III., Spain 

Chase 



D. II56-7 


Christ, Italy 


1319 


... 1725 


Christ, Portugal 


1317 


■■ 1653 


Christian Charity, France 


1690 


•■ 312 


Conception of the Virgin 


1618 


... 456 


Conception, Brazil, Feb. 6, 


1818 


.. 1618 


Concord, Prussia 


1660 


•■ 1434 


Crescent, Naples 


1448 


.. 1382 


Crescent, Turkey 


1799 


•■ "43 


Crown Royal, France ... 


802 


■■ 1330 


Crown of I3avaria 


1S08 


and 1485 


Crown of Iron ... 


1805 


•• 1725 


Crown of Saxony 


1807 


... 1213 


Danebrog, Denmark 


1219 


... 1703 


Death's Head, Female Order ... 


1652 


... 1 701 


Dove of Castile ... 


1379 


... 1608 


Dragon, Hungary 


1418 


... 1370 


Eagle, White, Poland 


1325 


•• 1234 


Ear of Corn, Brittany ... 


1381 


.. 1708 


Elephant, Denmark, by Chris- 




••• 1535 


tian I. ... 


I190 


.. I158 


Ermine, France 


1381 


•• 1771 


Fidelity 


1715 


. . 1 702 


Garter, England 


1344 



KNIGHT-BANNERET 



Generosity, Brandenburgh 


1685 


Golden Fleece ... 


1429 


Golden Lion, Hesse Cassel 


1770 


Golden Shield and Thistle 


1370 


Golden Spur, by Pius IV. 


1559 


Guelphic, Hanover 


1816 


Hermenegilde, St 


1814 


Holy Ghost, France, I198 ; rev. 


1578 


Holy Ghost, Rome 


1 198 


Holy Trinity 


1211 


India, the Star of 


1861 


Iron Cross, Prussia 


1813 


Isabella, Spain ... 


1804 


Januarius, Naples 


1738 


Jesus Christ, Rome, instituted 




by John XXII., 1415 ; re- 




formed by Paul V. 


1610 


Jesus Christ, Spain 


1216 


Jesus and Mary, Italy ... 


1615 


Knot, Naples 


1352 


Lazarus of Mount Carmel 


1119 


Legion of Honour, Fz-ance 


1802 


Lilly of Arragon 


1410 


Lilly of Navarre 


1043 


Lion of Zahringen 


1812 


Lion of France ... 


1080 


Loretto, Lady of 


1587 


Louis of Hesse Darmstadt 


1807 


Malta, St John 


II07 


Maria-Theresa, Spain ... 


1757 


Mauritians, Savoy 


1430 


Merit, Saxony ... 


181=; 


Merit, Wurtemberg 


1806 


Merit, France ... 


I7S9 


Merit, Prussia ... 


1740 


Noble Passion, Germany 


1704 


Oak of Navarre, Spain 


722 


Passion of Jesus Christ, France 


1380 


Pius, founded by Pius IV. 


1560 


Polar Star, Sweden 


1748 


Red Eagle, Prussia 


1734 


Redeemer, Greece 


1833 


Rosary, Spain ... 


1212 


Round Table, England 


516 


St Andrew, Russia 


1698 


St Andrew, Scotland, 809 ; re- 




vised, 1 540, and again 


1687 


St Ann of Russia 


1735 


St Anthony, Ethiopia 


370 


St Anthony, Hainault ... 


1382 


St Blaize, Acre 


1250 


St Catharine, Palestine 


1163 


St Catharine, Russia 


1714 


St Constantine, 1 190 ; revived 


1886 


St Denis, France 


1267 



St Ferdinand, Spain ... ... I Si I 

St George, Austria ... ... 1470 

St George, Bavaria ... ... 1729 

St George, Carinthia ... ... 1279 

St George, England ... ... 1349 

St George (tutelary), Genoa ... 1472 

St George, Hanover ... ... 1839 

St George, Lucca ... ... 1833 

St George, Rome ... ... 1498 

St George, Russia ... ... 1769 

St George, Spain ... ... 1201 

St George, Venice ... ... 1200 

St Gregory, Rome ... ... 1831 

St Henry, Sa.xony ... ... 1739 

St Hubert, Germany ... ... 1447 

St James, Holland ... ... 1290 

St James, Portugal ... ... 13 10 

St James of Cornpostella, Spain 1 1 75 

St Jerome, Germany ... ... 1 154 

St Joachim, Germany ... ... 1755 

St John of Jerusalem, 1048 ; 

revived ... ... ... 1854 

St Julien of Alcantara ... ... 1 1 76 

St Lazarus and St Ma.urice, 

Savoy ... ... ... ... 1572 

St Louis, France ... ... 1693 

St Mark, Venice, 830 ; renewed 1562 

St Mary the Glorious ... ... 1233 

St Mary de Merced, Spain ... 1218 

St Michael, France ... ... 1469 

St Michael, Germany ... ... 1618 

St Olaf 1847 

St Patrick, Ireland 1783 

St Paul, Rome ... ... ... 1540 

St Peter, Rome ... ... 1520 

St Rupert, Germany ... ... 1701 

St Saviour ... ... ... 1120 

St Sepulchre, Palestine ... 1092 

St Stanislaus, Poland ... ... 1765 

St Stephen, Tuscany ... ... 1562 

St Thomas of Acre ... ... 1370 

Seraphims, Sweden ... ... 1334 

Swan, Cleves ... ... ... 960 

Sword, Cyprus ... ... ... 1195 

Sword, Sweden, 1522 ; revived 1748 

Sun and Lion, Persia ... ... 1808 

Templars ... ... ... H19 

Tente Morte, Wurtemberg ... 1652 

Teutonic ... ... ... ... 1191 

Thistle of Bourbon ... ... 1370 

Thistle of Scotland, 1500; rev. 1540 

Tower and Sword, Portugal ... 1459 

Virgin of Mt Carmel, France 1607 

Vladimir, Russia ... ... 1782 



KNIGHT KONIGSBURG 469 

KNIGHT, Mr, cashier of the South Sea Company, absconded with ^100,000, 
1720, and compounded with government for ;^io,ooo, and returned to England, 
1743- 

KNIGHTS, Naval, of Windsor. Sc'd Windsor. 

KNIGHTSBRIDGE, Middlesex, given by Edward the Confessor to Westminster 
Abbey, inclosed by Elizabeth, July 6, 1569 ; the bridge was repaired; 1630-31. 

KNIGHTS OF THE SHIRE, who shall be, and the manner of their election, fixed 
by the statute 23 Hen. VI. c. 14, 1444. 

KNITTING STOCKINGS, invented in Spain, 1550. 

KNIVES. Knives were worn at a very early period. In the 6 Edw. III., Lord John 
Grey, of Rotherfield, is stated to have been committed to prison for drawing his knife 
partly out of its sheath on Lord William Zouch of Ashby, J?o(. Pari. vol. ii. p. 
656. Long knives, or other suspicious arms, were forbidden to be worn in the 
city of London, or Westminster, 135 1, during the sitting of parliament. Ibid. p. 
235a. In 1363, the knives of trades-people and artificers were prohibited from 
being adorned with gold or silver or precious stones, Ibid. p. 278b, 281b, and in 
the 3 Edw. IV., knives were forbidden from being imported, Ibid. vol. v. p. 507. 
Thomas Earl of Warwick, in 1400, speaks of knives for the king's coronation in 
his will ; and Chaucer's allusion to the Sheffield whittle is well known, 

' A Shefeld thwitel bai'e he in his hose. ' 

Among the expenses of Ochin and Martyr, 1547, before cited, is a payment of 
2j. %d. for 'two payer of Tunbridge knives.' The knife was worn in the girdle. 
KNIVES, Clasped, such as are used by sailors ; 18 found in the stomach of William 
Cummins, a seaman, who swallowed them in drunken frolics, he died in Guy's 
Hospital, March 28, 1809. 

KNOW-NOTHINGS, a political party formed in the United States in favour of 
slavery, and that Americans only should fill the government offices, 1855. 

KOMORN, Hungary. The fortress founded by Corvinus in the 15th century ; re- 
built and strengthened, 1806-7 ; it has never been taken ; it successfully resisted 
the Austrian army, 1848-9. 

KONIAH, battle, fought between the army of the Porte and the Pacha of Egypt, 
in which the Turkish army was beaten and the Grand Vizier made prisoner, 
Dec. 21, 1821. 

KONIGGRi.\TZ, battle. This crowning event of the war of seven weeks, which 
ended with the total defeat of the Austrian army, under Field-marshal Benedek, 
the Prussians commanded by the King in person, July 3, 1866 ; the village of 
Sadowa was the principal object of attack ; it was taken by the Prussians by 11 
o'clock, under Prince Frederick Charles ; the fighting was very severe ; the Crown 
Prince, with the second army, made a flank attack about 12 o'clock ; at this time 
the Prussians' position was very critical, but this second attack resulted in inflict- 
ing a total defeat upon the Austrian grand army ; they lost 40,000 men, 124 guns, 
20,000 prisoners, and II standards ; the Prussians' loss was estimated at 10,000 
men ; the Austrian army numbered 200,000 men, with 600 guns ; the Prussian 
army consisted of 260,000, and 816 guns. 

KONIGSBERG, Prussia, founded by the Teutonic Knights, 1225 ; joined the 
Hanseatic League, 1365 ; the palace built, 1257 ; the Albertine University founded, 
1554; the town came into the possession of the Elector of Brandenburg, 1657; the 
Russians occupied it from 1758-64; the French captured the town, June 17, 
1808 ; the Emperor Alexander of Russia visited the town, 1808 ; the French army 
retreated to, Jan. 3, i8i2 ; captured by the Russians, Jan. 28, i8l2 ; William I., 



470 KONIGSTEI'N TUN KUNNERSDORF 

King of Prussia, crowned at, Oct. i8, l86i ; nearly destroyed by the electric 
fluid, 1764 ; and by fire, 1769 ; a second time by fire, June 14, 181 1. 
KONIGSTEIN TUN, made for the King of Poland, 1725, holding 233,667 gallons 

of wine. 
KOOH-I-NOOR, or Mountain of Light, brought to England from India, and pre- 
sented to the Queen, June 29, 1850. See Diamonds. 
KORAN, or the Alcoran of Mahomet, written about 610 ; the prophet aimed in it 
to unite the Jews, Christians, and heathens, in the worship of one God, under par- 
ticular laws and ceremonials, which demanded obedience to himself. It was 
beautifully written in the purest Arabic. The contents of the volume were said to 
be a revelation from heaven made to him, Mahomet, by the Angel Gabriel, dur- 
ing a space of twenty-three years. The style is fluent, concise, and elegant, and 
often rises to the magnificent and subhme where the attributes of God are described. 
The divine mission. of Moses and of Jesus is fuUy admitted. The doctrine incul- 
cated by this successful impostor is, that there is but one God and that Mahomet 
is his prophet. The flight of the prophet from Mecca to Medina, April 19, A.D. 
622. This work was first published by Abubeker, 634 ; the Koran was translated 
into Latin, 1143, and into English by Mr Sale, 1734 ; and has appeared in most 
European languages ; it contahis 3000 verses. 
KOTAH, Hmdustan. Major Burton murdered by the mutineers with his two sons, 

Oct. 15, 1857 ; taken by General Roberts, March 30, 1858. 
KOTZEBUE, the dramatist, assassinated at Wurtzburg by a young student, named 

Sands, April 2, 1819. 
KOULI KHAN, Nadir Shah, a usurper of the Persian throne, assassinated, June 8, 
1747 by his nephew ; he usurped the Persian throne, 1732 ; invaded India, 1739 ; 
defeated the Turks before Babylon, Feb. 28, 1733 ; May 29, 1735, defeated the 
Turks again, and killed 60,000, their general, and six bashaws ; defeated the 
Great Mogul, and took Delhi, Oct. i, 1739; invaded Turkey, and advanced to 
Erzeroum, Sept. 29, 1741 ; defeated, and lost 30,000 men, Jan., 1742 ; again de- 
feated by the Turks, and lost 19,000 men, Sept., 1744; defeated the Turks totally, 
and took Erzeroum, May 31, 1745 ; defeated the Turks again, their army consist- 
ing of 150,000 men, of whom 30,000 fell, Sept. 28, 1745 ; he died, June 20, 

17^47- 

KOWNO, Russia. The French army of invasion, 450,000 strong, crossed theNie- 
men on their advance to Moscow, June 24 and 25, 1812 ; the remnant, 20,000, re- 
crossed, Dec. 13. 

KRASNOI, battle, between the French and the Russians, under Gen. Kutusoff, 
60,000 strong, in the retreat from Moscow, in which Napoleon was defeated with 
considerable loss, Nov. 17, 1812. 

KREMLIN, Moscow, the ancient fortress of the city, built by the Czar Ivan, 1333 ; 
rebuilt and enclosed with stone walls by Dmitri IV., 1367; two convents were 
established, 1393; Napoleon took up his quarters here, Sept. 15, 1812 ; the town 
destroyed by fire, Sept. 16, but this fortress escaped ; Napoleon held a conference 
here with the Russian General, Kutusoff, upon a peace, Sept. 20 ; he left this 
palace, Oct. 19, and ordered it to be destroyed ; blown up by Marshal Mortier 
and a great part of the building destroyed, Oct. 20. 

KULERTSCHA. The Russians, under Diebitsch, defeated the Turks at this 
place, taking 56 cannon, June II, 1829. 

KUNNERSDORF, battle, fought between the King of Prussia and the Russians, 
in which the great Frederick was defeated, with the loss of 20,000 men, Aug. 
12, 1759. 



KURDISTAN LABOUR 471 

KURDISTAN, Asia. In the third century B.C., they were dissevered from Syria 
by the Farthians ; conquered by tlie Moguls, 1258, and by tlie Tartars, under 
Tamerlane, 1400. 

KUREKDERE, battle. The Turks, under Zarif Mustapha, defeated by the Rus- 
sians at this town, Aug. 6, 1854. 

KURRACHEE, Hindustan. A fort built here, 1797 ; taken by the British, Feb. 
2, 1839 ; the first voyage made direct to this port from England by the ship 
' Duke of Argyle,' 1852. 

KYME PRIORY, Lincolnshire, founded by Sir Philip de Kyme, circa 1189. 

KYRIE ELEESON introduced into the Roman litui-gy from the East, 320. 



LABOUR, price of. By the 25 Edward III. stat. i, c. i, &c., 1350, wages paid to 
haymakers were but l^. a day ; a mower of meadows 512'. per day, or ^d. an acre ; 
reapers of corn, in the first week of August, 2d. per day, in the second, 3^/., and so 
on till the end of August, without meat, drink, or other allowance, finding their own 
tools ; for thrashing a quarter of wheat or rye, 2j^(/. a quarter ; a quarter of barley, 
beans, peas, and oats, \)id. ; a master carpenter, 3;/. per day ; other carpenters, 
2d. per day ; a master mason, \d. per day ; other masons, 'i,d. per day ; and their 
servants, xYzd. per day ; tilers, yi., and their knaves, lYzd.; thatch ers, 3^^. a day, 
their knaves, l^d.; plasterers and other workers of mud- walls, and their knaves, 
in the like manner, without meat or drink, and this from Easter to Michaelmas ; 
and from that time less, according to the direction of the justices. By the 34 
Edward III. c. ix., 1360, chief masters of carpenters and masons, 4.3?'. a day, and 
the others, 3^. or 2d., as they were worth; by the 13 Rich. II. c. viii., 1389, 
the wages of a bailiff of husbandry, it,s. ^d. a year, and his clothing once a year 
at most ; the master hind, los. ; the carter, lOs. ; shepherd, los. ; oxherd, 6s. Sd. ; 
cowherd, 6s. 8d. ; swineherd, 6s. ; a woman labourer, 6^. ; a day labourer, 6^. ; a 
driver of the plough, Js. From this time up to the time of 23 Henry VI., the 
price of labour was fixed by the justices by proclamation ; in 1445, 23 Henry VI. 
c. xii., the wages of a bailiff of husbandry were 23^-. ^d. per annum, and clothing 
of the price of 5^., with meat and drink ; chief hind, carter, or shepherd, 20s., 
clothing, 4s.; common servant of husbandry, i$s., clothing, 401/. ; woman servant, 
los., clothing, 4s.; infant under 14 years, 6s., clothing, 3^. ; freemason or master 
carpenter, ^.d. per day, without meat and drink, 5/4(/. ; master tiler or slater, 
mason or mean carpenter, and other artificers concerned in building, 31/. per day, 
without meat and drink, ^./id. ; every other labourer, 2d. per day, without meat 
and drink, 3/4<^. per day ; after Michaelmas to abate in proportion ; in the time 
of harvest, a mower, 4.d. a day, without meat and drink, 6d. ; reaper or carter, 
^d. a day, without meat and drink, 5^/. ; woman labourer and other labourers, 2d. 
a day, without meat and drink, 4^0'. a day. By the 11 Henry VII. c. xxii., 
1496, there was a like rate of wages, only with a little advance ; as, for instance, 
a freemason, master carpenter, rough mason, bricklayer, master tiler, plumber, 
glazier, carver, joiner, was allowed from Easter to Michaelmas to take 6d. a day 
without meat and drink, or with meat and drink, 4d. ; from Michaelmas to Easter 
to abate id. ; a. master having under him six men, was allowed id. a. day extra. 
By the 6 Henry VIII. c. 3, 15 14, the wages of shipwrights were fixed as follows: 
a master ship carpenter taking the charge of the work, having men under him, 



47J LABOUR OF HUSBANDMEN LACOCK NUNNERY 

5^. a day in the summer season, with meat and drinlv ; other ship carpenter, 
called a hewer, ^d. ; an able clincher, T,d. ; holder, ^d. ; master caulker, i,d. ; mean 
caulker, 3^. ; day labourer by the tide, \d. 
LABOUR OF HUSBANDMEN at different periods, from 1568 to the year 1840, 
in England : — ■ 





s. d. 




s. d. 


1568 ... 


... 4 per diem. 


1788 ... 


... I 4 per diem. 


1620 ... 


... 4y2 


1805 ... 


... I 9 


1632 . . 


... 6 


1810 ... 


... I II 


1647 ... 


... 10 


1815 ... 


... 2 2J4 


1662 ... 


... 6 


1820 ... 


... I II 


1688 ... 


... 8 


1825 .. 


... I 8 


1698 ... 


... 8 


1830 ... 


... I 9 


I7I6 ... 


... 9 


1835 ••■ 


... r 8 


1740 ... 


... 10 


1840 ... 


... I 9y2 


1760 ... 


... I 







Weekly husbandry wages from 1804 to 1843 averaged los. o%d. in Norfolk, the 
lowest being 8j., 1804; the highest, 15^., 1812. The hours of labour for chil- 
dren, young women, &c., regulated, 30 & 31 Vict. c. 146, Aug. 21, 1867. See 
Factories. 

LABOURING CLASSES' SOCIETY for improving the dwelhngs, formed, 1842; 
the Metropolitan Association for, incorporated, Oct., 1845 ; the society for im- 
proving the condition of the labouring classes established, Prince Albert being 
president, 1844 ; incorporated, 1845 ; their first model lodging-houses at Bag- 
nigge Wells began, 1844 ; an act was passed for promoting the building of 
dwelling-houses for the labouring classes, 18 & 19 Vict. c. 132, Aug. 14, 1S55 ; 
further facilities given by 29 & 30 Vict. c. 28, May 18, 1866 ; amended by 30 
Vict. c. 28, June 17, 1867. 

LABRADOR, N. America, discovered by John Capot, 1479 ; surveyed by his son 

Sebastian, 1512 ; re-discovered by Hudson, 1610 ; Fort Charles erected on the 

Rupert river, 1668. 
LABUAN, Indian Archipelago, taken possession of for Gt Britain, 1847; Sir James 

Brooke appointed governor, Oct. 2, 1848 ; bishopi'ic instituted, May 15, 1855) 

the Rev. F. T. M'Dougall appointed first Bishop. 

LABURNUM, brought into England from Hungary, 1576. 

LACE. Fishing-nets, made by hand, have been known in all ages ; in the 
middle ages it was the favourite employment of females in convents and ladies 
of rank in most countries, 1400 — 1600 ; Barbara Uttmann of St Annaberg, in 
Germany, invented the art of making lace by twisting, platting upon bobbins, 
1561 ; the pillow-lace manufacture taught at Gt Marlow, 1626 ; extended in Buck- 
inghamshire, 1640 ; Strutts patented his machine for making lace, or open work 
in ladies' silk stockings, 1758 ; Crane made a Vandyke machine, 1768 ; Else and 
Harvey, 'pin machine' for making, 1770 ; Robert Frost of Nottingham first dis- 
covered the way of making point net by stocking machinery, 1777; William 
Dawson patented a machine for making, 1791 ; Heathcoate invented a machine 
for making bobbin net, 1808 ; one for making a plain ground invented by Mr J. 
Hill, cii'ca 1816 ; the mesh of, greatly improved by J. W. Bagley, 1837; Lime- 
rick lace, the making of, first taught at Mount Kennett, Aug. 14, 1829 ; Mr 
John Levers invented an improved bobbin machine, 1850; a metallic lace made 
by Mr Carey of Nottingham by the ordinary Jacquard machine, March, 1854. 

LACOCK NUNNERY, Wilts, founded by Ela Countess, Duchess of Salisbury, 
1232. 



LACONL^ LAKES 



473 



LACONIA, Greece. The original inhabitants are said to have been the Leleges ; 
they attacked the Messenians, B.C. 743 ; they entirely subdued them, 668 ; the Spar- 
tan Dorians obtained possession, 547 ; an earthquake which overthrew several 
rocks happened, 464 ; devastated by the Goths in the 4th century. 

LACTEALS, the, discovered by chance on opening a dog, by Asellius at Pavia, 
July 23, 1622 ; John Wesling first described those in the human frame, 1634 ; 
Jolyffe described the difference between the Lacteals and Lympliatics, 1652 ; in 
birds, frsh, &c., by Mr Hewson, a surgeon of London, 1770. 

LADE, battle. The Ionian fleet destroyed by the Persians, and the city of Miletus 
taken, B.C. 495. 

LADIES, first introduced at court by the Queen of Louis VII., about 1500, being 
much later than in England. 

LADRONE ISLES, Pacific Ocean, discovered, 11 in number, by Magellan, 1521 ; 
the Spaniards first settled at, in the 17th century; Adm. Anson visited tlie 
islands, 1742. 

LADYBIRDS, extraordinary flight of, near Southampton, two miles long, ol)- 
served, Aug., 1826. 

LADY-DAY, the 25th of March, said to have been instituted, 350, but more 
probably not until about 700 ; before the alteration of the style, the new year in 
England began on that day ; in Scotland, the 1st of January was ordered to be 
the new year's day there, instead of March 25, Nov. 27, 1599 ; in England, 
1752. 

LAFFELDT, battle. The allied army was defeated at this town by Marshal Saxe, 
July 2, 1747. 

LAGOS, Africa. At this slave-trading station, the British Consul was assailed 
whilst attempting to negotiate a treaty against the slave-trade under a flag of truce, 
Nov., 1851 ; the town was attacked by the crew of H. M.'s ship, Bloodhound, 
but were repelled with a loss of two officers and 10 men ; the fleet renewed the 
attack, and the town was taken after a desperate engagement, Dec. 26-7 ; ceded 
to England, Aug. 6, 1861. 

LAGOS, battle. Adm. Boscawen defeated the French fleet under Adm. de la Clue, 
Aug. 18, 1759. The French Adm. Tourville defeated Adm. Rooke in Lagos Ba)', 
capturing four men-of-war and 40 merchant ships, June 27, 1694. 

LA HOGUE, battles. The English fleet under Adm. Blake, with 80 sail, defeated 
the Dutch fleet under Van Tromp, Feb. 18, 1652 ; the English and Dutch, 
under Adms. Russell and Rooke, defeated the French, under Adm. Tourville, 
when the French lost 21 sail of ships. May 19 and 21, 1692. 

LAHORE, Hindustan, taken by Sultan Baber, 1520 ; Runjeet Singh invested with 
the government, 1799 ; he built a rampart round the city, 1812 ; treaty of, the 
Doab annexed, the Sikhs to pay ^1,500,000 and Duleep Singh placed upon the 
throne of Lahore under British protection, March 9, 1841 ; i6th, 26th, and 49th 
native infantry rebelled and disarmed at, April, 1857- 

LAKENHEATH, Norfolk, great injury sustained at, by a sand-flood, 1667. 

lAKE REGILLUS, battle, when the Romans defeated the Latins, B.C. 498 ; 
Macaulay has immortalized this battle in his ' Lays of Ancient Rome. ' 

LAKES, American, sounded, 1826 : Erie, 35 fathoms deep to 25 ; Lake St Claire, 
4 ; Lakes Huron, Michigan, and Superior, in some places, 900 feet deep, the 
latter being 300 feet beneath the ocean level. 



474 LAKES OF AMERICA LAMBETH LIBRARY 

LAKES OF AMERICA, the Americans defeated by the English on those of the 
United States, Oct. n and 13, 1776, and July 5, 1777; the English defeated 
by the Americans, Sept. 11, 1813. 

LAMBERT, executed by Henry VIII. , for denying the corporal presence, Nov. 
20, 1538 ; being burned slowly, in Smithfield, for the doctrine which Henry soon 
afterwai'ds supported himself. 

LAMBERT, DANIEL, died, June 21, 1829, weighing 52 stone 11 lbs. 

LAMBETH ARTICLES, which taught ultra Calvinism, attempted to be imposed 
upon the Church by Archbishop Whitgift, 1595 ; they were brought forward at 
the Hampton-court conferences, 1604, but rejected ; adopted by the Irish Church, 
1615. 

LAMBETH, first mentioned in a charter of Edward the Confessor, 1062 ; the Col- 
legiate Church built, 1189 ; the chapel founded by Hubert, Archbishop, 1 190 ; the 
palace built, 1197; the registers preserved since June, 1279; the tower of the 
church erected, 1375 ; the palace pillaged, and the furniture and books burned, by 
the rebels, under Wat Tyler, June, 1381 ; the Lollards' Tower built, 1434-5 5 the 
followers of Wickliffe imprisoned and tortured, many being subsequently burned ; 
Lord Cobham burned alive, being suspended on a gibbet, 141 7 ; the Gate House 
built by Cardinal Morton, 1490 ; the chapel dismantled by the Parliamentary 
soldiers, and the painted windows destroyed, 1642, afterwards used as a prison for 
the Royalists ; sold by the Parliament for ^7073 ; the hall demolished, rebuilt by 
Archbishop Juxon, at an expense of ^10,500 ; attacked by the rioters, 1780, 
but successfully defended ; rebuilt, 1828-48, by Archbishop Howley, at an ex- 
pense of ;^6o,ooo ; the New Suspension-bridge erected from the designs of Mr Bar- 
low, total length between the abutments is 828 feet ; width, 32 feet ; cost 
^30,000 ; opened, Nov. ii, 1862 ; a meeting of the bishops held at the palace, 
'The Pan Anglican Synod,' Sept. 24, 1867. 

LAMBETH LIBRARY, founded by Archbishop Bancroft, Oct. 28, 1610 ; in- 
creased by Archbishop Abbot, Oct. 15, 1612 ; the books removed to Cam- 
bridge during the civil war, Feb., 1647, but subsequently restored ; closed, Sept., 
1867. 

A LIST OF THE LIBRARIANS. 

Henry Wharton was appointed the first librarian. 

Paul Colomesius, a French Protestant, appointed by Archbishop Sancroft, Nov. 
18, 1687. 

Edmund Gibson, afterwards Bishop of London, appointed by Archbishop Tenison, 
1700; he first catalogued the collection. 

Dr Benjamin Ibbot appointed by Archbishop Tenison, 1708, 

Dr David Wilkins succeeded to the office, 17 15, and completed the catalogue of 
MSS., 1718. 

Dr John Henry Ott, a Swiss, appointed by Archbishop Wake, circa 1719. 

John Jones appointed by Archbishop Potter, 1737. 

Henry Hall succeeded him, 1741. 

Andrew ColteeDucarel, LL. D., the historian of Lambeth, appointed by Archbishop 
Hutton, June I, 1738 ; he catalogued the books presented to the library by 
Archbishop Seeker, and the tracts presented by Archbishop Cornwallis, and 
also completed the catalogue of manuscripts. 

Henry John Todd succeeded him; he published in 1812 a catalogue of MSS. re- 
ferring to the archbishopric, and also an account of the registers and other 
records. 

Rev. Samuel Roffey Maitland appointed circa 1838 ; he published an Index to the 
books printed before 1600 that are in the library. 



LAMBE'S CONDUIT LANCASHIRE 



475 



Rev. John Thomas appointed by Archbishop Sumner ; he was succeeded by the 
Rev. William Stublos. — Notes and Queries. 

LAMBE'S CONDUIT, Holborn, erected by WilHam Lambe, at an expense of 
;^I500, 1577; talcendown, 1755. Lambe's Chapel, Monkwell-street, formerly the 
hermitage of St James in the Wall ; Henry de Walleis was appointed guardian 
of, 1274; the custody of, committed to Walter Kemesey, Sept. 16, 13 15 ; the 
site was given to William Lambe, a gentleman of the King's Chapel, and a mem- 
ber of the Clothworkers' Company, March 13, 1543 ; given to that company, July 
12, 1568 ; the building damaged in the fire of 1666, but the crypt is still perfect ; 
afterwards restored ; the chapel and almshouses rebuilt, 1825. 

LAMBLEY-UPON-TYNE, Northumberland, a raonasteiy founded by Alan de 
Tyndale, circa 12 10. 

LAMMAS DAY. This ancient British pagan festival held on the 1st August, on 
which lambs were presented as an offering to the ecclesiastics. 

LAMPETER COLLEGE, Wales, founded by Bishop Burgess, 1822 ; built from 
the design of C. R. Cockerell ; the first stone laid, Aug. 12, 1822; opened, 
March i, 1827 ; cost ;^20,ooo ; incorporated by royal charter, 1828. 

LAMPS used in London streets, 1681 ; Michael Cole obtained a patent for a globu- 
lar lamp, 1708 ; Argand invented his lamp, 1789 ; Dr Clanny first conceived the 
idea of making a lamp to burn with safety in a coal mine, 1806 ; Sir H. Davy 
and Geo. Stephenson carried out the idea; Mr Glover improved them, Dec, 
1853 ; Messrs Whitehead made an improved one, 1854 ; gas lamps introduced, 
1814 ; Davy's wire-gauze lamp for coal mines, 1817. 

LANARK CASTLE, Scotland, founded, 1314. 

LANCASHIRE RELIEF FUND. First meeting held for estabhshing a fund for 
the relief of the cotton workers, at the Mansion House, London, April 25, 1862. 

£ ^- d- £ s. d. 

Total sum raised in South America ... 2,906 14 i 

Europe ... 11,911 2 9 Australasia ... 6,486 i 2 

Asia ... ... 127,646 15 9 Polynesia ... 2,200 17 5 

Africa 3,876 n 11 Melanesia ... 3 18 9 

North America . . 27,999 o o . 

Total ... 183,031 I 10 
LANCASHIRE, England, conquered by the Saxons under Ella, circa 559 ; the 
first castle built by the Romans under Adrian, A.D. 124; partially rebuilt 
by Constantius Chlorus, 305 ; rebuilt by Roger de Poictou, temp. William I., 
106S-80 ; the Gateway Tower by the Earl of Moreton and Lancaster, afterwards 
King John, 1 197, where he received the homage of Alexander II., King of 
Scotland, 1215 ; John of Gaunt built one of the towers, 1362-80. County of, 
made palatine by Edward III., in favour of his son, John of Gaunt, 1363 ; 
court of the duchy instituted, 1356; taken by the Pretender, Nov. 24, 1745 ; Pres- 
ton partly burnt by the Scots under Robert Bruce, 1323 ; during the civil war 
the town was besieged by the Earl of Derby for the King, Sept. 26, 1642 ; he 
shortly raised the siege ; Sir John Seaton took Preston and Lancaster for the 
Parliament, Feb. 10, 1643 ; these towns retaken by the Earl of Derby, March 
10 ; Cromwell defeated the Scottish army, under the Duke of Hamilton, July 
17, 1648 ; the county suffered much from pestilence, 1651 ; the Sankey Canal, 
the first constructed in Europe, opened, 1775-6 ; disturbances in, and destruction 
of power looms, May, 1826 ; distress caused by the American -war, a million 
sterling raised by voluntary subscription, Jan., 1863 ; the stores broken into at 
Staleybridge by rioters, March, 1863 ; Union Rate in Aid Act to extend the area 
of rating during the present distress, 25 & 26 Vict. c. no, Aug. 7, 1862 ; relief 



476 LANCASTER LANDEN 

sent from the United States in the ship George Griswold, which arrived at Liver- 
pool, P^eb. 9, 1863, and the ^i://27/t'j brought 5000 barrels of flour, Feb. 24, 1863; 
an act passed relative to wills and mortgages, 28 & 29 Vict. c. 40, June 19, 
1865 ; Her Majesty received from the Royal Duchy of, for 1864, ;^26,ooo net ; 
the like sum in 1865 ; and in 1866, ^{^29,000. 

LANCASTER, Pennsylvania, the capital of the state from 1799 to 1812; Franklin 
college founded, 1787. 

LANCASTER GUN. A patent taken out by Mr C. W. Lancaster, for certain 
improvements in the bore and making of cannons, July 3, 1849, ^"d Jan. 16, 1851 ; 
the Naval Brigade first used them at the siege of Sebastopol ; they were nick- 
named ' Long Toms ' by the sailors ; three exploded during the siege, and since 
then they have been discarded. 

LANCASTRIAN SCHOOLS first established by Joseph Lancaster, and at first 
much opposed, because he was a Dissenter, and education would make the people 
too wise. Dr Bell, from Lidia, about the same time, introduced the principle, 
and was supported by some of the orthodox, 1808, whence resulted the ultimate 
establishment of the system, at which Lancaster had laboured from 1798 to 1805, 
when he opened his first school in the Borough Road, ' The British and Foreign;' 
but the schools were not so general as to overcome all opposition, until 1817 ; the 
plan was introduced into Russia, 1819. 

LANCERS. 

9th, or Queen's Royal Lancers, formed, 1715 ; Owen Wynne appointed Colonel, 

July 22 ; constituted the Light Dragoons, 1783 ; styled Queen's Royal Lancers, 

1830. 
1 2th, or the Prince of Wales' Royal Regiment of Lancers, formed, 1715 ; Phineas 

Bowles appointed Colonel, July 22 ; styled Prince of Wales' Regiment, 1768 ; 

and constituted a corps of Light Dragoons ; rewarded with the title of 12th, or 

Prince of Wales' Royal Lancers, 181 7. 
1 6th, or Queen's Regiment of Lancers, formed, 1759 ; John Burgoyne appointed 

Colonel, Aug. 4; styled the i6th, or Queen's Regiment of Light Dragoons, 1766. 
17th Regiment of Light Dragoon Lancers, when formed called the iSth, 1759 ; 

John Hale appointed Colonel-commandant, Nov. 7; made Lieut. -Colonel, 

April 27, 1763. 

LAND, an ordinance passed for the better measuring of, 33 Edward I. s. 6, 1305 ; 
generally let in England for is. per acre, 1544. ; twelve years' purchase was the 
value ; it rose to 35 years' purchase, 1778, but fell to 24, 1779 ; in 1798, land, and 
the rent of houses, were together computed at p^6o, 000, 000 ; 1814 and 1815, 
lands, houses, mines, &c., were assessed at ;i^53>495)375 i^^ England ; increased 
in value between 1815 and 1848, 5 per cent., or ;i{,'8, 500,000 ; the houses, manu- 
facturing buildings, and warehouses, 30 per cent., or ;^26,ooo,ooo ; the Lands 
Clauses Consohdation Act, 8 & 9 Vict. c. 18, passed. May 8, 1845. Land sunk in 
Finland, to the extent of 4000 ells square, but the inhabitants escaped, Feb., 
1793 J 3, tract of 120 acres, and 60 feet in depth, slid with a tremendous noise into 
the river Nid, near Drontheim, Norway, March 7, 1816. 

LANDAU, Bavaria, ceded to France, 1680, and fortified by Louis XIV. ; taken by 
the Austrians, 1702 ; retaken by the French, Nov. 19, 1703 ; recovered by the 
Imperialists after the battle of Blenheim, Nov., 1704 ; they retained it until 1713, 
when it was again ceded to France ; resisted the Austrians and Prussians, 1 793 ; 
besieged and taken, Nov. 14, 1793 ; given to France by the treaty of 1814, but 
i-estored to the Gemian confederation, 1815. 

LANDEN, battle, gained by the French over the English and Dutch under William 
III., July 29, 1693, owing to Dutch cowardice; arsenal of, blown up, Dec. 20, 1794. 



LANDGUARD CASTLE LANTHANIUM 477 

LANDGUARD CASTLE, Suffolk. A fort built by Charles I., 1625-35 ; a castle 
built, 1647-8 ; Sir Harbottle Grimston, master of the rolls, appointed governor, 
1648-83 ; attacked unsuccessfully by a Dutch force, 3000 strong, 1667 ; the Duke 
of Schomberg appointed governor, 1685, and died here, 1690 ; the fortifications 
destroyed by order of parliament, and a new fort built near the site, 1 7 18. 

LANDSHUT, Bavaria. The Prussians surrendered to the Austrians at, June 23, 
1760 ; the university removed here from Ingolstadt, 1800, but withdrew to 
Munich, 1826 ; the Austrians defeated by the French here, April 16 and 21, 
1809 ; Frederick of Austria was confined in the castle for three years. 

LAND TAX, the first in England collected by command of King Ethelred, 991, to 
pay the ransom to the Danes ; in 1018 this tax returned ^82,000 ; every hide of 
land paid 3J. in 1 109, which was equal to 6s. 6d. in modern money, besides the 
differences in the price of commodities ; the tax was established in its present 
form by 4 Will. & Mary, c. i, 1692 ; it was modified, 1760 ; until 1798 it was 
only granted for one year, it was then made perpetual, 38 Geo. III. c. 60, 1798 ; 
consolidated by 42 Geo. IIL c. 116, June 26, 1802, and again by 3 & 4 Will. 
IV. c. 13, May 17, 1833 ; the terms upon which this tax may be redeemed or 
purchased, 16 & 17 Vict. c. 74, Aug. 15, 1853. 

LANERCOST PRIORY, Cumberland, founded for monks of the Augustine order 
by Robert de Vaux, 1169. 

LANGENSALZA, battle. The Prussian army, under General Flies, attacked the 
Hanoverians at this place, June 27, 1866, who inflicted a defeat upon the Prussians, 
who lost 1400 men and 900 prisoners ; the victors lost 1392 men. 

LANGHARNE, South Wales. This ancient fortified town was taken by the 
Norman invaders, and the castle built; Henry II. entertained hei-e, 11 72; the 
castle and town taken by Llewellyn, Prince of North Wales, 12 15 ; during the 
civil wars it was first garrisoned for the King, but it was taken by the Parliameiit- 
arians, 1644 ; it was afterwards besieged and taken by Cromwell. 

LANGSIDE, battle, between the Regent of Scotland and the anny of Mary 
Queen of Scots, the latter being defeated. May 13, 1568, the Queen flying to Eng- 
land. She arrived at Cumberland, May 16. 

LANGUAGES, 3664 known ; there are 937 in Asia, 587 European, 276 African, 
and 1624 American, or dialects. Norman-French abolished in law pleadings in 
England, 1362 ; professors of languages were not appointed in the English uni- 
versities until the reign of George I. , 1 724, and George II. , 1 736. 

LANGUARD FORT, Essex, built, 1618. 

LANGUE D'OC ET LANGUE D'OIL, the language of the Troubadours in the 
north and south of France, attained the greatest perfection in the nth and 13th 
centuries. 

LANGUEDOC, France, passed from the Romans to the Goths, and was taken 
from them by the Saracens ; they were in turn driven out by Charles Martel, 725 ; 
the Pope proclaimed a crusade against, the town was besieged and taken by storm, 
the entire population being put to the sword, July 22, 1209 ; a general rising 
throughout, to resist the Count de Montfort, 1216 ; a crusade against, 1225 ; an- 
nexed to the crown of France by treaty, April, 1229 ; revolted against the Duke 
of Anjou, 1380. The canal connecting the Mediterranean with the Atlantic designed 
by the engineer Riquetti, opened, May 19, 1681. 

LANSDOWN, battle. The Pariiamentarians, under Sir William Waller, defeated 
by the Royalists with considerable loss, July 5, 1643. 

LANTERNS, invented by King Alfred, 890 ; London lighted with them, 1415-16. 

LANTHANIUM, a metal discovered by Mosander, 1839. 



478 LANTHONY ABBEY LATIN 

LANTHONY ABBEY (Lanthonia Secunda), Gloucester, founded by Milo, Earl of 

Hereford, 1136. 
LAOCOON. This magnificent piece of sculpture, the work of three sculptors, 
Agesander, Polydorus, and Athenodorus, was discovered amongst the ruins of the 
palace of Titus, 1 506, and brought to Rome and placed in the Vatican, by order of 
Pope Julius II. ; the arm of one of the figures was afterwards found and restored to 
the statue, 
LAODICEA, Syria. Strabo reported that Dolabella sought refuge here, A. D. 43, 

and being attacked, destroyed a great part of the city, 44. 
LAON, France. The cathedral erected and dedicated, Sept. 6, 1 1 14; the town 
captured by the Duke of Burgundy, 1411 ; taken by the English, 1419; retaken 
from them, 1429; surrendered to Henry IV., 1594; the allies, under Marshal 
Bliicher, defeated the French, under Napoleon ; after two days' fighting the French 
lost 6000 men and 46 cannon, March 9, 10, 1S14. 
LAPIS CALAMINARIS, discovered in England, 1561. 

LAPLAND, Europe. The convent of the Holy Trinity erected, 1556 ; destroyed 
by the Swedes, 1589 ; visited by Linnaus the botanist, 1732 ; Admiral Little 
surveyed the coast, 1822 ; the district of Kola destroyed by the English during 
the Russian war, Aug., 1854. 
LA ROTHIERE, battle. The French army, cominanded by Napoleon, defeated 
by the allied Prussians, Russians, and Austrians, commanded by Marshal Bliicher, 
who captured 76 cannon, and the French lost nearly 6000 men, Feb. i, 18 14. 
LARYNGOSCOPE, invented by a Polish physician, Czermak of Pesth, 1858 ; he 

exhibited it before the Medical Society of Vienna, April 9, 1859. 
LATERAN, Rome. The site of the house of the Senator Plautius Lateranus, con- 
ferred by Constantine on the Bishop of Rome as his ecclesiastical residence, in the 
4th century, and shortly aftei-wards he founded the Basilica. The chapter takes 
precedence of St Peter's ; the ceremony of taking possession is one of the first ob- 
served by the new Pope, and has been so for 1500 years ; the old Basilica was 
destroyed by fire, 1310 ; restored by Clement V., 1312 ; one of the principal cere- 
monies observed here is on the festival of St John the Baptist, June 24, when the 
heads of SS. Peter and Paul are exposed to the faithful. The councils known as 
the Lateran Councils were the following five : — The 1st, when the question of 
investiture was settled, March 19, 1 123. The 2nd, the doctrines of Peter de Bniys 
and Arnold of Brescia were condemned, and measures taken to terminate the 
schism of the anti-pope Anacletus II., April 18, 1139. At the 3rd the schism 
caused by Frederic Barbarossa was terminated, and the doctrines of the Waldenses 
and Albigenses were condemned, March 5, 11 79. The 4th condemned the 
above doctrines, also the errors of Almaric and the prophet of Calabria ; the 
Latin Patriarch of Constantinople, the Patriarch of Jerusalem, 400 bishops, and 
the Ambassadors of England, France, Hungary, Arragon, Sicily, and Cyprus were 
present, Nov. ii, 1215. The 5th council abolished the Pragmatic Sanction, &c.. 
May 3, 1512. 
LATHAM HOUSE, the chief seat of the Stanleys ; it sustained repeated sieges 
during the parliamentary struggles ; Sir Thomas Fairfax besieged it with 3000 men, 
but was successfully resisted by the Countess of Derby, with only 300 men, Feb. 
28, 1644 ; the siege raised. May 26 ; surrendered to General Egerton after an 
obstinate defence, when it was plundered and destroyed, Dec, 1645. 

LATIN. After the translation of the seat of the empire from Rome to Constanti- 
nople, the Roman emperors retained the use of the language ; the Latin nation 
reduced to Roman subjection, B.C. 339; the language ceased to be spoken in 
Italy, A.D. 581 ; in France in the 9th century ; pleas ordered to be enrolled in 



LATIMER LAUSANNE 479 

Latin but pleaded in English, in England, 36 Edward IIL c. 15, 1362 ; abolished 
in law processes by 4 Geo. IL c. 26, 1701. 
LATIMER, Bishop, martyred by the Romanists, Oct. 16, 1555. 

LATITAT, a writ calling individuals to the Court of King's Bench ; it was of old 
usage, but abolished in actions Avhere the defendant was not to be held to special 
bail, by an act 2 William IV. c. 39, May 23, 1832. 

LATITUDE, the extent of the arc described by the earth's surface, or by the 
heavens over it, reckoning north or south of the equator to either pole ; a degree 
of the latitude was first measured accurately in 1737, in lat. 66° 20 N., and found 
69.493 ; at the equator, in 1744, in lat. 12° it was reported 68.743 ; in England 
by Mudge, 69. 148. The degree of latitude from the equator to the pole number- 
ing 90° is of the same length in all parts of the globe. Professor Lax of Cam- 
bridge presented several valuable remarks upon, to the Royal Society, 1799. 
Hipparchus of Nice is said to be the first among the ancients who measured a 
degree of latitude, 1 70 years before Christ. 

LATITUDINARIANS, the cognomen given to writers of a certain school who en- 
deavoured to steer between the strict Presbyterians and the Episcopalians in the 
early part of the i8th century. 

LATTER-DAY SAINTS. See Mormons. 

LATTON PRIORY, built, 1270. 

LAUD, WILLIAM, Archbishop of Canterbury, made a member of the Star Cham- 
ber, 1624 ; Bishop of London, 1628 ; Chancellor of Oxford, 1630 ; made a censor 
of the press, 1637 ; claimed the visitation of both the Universities, 1637 ; falsely 
accused of treason, 1640 ; imprisoned in the Tower, and martyred on Tower-hill, 
Jan. 10, 1645. 

LAUENBERG, Germany, governed formerly by its own dukes ; taken by Napo- 
leon I., 1805 ; incorporated into the French department, 1810 ; restored to Geo. 
III., as King of Hanover, 1814 ; Duchy of, ceded to Denmark by Prussia in ex- 
change for Pomerania and Rugen, June 4, 1 815 ; by the peace of Vienna made 
over to Austria, Aug. r, 1864. 

LAUNCESTON, Cornwall, the castle built by Robert, Earl of Montaigne, half-bro- 
ther to William the Conqueror, 1068 ; Hubert de Burgh appointed governor of 
by King John; the town incorporated, 1555 ; taken by Fairfax, 1646. 

LAUNCESTON PRIORY, Cornwall, founded by William Warlewast, Bishop of 
Exeter, 1126. 

LAUPEN, battle, between the Bernese and the neighbouring states, June 21, 1339. 
LAUREL, frigate, lost in Quiberon Bay, the crew being made prisoners, Jan. 
31, 1812. 

LAUREL brought to England from the Levant, prior to 1529 ; the Portugal laurel 
brought here in the 1 6th century ; the Laurus indica from Madeira, 1665 ; the 
Alexandrian laurel, 1713 ; the glaucous laurel brought from China, 1806. 

LAURENCE, ST, CANONS OF. This order was founded by St Benedict, destroy- 
ed by the Vandals, resuscitated by Odo, Count of Savoy, 1057. 

LAURESTINA, man-of-war, lost off the Bahamas, the crew saved, 1813. 

LAURESTINUS, brought to England from the south of Europe, 1596. 

LAUSANNE, Switzerland. The cathedral was founded A.D. iooo ; the inhabitants 
placed themselves imder the sovereignty of the Canton of Beme, 1536; an aca- 
demy established here in 1537 ; Gibbon wrote his celebrated History of the Decline 
and Fall of the Roman Empire at ; International Working-Men's Congress held 
at, Garibaldi being present, SejDt. 2, 1867. 



480 LAVAL LAWFELD 

LAVAL, France. The fortress destroyed by the Northmen in the 9th century, after- 
wards rebuilt by the Laval family ; taken by the English under Lord Talbot, 
1466 ; retaken by the French, 1467 ; the town taken by storm by the Vendeans, 
1793- 

LA VALETTA, Malta. The city built by the Grand Master of the Knights of 
Malta, Sir John de la Valetta, 1566 ; finished, 1571 ; the cathedral built, 1580 ; 
the French fleet, commanded by Adm. Brueys, took the town after an empty show 
of resistance, 1798; ceded by a convention to France, Bonaparte took possession, 
June 10, 1798 ; Gen. Vaubois with a garrison of 3000 men was left in command ; 
the English regained possession, Sept., iSoo ; restored to the knights of St John 
by the peace of Amiens, March 27, 1802 ; ceded to England, 1814. 

LAVALETTE, condemned at Paris for high treason, escaped from prison, dis- 
guised in his wife's clothes, Dec. 21, 1815. Major-general Sir Robert Wilson, 
Michael Bruce, and Captain Hely Hutchinson, were sentenced to three months' 
imprisonment for aiding his escape from France, April 24, 1816. 

LA VENDEE, France. See Vendee. 

LAVENDER, brought from the south of Europe to England, area 1569. 

LAW. A commission appointed to inquire into the Courts of Common Law and 
Chancery, Dec. 13, 1861 ; a supplementary commission issued, July 8, 1862 ; 
made their first report, July 27, 1863 ; second report. May 23, 1866. 

LAW. Incorporated Law Society instituted in London, 1827 ; incorporated, 1 831, 
and reincorporated, 1845. 

LAW AMENDMENT SOCIETY, instituted in London, 1847. 

LAW ASSOCIATION CHARITY, founded, 181 7. 

LAW'S BUBBLE, the most ruinous of financial schemes ; by crafty and plausi- 
ble statements to aid his OAvn purposes, he had raised himself to be comptroller- 
general of the French finances ; he was to pay off the French debt by establishing 
an East India and Mississippi Company ; the French government granted him a 
patent for the establishment of a bank. May 2 and 20, 1716 ; he opened a bank in 
his own name, and the rich and poor alike became sharers in the scheme ; dis- 
solved by the Regent, Dec., 1718 ; Law was made director of the royal bank, 
and the shares rose to twenty times their original value ; was made director- 
general of the Company of the West, 1 718 ; the mint was sold to them for 50,000,000 
livi-es, July 25, 1719 ; iii the next year the whole scheme failed, nearly overthrew 
the French government, and ruined thousands of families, Nov. i, 1720. 

LAW COURTS. An act passed to supply the means for defraying the expenses 
of providing courts of justice, 28 & 29 Vict. c. 48, June 19, 1865 ; an act passed to 
enable the Commissioners of Her Majesty's Works to acquire a site for the erec- 
tion and concentration of courts of justice, &c., 28 & 29 Vict. c. 49, June 19, 1865. 
A commission issued to obtain designs for the Palace of Justice to be erected in 
the Strand ; designs exhibited in Lincoln's Inn, Feb. 8, 1867. The Commis- 
sioners had calculated ^750,000 as the probable cost of the building. The archi- 
tects go far beyond this sum. 

Mr Deane calculates the Mr Scott ... ... ;!f^i,253,266 

cost at ;!^i, 074,278 Mr Street 1,314,360 

Mr Garling ... ... 1,090,061 Mr Brandon ... ... 1,414,913 

Mr Abraham ... ... 1,234,266 Mr Waterhouse ... 1,419,842 

Mr Lockwood 1,235,383 Mr Burges 1,584,589 

Mr Barry 1,237,571 Mr Seddon 2,046,644 

LAWFELD, battle. The army under the Duke of Cumberland defeated by the 
French at this town, near Maestricht, 1 747. 



LAW INSTITUTION LEADENHALL MARKET 481 

LAW INSTITUTION, projected, 1825 ; meeting held to receive the charter of 
Incorporation, Jan. 24, 1832. The present building, built by subscription from 
the designs of Lewis Vulliamy, opened, 1832. 

LAWNS AND THREAD GAUZE, manufactured in Paisley, 1784, to the value 
of ;/ri64,385 i6s. Gjid. 

LAWS. See Codes. 

LAWYERS excluded from parliament, teiTiJ>. Henry IV.; designated barristers, 
and said to have been generally acknow^ledged by Edvi^ard I.; they number about 
1 1 So in England ; including barristers and attorneys, there were upwards of 8000 
in England and Wales, 1868. .Scotland : between 1836 and 1845, with a popu- 
lation little exceeding three millions, there were 354 courts, 944 judges, and 
probably not less than 10,740 persons living by and connected with the law. The 
expense of the judiciary establishment proper was not less than ;^i77,ooo, 1854, 
while the maintenance of the whole judiciary corps cost the country probably 
about ;^2, 367,000. 

LAYBACH, Congress of, attended by several of the greater European sovereigns, 
who banded themselves together to violate the neutrality of Naples with their 
troops, and put down every attempt at popular freedom, Jan. 8, 1821 ; treaty 
signed, Feb. 2 ; broke up, May 21. 

LAYER'S Conspiracy to seize George I., the Prince of Wales, Lord Cadogan, and 
the principal ministers of state, to take the Bank and Tower, and bring in the Pre- 
tender, discovered. May 21, 1722 ; Layer, a baiTister, Bishop Atterbury, Carte, 
the historian, and a clergyman named Kelly, arrested ; Layer tried, convicted, 
and hung, March 17, 1723. 

LAZARETTO, Venice. All ships coming from the Levant are compelled to perform 
quarantine here, since 1422 ; the Inn enlarged for this purpose, 1565 ; Lazaretto 
of Leghorn built, 1778 ; visited by Mr Howard. 

LAZARUS, ST, a military and religious order, established by the Crusaders at 
Jerusalem, for the relief of lepers, 1119 ; confirmed by a bull of Pope Alexander, 
1255 ; confirmed by Vincent de Paul, 1624, and by Pope Urban VIII., 1632. 

LEAD, one of the most common metals ; its uses were well known to the Hebrews ; 
it was found in Palestine, see Ecclus. xlvii. 18. The ships of Tarshish supplied the 
mai-ket of Tyre with lead, Ez. xxvii. 12; and the ancients also understood the use 
of solder for fastenings ; this metal was also formed into tablets ; public proclama- 
tions were engraved upon, Pliny xiii. 21 ; the Romans used leaden pipes also for 
conveying water. It is found in England, principally in Cumberland, Derby, 
Devon, and Cornwall, in some places rich with combined silver ; the foreign 
merchants ordered to bring their lead to Leadenhall Maidcet for sale. Hen. VII., 
1493. The substance called black-lead, really plumbago, is found of fine quality, 
at Borrowdale, in Cumberland, only ; the Clydesdale mines were opened, 1513 ; 
13,900 tons are exported annually ; a company established in London for smelting, 
with pit and sea coal, Oct. 4, 1692. 

LEADENHALL MARKET, London. The manor of, belonged to Sir Hugh 
Neville, 1309 ; given by Margaret de Neville to the Earl of Arundel and Surrey, 
1362 ; confirmed by Robert Rikeden of Essex to Richard Whitington and other 
citizens of London, with the advowsons of St Peter's and St Margaret Patten's 
church, 1408 ; and confirmed to the mayor and citizens, 141 1 ; converted into a 
storehouse for grain, 1443 '■> storehouses erected by Simon Eyre, 1449 ; the tron- 
age of wool and weighing to be done here by charter of Edward IV., 1463 ; de- 
stroyed by fire, Aug. 27, 1484 ; wheat stored here in the mayoralty of Sir Roger 
Acheley, 1512 ; the market erected in the reign of Edward HI., and regulations 
made for the sale of poultry at, 1357 ; a chapel for 60 priests founded by William 



482 LEAGUES LEE BOO 

Rouse and others, 1466 ; confirmed by the Common Council of London to the 
Trinity Priests, 1512 ; the present market built, 1730. 
LEAGUES. The following are amongst the most celebrated in history : — ■ 

League of Public Good, ... 1465 League of France & Henry IIL 1576 
Cambray, ... ...Dec. 10, 1508 dissolved, ... ... Jan., 1596 

Holy League, ... Oct. 9, 151 1 League of Wurtzburg, ... 1610 

Between the Duke of Milan ,, against the Emperor, 1626 

and the Venetians, against Solemn League and Covenant 

Francis I., .. ... ... 1526 of Scotland agreed to by the 

Smalcald, ... ... ... 1529 English parliament, Sept. 25, 1643 

League of the Beggars, ... 1560 League of Augsburg, ... 1686 

LEAMINGTON, Warwickshire, given to Robert de Montgomery by William the 
Conqueror, 1080 ; granted to the priory of Kenilworth, 1 160 ; seized by the crown, 
1539 ; the old Spa waters were noted as early as 1600 ; described by Dr Guidott, 
1689; the second Spa discovered by Mr Abbots, who erected si.x baths, &c., 1784, 
when Dr Kerr of Northampton recommended the use of, to several persons, but 
more prominently noticed by Dr Lambe, 1797; the assembly rooms erected, 
1812; the theatre, 1814 ; St Mary's Church built, 1839-40; the college foimded, 
1844 ; opened, 1847 ; the town funds sequestrated, Aug. 20, 1867 : stayed by the 
Vice-Chancellor to the 7th Nov. 

LEAP YEAR, the Bissextile, originated with Julius Caesar, who fixed the year at 
365 days six hours from one vernal equinox to another ; the six hours were set 
aside, and at the end of four years formed a day, to consist of 366 days, which day 
was added to the month of February ; this was the Julian style, which existed 
until the time of Pope Gregory, 1582, when the calendar was altered to its present 
form ; the years to be leap years for the time to come, fixed by 24 Geo. IL c. 23, 
s. 2, 1 75 1 ; the increasing day and the day before ordered to be one by 21 Henry 
HL, 1236-7. 

LEASES are of early origin. In the reign of Henry VIII. no tenant could hold the 
leases of two farms in one parish, 1534 ; the present, a species of legal convey- 
ance, invented by Sergeant Moore, 1535 ; an act passed to simplify the terms of, 
8 & 9 Vict. c. 124, 1845 ; an act passed to facilitate leases and sales of settled 
estates, 19 & 20 Vict. c. 120, July 29, 1856 ; amended, 21 & 22 Vict. c. 77, Aug. 
2, 1858. In Scotland they were secured by statute against the purchasers of the 
land until the expiration of their lease, 1449. 

LEATHER, anciently prohibited from exportation, 27 Edw. III. s. 2, c. I, 1353 ; 
an act passed for the making of, 5 Ehz. c. 8, 1562-3 ; exportation prohibited, 14 
Car. II. c. 7, 1662 ; removed, 1667 ; tax on, abolished. May 29, 1830 ; the duty 
in England and Ireland produced half a million sterling. — Leather Tokens used in 
London in the 15th century. 

LEATHER SELLERS' COMPANY incorporated by 6 Rich. IL, 1383 ; con- 
firmed by 22 Henry VI., 1442; Henry VII. granted them the inspection of 
leather throughout the kingdom. — Leather Sellers' Hall rebuilt upon the site of 
the hall of St Helen's Priory, 181 5 ; a part of the crypt still exists ; the pump has 
a design engraved upon it by Gibber, 1679. — Leather Sellers'' Asylum founded by 
John Hasilwood, 1544. 

LECHFELD, Italy. The Emperor Otho I. gained a victory over the Magyars, 
955- 

LEDBURY HOSPITAL, Herefordshire, founded, 1232; revived by Queen Eliza- 
beth, 1580. 

LEE BOO, Prince, the son of the King of the Pellew Islands, who was brought 



LEE PRIORY LEICESTER-SQUARE 483 

over on a visit to this country by Capt. Wilson, of the Antelope, wrecked there, 
1782 ; he was interred in Rotherhithe church-yard, Dec. 27, 1784. 

LEE PRIORY, Essex, founded by Sir Ralph Gernon, 1230. 

LEEDS, Yorkshire, the ancient Loidis, made a royal village by Penda, 655 ; Ilbert 
de Lacey erected a castle here in the time of William the Conqueror ; a charter 
granted by King John, 1207; the town incorporated by Charles I., 1626; con- 
firmed by Charles II., 1662 ; the coloured Cloth-hall erected, 1758, and the white, 
1775 ; the Old Library founded by the advice'of Dr Priestley, 1768 ; the theatre, 
1 771 ; Music-hall, 1792 ; gas introduced, 1815 ; the Town Hall built, and opened 
by Queen Victoria and the Prince Consort, Sept. 6, 1858 ; the Mechanics' Insti- 
tute established, 1825 ; the Philosophical Society instituted, l8i8 ; Assizes held 
here for the first time, Sept., 1864; the Joint-stock Bank failed, Sept. 19; first 
execution at (Joseph Myers and James Sargisson), Sept. 10 ; the Industrial Ex- 
hibition opened, March 2, 1867. 

LEEDS CASTLE, Kent, built by Robert de Crevequer, Bishop of Leeds, iiii ; 
rebuilt by William Wykeham, circa 1350 ; refortified by Henry VIII., 1509-45 ; 
granted to Sir Anthony Le Leger by Edward VI., 1550 ; George III. and Queen 
Charlotte entertained at, by Thomas Lord Fairfax, 1779. 

LEESBURG HEIGHTS, battle. The Confederates under Gen. Evans defeated 
the Federals under Gen. McClellan, with a loss of 1000 men, Oct. 21, 1861. 

LEGACIES taxed, 1780 ; the tax increased, while land went free, 36 Geo. III. c. 
52, April 26, 1796; the law amended, and the duty extended to real property, 
16 & 17 Vict. c. 51, Aug. 4, 1853. 

LEGH, Devonshire. The Nunnery of Canonlegh founded for Canons by Walter 
Clavel, circa 1185 ; changed into a nunnery by Matilda de Clare, circa 1288. 

LEGHORN, Tuscany, called by Cicero, Labro, properly Livorno, almost destroyed 
by an earthquake, 1741 ; rebuilt and walled by Francisco I., 1577 ; occupied by 
the French, 1 796 ; evacuated, 1 799 ; attacked unsuccessfully by the English, 
1813 ; taken by the Austrians, May 12 and 13, 1849 ; a fire occurred at the 
theatre during the performance of a piece called the Taking of Sebastopol, 3000 
people were present, 60 persons were killed and as many injured, June 7, 1857 ; 
added to Italy, 1859. 

LEGION OF HONOUR, instituted by Napoleon, May 19, 1802, and conferred 
upon merit until Louis XVIII. was placed by the allies on the throne of France, 
1 815, when it became, as with all orders elsewhere, a matter of interest with the 
crown ; the first distribution took place, Aug. 16, 1804. 

LEIBURN CASTLE, Kent, built 1190. 

LEICESTER, Leicestershire. The castle built by Hugo de Grentmaisnil, cijra 
1070 ; nearly destroyed by William Rufus ; restored and fortified by Robert de 
Mellent, Earl of Leicester, I103-18; destroyed by Henry II., I168 ; rebuilt by 
Henry Plantagenet, grandson of Edmund, Earl of Lancaster, ciira 1343-5 ; a 
Parliament held here by Henry V., 1414 ; another held by the Dukes of Bedford 
and Gloucester during the minority of Henry VI., 1425 ; too dilapidated to re- 
ceive Richard HI., who slept at the ' Blue Boar' inn, 1485 ; the town and abbey 
built, 1143; the former incorporated by King John, 1200; Wickliffe buried in 
Lutterworth church, 1384 ; his body taken up and burnt by order of council, 1428 ; 
Richard HI. defeated at Bosworth-field, Aug. 22, 1485 ; the town taken by 
Charles I., and many of the inhabitants killed in the street. May 31, 1645 5 sur- 
rendered to the Parliamentarians, and the castle destroyed, June 17, 1646 ; walls 
ordered to be demolished, 1662. 

LEICESTER-SQUARE, London. Leicester-house built, circa 1635 ; the town- 
house of the Earl of Leicester, bought by the Prince of Wales, afterwards Geo. II. , 



484 LEIPSIC LEOMINSTER 

1718; the Duke ofCiimberland born at, April 15, 1721 ; taken down, 1784; Savile- 
house destroyed by fire, Feb. 23, 1865 ; Sir Joshua Reynolds died at his house, 
No. 47, Feb. 23, 1792; Hogarth resided in this square, 1733 5 the statue of 
George '11. removed from the residence of the Duke of Chandos, 'The Canons,' 
to this square, circa 1752 ; the garden in the centre let to Mr Elias by C. A. 
Tulk, 1808; Mr Wyld obtained leave to erect his 'Great Globe,' 1851—1861 ; 
the Metropolitan Board of Works tried to obtain possession of, but by a decision 
of the Court of Queen's Bench, the right was confirmed to Mr Tulk, Nov. 13, 
1867 ; the Panopticon first opened, March 16, 1854 ; converted into the Al- 
hamb'ra, and first opened by E. T. Smith, Feb. 7, 1858. 
LEIPSIC, Saxony, destroyed, 1082 ; rebuilt and fortified, iioo ; Otto IV. captured 
the town, 1212 ; the University founded, Dec. 4, 1409 ; upwards of a third of the 
town destroyed by fire, 1420 ; noted for its fairs, the first proclaimed, 1458 ; and 
three confirmed, 1507 ; the Town-house built, 1556 ; the King of Sweden, Gus- 
tavus, defeated the Imperialists before, Sept. 7, 1631 ; besieged, 1637 ; taken by 
the King of Prussia, Nov. 18, 1745 ; surrendered to the Austrians, Aug. 5, 1759 ; 
abandoned, and again taken possession of by the Austrians, Oct. 4, 1760 ; occu- 
pied by the French, 1806 ; Napoleon issued his decree against British commerce 
from ; occupied by the Duke of Brunswick, 1809 ; captured by the Austrians the 
same year ; the town taken by the allied Russians, Prussians, and English, Oct. 
19, 1813, 25 generals, 15,000 soldiers, besides 23,000 in the hospitals, fell into 
their hands ; the allied sovereigns entered the town the same night. 
LEIPSIC, battle. The memorable conflict between the allied armies and the 
French under Napoleon began, Oct. 16, 1813 ; resumed on the i8th ; the French 
were totally defeated with a loss of 80,000 men killed and wounded, and 65 
guns; the troops of Saxony and Wurtemburg, numbering 12,000, deserted him 
in the heat of the battle. 
LEITH, Scotland. This town is first mentioned in a charter of David I. for founding 
Holyrood Abbey, 1128 ; Robert I. granted the harbour and mill to the city of 
Edinburgh, 1329 ; taken by the English fleet, 1541 ; occupied by a French force 
in the service of Mary of Guise, 1549; captured by the English after a siege of 
two months, July 6, 1560 ; Cromwell repaired the fort and erected a citadel in 
the latter part of 1560 ; the docks formed, 1720 ; the Custom-house quay erected, 
1777; the bridge built, 1789; the wet docks constructed between 1800 and 
• 1817 ; made a separate magistracy, 1832 ; Dock and Harbour Commissioners ap- 
pointed, 1838 ; the harbour improved, and the Victoria Dock erected, 1855. 
LENS, battle. The French under Conde defeated the Austrians at, losing 3000 

men and 5000 prisoners, Aug. 20, 1648. 
LENT, or spring fast of forty days, generally considered an apostolic institution by 
the Papal Church. See Bingham. It was first observed in England by order of 
Ercombert, King of Kent, 640 ; a penalty of \os. or 10 days' iinprisonment 
ordered to be inflicted upon all who ate meat at this season, 2 & 3 Edw. VI. c. 
19, 1548; doubled by Elizabeth for a second offence, 5 Eliz. c. 5, s. 15, 1562; 
victuallers forbidden to sell meat by 27 Eliz. c. 11, s. 5, 1585 ; further regula- 
tions made by 35 Eliz. c. 7, 1593. 
LEO IX., the first pope that kept up a standing military force, 1054 ; Leo X., the 
patron of literature, he conferred the title of defender of the faith on Henry VIII., 
Oct. II, 1521 ; he is generally considered an unbeliever in the doctrine of which 
he was the professed head ; died, Dec. i, 1521. 
LEOMINSTER, Herefordshire. A priory founded by Merwald, King of Mercia, 
A. D. 660 ; ceded to Reading by Henry I. , 1 1 25 ; the town occupied by the Danes, 
980 ; fortified by William Rufus, partially destroyed, 1210 ; tAvo burgesses sum- 



LEON LEUCADIA 485 

moned to parliament by Edward I., 1295 5 ^ chai-ter granted to the town by 
Queen Mary, 1555 ; taken by the Parliamentarians under Waller, April 27, 1643; 
rechartered by Charles II., 1665 ; Town Hall built, 1633 ; repaired, 1793. 

LEON, Spain, founded by Ordono I., 850 ; stormed and captured by Al-Mansur, 
99S ; Alonso V. rebuilt the walls, partially removed by Alonso XL, 1324; 
Leon and Castille united by Ferdinando III., 1230 ; sacked by Marshal Soult, 
Dec, I 80S. 

LEON, Central America, founded by the Spaniards, 1523 ; removed to its present 
position, 1532. 

LE PANTO, Greece, battle. The most important naval engagement of modern 
times : Don John of Austria commanded the Christian armament which encount- 
ered the Turkish fleet of 230 galleys, and after a severe engagement defeated them 
with a loss of 200 of their galleys, and 25,000 Turks fell ; 15,000 Christian 
slaves were released, Oct. 7, 1571. 

LEPROSY. This disease prevalent from the earliest historical times ; hospitals were 
established in most countries for their reception ; Louis VIII. promulgated a code 
of laws for the regulation of the 2000 French leper hospitals, 1226 ; by the 
Scottish laws they were forbidden to beg or sit in the streets, 1427. 

LERIDA, Spain. The ancient Roman town was the scene of the Hanno defeat by 
Scipio, B.C. 216; and Csesar's campaign against Afranius and Petreius, 49; 
destroyed by the Franks, A.D. 256 ; restored, 360 ; the Goths held a council at, 
546 ; sacked by the French, 799 ; recovered and rebuilt by Ramon Berenguer, 
1 149 ; besieged by the French under Conde, May, 1647, but successfully resisted 
by the Spaniards ; taken by storm, Oct. 12, 1707 ; the English under the com- 
mand of Gen. Stanhope defeated the French under Philip V., July 27, 1710; 
captured by the French, May 14, 18 10. 

LE ROCH, island, near the Falkland Isles, discovered, 1657. 

LERWICK, Shetland Islands. The fort built, 1665; repaired, 1781, and named 
Fort Charlotte. 

LESBOS, Mitylene, Isle of, peopled 1000 years before the birth of Christ ; Pittacus 
called the tyrant of, B.C. 600; came under the Persian yoke, B.C. 570 ; declared 
free, 479 ; captured by the Venetians from the Byzantines, a.d. 1185 ; re-captured 
by the Greeks, and from them by the Turks. 

LETTERS, said to have been invented by Memnon, the Egyptian, 1822 years be- 
fore Christ ; they were brought by Cadmus to Greece, and thence into Europe, 
B.C. 1500 ; they were carried by the Emperor to America, about A.D. 1480, prior 
to which the Peruvians and Mexicans had used hieroglyphical characters. 

LETTERS DE CACHET, the tyrannical instruments by which the French kings, 
before the destruction of the Bastile, immured individuals in that secluded dun- 
geon ; these letters were abolished, Nov. i, 1789. 

LETTERS OF MARQUE AND REPRISAL issued in England by Edward I., 
1295, to seize an enemy's vessels ; granted by the American government against 
Great Britain, March 22, 1776. 

LETTUCE brought to England from the Island of Cos, circa 1520. 

LEUCADIA, Ionian Islands, originally inhabited by the Telebose and Leleges ; the 
Corinthians, B.C. 700, founded a new town called Leucas, and cut a canal through 
the isthmus ; it was filled up, B.C. 218 ; besieged by the Romans, B.C. 197 — sub- 
dued by Rome ; the Bishop of, one of the Council of Nice, A. D. 325 ; seizecl by the 
Turks, 1467; ceded to Venice by the treaty of Passarowitz, 1 718; the French 
garrison driven out, and occupied by the English, 1810 ; the fort destroyed by an 
earthquake, 1825. 



486 LEUCTRA LEXINGTON 

LEUCTRA, battle. The Thebans under the command of Epammondas defeated 
the Spartans commanded by Cleombrotus ; in this battle the practice of the con- 
centrating heavy masses on a given point of the enemy's line was first adopted by 
the Thebans, B.C. 371. 

LEUTHEN, battle. The Austrians defeated by the Prussians under Frederick the 
Great, when the former were defeated, Dec. 5, 1757. 

LEVANT, the Company of, incorporated to carry on trade at, by letters patent 
of Queen Elizabeth, Sept. 11, 1581, and Jan. 7, 1592; surrendered their charter, 
1600 ; but continued to trade as a private company, 1605 ; their privileges con- 
firmed by Parliament, 1643. 

LEVELLERS, any individuals who advocate a state of political or social equality; 
two leaders of this doctrine. in Germany demolished the effigies and images in 
churches, and taught that all rank was superfluous ; Muncer, one of those persons, 
swelled his followers to 40,000, but was defeated by the Prince of Hesse, to whom 
he gave battle ; he was beheaded, 1525 ; in the Parliamentary army of England 
there were many who professed the most exalted ideas of freedom and contempt 
for Church or State, they looked upon Charles I. as Ahab, and openly demanded 
his death, 1647 ; Hugh Peters encouraged these feelings by some violent dis- 
courses, he was executed as a regicide, Oct. 19, 1660; and the name was also 
applied to advocates of parliamentary reform, under the ministry of Pitt and Per- 
ceval, not long after the former minister had moved for the same reform in the 
House of Commons ; Hardy, Tooke, and Thelwall, were so styled by the op- 
ponent party, I794- 
LEVERIAN MUSEUM, collected by Sir Ashton Lever, and exhibited at Leicester 
House, 1778; won by lottery by Mr Parkinson, 1788; removed to Blackfriars 
Road, and sold by auction, Sept. 20, 1806. 
LEVITICUS, the third book of the Pentateuch written by Moses, circa B.C. 1450. 
LEWES, Sussex, one of the oldest towns in England ; fortified by the Saxons ; oc- 
■ cupied by the Romans, A.D. 287 ; after the battle of Hastings the rape of Lewes 
was given to William de Warrenne, 1066 ; the castle, the first one erected by King 
Alfred, 890 ; rebuilt by William de Warrenne, Earl of Surrey, 1070 ; repaired by 
John Plantagenet, eighth Earl of Surrey, circa 1330; Henry III., and Richard, 
Earl of Cornwall, confined in, by Simon de Montfort, 1264, when the treaty 
called the Mise of Lewes was signed ; the monastery of St Pancras founded, 1076 ; 
suppressed, 1538 ; the battle of, between Henry III. and the barons, commanded 
by Montfort, who defeated the Royalists and took the king prisoner. May 13, 
1264 ; three large pits discovered with numerous bodies in, near the present site 
of the county gaol, supposed to have been the slain from this battle, 1810. A 
miracle is recorded of the priory of St Pancras : — 
' 1230.— The chapel of the Blessed Mary was built anew, and on the vigil of St 

Nicholas the first mass was celebrated in it. 
' 1243. — On the day of the anniversary of Earl William, the foundation was laid 

of the new work of our church. 
' 1245. — Guichard, the prior of Lewes, came to England, and on the eve of St 

Pancras, entered the church with a great attendance, and was admitted with 

honour by the convent. 
' 1250. — In this year, on the day of the SS. Processus and Martinianus, a certam 

sick man, whose arm and both knees were as if contracted, was cured at the 

Holy Cross of St Pancras, at Lewes.' 
LEXINGTON, skirmish of, the first engagement between the English and the 

Americans, in which the latter were defeated, April 19, 1775. 
LEXINGTON, Kentucky, the oldest town in Kentucky, founded, 1776 ; incorpor- 



LEWIS XV. LIBRARIES 487 

ated, 1 782 ; the government removed to Frankfort, 1 792 ; the university fomided, 
1798 ; surrendered to the Confederates after three days' fighting, Sept. 21, 1861. 

LEWIS XV., of France, crowned at Rheims, Oct. 14, 1722 ; sent home the Infanta 
of Spain as too young for a wife, April 5, 1725 ; married a daughter of the King 
of Poland, July 22, 1 725 ; presented Humphrey Parsons, Lord Mayor of London, 
with his picture set in diamonds, Feb. , 1 730 ; his bed took fire, and he narrowly 
escaped burning to death, July I, 1747. 

LEYDEN, Holland, built by Hengist, A.D. 450; the Church of St Pancras found- 
ed, 1280; St Peter's, 1315 ; the Town Hall erected, 1573-74; besieged by the 
Spanish army for five months, during which time the inhabitants suffered both 
from famine and pestilence, 1574 ; the plague carried off 14,000 of the inhabitants, 
1655 ; the Elzevir printing carried on in the 17th century ; part of the finest 
portion of the city destroyed by the explosion of a boat with 10,000 lbs. of gtm- 
powder on board, Jan. 20, 1807, several hundred persons were killed. 

LIBAU, Finland. Captain Key, in the ' Amphion,' appeared off this town and de- 
manded the surrender of all merchant vessels, 18 were captured, I\Iay 16, 1854. 

LIBEL, In sc7'iptis, or sine scriptis. The ancient punishment for, was the pillory : 
in 1371, Nicholas Moliere was ordered to stand in the pillory for one hour with a 
whetstone round his neck for publishing a libel ; an act for the prevention and 
punishment of, was passed 60 George III., and i George IV. c. 8, Dec. 30, 1819 ; 
for providing a remedy against the publication of, in newspapers, li George IV., 
and I Will. IV. c. 73, July 23, 1830 ; amending the law of libel, 6 & 7 Vict. c. 
96, Aug. 24, 1843 ; Colonel Lilburne fined ^5000 for writing one, 1637 ; impri- 
soned for another, 1645 ; tried again and acquitted, 1649 ; Lord George Gordon, 
for a libel on the French queen, condemned to five years' imprisonment, and fined 
;[^500, Jan. 28, 1788 ; Dr Withers for a libel on Mrs Fitzherbert, July 14, 1789 ; 
the Times for a libel on George, Prince of Wales, Feb., 1790 ; the Alorning Post 
for one on Lady E. Lambert, damages ;^4000, July 9, 1 792 ; Peltier for a libel on 
Napoleon Bonaparte, Feb. 21, 1803 ; William Cobbett found guilty of a libel 
against the King's Hanoverian Legion, June 15, 181 1, fined ^1000, with two 
years' imprisonment ; Hone for parodies upon the Creed, June 16, 181 7 ; 
acquitted, Dec. 30. 

LIBERIA, Africa, the republic of, owes its existence to a few benevolent indi- 
viduals in Washington, who formed themselves into a society for freeing the 
slaves, 1816 ; they first established a colony at Sierra Leone, 1820, but it proving 
so unhealthy, they purchased this tract of land and settled here, April 25, 1822; re- 
ceived a constitution, 1839 ; proclaimed a free state, Aug. 24, 1847 ; commercial 
treaty with, Nov. 21, 1848. 

LIBERTINES. In Scripture history a class of Jewish proselytes who had a 
synagogue at Jerusalem, Acts vi. 9 ; also a religious sect which maintained that all 
that was done was done by the Spirit of God, 1525 ; that sin was only sin to those 
whose consciences told them so ; that the soul died with the body, and men should 
live without scruples about heaven or hell, — hence arose the bad sense and use of 
the term libertine. 

LIBRARIES. The first on record is the Library of Osymandys, known as the 
Memnonium, 14th century B.C.; the first public library founded at Athens by 
Pisistratus, B.C. 537 ; the private one collected by Aristotle, B.C. 534; bequeathed 
to Theophrastus, B.C. 322, who bequeathed it to Neleus ; the library of Alex- 
andria founded by Ptolemy Soter, B.C. 284; the works of the Greek dramatists 
added, B.C. 233; the Pergamus library founded by Attalus I., B.C. 241 — 197; 
many libraries were established by the Roman emperors on the Palatine mount ; 
Constantine founded the library at Constantinople, B.C. 330 ; burnt, B.C. 47 ; in 



88 LIBRARIES 

the Middle Ages the monasteries became the depositories of books ; the Benedic- 
tine Monastery at Wearmouth founded, A.D. 664 ; the library of the same order 
at Christ Church, Canterbury, had a considerable catalogue, now extant, in the 
13th century ; Richard de Bury, Chancellor of England, made the first private col- 
lection worthy the name of a private library, 1341 ; the parochial libraries of 
England were presei-ved through the care of a few active persons, and an act of 
pariiament was passed, 7 Anne, c. 14, 1709; the first circulating library established 
at Dunfermline, Scotland, 1711 ; Allan Ramsay estabhshed one at Edinburgh, 1725; 
the Royal Library of England began by Henry VII., and increased in subsequent 
reigns ; incorporated with the British Museum by George II., 1759 ; an act was 
passed giving power to the councils of the various towns in England to erect public 
libraries and museums, 13 & 14 Vict. c. 65, Aug. 14, 1850 ; extended to Ireland, 
16 & 17 Vict. c. loi, Aug. 20, 1853 ; Scotland, 17 & 18 Vict. c. 64, July 31, 
1854 ; Dublin, 17 & 18 Vict. c. 99, Aug. 10, 1854; repealed and other provisions 
made by 18 & 19 Vict. c. 70, July 30, 1855 ; for Ireland, 18 & 19 Vict. c. 40, 
June 26, 1855. The following is a list of some of the principal libraries and their 
founders, with the date of foundation : — 

Library. Founder. Date. 

Aberdeen College 1634 

Advocates, Edinburgh Sir G. Mackenzie 1680 

Advocates, Doctors' Commons, London 1708 

(Sold, April 22, 1861.) 

Andrews, St, Scotland H. Wardlaw 1411 
Antiquaries 

Antwerp Town Library 1682 

Ashmolean Dr Ashmole 1678 

Astor, New York Mr Astor 1839 

Bamberg, Royal 1611 

Basel, Public l^^o 

Berlin, Royal 1650 

Bodleian Sir T. Bodley Nov. 8, 1602 

Bonn University Library 1818 

Boston, America 1848 

British Museum 26 Geo. II. c. 22 1753 

Bristol R, Redwood 1614 

Cambridge Thomas Scott 1475 

Chetham H. Chetham Nov., 1655 

Copenhagen, Royal Christian III. 1559 

Cottonian Robert Cotton 1588 

(Made public, 12 & 13 William III. c. 7, 1700 ; partially destroyed by 
fire, Oct 23, 1731 ; removed to the British Museum, 1753.) 

Cracow University Casimir the Great 1343 

Dublin, Trinity 1601 

Dutch Library, Austin Friars Maria Dubois 1659 

(Removed to the Guildhall Library, 1864.) 

East India Company l8cx3 

England, the Bank of May, 1850 

Escurial, Spain Philip II. 1557 

Ferrara, Bologna 1646 

Glasgow University Bishop Laing 147^ 

Grenville Right Hon. Thomas Grenville 1630 

(Presented to the British Museum, Oct. 28, 1845.) 

Genevieve, St, Paris Cardinal de Rochefoucauld 1624 

George II I. 's Library 1762 



LIBRARIES 



Founder. 



489 
Date. 



Library. 

Herald's College „,.esente<l to, by the Duke of Norfolk, 1678.) 

Harleian , .., T- Harvard ^ ■„ c 18"^^ 

Harvard, Massachusetts William Marsden, F.R.S. ^^35 

King's College _ „ _r. ( 



Bishop Bancroft 
The Corporation 



Lambeth 

Law Institution 

Leicester 

Leipsic Town 

Leyden University j^^^ Nethersale 

"^^TtprSnt library opened. Oct. 30, 1845.) 

Lisbon, the National 

Liverpool Free Town 

London, the Corporation 

London Institution 

London Library 

Manchester Free 

Mazarine, Pans 

Munich Royal 

New Bedford Free 

Norwich 

(Sold in 1731-) 
Nuremberg To\yn 
Paris, the Royal, made public 
Perugia, Bologna 
Pesth University 
Pesth National 
Prague University 
Ratcliffe 

(Opened, 1 749-) 
Rostock, Germany 
Royal Institution 
Royal Society . 

Royal Library of Spam 
Russell Institution 
Russia, Imperial 

lijuh?on?n Institution. Washington 
Spencer Library 



Corporation 
Francis Baring 

Cardinal Mazarine 
Albert V. 

Sir John Pettus 

Dr Kiihnhofer 



Oct. 28, 1610 

1830 
1632 
1677 
circa 158° 
1497 

1796 

1852 
Tune 2. 1824 
•" 1806 

May, 1 841 
1852 
1652 

1570 
1852 
1608 

1445 
1737 
1320 

1655 
1802 
1366 
1737 



Dr Ratcliffe 
Duke John Albert 

Thos. Howard, Earl of Arundel 

Phihp V. 



1552 
1803 
1660 



St Paul's Cathedral 

Stockholm Royal 

Sunderland 

Surgeons, the College of 

Temple, Middle 

Tenison 

(Sold, July 2, 1861.) 

Troyes 

Upsal, Sweden 

Utrecht Town 

"Vatican, Rome 

Vienna, Imperial 

Warsaw University 



First by Dr White 

George John, 2nd Earl 
Dean and Chapter 
Gustavus Vasa 



circa 171° 
1808 

1714 
1630 
1846 
1820 
1707 
1540 



g.tpSe:3rdEa,lofSunae..a„d.6|o 



John Hunter 
Robert Ashley 
Archbishop Tenison 

Jacques Hennequin 
Gustavus Adolphus 

Nicholas V. 
Frederick III. 
Emperor Alexander 



1786 
Sept. 27, 1641 
1691 

1651 
1540 
1581 

1447 
1440 
1816 



490 LICENCES LIFE-BOATS 

Library. Founder. Date. 

Williams's Rev. Dr Daniel Williams 1716 

(Opened, 1729; removed to Lincoln's-Inn-Fields, 1864.) 
Wiirzburg University 15^2 

Zurich Town 1629 

LICENCES. A mode of raising money introduced by Richard I., I190 ; public- 
houses were licenced in the time of Edward VI., 1551 ; gaming-houses, 1620 ; 
lottery-office keepers, pedlars and hawkers, 1697 ; brewers, &c., 1784 ; the issue of 
licences regulated by 9 Geo. IV. c. 61, July 15, 1828 ; refreshment houses regu- 
lated by 23 Vict. c. 27, June 14, i860. 

LICHFIELD, Staffordshire. Richard II. kept his Christmas in Lichfield Castle, 
1397, when 200 tuns of wine and 2000 oxen were consumed ; a charter granted 
to the city by Edward VI., 1549 ; renewed by James I., 1623 ; besieged and 
taken by the Puritans under Lord Brooke, March 25, 1642-3 ; retaken by the 
Royalists under Prince Rupert, April 10-20, 1643 ; cathedral built, 1086 ; the 
Lady Chapel founded, 1296 ; the Norman transept rebuilt, 1230 — 1241 ; the 
nave, 1291 ; the cathedral is 400 feet long, 66 broad, and the spire is 258 feet 
high ; long guns were mounted on the spire, 1643 ; the troops destroyed much of 
the interior, 1643. 

LICHFIELD, See of, established, 669 ; made an archbishopric, 786 ; bishopric 
removed to Chester, 1075 ; from Chester to Coventry, 1086 ; Coventry and 
Lichfield formed into one chapter, 1185 ; Lichfield restored alone, 1840. 

LICHTENBERG, Germany, ceded by Prussia to the Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, 
1816 ; ceded to Prussia by the Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, 1834. 

LIEBENAU, Austria. A combat between the Prussian forces under Prince 
Frederick Charles and the Austrians, who were defeated ; this was the first en- 
gagement in the war of 1866, June 26. 

LIEGE, Belgium, founded in the 6th century ; fortified in the loth ; taken by 
Henry I., Duke of Brabant, and pillaged for six days by the soldiers, 1212 ; its 
fortifications destroyed by Charles the Bold, 1467 ; he retook it the next year, with 
great atrocity, Oct. 30, 1468 ; bombarded by Marshal Boufflers for five days, 
1691 ; taken lay the Duke of Marlborough, Oct. 14, 1702 ; by the French, June 
15, 1705 ; noted for its iron and fire-arms; the palace destroyed by fire, Feb., 
1734 ; the university founded, 1817. 

LIEGNITZ, Silesia. ^:> Frederick the Great totally defeated the Austrians here, 
Aug. 16, 1760 ; the most part of the town and castle destroyed by fire, 1834 ; sub- 
sequently rebuilt. 

LIFE-BOATS. The first patent was granted to Mr Lukin, Nov. 2, 1785 ; a com- 
mittee of gentlemen at South Shields offered a reward for a more perfect one, 
1788 ; Mr Greathead invented what may be considered the parent life-boat, 1789 ; 
floated, 1790 ; in 1 791 it saved the crews of the ' Parthenius ' and ' Peggy ;' a reward 
of ;i^l200 was voted to him by parliament, 1803 ; 31 boats built upon this plan, 
1804; a steam life-boat was prepared by Sir William Hillary, Bart., 1824; 
a meeting held at the London Tavern through the exertions of this gentleman, 
Dr Manners Sutton, Abp of Canterbury, in the chair, when the Royal National 
Institution for the Preservation of Life from Shipwreck was founded, March 4, 
1824 ; Captain Rorie invented tubes to be so placed as to add to the buoyancy, 
1829 ; the Duke of Northumberland offered a prize for the model of the best life- 
boat ; Mr James Beeching of Yarmouth was the successful competitor, 1851 ; 
the tubular life-boat invented by Mr Henry Richardson, 1830 ; Mr Peake, 
assistant-master shipwright at Woolwich Dockyard, designed one at the request 
of the National Lifeboat Institution, tried with success at Brighton, Feb. 3, 1852. 



LIFE-PRESERVERS LIGHTHOUSE 491 

LIFE-PRESERVERS. Cork jackets described by Gelacy, 1757; experiments made 
with, on the Thames, 1764; girdle of cork, 1790 ; Mr T. C. Daniel received the 
gold medal from the Society of Arts for his life-preserving jackets, 1806 ; and 
Capt. Ward, R.N., life-belts, 1854; Lieutenant Bell introduced the mortars for 
carrying the rope to land, 1 791 j the Society of Arts awarded him 50 guineas, 1792 ; 
Manby's mortar and apparatus for, first used, Feb., 1808, and in the first 20 years 
saved 58 vessels and 410 lives ; Mr Trengrouse introduced the rocket system, 1819. 

LIGHT. The earliest work upon this subject was Alhayen, commented on by 
Vitellio, 1270; refraction of, discovered by Snellius, 1624; moves at the rate of 
200,000 miles in a second of time, 1667 ; the light of the sun takes eight minutes 
and the same number of seconds to reach the earth, or travel 95,000,000 of miles; 
light and colour, theory of, given by Sir Isaac Newton, 1666 ; the polarization 
of, by Malus, 1808, and since by Brewster. Zodiacal-light noticed by J. D. 
Cassini, March, 1683. 

LIGHTHOUSE. The oldest erected by Ptolemy Philadelphus, at Alexandria, 
B.C. 300 ; one erected on the Norfolk coast, 1272 ; the Tour de Corduan raised at 
the mouth of the river Garonne, 1584; finished, 1610 ; the first Eddystone light- 
house designed by Mr Winstanley, 1696 ; completed, 1698 ; a new one constructed 
by Rudyerd, 1706; opene,d, 1708 ; Mr Smeaton designed, and the first stone laid 
of the present, June 12, 1757 ; the light first shown, Oct. 16, 1759 ; the Bell Rock 
lighthouse, first stone laid, July 10, 1808 ; light finished, Feb. I, 1811 ; lighthouses 
are now erected all over the world ; iron lighthouses built by Messrs Grissell, 
1852-3, for Jamaica, Falkland Islands, &c. ; reflectors for economizing the light first 
invented byWm Hutchinson of Liverpool, 1763 ; M. Lenoir constructed some of 
silvered copper for the Cordonan lighthouse, 1780 ; Mr T. Smith made the next 
advance, 1786 ; the first polished metal reflectors used in Great Britain at the Inch- 
keiih lighthouse, 1803 ; Sir D. Brewster invented the present form of, 18 11, and 
by M. Augustine Fresnel, in France, 1819; Lieutenant Dnimmond proposed the 
use of the oxy-hydroiis light, 1832. The lights on land, or lighthouses which are 
at the highest elevation, with the distances they command in clear weather, are 
given in the following table, compiled from the genei^al return published by the 
Admiralty : — 





Year when 




erected. 


Lizard ... 


... 1751 


Needles... 


... 1786 


Beachy Head ... 


... 1828 


South Foreland 


■•• 1793 


Cromer 


... I719 


Flamborough Head 


... 1806 


Inchkeith 


... 1804 


Isle of May 


... 1816 


Dunnet Head ... 


... 1831 


Lumburgh Head 


... 182I 


Cape Wrath 


... 1828 


Barra Head 


- 1833 


Kintyre 


... 1787 


Mull of Galloway 


... 1830 


Calf of Man 


... 1818 


St Bees' Head ... 


... 1718 


Lundy Island ... 


... 1820 


Cape Clear 


... 1817 


Clare Island 


... 1806 


Skellig's Rock ... 


... 1826 



Height of 


Distances at 


Lantern above 


which the lights 


high water. 


are seen. 


... 224 feet... 


... 20 miles 


... 469 


... 27 


... 285 ... 


... 22 


... 372 


... 25 


... 274 


... 22 


... 214 


... 19 


... 220 


... 18 


. . . 240 


... 21 


... 346 


... 23 


... 300 


... 22 


. . . 400 


... 25 


... 680 


... 32 


... 297 


... 22 


... 325 


... 23 


- 375 


... 22 


- 333 


... 23 


... 540 


... 30 


- 455 


... 27 


... 349 


... 27 


... 372 


... 25 



492 LIGHTNING LIMBURG 

LIGHTNING, with thunder, so terrible as to throw down several cliurches, Feb., 
1222 — it thundered 15 consecutive days ; the rain flooded and destroyed the pro- 
duce of the earth, 1233 ; many men and beasts perished by it, and houses were 
demolished, 1360 ; St Paul's steeple set fire to, and that of Waltham Cross, 
Candlemas-day, 1443 ; a flash penetrated the theatre at Venice during a repre- 
sentation, Aug. 17, 1796 ; of 600 people in the house, several were killed, the 
candles put out, a lady's gold watch-case melted, the jewels and diamonds in the 
eai--rings of others split. 

LIGHTNING-CONDUCTORS. Professor Richmann of St Petersburg killed by . 
an explosion from a conductor, 1753 ; the first erected in England by Dr Watson 
at Payneshill, 1762; Sir W. Snow Harris suggested to the Lords of the Admiralty 
a plan for protecting ships by means of, 1821 ; he received a parliamentary grant of 
;/'4000 ; his plan has been since adopted for public buildings. 

LIGNY, France, battle. Napoleon defeated the Prussians, under BlUcher, losing 
20,000 men, the French lost 10,000, June 16, 1815. 

LIGURIAN REPUBLIC, founded, June, 1802, at Genoa ; incorporated with 
France at its own request, May 25, 1805 ; it was afterwards made a part of the 
kingdom of Italy. 

LILAC TREE, the common, known in England, 1590; the Persian first cultivated 
about 1597. 

LILBURNE, COLONEL JOHN, fined ^^5000 for a hbel, 1637 ; tried before the 
infamous Star-chamber of Charles I., he was sentenced to stand in the pillory and 
receive 500 lashes, 1638, which he bore, though cruelly inflicted, with great forti- 
tude ; died at Eltham, 1657. 

LILIO, ALOYS, inventor of the Gregorian Calendar, 1570. 

LILLE or LISLE, France, founded by BandouinlV., Count of Flanders, 1009 ; 
besieged and taken by Philip the Fair, after a siege of three months, 1297 ; re- 
taken by Guy, Count of Flanders, 1302 ; the Town Hall built, 1430, contains 
many pictures of Raphael and Michael Angelo ; the Hopital Comtesse founded, 
circa 1280 ; the town seriously injured by fire, 1467 ; an attempt made by the Pro- 
testants to surprise it failed, 1581 ; besieged unsuccessfully by the French, 1645 ; 
taken from the Spaniards by Louis XIV., 1667 ; fortified by Vauban, 1670 ; re- 
captured by the allies, under the Duke of Marlborough, 1708, after an obstinate 
siege of three months ; ceded to France by the treaty of Utrecht, 1713 ; consider- 
ably enlarged, 1 786 ; bombarded by the Austrians for a week, but they failed to 
take it, Oct. 8, 1792. 

LILLESHULL PRIORY, Salop, founded by Richard de Beimels, 1104. 

LILY, flower so called, a native of Syria, Italy, and of Persia, brought to England 
about the 14th century ; the Guernsey lily, or Amaryllis, a native of Japan ; that 
of a red colour from South America ; the gigantic lily from New South Wales, 
1800. 

LILYB^EUM, Italy. This strong fortress besieged by Pyrrhus unsuccessfully, B.C. 
276 ; besieged by the Romans from 250 to 241. 

LILY OF NAVARRE, order of knighthood, 1048 ; Arragon, 1403. 

LIMA, Peru, founded by Pizarro, 1535, receiving the name of Ciudad delos Keyes ; 
made the capital, 1537 ; dreadful earthquakes at, 1586, 1630, 1687, and 1746, 
Oct. 28, when it was almost wholly destroyed, with Callao ; in 1854-55 the yellow 
fever made its appearance for the first time, carrying off thousands, and in the 
interior 200,000 are said to have perished ; part of the towir destroyed by an 
earthquake, April 22, i860. 

LIMBURG, Belgium, ceded to France by the Batavian Republic, 1795 ; afterwards 



LIMEHOUSE LINCOLN 493 

restored to the Netherlands ; divided by treaty between Holland and Belgium, 
1839- 

LIMEHOUSE, formerly a hamlet of Stepney, from which parish it was separated, 
1730 ; the West India Docks opened, 1802. 

LIME LIGHT. Mr A. Gordon, C.E., patented a process for generating hydrogen 
gas from zinc and sulphuric acid, 1835 ; Mr G. Michiel's process, 1853 ; the ap- 
paratus for producing, improved by Mr Bastable, 1858, and by Mr Prosser, 1859. 

LIMERICK, Ireland. The old town was built before I172 ; first charter of incor- 
poration obtained, 1 195- This town was considered the strongest place in the 
country ; it was taken by the English, II74 ; besieged by Ireton, June 11 — Hugh 
O'Niel, with a force of 3000 men, undertook the defence — taken by the English, 
Oct. 27, 1652 ; successfully resisted the army under King William, who conducted 
the siege in person, Aug. 8, 1690 ; attempt to carry it by assault failed, Aug. 26 ; 
the siege raised, Aug. 30; surrendered to General de Ginkel, Oct. 3, 1691, when 
the famous treaty putting an end to the war and re-establishing order was agreed 
to, Oct. 3, 1691 ; upwards of 100 persons were killed by an explosion of gun- 
powder at, Feb., 1694 ; Wellesley Bridge erected, 1827 ; Newton Pery was com- 
menced by Mr Sexton Pery, 1769. 

LIMING, Kent, a monastery founded by Ethelburga, daughter of King Ethelbert, 

A.D. 633. 

LIMITED LIABILITY. An act passed for limiting the liabilities of members of 
joint-stock companies to the amount of their shares, 18 & 19 Vict. c. 133, Aug. 
14, 1855.:;- &i? Joint Stock Companies. 

LIMOGES, France, burned by the Romans, 836 ; Hen. II. was crowned Duke of 
Aquitania hei-e, 1189; captured by Edward the Black Prince, who gave up the 
town to pillage, and ordered the massacre of 3000 of the inhabitants, 1370 ; Place 
D'Orsay formed, 1 7 14- 15 ; a paper and porcelain manufactory established, 1800 ; 
a great fire broke out at, which destroyed much property and 107 houses, Aug. 15, 
1864. 

LINCELLES, battle, between the English and Dutch armies and the French, in 
which the latter were repulsed, with the loss of il pieces of cannon, Aug. 18, 1793. 

LINCLUDEN ABBEY, Scotland, founded by Malcolm, the king, who died, 1165. 

LINCOLN, battles, between the party of the Empress Maud and that of King 
Stephen, in which the latter was routed and taken, Feb. 2, 1121 ; again, a con- 
test between the Dauphin Louis of France and the forces of Henry III. of Eng- 
land, commanded by the Earl of Pembroke, in which the former was defeated, 
May 19, 121 7 ; a treaty of peace was signed at Lambeth, Sept. 11. 

LINCOLN, Lincolnshire, occupied by the Romans, who built the first castle, of 
which Newport Gate remains ; a second castle built by William the Conqueror, 
1086 ; taken by Queen Matilda, 1140 ; besieged and taken by Stephen, 1141 ; 
he spent his Christmas here, 1144; King John received the homage of David, 
King of Scotland, 1215 ; the city burnt, 1235 ; King John besieged by the barons ; 
Edward I. held his parliament in the castle, 1301, Edward II. , 1307, and Ed- 
ward HI., 1326-27 ; during the civil war it was garrisoned by the Royalists, who 
were defeated, and the town taken by storm by the Parliamentarians under the 
Duke of Manchester, May 5, 16/14 > St Peter's church erected, 1723 ; a library 
established, 1800 ; the Architectural Society of the Diocese formed, 1844; the 
Bishop's Palace at Riseholme partially burnt, Feb. 7, 1863. 

LINCOLN, the See of, founded, 680, at Leicester and Dorchester ; removed to 
Lincoln, 1094 ; deanery, archdeaconry, chancellorship, and precentorship erected, 
1092 ; subdeanery, 1140. 



494 LINCOLN CATHEDRAL LINLITHGOW BRIDGE 

LINCOLN CATHEDRAL, begun by Bishop Remigius, circa 1090 ; partially 
destroyed by fire, 1124 ; the choir built, 1186 ; the nave, 1209 ; the great tower 
fell down, 1 244-5 ; repairs began, 1306 ; finished, 1324 ; the bell called Great 
Tom founded in the reign of James I., 1610 ; recast, June, 1834; it weighs 
9894 lbs ; the building is 524 feet long, and 80 wide ; the towers, one 300 feet, 
and the other 281 feet high. 

LINCOLN COLLEGE, Oxford, founded by Richard Fleming, Bishop of Lincoln, 
6 Hen. VI., Oct. 12, 1427 ; hall built by Dean Forest, 1436 ; interior repaired, 
1 701 ; college increased by Bishop Rotherham, 1478 ; south quadrangle built by 
Sir Thomas Rotherham, 1612 ; chapel consecrated, Sept. 15, 1631. 

LINCOLN'S INN, London, built, 1229 ; converted from the Bishop of Chiches- 
ter's palace to an inn of court, 1312 ; the old hall rebuilt, 1 506 ; chapel erected, 
1626 ; theatre built, 1695 ; square railed round, 1737 ; new buildings erected, 1782 ; 
new buildings, or hall and library, erected from the designs of P. Hardwicke, 
R.A. ; first stone laid, April 20, 1843; opened by Her Majesty Victoria, Oct. 
30, 1845 ; it is 80 feet long, and 40 feet wide ; cost ;,^88,ooo. New Square built, 
1697, and stone-buildings, 1780. — Lincoln'' s-Iujt-Fields Theatres: the first, the 
Duke's Theatre, erected by Sir William Davenant, and opened, June 25, 1661 ; 
the second theatre was erected for Congreve, and opened by him with his comedy 
of Loz<e for Love, April 29, 1695 ; the third erected by Christopher Rich, 1714 ; 
opened, Dec. 18, 1714 ; the first Oratorio performed here, 1732; transformed 
into a barracks for 1400 men, 1756 ; its site is now occupied by the Museum of 
the College of Surgeons ; Lord Russell beheaded there, July 21, 1683. 

LINDISFARNE, Northumberland. The castle built by Prior Castell, circa 1500 ; 
garrisoned for the parliament, 1646 ; seized for Prince Charles Edward by 
Launcelot Errington, 1719. Aidan, a Scot, established a bishop's see at, 634. 

LINDISFARNE, Northumberland, or Holy Island Monastery, founded, 651 ; re- 
built, 1014; and transferred to Durham by Bishop William de Carileph, 1082. 

LINEN. Egypt was originally the great centre of its manufacture ; frequent al- 
lusion is made to it in the Bible ; blue, purple, and scarlet were presented by the 
Israelites from Egypt for the tabernacle. Gen. xli. 42 ; first manufactured in 
England by Flemings, under the protection of Henry HI., 1253 ; began in Lon- 
don, 1368 ; a company established for; staining of, first known in England, 1579; 
a colony of Scotch, in the reign of James I., wlio fled from religious persecution 
to the north-east of Ireland, established the manufacture there about 1630 ; the 
products of the flax labour were permitted to be exported, 1696 ; Irish linen board 
established, 1711 ; the Duke of Ormonde ordered hat-bands and scarfs to be made 
of, 1712 ; machinery began to be used, 1725 ; Scotland became famed for its 
linen, 1725 ; a board of trustees appointed, 1727 ; Linen Hall, Dublin, opened, 
1728 ; abolished, 1828 ; before linen was used, woollen sheets were worn ; flax 
spinning by machinery introduced into Belfast, 1820 ; a society formed for en- 
couraging the growth of flax in Ireland, 1841 ; an act passed to prevent frauds in 
the weaving of, 3 & 4 Vict. c. 91, Aug. 10, 1840 ; amended, 30 &31 Vict. c. 60, 
July 15, 1867. 

LINLITHGOW, Scotland, made a royal burgh by David I ; charter granted by 
Robert II., 1389; palace erected by Edward I., circa 1304; Mary Queen of 
Scots was born in the parish of Linlithgow, James V., her father, dying of a 
broken heart the same year, 1542. 

LINLITHGOW BRIDGE, battle, between the Earls of Angus and Lennox, who 
fought for the possession of the person of James V., then in his minority, 1526; 
the Earl of Lennox was subsequently killed by Sir James Flamilton. _. 



LINNEAN SYSTEM LITANIES 49S 

LINNEAN SYSTEM, or that of Linnseus, a Swede, was began about 1725-30 ; 
he first compiled a dictionary of 7300 plants, which he classed and accurately 
arranged according to the sexual parts, their number, and situation. The society 
called, after him, the Linnean Society of London, founded, 1788; incorporated, 
March 26, 1802 ; Transactions published, 1791 ; the library of Dr Smith purchased 
for jC^ooo. 

LINTZ, Austria, formerly a Roman station ; Leopold II. purchased it, 1036; success- 
fully resisted Fardinger, the peasant leader, 1626 ; Holy Trinity Column erected 
by Charles Y., 1723 ; seventy houses and the palace burned, Aug. 12, 1800. 

LINWOOD'S EXHIBITION OF NEEDLEWORK. This wonderful exhibition 
of genius and industry was the work of Miss Mary Linwood of Leicester. It 
was first exhibited to the Royal Family at Windsor Castle, 1785 ; and at 
Hanover Square, 1798, subsequently removed to Savile House, Leicester Square ; 
the collection consisted of 64 subjects (Salvator Mundi) after Carlo Dolce, be- 
queathed to Queen Victoria. 

LIOPPO, battle. The Neapolitans defeated by Garibaldi, May 16, i860. 
LIPSTADT, battle between the Swedes and Austrians, in which the King of 

Sweden was killed at the moment of victory ; the Austrian commander fell at the 

same moment, Nov. 6, 1632. 

LISBON, Portugal. Overrun by the barbarians after they had defeated the Romans, 
A.D. 409; taken by the Arabs, 711 ; conquered by the Moors, 716 ; taken from 
them by the Portuguese under Alphonso, 1 147, when 200,000 Moors perished ; 
burnt by the King of Castile, 1372 ; made the capital of Portugal, 1506 ; taken by 
the Duke of Bragan9a, 1640 ; reduced to a heap of ruins by a dreadful earthquake, 
40,000 people being killed, Nov. i, 1755 ! Custom-house burned, May 31, 1766; 
the court fled to the Brazils, Nov., 1807 ; the French took possession of the town, 
Nov. 29, 1807 ; defeated by Sir Arthur Wellesley, Aug. 21, 1808 ; Junot em- 
barked his army under the infamous Convention of Cintra, Sept. 15, 1808 ; in- 
surrection in, Aug. 21, 1 83 1 ; massacre of the inhabitants, June 9, 1834 ; first 
lighted with gas, 1850 ; the yellow fever raged violently, carrying off 80 persons a 
day from Nov. 19, 1857, to Dec. 24, 1859. 

LISBURN, Ireland. The castle erected by Sir F. Conway, 1610 ; the town built 
by his son, 1627 ; attacked by the Irish insurgents, and partially destroyed, 1 64 1; 
became the abode of the Huguenots ; the whole town destroyed by fire, 1707 ; 
rebuilt, 17 10; cathedral erected, 1807. 

LISKEARD, Cornwall, incorporated, 1580. 

LISLE, LADY, beheaded at Winchester, Sept. 2, 1685. 

LISMORE, Ireland. A monastery founded here by St Carthagh in the 7th cen- 
tury ; pillaged by the Danes in the 9th century ; castle built, 1265 ; council 
held here by Henry II., circa 1 1 70; burnt by the insurgents, 1645; visited 
by James II., 1689 ; became the property of the Duke of Devonshire, who re- 
built the castle, 1753 ; bishopric of, founded, 636 ; the cathedral repaired, 1 130 ; 
bishopric united to Waterford, 1363. 

LISSA, naval battle. The Austrian fleet under Adm. Tegethoff defeated the 
Italian fleet under Adm. Persano, July 20, 1866 ; two iron-clads, the Re d'ltalia 
and the Palestro were sunk, and the Affondatore sunk at Ancona ; the Austrians 
returned to Fasana without a missing vessel on the 21st ; Persano was deprived of 
his command, and tried before the Italian senate. See Italy. 

LITANIES first used in churches, 443 ; the processional litanies at Rome, 590 ; 
English litany ordered to be used by Henry VIII., 1543 ; made a separate ser- 
vice until 1 66 1, since which time it has been read in the morning service. 



495 



LITERARY CLUB 



LITERARY SOCIETIES 



LITERARY CLUB founded by Dr Johnson and Sir Joshua Reynolds, 1764 ; they 
first met at the Turk's Head Tavern, Soho ; the number of members limited to 
40, 1776 ; removed to Prince's, in Sackville-street, 1783, and to St James's-street, 
1792 ; the centenary of the club held at the Clarendon, the Dean of St Paul's in 
the chair, 1864 ; the name of the club has been changed to the 'Johnson.' 

LITERARY FUND, the Royal, established. May 18, 1790, to assist literary men 
who have published works of merit; incorporated, 1818; Prince Albert pre- 
sided at a public dinner of, 1842. 

LITERARY, LEARNED, AND SCIENTIFIC SOCIETIES, with the date 
of their institution : — 

Aberdeen Philosophical 

Abernethian 

Abbotsford Club 

Actuaries Institute 

Aelfric 

African Association 

Agricultural, Royal, of England 

Anglia Christiana Society 

Anthropological Society 

Antiquaries 

Revived, 1 707 ; incorporated 

Archaeological Association 

Archreological Institute 

Architects, Royal Institute of 
British 

Architectural Photographic As- 
sociation 

Architectural Publication Society 

Arts, Manufactures, and Com- 
merce Society 

Art Union of London establish- 
ed, 1836 ; incorporated ... 

Arundel Society 

Ashmolean Society, Berkshire... 

Asiatic Society, Oxford, institut- 
ed, 1823 ; incorporated ... 

Astronomical Society, Royal, es- 
tablished, 1820; incorporated 

Bannatyne Club 

Bath and West of England Agri- 
cultural and Art Society ... 

Bedfordshire Archaeological So- 
ciety 

Berwickshire Naturalists' Club 

Birmingham Philosophical In- 
stitution 

Birmingham Institution of Me- 
chanical Engineers 
Botanical Society 
Botanical Society of London, 

Royal 
Bristol Philosophical Society ... 
Architectural Society 



1840 


Bristol, Athenaeum 


1844 


1795 


Fine Arts' Society ... 


1844 


183s 


Microscopical Society 


1843 


1848 


Naturalists' Society ... 


1862 


1843 


British Association for the Ad- 




1788 


vancement of Science 


1831 


1838 


Buckinghamshire Archaeological 




1847 


Society 


1847 


1863 


Caledonian Horticultural Society 


1811 


1572 


Calvin Translation Society 


1843 


I75I 


Cambrian Archaeological Asso- 




1843 


ciation 


1846 


1843 


Cambrian Institute 


1853 




Cambridge Antiquarian Society 


1840 


1834 


Philosophical Society institut- 






ed, 1819 ; incorporated ... 


1832 


1862 


Camden Society 


1838 


1848 


Caxton Society ... 


1845 




Cavendish Society 


1846 


I7S3 


Celtic Society ... 


1843 




Chemistry, Royal College of ... 


1845 


1846 


Chemical Society 


1841 


1848 


Chester and Cheshire Archceolo- 




1840 


gical Society 


1850 




Chetham Society 


1845 


1824 


Chronological Institute 


1852 




Cork Cuvierian Society 


1836 


1831 


Scientific and Literary So- 




1823 


ciety 


1814 




Cornwall Geological Society ... 


1814 


1777 


Royal Institution 


1818 




Royal Polytechnic Society ... 


1833 


1847 


Cymmrodorian, or Metropolitan 




1831 


Cambrian Institution, in- 
stituted, 1751 ; suspended. 




1830 


1773 ; revived 


1820 




Dilettanti Society 


1734 


1847 


Dublin Geological Society 


1832 


1836 


Gaelic Society 


1807 




Microscopical Society 


1840 


1839 


Natural History Society 


1838 


1823 


Royal Society, established. 




1836 


1731 ; incorporated 


1750 



LITERARY, LEARNED, AND SCIENTIFIC SOCIETIES 497 



Dublin University Philosophical 

Society- 
Dudley and Midland Geological 

Society 
Durham and Northumberland 

Archaeological Society 
Early English Text Society 
Ecclesiastical History Society... 
Ecclesiological Society ... 
Edinburgh Botanical Society ... 
Geological Society 
Harveian Society 
Hunterian Society 
Juridical Society 
Medical Society 
Royal Medical Society insti- 
tuted, 1737 ; incorporated 
Philosophical Society 
Physicians, Society of 
Plinian Society 
Royal College of Physicians 
Royal Society established, 
1782; incorporated, 1783; 
re-incorporated 
Royal Physical Society insti- 
tuted, 1771 ; incorporated 
Walls' Institution 
Wenierian Natural History 
Society 
Education, Central Society of... 
Egyptian Society 
Electrical Society 
Engineers, Institution of Civil, 
established, 1818 ; incorpor- 
ated ... 
Engineers, Corps of Royal 
Engineers, Smeatonian Society of 
Engineers' Society 
English Historical Society 
Entomological Society... 
Epidemiological Society 
Ethnological Society ... 
Etching Club 
Exeter Diocesan Architectural 

Society 
Fine Arts, Society for the en- 
couragement of 
Gaelic Society ... 
Genealogical and Historical So- 
ciety 
Geographical Society, Royal ... 
Geological Society instituted, 

1807 ; incorporated • 
Geological Museum and Survey 
of the United Kingdom ... 



1842 



i860 
1864 
1846 

1839 
1836 

1834 
1752 
1824 

1773 
1731 

1778 
1848 

1773 
1829 
1681 



I7«8 
1821 

1808 

1837 
1819 

1837 



1828 
1838 
1771 

1854 
1838 

1833 
1850 

1843 
1838 



1830 

1857 
1830 

1823 

1839 
32 



Geologists' Association 

Glasgovvr Archseological Society 
Geological Society ... 
Literary Society 
Natural History Society 
Philosophical Society 
Statistical Society 

Guy's Hospital Physical Society 

Hakluyt Society 

Handel Society ... 

Hanserd Knollys Society 

Harveian Society 

Highland and Agricultural So- 
ciety of Scotland ... 

Historical Society of Science ... 

Homoeopathic Association 

Homoeopathic Society ... 

Horological, British, Institute... 

Horticultural Society instituted, 
1804; incorporated 

Hull, Royal Institution 

Humane Society, Royal 

Hunterian Society 

Iberno-Celtic Society ... 

Ham Anastatic Drawing Society 

Ireland, Royal Agricultural Im- 
provement Society ... 

Ireland, Association of the Fel- 
lows and Licentiates of the 
Queen's College of Physi- 
cians 
Institution of C ivil Engineers of 
Royal Zoological Society 
Royal Irish Institution 

Irish Art Union, Royal 

Irish Royal Academy ... 

Kent Archaeological Society ... 

Kilkenny Archaeological Society 

Lancashire and Cheshire Historic 
Society 

Law Amendment Society 

Law Incorporated Society, in- 
stituted, 1827; incorporated 

Leeds Mechanics' Institution 
Philosophical and Literary 
Society 

Leicester Philosophical Society 

Lichfield Ecclesiastical Society 

Lincoln Architectural Society 

Lincolnshire Topographical So- 
ciety 

Linnaean Society 

Literature, Royal Society of, in- 
stituted, 1823; incorporated 

Literature and Art, Guild of 



1858 
1856 
1858 
1758 
1851 
1802 
1836 
1772 
1846 
1S44 
1845 
1831 

1785 
1841 

1845 
1859 



1809 

1822 

1774 
1819 
1818 
1859 

1841 



1816 

1835 
1826 
1813 
1838 
1786 
1857 



1847 

1831 

1844 

1818 

1835 
1842 
1844 

1841 
1788 

1826 
18SI 



LITERARY, LEARNED, AND SCIENTIFIC SOCIETIES 



Liverpool Literary and Philoso- 
phical 1812 

Architectural and Archaeologi- 
cal 1848 

Polytechnic Society ... 1S38 

Royal Institution ... ... 1847 

London and Middlesex Archceo- 

logical Society ... ... 1855 

Londonderry Natural History 

Society ... ... ... 1837 

Maitland Club 1828 

Manchester Literary and Philo- 
sophical Society ... ... 1781 

Geological Society ... ... 1838 

Natural History Society ... 1821 

Manx Society 1858 

Medical Association, British ... 1853 
Medical and Chirurgical Society, 
Royal, instituted, 1805 ; in- 
corporated ... ... 1834 

Medjcal and Chirurgical Know- 
ledge, Society for the Im- 
provement of ... ... 1792 

Medical, Provincial, Associa- 
tion 1832 

Medical Society of London ... 1773 

Medico-Botanical Society ... 1821 

Meteorological Society ... 1821 

Meteorological Society, British 185 1 

Microscopical Society ... ... 1839 

Motett Society 1841 

Musical Antiquarian Society ... 1840 
National Association for Social 

Science ... ... ... 1857 

Naval Architecture, institution of i860 
Newcastle-on-Tyne Society of 

Antiquaries ... ... 1 813 

Literary and Philosophical So- 
ciety ... 1793 

Typographical Society ... 1818 
Norfolk and Norwich Archaeolo- 
gical Society ... ... 1845 

Literary Institution ... ... 1822 

North of England Institute of 

Mining Engineers ... 185 1 
Northampton Architectural So- 
ciety ... ... ... 1844 

Northumberland Agricultural 

Society ... ... ... 1846 

Northumberland, Durham, and 
Newcastle Natural History 

Society 1829 

Numismatic Society ... ... 1836 

Obstetrical Society ... ... 1858 

Odontological Society ... ... 1856 



Oriental Translation Fund 
Orkney Natural History Society 
Antiquarian and Natural His- 
tory Society 
Ornithological Society 
Ossianic Society 
Oxford Architectural Society ... 

Painters in Water Colours, Insti- 
tute of 

Painters in Water Colours, So- 
ciety of 

Palaeontographical Society 

Parker Society 

Pathological Society 

Penzance Natural History and 
Antiquarian Society 

Percy Society ... 

Perth Literary and Antiquarian 
Society 

Pharmaceutical Society of Great 
Britain 

Philobiblon Society 

Philological Society 

Photographic Society ... 

Physicians, Society of ... 

Physicians, Royal College of ... 

Plymouth Institution of Natural 
History 

Promoting Christian Knowledge, 
Society for 

Propagation of Gospel in Foreign 
Parts, Society for the, in- 
corporated 

Pure Literature Society 

Ray Society 

Royal Asiatic Society 

Royal Institution of Gt Britain, 
incorporated 

Royal Society of Literature 

Royal Society, incorporated ... 

St Albans' Architectural and 
Archaeological Society 

Scotland, Society of Antiquaries 
Architectural Institute of 
Societyfor Propagating Chris- 
tian Knowledge 

Scottish Royal Academy of 
Painting, founded, 1826 ; 
incorporated 
Royal Society of Arts, institut- 
ed 1 82 1 ; incorporated 

Scottish Institution of Civil En- 
gineers 
Shipbuilders' Association 

Shakespeare Society ... 



1828 
1837 

1844 
1837 
1853 
1839 

1831 

1804 
1847 
1840 



1839 
1840 

17S4 

1841 

1853 
1842 
1852 
1763 
1523 



1703 



1 701 

1854 
1844 
1823 

1800 

1822 
1662 

1845 
17S0 
1850 

1709 



1838 

1 841 

1857 
i860 
1840 



LITERATURE 



LITURGY 



499 



Sheffield Literary and Philo- 




Ulster Statistical Society 


1838 


sophical Society 


1822 


United Service Institution, Royal 


1831 


Shropshire and North Wales 




Veterinary Medical Association 


1835 


Natural History and Anti- 




Veterinary Surgeons, Royal Col- 




quarian Society 


1835 


lege of 


1844 


Somersetshire Archseological So- 




Warwickshire Natural History 




ciety 


1849 


and Archseological Society 


1836 


South Wales Institution of Min- 




Welsh Manuscripts Society 


1837 


ing Engineers 


1857 


Wernerian Club 


1844 


Spalding Club 


1839 


Wharton Club ... 


1854 


Spottiswoode Society ... 


1843 


Whitby Literary and Philosophi- 




Staines Literary and Scientific 




cal Society 


1823 


Institution 


1836 


Wiltshire Archseological and 




Statistical Society 


1834 


Natural History Society ... 


1853 


Suffolk Institute of Archaeology 


1848 


Topographical Society 


1840 


Surgeons, Royal College of, in- 




Wodrow Society 


1841 


corporated 


1808 


Worcester Diocesan Architect- 




Surrey Archseological Society 


1853 


ural Society 


1850 


Surtees' Society 


1834 


Worcestershire Natural History 




Sussex ArcliEeological Society 


1846 


Society 


1838 


Swedenborg Society 


1810 


York County Architectural So- 




Sydenham Society 


1843 


ciety 


1842 


Sydenham Society, New 


1858 


Yorkshire AgricultU'ral Society 


1837 


Syro-Egyptian Society 


1844 


Geological and Polytechnic So- 




Tweedside Physical and Anti- 




ciety of the West Riding ... 


1838 


quarian Society 


1834 


Philosophical Society 


1822 


Tyneside Naturalists' Field Club 


1846 


Antiquarian Club 


1850 


Ulster Chemico-Agricultural So- 




Zoological Society of London ... 


1826 


ciety 


1845 







LITERATURE, the Royal Society, established. May 16, 1822 ; incorporated, 1826. 

LITHOFRAGE, the art of breaking the stone in the bladder, first performed in 
England by Mr Casteloe, 1833. 

LITHOGRAPHY, invented by Alois Senefelder, 1796 ; patented in Bavaria, 1800; 
opened an establishment in Vienna, 1802 ; in Paris and London soon after. The 
author published to the world, for the first time, a practical work on the new art, 
and the circumstances which led to its invention, 1817 ; he died, Feb. 26, 1834. 

LITHOTOMY, the operation of cutting for the stone in the bladder, first prac- 
tised, 17 A.D. ; the high mode of operating, considered the oldest, performed by 
M. Colet, in Paris, on a criminal, 1475 ; taught by Frere Jacques, 1697. 

LITHUANIA, Poland, taken by Russia in the 12th century, but afterwards regained its 
independence; Ringold assumed the title of Grand Duke, 1230 ; united to Poland, 
lagello having married Hed vig, Queen of Poland, who with the court were baptized 
publicly, in Arakan, Feb. 14, 1386 ; the temple of Wilna made a Christian 
church, 1387 ; the nations united formally by the Diet of Lubin, 1569 ; Lithuania 
annexed to Russia, 1792-93. 

LITTLE MALVERN, Worcestershire. The priory founded by two brothers, 
Jocelyn and Edred, monks of Worcester, 11 71. 

LITTLE MARCIS AND GEDDINGHAM, Yorkshire. The priory founded by 
Roger de Clere, 1163. 

LITTLE MARLOW, Bucks. A nunnery founded by Lord Spenser, circa 1186. 
LITTLE ROCK, Arkansas, United States, settled, 1820; the town founded, 1829. 
LITURGY. The Genevan formula published, 1543; the liturgy of the Church 



50Q LIVERPOOL 

of England was composed, 1547, and established by 2 & 3 Edw. VI. c. i, 1548 ; 
first read in Ireland at tbe cathedral of Christ's Church, Dublin, April 6, 1550 ; 
reformed 5 & 6 Edw. VI. c. i, 1552 ; abolished by Queen Mary, re-established 
I Eliz. c. 2, 1558; amended by James I., 1604; the last revision by convocation, 
and sanctioned by act 13 & 14 Chas. II. c. 4, 1662. France long retained the 
Genevan ; the last alteration took place, 1569. In Scotland Knox's liturgy was 
in use, 1562, but perished with its author ; the English first read by authority, July 
23, 1637, but great opposition being offered to it, it was not pressed ; altered, 1712. 

LIVERPOOL, Lancashire, originated in the buildings around a castle erected by 
Roger de Poitiers, 1076 ; not mentioned in Doomsday Book, but received its first 
charter, 11 29; Henry II. granted another charter, 1173 ; King John granted 
an extension of their privileges by charter, Aug. 28, 1207 ; Henry III. made the 
town a free corporation for ever for a fine of 10 marks, and granted it another 
charter, 1227 ; tower in Water-street built, 1252 ; Henry IV. granted a charter to 
the town, 1309 ; the charter of Edward III. given, 1326 ; castle and borough 
estimated as worth ;^30 los. per annum, 1327 ; St Nicholas' church rebuilt, 
1360; King Richard II. granted the town a charter, 1390 ; the dues leased by 
John of Gaunt, 1399 ; Sir Richard Molyneux, constable of the castle of Liverpool, 
1420; the shipping of the town, 12 vessels, 177 tonnage and 75 men, 1540; 
in 1555 the tonnage of the 12 vessels increased to 223 tons ; Manchester cotton 
bartered with some Liverpool merchants for wine, 1558 ; the old tower destroyed 
by a storm, 1560; six streets only inhabited, containing 38 cottages, 1561 ; the 
number of householders 138, 1565 ; the first lottery in England proclaimed here, 
1566 ; 2s. per day allowed to the members of parliament while in London, the 
money collected, 1584; 24 vessels of 362 tonnage, belonged to the town, 1618 ; 
Charles I. granted a charter to the town, which was made a body politic and cor- 
porate, July 4, 1626; King Charles illegally levied ship money, Livei-pool £2^,, 
Chester ^26, Bristol ;^2O0O, 1636 ; the town besieged by Prince Rupert, and 
taken by storm, June 26, 1644; the town again declared for the parliament, 1645 
15 vessels Ijelonged to the town, from 15 to 35 tons each, 1650 ; the castle demol 
ished, 1659 ; town hall built, 1674 ; Liverpool made a distinct parish from Wal 
ton, 1699; the old dock made, 1699; the castle granted to the corporation, 1704 
84 ships in all, 5789 tons, belonged' to the port, and the first slave-ship sailed for 
Africa, 1708 ; the first dock of 3>4 acres constructed, 1715 ; ships increased to 
220, making 19,176 tons, 1751 ; 53 sailed for Africa, 1751 ; a pottery established 
by Mr R. Chaffers, 1750 ; Mr Sadler invented printing upon potteiy, from copper 
plates, 1756 ; the town hall built, 1754 ; consumed by fire, 1795 ; restored, 1798 ; 
the dome and cupola completed, 1802 ; the portico, 181 1 ; Williamson's first news- 
paper published, 30 advertisements, Dec. 27, 1764 ; a stage coach to London once 
a week, being four days on the road, 1760; in 1764 no less than 74 vessels sailed 
to Africa ; first stone of St George's dock laid, 1767 ; theatre-royal opened, 1775 ; 
alarming riots of seamen, 1775 ; mail to London established, 1785 ; interior of the 
town hall destroyed by fire, 1 795 ; a new town hall opened, 1 797 ; the Bootle water- 
works commenced, 1797 ; the Athenreum library commenced, 1799 ; botanic gar- 
den planted, 1800; Lyceum opened, 1802; theatre, Williamson-square, opened, 
1803 ; the building of the exchange was commenced, 1803, and finished, 1809 ; the 
Lyceum library built, 1804; first stone of corn exchange laid, 1807 ; the spire of St 
Nicholas' church fell, 24 children killed, 1810; Royal Institution began, 1814 ; open- 
ed, 1817 ; Prince's Dock began, 1816 ; the steam-ship Savannah arrived from the 
port of that name in 26 days, June 20, 1819 ; St John's market, the largest in the 
world, opened, 1822; musical festival receipts, ^6000, Oct., 1823; 'Alert' packet, 
from Dublin, wrecked, and 100 persons drowned, March 25, 1823 ; post packets 
with Ireland commenced, 1826; Liverpool and Manchester railway began, 1826; 
first stone of the Rock Perch lighthouse laid, June 8, 1827 ; first stone of the new 



LIVERPOOL ADMINISTRATION LLANDAFF 501 

custom -lioiTse laid, 1828 ; Liverpool and Manchester railway opened, Mr Huskis- 
son killed, Sept. 15, 1830 ; W. Roscoe died, June 30, 1831, aged 79 ; wreck of 
the 'Rothsay Castle,' and 100 passengers lost, Aug. 17, 1831 ; the cholera visited 
the town, 1832 ; Zoological Gardens opened, May 27, 1833 ; Waterloo Dock 
opened, Aug. 18, 1834; assizes held at Liverpool on the 15th of Aug., 
1835 ; Trafalgar and Victoria Docks named, 1836 ; in 1837 the corporation had 
an estate of ^3,000,000 value, it having doubled in 45 years ; statistical society 
founded, 1838 ; the first steam-ship, ' The Royal William,' left Liverpool for New 
York, July 5, 1838 ; St George's Hall and courts begun, 1841 ; a fire, which de- 
stroyed property to the amount of ;!^5*^>°°05 1842 ; the first stone of the Sailors' 
Home laid by Prince Albert, 1846, cost ;^30,ooo ; a statue erected to Mr Huskis- 
son, 1847 ; serious fire at, and a large amount of property destroyed, Sept. 23, 
1844 ; the Queen and Prince Albert visited the town, Oct. 8, 1851 ; Walton gaol 
opened, 1854 ; St George's Hall, 167 feet in length and 77 in width, the roof is 
82 feet high, it is supported by 22 columns of polished granite, opened, Sept. 18, 
1854. Upwards of 15,000 workmen thrown out of employment by the cotton 
famine ; they paraded the town, and broke into the provision stores, Feb. 19, 1855 ; 
the Duke of Cambridge entertained by the corporation in the town hall, Oct. 10; 
free library, the first stone laid by Mr William Brown, at whose expense it was built, 
April 15, 1857 ; the Sailors' Home destroyed by fire, April 29, i860 ; the free library 
and museum opened by Mr Brown, Oct. 8 ; the Brownlow Hill workhouse burnt 
with 25 inmates, Sept. 8, 1862; the bark 'Lotty Sleigh' lying in the Mersey, with 
several tons of gimpowder on board, caught fire and blew up, causing considerable 
damage to the town, Jan. 9, 1864 ; the new Prince of Wales' Theatre opened, Oct. 
15,1 866 ; Mr Mayer presented his valuable collection of genis and antiquities to 
the town, 1867 ; the Royal bank suspended payment, Oct. 21 ; the foundation- 
stone of the New Southern Hospital laid by Earl Derby, Oct. 23 ; the Greek vessel 
'Bubulina' exploded in the Mersey, several persons drowned, and much damage 
done, Nov. 29 ; Prince Arthur and Prince Christian visited the town, Jan. 8, 1868. 
LIVERPOOL ADMINISTRATION succeeded that of Mr Perceval, who was 
shot May 11, 1812 ; it terminated April, 1827, by the death of Lord Liverpool ; 
there were many changes in the cabinet. 
LIVERPOOL RAILWAY to Manchester, 31 miles long, begun Oct., 1826; partially 
opened, July 30, 1829 ; opened to Manchester, Sept. 15, 1830 ; to Birmingham, 
July 4, 1837, as the Grand Junction ; to London, the whole length, Sept. 17, 1838. 
LIVING SKELETON, Calvin Elson, died at New York of tape-worm, 1833 ; he 

had been exhibited in London several years before. 
LIVINGS, An act passed for the augmentation of small, 2 & 3 Anne, c. 20, 1703. 
LIVINGSTONE, DR, returned from South Africa, having travelled 11,000 miles 
in that country, Dec. 10, 1856 ; received thegold medal of the Geographical Society, 
Dec. 15 ; returned to Africa, March 10, 1865 ; rumours of his death reached Eng- 
land, Feb., 1867 ; an expedition commanded by Mr Young left England in search 
of him, June 9 ; returned bringing news of his safety, Jan. 19, 1868. 
LIVONIA, Russia, a trading port established at the mouth of the Dwina, by 
Bremen merchants, 1158 ; Meinhard, a monk, endeavoured to rescue them from 
Paganism, 1186 ; Riga built, 1200 ; the Schwertbrlider, or brothers of the sword, 
founded to spread the gospel by force of arms, 1201 ; they took several towns, 
1220 ; Frederick II. conferred this town upon Valquin, their Grand Master, 1230 ; 
captured by Poland, i6th century ; surrendered to Sweden by the treaty of Oliva, 
May 3, 1660; transferred to Russia by the treaty of Nystadt, Aug. 30, 1721. 
LIZARD POINT, Cornwall, patent passed to erect the new lighthouses upon, 

June 29, 1 75 1. 
LLANDAFF, bishopric founded, 180 ; the cathedral begun by Bishop Urban, 



502 LLANDEGAR CHURCH LOANS AND SUBSIDIES 

II20; completed, 1240, — 270 feet long and 70 broad ; the S. W. tower blown 
down, 1722; repaired, 1760 ; i-estored by Dean Knight, 1842. 

LLANDEGAR CHURCH, said to have been founded in the 6th century by St 
Tagai, the son of a French nobleman ; the present erected, 1348. 

LLANDEILOVAWR, Caermarthen, remarkable for a battle fought, 1282, between 
Edward I. and Llewellyn the Great, the latter being defeated. 

LLANDOVERYCASTLE.Caermarthenshire, S.Wales, besieged, iii6,byGryffyd 
ap Rhys ; taken, 1214 ; taken from Rhys Frechan by a united force of Welsh and 
Normans ; Thomas Phillips founded an educational institution, 1849. 

LLANDRINDOD. Cefu-Llys castle built by Ralph Mortimer, 1242 ; mineral 
waters discovered, 1670; visitors flocked to, I72'6 ; Mr Grosvenor lauilt a large 
hotel, which was opened, 1749- 

LLANELIAN, Anglesey, the church founded, 540, by St Elian. 

LLANGOLLEN BRIDGE, built by John Trevor, Bishop of St Asaph, 1345 ; re- 
paired, 1656. 

LLANLUGAN NUNNERY, Montgomeryshire, founded, 1234. 

LLANSTEPHAN CASTLE, Caermarthenshire, buih, 1138. 

LLANTARNHAM ABBEY, Monmouthshire, built, mo. 

LLANRWST, N. Wales. The old church built from the designs of Inigo Jones in 
the 15th century, contains a large stone coffin of Llewellyn ; the Conway bridge de- 
signed by the same artist, built, 1636. 

LOADSTONE, polar attractions of, known in France, according to some authori- 
ties, 1 180 ; Roger Bacon generally reputed to have known them, 1267. 

LLOYD'S. First established at a coffee-house kept by a Mr Lloyd at the corner of 
Abchurch-lane, Lombard-street, previous to 1700; in 1710, Steele dated No. 
246 of the Taile?' from ; and Addison in No. 46 of the Spectator, April 23, 1711, 
speaks of the Auction Pulpit ; business removed to the N.W. corner of the Ex- 
change, 1774, and the business of insuring vessels began, 1775 ; during the re- 
building of the Exchange they removed to the South Sea House, 1838, but re- 
turned to their present rooms, 1844. The registry of British and foreign shippmg 
established, 1760 ; improved, giving the class to which each vessel belongs, 1834. 

LOANS. Several guaranteed by the English government under special convention 
(see list) ; the Greek loan in 1833 guaranteed by England, France, and Russia, on 
the establishment of the Greek monarchy ; the Turkish loan guaranteed by Eng- 
land and France to enable Turkey to carry on the war against Russia, 1855. 

LOANS AND SUBSIDIES, &c., advanced by England to foreign nations from the 
vear 1792 to 1861 : — 

£ s. d. 

Hanover 492,650 17 in 

Hesse Cassel 190,622 16 S f 1793 

Sardinia 150,000 o oJ 

Baden 25,196 5 7~j 

Hanover 559,375 " 3 

Hesse Cassel 473, 105 i 9 1 

Hesse Darmstadt 102,073 ( 

Prussia 1,226,495 ( 

Sardinia 200,000 o o] 

Baden 1,793 I5 3l 

Brunswick 97,72i 13 gLyn. 

Germany, imperial loan, 35 Geo. III. c. 93 ... 4,600,000 o of '^•' 

Hanover 478,347 i7 ^) 



f-1794 



LOANS AND SUBSIDIES 

Hesse Cassel ... ... ... ... ... 317,492 11 

Hesse Darmstadt ... ... ... ... ... 79,605 5 

Sardinia ... ... ... ... ... ... 150,000 o 

Brunswick ... ... ... ... ... 12,794 9 

Hesse Darmstadt ... ... ... ... 20,075 '3 

Brunswick ... ... ... ... ... 7,570 11 

Hesse Darmstadt .., ... ... ... 57,015 3 

Germany, imperial loan, 37 Geo. HI. c. 59 ... 1,620,000 o 

Brunswick ... ... ... ... ... 7,000 o 

Portugal ... ... ... ... ... ... 120,013 13 

Hesse Darmstadt ... ... ... ... 4,812 10 

Prince of Orange ... ... ... ... 20,000 o 

Russia ... ... ... ... ... ... 825,000 o 

Bavaria ... ... ... ... ... ... 501,017 6 

Germany ... ... ... ... ... ... 1,066,666 13 

German Princes ... ... ... ... ... 500,000 o 

Russia ... ... ... ... ... ... 545,494 o 

Germany ... ... ... ... ... ... 150,000 o 

German Princes ... ... ... ... ... 200,000 o 

Hesse Cassel ... ... ... ... ... 100,000 o 

Portugal ... ... ... ... ... ... 200,113 15 

Sardinia ... ... ... ... ... ... 40,000 o 

Hesse Cassel ... ... ... ... ... 33, 450 18 

Russia ... ... ... ... ... ... 200,000 o 

Sardinia ... ... ... ... ... ... 52,000 o 

Hanover ... ... ... ... ... ... 117,628 5 

Portugal ... ... ... ... ... ... 31,647 4 

Russia ... ... :.. ... ... ... 63,000 o 

Hesse Cassel ... ... ... ... ... 83,303 19 

Sweden ... ... ... ... ... ... 20,119 4 

Hanover 35>340 14 

Germany ... ... ... ... ... ... 500,000 o 

Hanover ... ... ... ... ... ... 76,865 2 

Hesse Cassel .... ... ... ... ... 18,982 2 

Hanover ... ... ... ... ... ... 19,899 4 

Hesse Cassel ... ... ... ... ... 45,000 o 

Prussia ... ... ... ... ... ... 180,000 o 

Russia ... 614,182 16 

Sicily ... ... ... ... ... ... 300,000 o 

Spain 1,497,873 6 

Sweden ... ... ... ... ... ... 1,000,000 o 

Austria ... ... ... ... ... ... 85,000 o 

Portugal, 49 Geo. HI. c. 71 600,000 o 

Sicily ... ... ... ... ... ... 300,000 o 

Spain ... ... ... ... ... ... 529,039 I 

Sweden ... ... ... ... ... ... 300,000 o 

HesseCassel ... ... ... ... ... 45,150 3 

Portugal 1,237,517 19 

Sicily 425,000 o 

Spain 402,875 5 

Portugal 1,832,168 4 

Portuguese sufferers ... ... 39,555 5 

Sicily 275,000 o 

Spain 220,689 10 

INIorocco ... ... ... ... ... ... 1,952 2 



503 



1795 



-iJ 



6! 
oj 

^}i796 
6^ 

4U797 
oJ 

°] 

o'm799 

oj 

o^ 

oJ 

ol 

o;.i8oi 

4l 

OJ 

„ I 1802 

°f- 

OJ 

I l-i8o3 
oJ 

5 

II 
6' 1805 

°] 

4!-i8o6 
iiJ 



1807 



2^ 
o( 

01 

4J 
o~i 
10 
o 
o-^ 

o| 
o 

8 

oj 

3T 

2 

o 

lOT 

o^ 
7 1812 



1810 



S04 LOANS AND SUBSIDIES 



Prussia 
Russia 
Spain 



£ s. d. 

15 2^ 

14 

400,000 o 



1812 



Portugal 2,167,831 

Portuguese sufferers 60,444 

Sicily '^^ 

fP^i^ 1,000,000 

^weden 278,291 17 

^^st"^ 500,000 o 

^o'"occo 14^419 o 

Portugal 1,644,062 17 

Prince of Orange, repaid 200,000 o 

^'■^^^ia 65 jg ^ 

^^'ssia 637^500 o ^^813 

Russian sufferers 200000 

^'•^^^y 600,000 

Spain 



o 

- , ... 1,000,000 o 

Sweden 278,291 17 cj 

^"stria 1,064,881 13 P 

Denmark ... ... _,. j2i 917 

France, repaid .■■ 200' 000 

^^-^ow&x 500,000 o ^ 

Portugal 1,500,000 o ol ^ 

Prussia t -jir, ToS tQ 0^1814 



121,917 i( 
o 



1,319,128 18 

2 

13 



P"?fa 2,169,982 

'^i"!y 316,666 

^P^i" 450,000 o 

Sweden 800,000 o oJ 

ft"St"a 1,796,229 8 8 

Hanover 200,000 o o 

Portugal 100,000 o o 



2,294,222 3 II 

3,241,919 7 Y, 

147,295 18 11 

17 iJ 

17 7 



1815 



Sweden "] ;".; 521^061 

■^."?^i^ 1,096,355 

sSin ::: ::: ::: ::: ;:: :;: "5:^^ o IV^^^ 

Sweden 506,098 13 7J 

Greek Loan, 2 & 3 Will. IV. c. 121, and 6 & 7 Will. £ s d 

IV. c. 94, advanced from 1843 to 1861 882,574 2 i 

Repaid 35*029 6 o 

HollandFortifications, Netherlands, 1818, i8i9,and 1820 i 5''9'76q 2 8 

Morocco 1862 426;oo^ ^ o 

Kussian-Dutch Loan guaranteed by conventions. May 19, 
1815, and Nov. 16, 1833, confimied by 55 Geo. III. 

c. 115 and 2 & 3 Will. IV. c. 81 25,000,000 florins 

Repaid up to 1857 10,500,000 florins 

Sardinian, 1st Loan, from 1855 to 1856 ^2,000000 o o 

Repaid ... ... i24',6io o o 

Sardinian, 2nd Loan, from 1859-63 2,000,000 o o 

Turkish Loan, Aug. 15, 1855 5,000,000 o o 

Loans to foreign states contracted by English capitalists :— 

■^-''gf'}^'"^ ;^2,5oo,ooo London, Jan. 3, 1866 

^^^"^^ 3,500,000 London, 1823 

" 85,569,800 florins 1851 



LOBAU 



LOCHLEVEN CASTLE 505 



Austria 
Brazil 



Buenos Ayres 
Chili 
Chilian 
Colombia ... 

Cuba 

Denmark . . . 



Egyptian Government Railway 

Loan 
Loan to the Viceroy 
Greece 



35,000,000 florins 1852 

^3,686,000 London, 1824 

312,512 London, 1839 

732,000 1843 

1,000,000 1824 

1,000,000 1822 

450,000 Feb. 26, 1866 

2,000,000 1822 

4,750,000 1824 

450,450 1834 

112,600 1837 

3,000,000 London, 1822 

5,500,000 1825 

800,000 Part in London, 1849 

800,000 1850 

3,000,000 London, Jan. 16, 1866 
1,693,000 March 20, 1866 

800,000 London, 1824 

2,000,000 1825 

2,343>750 1833 



(Guaranteed by England, France, and Russia. ) 

^1,428,571 
413,000 



Guatemala 

Massachusetts State Loan 
Mexico 



Naples 

New South Wales (colony) 

Peru 



Portugal 

Prussia 

Russia 

Sardinia 
Spain 

>> 
Sweden 



3,200,000 
3,200,000 
2,500,000 

850,000 

450,000 

750,000 

616,000 
1,500,000 
6,000,000 
2,000,000 
3,500,000 
3,500,000 
5,500,000 
90,000,000 lira 
;^i, 500,000 
1,500,000 

450,000 



London, 1825 
Oct. 16, 1866 
1824 
1825 
1824 
Sept. 8, 1866 
1822 
1824 
1825 
1823 

1835 
1837 
1822 

London, 1822 
1850 
1851 
1821 
1823 

London, 1852 



LOBAU, Germany. This island was captured by Napoleon I., May 19, 1809, and 
a bridge made to the opposite shore by the 21st ; destroyed by the Austrians, 
22nd ; the island fortified, 23rd, 24th ; passage from, to Guzersdorf effected by 
the French army, July 4, 1809. 

LOCARNO, Italy. The church of La Madonna del Gasso crushed by a heavy fall 
of snow, killing 53 worshippers, Jan.- 9, 1863. 

LOCHLFVEN CASTLE, built in Lochleven lake, 1257 ; besieged by the English, 
1301, and again, under John de Strevelin, 1335 ; the first Archbishop of St Andrews 
imprisoned at, died, 1447 ; visited by Mary Queen of Scots, 1563 ; Earl of Norlh- 
umberland confined in, 1569 ; Mary Queen of Scots, June l6, 1567 ; made to ab- 
dicate her crown here, July 25 ; escaped. May 2, T568. 



5o6 LOCK HOSPITAL LOGIC 

LOCK HOSPITAL, Harrow-road, the only one of the kmd for diseased females 
in London, established, 1746. 

LOCKS. The earliest representation of, are to be found among the bassi relieni of 
Karnak and Herculaneum, B.C. 2500 ; at the rebuilding of Jerusalem locks are 
spoken of as being used, Nehem. iii. 6 ; reference to keys may be found in Judg. 
iii. 25, Is. xxii. 22 ; in mediasval times we have the tumbler or lever lock of the 
Chinese ; the letter-lock is mentioned by Beaumont and Fletcher in the play of 
'The Noble Gentleman,' 1615 — ' a cap-case for your linen and your plate, with 
a strange lock that opens with A. M.E.N '; this description of lock is also spoken 
of by Carew, 1620 ; in the book of the accounts of the manor of Savoy, in the 
reign of Richard I., there is an entry of the purchase of 'two stock-lokkes price 
xxrt'. and two hange lokks, xvifl'.'; a detector lock invented, 1640, and described 
by the Marquis of Worcester ; the first patent for the construction of a lock granted, 
A.D. 1774, to Mr Robert Barron of London ; Mark Scaliot, a blacksmith of Lon- 
don, made a lock of iron, steel, and brass, of 1 1 several pieces, and a pipe key, 
all which weighed but one grain of gold ; he also made a chain of gold, of 43 
links, which chain being fastened to the lock and key, and put upon a flea's neck, 
weighed but one grain and a half, 1578 ; Bramah's impregnable lock, registered, 
1784 ; Chubb's, 1818 ; a patent granted to Young and Carpenter for a perpen- 
dicular arrangement of the latch bolt, 1830 ; Mr Hobbs successfully picked the 
Bramah lock, Aug. 23, 185 1; Dr Andrews received the premium from the 
Society of Arts for his lock, 1853 ; Tucker's disc locks invented, 1855. 

LOCOMOTIVE. Watt first patented his invention, 1784 ; Hornblower first 
patented his steam-engine, 1769; Murdoch made his model-engine, 1782; Tre- 
vithick and Vivian reduced theory to practice, and obtained a patent for propelling 
by steam, 1802; Wolf made several improvements in, 1804; the London and Man- 
chester Railway Company offered a premium of ;i^5oo for the best locomotive 
engine, April, 1829; the trial took place, Oct. 6, 1829, the Stephenson engine 
running 30 miles an hour; Stephenson's engine, the Planet, took 135 bales of 
cotton to Manchester, Dec. 4, 1830. 

I^OCRI, Italy. Zaleucus published his first code of laws for the government of the 
Locri, B.C. 660 ; the memorable battle of the Sagras, in which the Locrians de- 
feated the Crotonians, 130,000 strong, 510 ; Dionysius conferred upon them the 
territory of Caulonia, 389 ; Hipponium wrested from them by the Carthaginians, 
339 ; they threw off the Roman alliance after the battle of Cannae, 216 ; the town 
taken by Scipio, 205, and they were again brought under the power of Rome. 

LOCUSTS, one of the plagues of Egypt, B.C. 1491 ; at Palestine a swarm of, de- 
voured the fniits and trees, and caused a plague by their stench, A.D. 406 ; one in 
France, 873 ; a famine caused in Venice by, 1478-9 ; in St James's Park 
and country about London, 1748; in Germany, 1749; Poland, 1750 ; Warsaw, 
1 8 16; Algeria, 1866. 

LODI, Italy, founded by the Boii ; colonized by Cneius Pompeius Strabo, the father 
of Pompey the Great ; taken by the Milanese and destroyed, nil; the cathedral, 
Incoronata, foimded, 1476. 

LODI, battle, one of the most brilliant of the achievements of Bonaparte : he passed 
the bridge of Lodi in front of the Austrians commanded by Beaulieu, May 10, 
1796, and after a sanguinary battle, all Lombardy became the spoil of the victor 
in a few days. 

LOGARITHMS invented by Lord John Napier, 1614 ; Mr Edward Gunter pub- 
lished his ' Canon of Triangles, ' 1620. 

LOGIC. Aristotle wrote his work upon, «;r« B.C. 312; Lord Bacon's 'Novum 
Organum ' published, 1620; Thomas Hobbes published his 'Elements,' 1655; 



LOGLINE LONDON, NEW 507 

Locke's ' Essay on the Human Understanding,' 1690; Descarte's, 1701 ; Arch- 
bishop Whately's, 1826 ; Mr Mill's, 1843 ; Sir William Hamilton's, 1837-8. 

LOGLINE first used in navigation, 1521, and by the English mariners, 1577. 

LOGTOWN, North America, destroyed by the French, May 10, 1754. 

LOGWOOD cultivated in Carolina, 1732 ; first cut by the English in the bays of 
Campeachy and Honduras, 1662. 

LOIRE, LA, France. This river overflowed its banks, destroying a great deal of 
property, 1846 ; also in 1859. 

IvOLLARDS, a term for those who dissented from the Church of England before 
it became reformed — in fact, to the followers of Wickliffe ; the first of these honest 
reformers was Walter Lollard, 13 15, whom the Roman Catholics burned at 
Cologne for his opinions, 1322 ; they were proscribed by parliament, 1406 ; Saw- 
tree, the incumbent of St Osith, London, was the first burned in England for 
these opinions, 1401 ; in 1414 numbers were executed, and one of the towers 
at Lambeth Palace, in which the iron rings yet remain to which they were 
chained, became a place of their incarceration, and probably of torture ; Sir John 
Oldcastle was one of those whom the clergy thus persecuted and burned, 141 7 ; 
Lollards, or CcUitcs, constituted a religious order by a decree of Sixtus IV., 1472 ; 
additional privileges granted by Julius II., 1506. 

LOMBARDS. A northern nation who settled in Italy in the 6th century ; they were 
allowed by the Emperor Justinian to settle in Pannonia and Noricum, 526 ; 
Audoin killed Cunimund, the son of the King of the Gepidoe, 551 ; Alboin was 
slain in his own palace, June 28, 573 > invaded by Childebert II. , 591 ; St Columba, 
an Irish monk, received and preserved from Theodoric, King of Burgundy, 613 ; 
the Franks under Bertharidus invaded Italy, but were defeated near Asti, 665 ; 
the Iconoclasts, or image-breakers, endeavoured to destroy all the figures in the 
churches of Ravenna, but were defeated, 727 ; Pope Gregory subdued the Lom- 
bards under Liutprand, 730 ; they invaded the Roman territory, 749 ; Pepin 
crossed the Alps and defeated the I>ombards under Astolplius Susa, and concluded 
a peace at Pavia, 754 ; defeated by Charlemagne, 773 ; Pavia besieged and taken 
after a heroic resistance, 774, and united to Germany. 

LOMBARDS. These merchants were first sent to England by Pope Gregory IX. 
to assist individuals in paying their tithes to the Church, by lending money to 
them, 1229 ; considered usurers, had their articles seized by the king, 1337 ; 
they were also charged with demanding usurious interest ; in time they became 
eminent dealers in money, being generally natives of Genoa, Venice, or Florence ; 
they had their offices in Lombard-street ; accused of usury, as all foreign money- 
lenders were in those times. Queen Elizabeth expelled them from the kingdom 
about 1580. 

LOMBARDY, Italy, surrendered to Austria by treaty between Louis XIV. of 
France and Joseph I., March 13, 1707; municipal government given to, Dec, 
1755 ; taken by France and made part of the Cisalpine republic, Oct. 17, 1797; mu- 
nicipal privileges revoked, 1798 ; restored to Austria by the treaty of Paris, Nov. 
20, 1815 ; municipal government restored, 1816 ; the central congregation met, 
Jan., 1857 ; ceded to Napoleon III. by the treaty of Villa-Franca, July 11, 1859, 
who transferred it to Italy; incorporated into that kingdom, 1866. 
LOMBE, SIR THOMAS, invented the silk mills, for which he received ^14,000, 

April 3, 1732. 
LONDON, Canada. The town was laid out, 1826 ; almost destroyed by fire, 

1844 ; four blocks of houses, covering 30 acres, burnt, April 13, 1845. 
LONDON, NEW, N. America, organized into a township, 1644 ; besieged by the 
British under Gen. Arnold, and partially destroyed, Sept., 1781. 



5oS LONDON 

LONDON, England. Llyn-din reported to have been the capital of the Trino- 
bantes, B.C. 54 ; a colony of Romans settled here under Ostorius Scapula, a.d. 49 ; 
fortified, 50 ; called Colonia Augusta, or Londinium ; taken and burned by Queen 
Boadicea, and 70,000 of the inhabitants massacred, 61 ; she was defeated by 
Suetonius, and 80,000 of her subjects slain, 61 ; London walled in, 306 ; 800 
vessels employed in the port of London for the export of corn, 359 ; made a 
Metropolitical see, 180, Theanus being the first bishop ; Mellitus, who was after- 
wards translated to Canterbury, was the first prelate under the Anglo-Saxon 
dynasty, 604 ; Westminster Abbey built by Sebert, 604 ; St Paul's Cathedral 
erected, 664 ; ravaged by a plague, 664 ; the city nearly consumed by fire, 798 ; 
another almost as destructive, 801 ; a Witena-gemote or Parliament held to de- 
vise measures against the Danes, 833 ; taken by the Danes, 839 ; they fortified it 
and held it with a large garrison, 85 1 ; taken by Alfred, who repaired the walls, 
884 ; Ethelred appointed governor, 886 ; nearly destroyed by fire, 893 ; King 
Edmund held a Witena-gemote for establishing a code of ecclesiastical laws, 945 ; 
a malignant fever raged which carried off half the citizens, 961 ; St Paul's Cathe- 
dral burnt, 961 ; the Danes again attempted a landing at, 992 ; Old London 
Bridge built of wood, 993 ; the city attacked by Aulaf and Sweyn, kings of 
Norway and Denmark, with a fleet of 94 ships, 994 ; the Danes made frequent 
assaults with varying success, 1009 ; Edmund Ironsides proclaimed king by the 
Londoners, 1016 ; Canute fitted out an expedition to reduce the city, but was de- 
feated at the bridge, 1017 ; he dug a trench across the marshes and so brought 
his ships to the western side, but after besieging the city for some weeks, he was 
forced to retire, 1018 ; Edward the Confessor chosen King by the citizens, 1041 ; 
a grievous famine, wheat selling for 5^. a quarter, 1043 ; a great council held to 
determine the best way to resist the Danish pirates ; St Paul's and a great part 
of London burnt, 1087 ; Earl Godwin sailed up the Thames to London with a 
large fleet, 1052 ; declared for William the Conqueror, 1066; who granted the first 
charter to, 1067 ; visited by a terrible fire, which almost destroyed the city, 1077; 
the Tower erected, 1079 ; another fire broke out at Ludgate, which consumed St 
Paul's, 1086 ; St Mary-le-bow, Cheapside, built, 1087 ; the Jews compete with 
the Christians concerning their faith, 1089; visited by a famine, 1125 ; almost 
consumed by fire, 1132; afire broke out at London bridge, which destroyed 
every edifice, including St Paul's and St Clement's Dane, 1135; the river 
Thames frozen over so that carriages crossed upon the ice, Dec. 9, 1150; the 
citizens paid to King Stephen 1000 marks for the privilege of choosing their own 
sheriffs, 11 39 5 total eclipse of the sun, 1140 ; the citizens presented the king 
with a donum of;!^i043, 1158, and 1000 marks, 1159 and I170 ; the Jews massa- 
cred at the coronation of Richard I., 1189 ; the lord mayor first mentioned as 
chief butler at this coronation ; Henry Fitz-Alwyn elected the first mayor, serving the 
office for 24 years, 1189 ; assize for buildings published, I189 ; London bridge 
built of stone, 1209 ; houses to be built of stone with party-wall, 1191 ; Richard 
entertained by the mayor and citizens after his return from Palestine, 1194 ; the 
citizens presented King John with £,yx>, 1207; the sheriffs imprisoned by the 
king, 1209 ; the parliament met at the palace in St Bride's, when the king 
exacted from the clergy and religious houses ;!f 100,000, 1210 ; the city walls re- 
built, 121 1 ; a great fire in Southwark, reaching to the bridge foot, the chapel of 
St Thomas, and the priory of St Mary, and 3000 of the inhabitants burnt, 1212 ; 
the privilege of electing their own mayor given to the citizens, 1213 ; King Louis 
of France invited to visit England, and was received by the mayor at London, 1 2 1 6 ; 
the Hanseatic meixhants established at Guildhall in Thames-street, 1220 ; riots 
against Henry III., Hubert de Burgh, Chief Justiciary, inflicted severe punishment 
upon the citizens, 1222 ; the city partially destroyed by fire, 1232 ; a piece of ground 
in St Clement's, Strand, granted to Walter Le Brunn, a farrier, 1235 ; Henry III. 
received by the citizens of London after his marriage at Canterbury, 1236 ; water 



LONDON 509 

conveyed in pipes from Tyburn, 1236 ; Gerard Bat chosen mayor of the city, but 
rejected by the King, 1241 ; the citizens fined 1500 marks for allowing Walter 
Bukerel to remain within the walls, 1244 ; the Fee Farm of Queenhithe pur- 
chased by the citizens, 1245 ; an earthquake causing much damage happened, 
Feb. 13, 1247 ; Henry III. established a watch, 1253 ; the mayor and sheriffs 
committed to the Marshalsea by the king, 1254; Henry III. , with his brother 
Richard, King of the Romans, and their queens, made a public entry on Candle- 
mas-day, 1259 ; the king met the citizens at Paul's Cross, Nov. 6, 1259 ; the 
right of the sheriffs of London to enter the city of Westminster established, 1262 ; 
the citizens fined 20,000 marks by the king, 1266 ; Hugh Fitz-Otho appointed 
custos of London, 1270 ; the king restored their right of electing their own 
magistrates, 1270; the common council first noticed, 1262; regulated by ordi- 
nances of the 7th, 8th, and 9th of Rich. II. ; first elected by the wards, 8 Rich. II., 
July 31, 1384; the number of common councilmen fixed at 40, i Edw. I., 
1273 ; the convent of Blackfriars built, 1275 ; the wall between the Thames and 
Ludgate repaired, 1276 ; a tax raised, called Murage, to keep the walls and ditches 
n repair, 1279; the Hanseatic merchants repaired Bishopsgate, 1282; five arches 
of London Bridge destroyed by floods, 1282 ; the first writ issued, June 28, 1283, 
directing the mayor, citizens, and sheriffs of London to send representatives to the 
parliament to be held at Shrewsbury ; the conduit in Cheapside built, 1285 ; the 
city divided into 24 wards, 1285 ; at a parliament held at York the city was 
represented by Walter de Finchingfield and Adam de Folcham, 1298 ; the 
houses built of wood, 1300 ; Sir William Wallace brought a prisoner to London 
and confined in the house of Wm. Delect, in Fenchurch-street, 1 305 ; Edward 
III. held a tournament in Cheapside between Wood-street and Queen-street, 1329; 
the election of mayor by the aldermen and citizens established on a more regular 
system, 1345 ; a terrible pestilence which carried off 50,000 citizens, 1349 ; the 
privilege of having a gold or silver mace carried before the chief magistrate granted, 
1354 ; John, King of France, and Edward the Black Prince received and enter- 
tained by the mayor and citizens, May 24, 1357 ; their privileges taken away by the 
king, but restored upon their submission to his authority, 1366 ; the common council 
increased to 156, 1376; William Walworth elected mayor, 1380 ; Wat Tyler 
killed by Walworth in Smithfield, June 15, 1381 ; the king ordered the walls to 
be repaired and the ditch cleansed, 1386; the sheriffs ordered to go by water 
to Westminster instead of on horseback, Oct. 13, 1389 ; a tournament held 
in Smithfield on the Sunday after Michaelmas, 1390 ; the aldermen elected 
for life, 17 Rich. II. c. xi , 1393; Farringdon-ward Without to elect an 
alderman, 17 Rich. II. c. xiii., 1393 ; the charters seized by the King, 
1395 ; Blackwell-hall established as a cloth market, 1397 ; visited by a plague 
which carried off 30,000 citizens, 1407 ; Stock's market iDuilt, 1410-II ; first 
lighted by lanterns, 1415 ; the Guildhall began building, 1411 ; finished, 1416 ; 
the citizens to hang out a lantern with a whole candle lighted, 1416 ; Whittington 
thrice elected mayor, viz., Oct. 13, 1397, 1406, and 1419 — in this year he entertained 
King Henry V. at Guildhall, when he destroyed the bonds of that monarch for 
moneys lent him to the value of ^60,000 ; ^1000 presented to Henry V. by the 
mayor and aldermen at Westminster, Feb. 23, 1422 ; Baynard's Castle destroyed 
by fire, 1427 ; the Thames frozen over from Nov. 24 to Feb. 10, 1434 ; the conduits 
of Fleet-street, Aldermanbury, and Cripplegate, erected by Sir William Eastfield, 
1439 ; Jack Cade defeated by the citizens at London bridge, July 5, 1450 ; the first 
civic procession on the Thames, in the mayoralty of Sir John Norman, 1453 ; Fal- 
conbridge endeavoured to take the city, 1471 ; stocks erected in each ward for 
punishing vagrants, 1472 ; the election of lord mayor and sheriffs vested in the 
livery companies by act of common council, 1475 ; the sweating sickness, or 
plague, raged from Sept. 21 to the end of Oct., 1485 ; the sheriffs fined ;^5o for 
kneeling too near the lord mayor at St Paul's, i486 ; Baynard's Castle rebuilt, 



5IO LONDON 

1487 ; the artillery ground enclosed, 1498 ; St Paul's school founded by Dean 
Colet, 1508 ; the Court of Requests erected by act of common council, Feb., 
151 7 ; the fatal sweat visited London, 1517 ; the evil May-day, 15 1 7 ; an engage- 
ment between the Dutch and French fleets near London bridge, Walsingham, 
the Lieutenant of the Tower, boarded and seized both the combatants, Feb., 
1528 ; the custody of the great beam and common balance granted to the mayor, 
commonalty, and citizens, 22 Henry VIIL, April 13, 1531; the streets first paved, 
1533 ; the government of Bethlehem Hospital granted to the mayor and citizens, 
28 Henry VIIL, Jan. 13, 1547 ; the manor of Southwark purchased by the Cor- 
poration of the Duke of Suffolk, April 23, 155° ! the sweating sickness again 
visited London, 1551 ; 40 taverns allowed in the city and three in Westminster, 
7 Edw. VI. c. v., 1553 ; Alderman Draper instituted the office of bellman, Jan., 
1556; the spire of St Paul's Cathedral consumed by fire, July 4, 1561 ; the 
first lottery drawn at the western door of St Paul's, Jan. 11, 1569; Sir 
Thomas Gresham laid the foundation-stone of the first Royal Exchange, June 7, 
1566 ; bequeathed it to the Corporation and the Mercers' Company, Nov. 26, 
1579 ; the Thames water conveyed into the city by leaden pipes, 1580 ; the 
erection of new buildings in London forbidden by proclamation of Queen Eliza- 
beth, July 7, 1580 ; Cheapside Cross pulled down, 1581 ; the water-works at 
London bridge erected, 1582 ; six ships-of-war fitted out, 1594 ; the aldermen 
made justices of the peace, 43 Eliz. c. 2, s. 8, 1601 ; 30,578 persons perished by 
the plague, 1602 ; the Thames frozen over, Dec. 22, 1606 ; the metage and weigh- 
ing of coals confirmed to the citizens, 3 James I., Aug. 20, 1606, and again by 12 
James I., Sept. 15, 1614; Aldgate rebuilt, 1609 ; Hicks' Hall, Clerkenwell, built, 
161 1 ; the New River water brought into the city, 1613 ; Hackney coaches first per- 
mitted to stand in the city for hire, 1625 ; the city of London fined 1500 marks 
for alleged neglect of duty, 1632 ; their plantations in Ulster seized, and a fine of 
^50,000 to be levied upon the city of London for neglect In their management, 
March 8, 1633 ; London fortified, 1643 ; the Corporation entertained the members 
of the House of Commons at Grocers' Hall, 1649 ; Cromwell entertained at, 
1653 ; the lord mayor and sheriffs arrested, 1652 ; Charles II. made his public 
entry into the city, June 14, 1660; 68,596 persons perished by the great 
plague, 1665 ; great fire of London began, Sunday, Sept. 2, and ended, 
Thursday, Sept. 6, 1666 ; act for the rebuilding of the city, 19 Car. II. c. 3, 1667 ; 
an act passed for establishing a court of judicature for settling the properties of 
the citizens after the fire, 19 Car. II. c. 2, 1667 ; amended, 14 Geo. III. c. 78 ; 
commissioners of sewer to be appointed by the common council, by 19 Car. II. c. 
3, s. 22, 1667. An act of common council passed for the better protection of the 
city from fire : for this purpose it was divided into four quarters, and each quarter 
was furnished with 8000 leather buckets, 50 ladders, and several hand-squirts of 
brass, 24 pickaxe-sledges, and each ward with a bellman, Nov. 15, 1667. 
Honey-lane market opened, Sept. 8, 1669 ; St Paul's Cathedral ordered to be 
i-ebuilt, 22 Car. II. c. 11, 1670 ; erection of the monument to commemorate the 
fire began, 1671 ; finished, 1677 ; the freedom of the city presented to Charles 
II. at Guildhall, Oct. 29, 1675 ; the greater part of the borough of Southwark 
destroyed by fire, 1676 ; the streets first lighted by lamps, 1681 ; charters de- 
clared forfeited, 1682 ; taken away, 1688 ; restored, 1689 ; the sheriffs sent to the 
Tower for continuing the poll after the lord mayor had adjourned it, 1682 ; the 
penny post first established by Mr Murray, 1681 ; William and Mary entertained 
by the Corporation at Guildhall, April, 10, 1689 ; a National Bank suggested 
by William Paterson, chartered, June 8, 1694 ; Billingsgate made a free market, 
31 Will. HI. c. 24, May 10, 1699 ; Queen Anne eniertained at Guildhall, 
Nov. 9, 1702 ; a devastating storm called The High Witid, which destroyed 
many houses in London and Westminster, Nov. 16, 1703 ; act passed for the 
erection of 50 new churches, 171 1 ; the nightly watch regulated, June 16, 



LONDON. 511 

1704; Sir Gilbert Heathcote was the last lord mayor who rode in the Lord 
Mayor's Show to Westminster on horse-back, 1710 ; ward elections regulated by 
act of common council, April 15, 1714 ; George I. and the Prince of Wales 
entertained at Guildhall, Nov. 9, 1714 ; South-Sea bubble commenced, 1716 ; ex- 
ploded, 1720; Chelsea water- works formed, 8 Geo. L c. 26, 1721 ; a military 
camp formed in Hyde Park, 1 722 ; an act passed regulating the election of com- 
mon comicilmen, 11 Geo. L c. 18, 1725 • George IL and his family entertained 
at the Guildhall, Nov. 9, 1727 ; the senior alderman removed to Bridge-ward 
Without, 1725 ; an act passed for enclosing the Fleet Ditch, 4 Geo. IL c. 22, 
1733 ; Whitefriai-s annexed to Farringdon-ward Without, and Blackfriars to Far- 
ringdon-ward Within by act of common council, March ii, 1736, and Feb. 
28, 1806 ; police rate fixed by 10 Geo. II. c. 22, 1737 ; Fleet market opened, 
Sept. 30, 1737 ; great frost which lasted from Dec. 25, 1739 to Feb. 8, 1740 ; 
Lord Mayor Humphry Parsons the first lord mayor who rode to Westminster 
in a state coach drawn by six horses, 1741 ; the last charter granted to the city 
confirming their rights, 15 Geo. IL, Aug. 5, 1 741 ; Sir John Barnard's Act 
passed to prevent the sale of offices, Sept. 22, 1749 ; a shock of an earthquake 
felt in London, Feb. 8, 1750; the New Mansion House first inhabited, 1753; 
an act passed for building Blackfriars bridge, 29 Geo. II. c. 86, 1756 ; London 
bridge repaired, 1758; the city gates pulled down, by 33 Geo. II. c. 30, 1760 ; 
Blackfriars bridge began, Oct. 31, 1760; George III. and his family entertained 
at the Guildhall, having first seen the civic procession from the house of Mr 
Barclay in Cheapside, Nov. 9, 1761 ; the freedom of the city presented to 
the Speaker Onslow, May 5, 1761 ; the common councilmen appeared at court in 
neAv blue Mazarine gowns, Sept. 14, 1761 ; the City Road opened, 1761 ; the 
mystery of the Cock-lane ghost discovered, July 10, 1762 ; John Wilkes taken 
into custody for publishing the 45th number of the North Briton, April 30, 1763 ; 
the spire of St Bride's church destroyed by lightning, June 18, 1765 ; John 
Williams, bookseller of Fleet-street, stood in the pillory in New Palace Yard, 
for republishing the North Briton, Feb. 14, 1 765 ; the distressed Spitalfield 
weavers, to the number of 8000, assembled in Moorfields, May 16, 1765 ; a serious 
fire broke out in Bishopsgate-street, burning the houses at the corners of Grace- 
church- street, Leadenhall-street, and Cornhill, Nov. 7, 1765 ; great floods in 
London, much damage done, Sept l, 1768; the King of Denmark entertained at 
the Mansion House, Aug. 23, 1768; Mr Wilkes elected for Farringdon-ward 
Without, Jan. 2 and 27, 1769 ; Beckford elected mayor a second time, Oct. 10, 
1 769 ; the first stone of the new gaol of Newgate laid by the lord mayor. May 
31, 1770; the Lord Mayor Brass Crosby and Mr Aid. Oliver committed to the 
Tower, April 27, 1771 ; released and the city illuminated. May 8, 1771 ; the 
common petition to the king for the shortening of parliament, Feb. 11, 1772 ; the 
first stone of the Marine Society House, Bishopsgate-street, laid, April 30 ; 
Stone's scheme for regulating the admission of the livery to the Guildhall, 1774 '■> 
the common council discontinued their gowns, 1775 ; a vote of thanks passed to 
Lord Chathani, Feb. 10, 1775 ; several political documents burnt at the Royal 
Exchange by the hangman, March 26 ; thanlcs of the city of Dublin presented to 
Mr Aid. Wilkes, Sept. 7 ; a serious riot broke out amongst the prisoners at New- 
gate, Aug. 20, 1777 ; a statue erected by the Corporation to the memory of the 
Earl of Chatham, Dec. 12, 1779 ; the Gordon riots, June, 1780 ; the freedom of 
the city presented to Admiral Drake, June 20, 1782 ; the royal hospitals re- 
gulated by act of parliament, 22 Geo. III. c. 77, 1782 ; memorable storm of 
rain, doing serious damage, June 26, 1788; the Thames frozen over, Jan. 10, 
1789; thanksgiving at St Paul's Cathedral by George IIL, April 23, 1789; 
Astley's theatre destroyed by fire, Aug. 17, 1794 ; Crimping riots in the east of 
London, Aug. 15 — 19, 1794; ^16,000 raised for the benefit of the sufferers in 
the late fire at Ratclifife Highway, Oct. 29, 1794; the East India House, 



512 LONDON, 

Leadenhall-street, erected, 1798 ; the first stone of the London docks laid, June 
26, 1802 ; the horse patrol established in London, 1805 ; London docks 
opened, July 30, 1805 ; the public funeral of Lord Nelson, at St Paul's, Jan. 9, 

1806 ; the East India docks opened, Aug. 4, 1806 ; gas first used in the city, 

1807 ; riots in consequence of the committal of Sir F. Burdett to the Tower, 
April 6, 1810 ; the Royal Mint opened, 1811 ; the first stone of Waterloo 
bridge laid, Oct. 11, 181 1 ; banquet to tire allied sovereigns at Guildhall, June 18, 
1814 ; Southwark bridge began building, Sept., 1814 ; the fir:-,t stone of the Lon- 
don Institution laid. May 4, 1815 ; Queen Caroline's funeral passed through 
London, Aug. 14, 1821 ; the Bank of England built, 1821 ; the fii-st pile of new- 
London bridge driven, March 15, 1824 ; the National Gallery opened, May 10 ; 
the Thames tunnel began, March, 1825 ; Jews first admitted to the freedom of 
the city, March 4, 1828 ; the Thames tunnel opened to the public a second time. 
May 24 ; the new Com Exchange opened, June 24 ; the London University 
opened, Oct. i ; St Katherine docks opened, Oct. 25 ; a severe hurricane visited 
London, April 28, 1829 ; the new Post-office in St Martin's le Grand opened, 
Sept. 23 ; the metropolitan police system commenced, Sept. 29, 1829 ; Farring- 
don market opened, Nov. 20 ; the English opera-house destroyed by fire, Feb. 16, 
1830 ; political panic, no Lord Mayor's Show, Nov. 9, 1830 ; the pillory ceased 
to be used for punishment, 1830 ; public meeting held at Exeter Hall for provid- 
ing relief for the distress raging in Ireland, ;^6o, 000 raised. May 26, 1831 ; Lon- 
don bridge opened by King William IV., Aug. i, 1831 ; the Lowther Arcade, 
Strand, opened, 1831 ; the cholera visitation, general fast held, Feb. 6, 1832 ; the 
freedom of the city presented to Lords Grey and Althorpe for their exertions in the 
question of reform, July 11, 1832; Queen Adelaide present at the anniversary 
meeting of the charity children in St Paul's Cathedral, and afterwards visited the 
Mansion House, June 13, 1833 ; Hungerford market opened, July 3 ; package 
and scavage dues sold to the Crown for ^162,500, Dec. 5, 1833 ; act passed 
for, 3 & 4 Will. IV. c. 66, 1833 ; commissioners appointed to inquire into 
the Corporation, July 18, 1833 ; made their report, April 25, 1837 ; the 
Handel Festival held in Westminster Abbey, June 24, 26, 28, and July i, 1834; 
the Central Criminal Court Act, 4 & 5 Will. IV. c. 36, July 25, 1834; Mr 
Alexander Raphael, a Roman Catholic, sworn one of the sheriffs of London, 
Sept. 28 ; the Houses of Parliament destroyed by fire, Oct. 16 ; persons ad- 
mitted to the freedom of the city without belonging to a company, March 17, 
1835 ; Goldsmiths' Hall opened, July 15, 1835 ; David Salomons of the Jewish 
persuasion elected sheriff, Sept. 28, 1835 ; Lord Brougham laid the first 
stone of the City of London school, Oct. 21, 1835 ; opened, Feb. 2, 1837 ; 
the Queen entertained upon her accession to the throne at Guildhall, Nov. 9, 

1837 ; the Royal Exchange destroyed by fii'e, Jan. 10, 1838 ; the National Gal- 
lery completed and opened, April 9 ; the Corporation entertained the foreign am- 
bassadors attending Her Majesty's coronation, July 13 ; a hurricane visited Lon- 
don, doing immense damage, Oct. 28 ; the London and Westminster Bank built, 

1838 ; the Reform Club opened, 1838 ; an act for making a new street from Hol- 
bom bridge to Clerkenwell Green, July 27, and for improving the site of the Royal 
Exchange, Aug. 10 ; police act passed, Aug. 17, 1839; the penny postage estab- 
lished, Jan. 10, 1840 ; Sheriffs Wheelton and Evans imprisoned by the House of 
Commons, Jan. 21 ; Wheelton released, Feb. 12 ; Evans, March 5 ; the com- 
mon council increased to 206 by act of May 8, 1840 ; addresses presented 
to the Queen and Prince Albert upon their marriage, March 3 ; freedom of 
the city presented to Prince Albert, Aug. 28 ; the spire of Spitalfields church 
much injured by a severe thunder-storm, Jan. 3, 1841 ; statue of William 
IV. erected in King William-street ; the Tower of London partially burnt, Oct. 
30 ; first stone of the Royal Exchange laid by Prince Albert, Jan. 17, 1842 ; the 
Duke of Cambridge admitted to the freedom of the city, March 17 ; Thames 



LONDON 513 

tunnel opened again, March 25, 1843 ; an address presented to the King of the 
French (Louis Philippe) by the Coiporation of, at Windsor Castle, Oct. 12, 1844; 
Royal Exchange opened, Oct. 28 ; the Fleet prison purchased from the government 
by the Coi-poration for ^25,000, March, 1845 > ^ serious fire broke out in Alder- 
manbury, Aug. 18 ; meeting of the livery of London held at Guildhall praying 
for the repeal of the Corn Laws, Dec. 15 ; an act for rebuilding the coal market 
passed, June 18 ; Billingsgate Market Act, Aug. 3, 1846 ; London City Improve- 
ment Act for widening Cannon-street to Queen-street passed, July 22, 1847 ; 
the chartist meeting at Kensington Common, the city fortified, April 10, 1848; 
the cholera reappeared in London, Oct. 3 ; the lord mayor entertained 300 
of the National Guards of Paris at the Mansion Plouse, Oct. 25 ; a serious 
visitation of cholera in London, from Oct., 1848 to Oct., 1849 ; the number 
of deaths reported was 14,497 ; Baron Rothschild returned as member of par- 
liament for London, the first Jew elected to that office, July 3, 1849 ; the coal 
exchange opened by Prince Albert, Oct 30 ; the lord mayor of London en- 
tertained the mayors of the various towns in the United Kingdom, to stimulate 
their friendly interest in the Great Exhibition ; Prince Albert held a levee in 
the drawing-room of the Mansion House, March 21, 1850 ; an act passed 
for making a new street from Queen-street to St Paul's Churchyard, July 
15, 1850 ; a meeting of the livery held in the Guildhall to protest against the 
papal bull, Nov. 25, 1850; the Great Exhibition opened, May i, 1851 ; the Great 
Exhibition ball at Guildhall, Her Majesty and Prince Albert being present, July 
9 ; an act passed enabling the Corporation to remove Smithfield market and to 
build a new market, Aug. i ; an address presented to Louis Kossuth, Oct. 30 ; 
the public funeral of the Duke of Wellington at St Paul's, Nov. 18 ; the prison- 
ers removed from Giltspur-street compter to the new gaol at Holloway, Oct. 6, 
1852 ; a monument erected in the Guildhall to the memory of the Duke of Wel- 
lington, at a cost of ^5000, April 14, 1853 ; the old Excise Office, Broad-street, 
pulled down, and the site sold for ^^ 108, 000, May 14 ; commissioners appointed 
to inquire into the state of the Corporation of London, June 22 ; made their re- 
port, 1854 ; a great fall of snow, stopping the traffic by road and river, Jan. I, 
1854 ; war declared with Russia at the Royal Exchange, March 31 ; an address 
presented to the King of Portugal by the Corporation, June 19 ; cab strike, July 
27 ; patriotic fund established, Oct. 13 ; ;!f2000 given by the Corporation towards 
the, Oct. 26 ; a meeting of merchants at the Mansion House to raise a fund for 
the relief of the wounded soldiers and their families, called the Patriotic Fund, 
Nov. 2 ; the Prefect of the Seine visited the Lord Mayor (Moon), April 17, 1855; 
visit of the Emperor Napoleon III. to the Corporation, April 19 ; peace pro- 
claimed with Russia at the Royal Exchange and Cheapside, April 29 ; the Lord 
Mayor (Moon) returned the visit of the Prefect of the Seine, June 4 ; Smithfield 
market closed for the sale of cattle, June 1 1 ; the King of Sardinia entertained by 
the Corporation, Dec. 4 ; ;if 500 granted by the Corporation towards the relief of 
the sufferers by the inundation in France, June 26, 1856 ; stoppage of the British 
Bank, Sept. 3 ; street tolls abolished, Dec. 18 ; the South Kensington Museum 
opened, June 24, 1857 ; Thames Conservancy Act passed, taking from the 
Corporation their jurisdiction over the river Thames, and appointing a board of 
commissioners, Aug. 17, 1857; amended, July 29, 1864; the freedom of the 
city presented to Prince Frederick William of Prussia, the affianced husband 
of the Princess Royal, July 13 ; Indian mutiny fund, the first meeting held 
at the Mansion House, Aug. 25 ; the freedom of the city presented to tire 
Duke of Cambridge, Nov. 7, 1857 ; bill introduced by Sir George Grey to amend 
the Corporation, Feb. 4, 1858 ; withdrawn, July 2, 1858 ; address to Prince 
Frederick William of Prussia, upon his marriage with the Princess Royal, Jan. 
30, 1858 ; the Legion of Honour conferred by the Emperor Napoleon III. upon 
Sir F. G. Moon, Bart., the late lord mayor, and the sheriffs, in testimony of his 

33 



514 LONDON 

reception in the city of London, March 3, 1859 ; the Corporation took ^20,000 
shares, amounting to ;!^200,ooo, in order to assist the construction of the Metro- 
politan Underground Railway, April i ; serious fire in the brandy vault of the 
London docks, July 26 ; an act passed to enable the Corporation to build a dead- 
meat market in Smithfield, Aug. 13, i860; frauds upon the Union Bank, Mr 
PuUinger sentenced to 20 years' transportation. May 15, i860 ; a bill for reform- 
ing the Corporation introduced into the House of Commons by G. C. Lewis, 
Jan. 30, i860; withdrawn, July 20, i860 ; the freedom of, presented to the Earl 
of Elgin, March i ; to Sir Francis Leopold McClintock, May 19 ; to Baron 
Clyde and Sir James Outram, Dec. 20 ; the first street tramway opened, March 
23, 1861 ; an act passed to dismarket Newgate market, 24 & 25 Vict. c. clii., 
June, 1861 ; a public meeting held at the Mansion House for- the purpose of 
ascertaining the wish of the citizens as to the introduction of the Public Library 
Act, Negative, June 1 1 ; ;i^750 granted by the Corporation for the ornamentation 
of St Paul's Cathedral, April 18, 1861; a dreadful fire broke out in Tooley-street, 
Southwark, June 22 ; the Inner Temple library opened by the Prince of Wales, 
Oct. 31 ; ^150,000 presented to London for the relief of the poor by Mr George 
Peabody, March 12, 1862 ; the International Exhibition opened. May i ; new 
Westminster bridge opened, May 24 ; meeting of the National Association for the 
promotion of social science, held in the Guildhall, June ; the freedom of, presented 
to George Peabody, July 10 ; the first stone of the Lunatic Asylum at Stone laid 
by Mr Alderman Dakin, July 29 ; an entertainment to distinguished foreigners 
upon the opening of the International Exhibition, July 1 7 ; the Metropolitan Rail- 
way opened to Farringdon-road, Jan. 9, 1863 ; Blackfriars' bridge, plan for there- 
building of, by Joseph Cubitt, adopted, July 3 ; public reception of the Princess 
Alexandra of Denmark, March 7 ; presentation of jewels to, March 9 ; a bill for 
amalgamation of the city police with the metropolitan introduced into parliament 
by Sir George Grey, April 21, withdrawn ; ball given to the Prince and Princess 
of Wales, and the freedom presented to the Prince, June 8, 1863; an act passed 
for rebuilding Blackfriars' bridge, 26 & 27 Vict. c. Ixii. , June 8 ; an act passed for 
making a new street from the Thames embankment at Blackfriars to the Mansion 
House, 26 & 27 Vict. c. 45, July 13 ; an act passed for the regulation of traffic in 
London, 26 & 27 Vict. c. ccvi. , July 28 ; model lodging-house built in Victoria- 
street, at a cost of ;!^20,oqo, by the Corporation ; the Charing Cross railway 
opened, Jan. 11, 1864; Sir Rowland Hill i^esigned his office as secretary to the 
post-office, March 8 ; the freedom of London presented to Garibaldi, April 20 ; 
an act passed for the improvement of the Holbom Valley, 27 & 28 Vict. c. Ixi. , 
June 23 ; Savoy chapel destroyed by fire, July 7 ; Llaberdashers' Hall partially 
destroyed by fire, Sept. 19 ; Southwark bridge opened for six months free of toll, 
the Corporation of London paying ;^i834, Nov. 8 ; Surrey theatre destroyed by 
fire, Jan. 30, 1865 ; and Savile House, Leicester-square, Feb. 23 ; the main 
drainage works of the southern outfall opened by the Prince of Wales, April 4 ; 
the foundation-stone of Blackfriars' bridge laid by the lord mayor (Warren 
Stormes Hale), July 20, 1865 ; Beale's wharf, Tooley-street, destroyed by fire, 
Oct. 30 ; a gasometer at Nine Elms exploded, 10 persons killed, Oct. 31 ; the 
Industrial Exhibition opened at the Guildhall, March 6, 1866 ; closed, April 16 ; 
the Lunatic Asylum at Stone opened, April 16 ; Southwark bridge purchased by 
the Corporation of London for ^200,000, May 31 ; the Duke of Edinburgh ad- 
mitted to the freedom of the city, June 7 ; riots in Hyde Park at a meeting of 
reformers, July 23, the railing thrown down and several constables wounded ; the 
right of the lord mayor to the presidency of St Bartholomew's Hospital disallowed 
by the Court of Queen's Bench, Nov. 21 ; Mr Alderman Philips knighted, Dec. 
28 ; great distress in the east of London, 40,000 persons dependent upon charity, 
Jan., 1867 ; London visited by a severe snow-storm which lasted from the 2nd 
to the 17th Jan., many of the telegraphs broken and railways stopped ; 40 persons 



LONDON. 515 

drowned by the breaking of the ice on the ornamental waterof the Regent's Park, 
Jan. 15. A parliamentary committee appointed to inquire into the local govern- 
ment of the metropolis, Feb. 12 ; 1st report published, March 7 ; 2nd report, 
May 6 ; 3rd report, May 20. Meeting of working men at Trafalgar-square, 
who marched to the Agricultural Hall, Islington, where a reform meeting was 
held, Feb. 1 1 ; a demonstration in Hyde Park in favour of reform, May 6 ; 
Mr Aid. Rose received the honour of knighthood, and the dignity of a baronet 
conferred upon Thomas Gabriel, lord mayor, the sheriffs, Sydney, H. Waterlow, 
and Francis Lycett, knighted, in honour of the visit of the Sultan, Aug. 3 ; 
a severe thunder-storm in, doing serious damage, Aug. ig-20 ; the first stone of 
the Holborn Valley viaduct laid, June 3 ; the first stone of New Smithfield 
market, June 5. The Vicei^oy of Egypt visited London, July 6 ; received by 
the Queen at Windsor, July 8 ; banquet to, at the Mansion House, July 11 ; 
entertained by the United Service Club, July 12 ; he visited the Crystal Palace, 
July 13, and presented ;^5oo to the restoration fund, and ^500 to the Dramatic 
Colkge; address presented to, by the Corporation of London, at Dudley House, 
July 16 ; left London, July 18 ; he presented a valuable brooch to the Lady 
Mayoress as a ' Souvenir.' The Sultan of Turkey arrived in London by the 
Charing Cross Railway, July 12 ; visited the Queen at Windsor Castle, July 
13 ; and afterwards entertained by the Prince and Princess of Wales at Marl- 
borough House; state visit to the Royal Italian Opera, July 15; visited 
Woolwich dockyard and the Crystal Palace, July 16 ; entertained by the Cor- 
poration of London, July 18 ; visited the Duke of Cambridge at Gloucester 
House, July 19 ; ball in honour of, given at the New India Office, July 19 
(sudden death of Madam Musurus, wife of the ambassador) ; state visit to the 
review of volunteers at Wimbledon, July 20 ; banquet and concert in honour of, 
given at Strafford House, July 22 ; visit to the Horticultural Gardens, July 22 ; 
departure of, July 23 ; pi-eviously to his departure he forwarded to the lord mayor 
^^2500, to be distributed among the poor of the city of London, July 22 ; divided 
among the charitable institutions in, by the lord mayor, Sept. 23. The Belgian 
volunteers entertained by the Coi^poration of London at the Guildhall, July 12 ; 
ball in honour of, at the Agricultural Hall, July 18 ; entertained by Miss Burdett 
Coutts, July 19 ; present at the volunteer review at Wimbledon, July 20 ; the 
officers entertained by the lord mayor, July 20 ; departure of, from London, 
July 22. Meeting in Hyde Park to protest against the Closing of the Parks 
Bill, Aug. 3, 1867 ; the Election Act Amendment Act, 30 & 31 Vict. c. i., 
April 5 ; extended the right of election for municipal officers to all persons rated 
at ;i^io ; Middle Row, Holborn, pulled down, Sept. 30 ; a fund for the relief of 
the sufferers in the West Indies inaugurated at the Mansion House, in Nov. ; 
a meeting held at St James's Hall for considering a scheme for local self- 
government, Nov. 4. 
LONDON, THE LORD MAYOR'S SHOW. The first show or pageant of 
which we have any record is that of Sir William Roche, 1540 ; the first printed 
description known is the pageant of Sir Woolston Dixi, Oct. 29, 1585 ; the lord 
mayor presented to the Barons of the Exchequer, Oct. 29, by charter 37 Henry 
HI., June 12, 1253 ; the day altered to the 9th Nov. by 24 George II. c. 48, s. 11, 
1751 ; they ceased to go by land to Westminster, 1436, when it appears by an entry 
in the records of the Grocers' Company, that Thomas Catworth and Robert Clop- 
ton, sheriffs, went in procession on the Thames to Westminster; Sir John Norman 
proceeded, accompanied by the city companies, on the Thames in their state 
barges, 1453 ; the custom having fallen into disuse, it was revived at the swearing- 
in of Christopher Pack, lord mayor, 1654 ; Sir Gilbert Heathcote was the last lord 
mayor who rode to Westminster on horseback, 1710 ; in 171") a state carriage 
drawn by four horses ; the number of horses increased to six, 1 741 ; the new 
mayor (Ironside) was so unwell that he was carried in a sedan chair to West- 



5i6 LONDON, LORD MAYORS OF 

minster, but Alderman Bean rode in the state coach, 1753 ; the present civic 
coach was built, 1757, at a cost of ^^1065, by a subscription of £60 from each of 
the junior aldermen, subsequently each alderman when sworn into office contri- 
buted ^60 towards its repair, and each lord mayor ;i^loo ; it was subsequently 
transferred to the Corporation ; Marsh Dickenson was the first lord mayor who 
rode in it to Westminster ; in 1852, on account of the death of the Duke of Wel- 
lington, there was no show, the procession going in private carriages ; the Thames 
Conservancy Act, which defrauded the Corporation of their ancient jurisdiction 
over that river, passed, and the procession of Sir Robert Walter Carden proceeded 
by land to Westminster, Nov. 9, 1857 ; the services of the lord mayor's watermen 
being dispensed with, a gratuity of ^5 was presented to them, 1858; the state coach 
not used in the procession of, Nov. 9, 1867. The navigation barge ordered to be 
built by the court of common council, Jan. 17, 1816 ; cost of, with fittings, 
;^375i y. ^d., christened the Maria JFw^ by the wife of Sir Matthew Wood, 
then lord mayor ; sold for pf 630 i5j-., 1859 — it was 140 feet by 19 ; the last state 
barge built by Searle of Standgate, 1807, cost ^^2579 ; sold in i860 for ;!^I05 — 
it was 85 feet by 13, with 18 oars. 
LONDON, THE LORD MAYOR OF. William the Conqueror, in the first year 
of his reign, appointed William the Port-Reeve ; Henricus Fitz Alwyn, of London 
Stone, was made the first Lord Mayor in the first year of the reign of Richard 
I., and was mayor imtil his death, for nearly 25 years. King John in his fifth 
charter, dated May 9, 12 15, gave the citizens power to elect their own mayor 
yearly; these privileges were confirmed by the second charter of Henry III., 
Feb. 18, 1227 ; in 1245, Michael Tony was elected, but not admitted, the city 
being without a mayor until the feast of St Hilary ; the mayor formerly beldnged 
to one of the 12 companies ; the first mayor who broke this rule was Robert Wil- 
limott, a member of the Coopers' Company, Oct. 28, 1742 ; by an act of com- 
mon council, 37 Hen. VIII., Oct. 6, 1546, it is ordained that no person should 
be compelled to serve the office a second time ; the title of lord conferred by 
the charter of maces, 28 Edw. III., June 10, 1354. After the reign of Edward 
I. the usual term of holding office was for two years, until 10 Richard II., 
1386, from which period until 1815 (with the exception of Sir T. Pilkington, 
1689) a new mayor was elected every year; in 1815, Sir Matthew Wood was 
elected for two successive years ; Sir John Key also in 1830-1, and William 
Cubitt, 1 860- 1. The election of lord mayor was formerly held on the feast of 
the translation of St Edward, Oct. 13, but was altered to Michaelmas day by 
an act of common council, 30 Hen. VIII., 1546 ; if the 29th of Sept. falls on a 
Sunday, then the election is to take place the day before, 3 & 4 Will. IV. c. 31, 
1833, and act of common council, Sept. 18, 1834 ; the lord mayor is sworn into 
office on the 8th Nov., 25 Geo. II. c. 30, s. 4 ; the lord mayor has exercised 
the office of butler at the coronation of the sovereign from the earliest time — the 
record exists as far back as 11 94, 5 Rich. I. 

London, lord mayors of. 

Abbot, Sir Maurice, 1638 Alsop, Robert, 1751 

Abney, Sir Thomas, 1700 Alwyn, Henry Fhz, from 1189 to 1212 

Abyngdone, Stephen, 131 5 Alwin, Peter Fitz, 1247 

Acheley, Sir Roger, 15 11 Alwin, Sir Nicholas, 1499 

Acton, Sir William, 1640 (discharged Alwin, Roger Fitz, 12 13 

by the House of Commons) Allen, Sir John, 1525, 1535 

Adams, Sir Thomas, 1645 Allen, Sir William, 1571 

Adrian, John, 1270, 1271 Allen, William Ferneley, 1867 

Alderman, James, 12 16 (for part of the Alleyn, Sir Thomas, 1659 

year) Allot, Sir John, 1590 



LONDON, LORD MAYORS OF 



517 



Amcotes, Sir Henry, 1548 

Anderson, Sir John William, Bart., 1797 

Andrew, James, 1367 

Andrews, Sir Thomas, 164S, 1650 

Ansley, John, 1807 

Asgill, Sir Charles, Bart., 1757 

Ashurst, Sir William, 1693 

Ashwy, Raphe, 1243 

Askew, Sir Christopher, 1533 

Askham, Sir William, 1403 

Astrie, Sir Raphe, 1493 

Atkins, John, 1 81 8 

Atkins, Sir Thomas, 1644 

Aubrey, Andrew, 1339, 1340, 135 1 

Avenon, Sir Alexander, 1569 

Aylmer, Sir Lawrence, 1507 

Bailey, Sir William, 1524 

Baldrie, Sir Thomas, 1523 

Bamme, Adam, 1390, 1396 (part of the 

year) 
Barber, Sir John, 1732 
Barentine, Sir Drew, 1398, 1408 
Barkham, Sir Edward, 1 621 
Barnard, Sir John, 1737 
Barnavers, Ralph, Warden, 1289 
Barne, Sir George, 1552, 1586 
Barnes, John, 1370, 1371 
Barton, Sir Henry, 1416, 1428 
Basing, Adam, 125 1 
Basing, Solomon, 1216 
Basset, Robert, 1475 
Bat, Gerard, 1240 
Bateman, Sir Anthony, 1663 
Bateman, Sir James, 1716 
Baylis, Sir Robert, 1728 
Beachcroft, Sir Robert, 171 1 
Becher, Sir Edward, 1727 
Beckford, William, 1762, 1769 
Bedingfield, Sir Robert, 1706 
Bellamy, Sir Edward, 1734 
Benn, William, 1746 
Bennet, Sir Thomas, 1603 
Betaigne, Richard, 1326 
Bethell, Slingsby, 1755 
Billers, Sir William, 1733 
Billesden, Robert, 1483 
Billingsley, Sir Henry, 1596 
Birch, Samuel, 18 14 
Blachford, John, 1749 
Blakiston, Sir Matthew, 1760 
Blanke, Sir Thomas, 1582 
Blount, Sir John, Warden, 1 301 to 1 307 
Bludworth, Sir Thomas, 1665 
Boleyn, Sir Geffrey, 1457 
Bolton, Sir William, 1666 



BoUes, Sir George, 161 7 

Bond, Sir George, 1587 

Bongay, Raymond, 1241, 1242 

Bowes, Sir Martin, 1545 

Bowyer, Sir William, 1543 

Boydell, John, 1790 

Bradbury, Sir Thomas, 1 509 

Branch e, Sir John, 1580 

Brembre, Sir Nicholas, 1377, 1383, 

1384, 1385 
Bridgen, William, 1763 
Bridges, George, 1819 
Britaine. See Betaigne. 
Briton, Sir John, Wardeji,ixom.i2?ig\.o 

1 29 1, and for 1296 
Brocas, Sir Richard, 1729 
Brockley, Sir John, 1433 
Bromfield, Sir Edmund, 1636 
Brown, Anthony, 1826 
Browne, John, 1480 
Browne, Sir Richard, Bart., 1660 
Browne, Sir Stephen, 1438 and 1448 
Browne, Sir William, 1507 
Browne, Sir William, jun., 1513 
Bryce, Sir Hugh, 1485 
Hrydges or Brugges, Sir John, 1520 
Buckingham, Sir Owen, 1 704 
Buckle, Sir Cuthbert, 1593 
Bukerel, Andrew, from 1 23 1 to 1237 
Bull, Frederick, 1773 
Burnell, John, 1787 
Bury, Adam de, 1364, 1365, and 

1373 
Butler, Sir William, 15 15 
Calthrop, Sir Martin, 1588 
Calvert, Sir William, 1 748 
Cambell, Sir Thomas, 1609 
Cambell, Sir James, 1629 
Cambridge or Cauntbrigge, Sir William, 

1420 
Canning, Sir Thomas, 1456 
Capell, Sir William, 1503, 1509 
Garden, Sir Robert Walter, 1857 
Carroll, Sir George, 1846 
Carter, John, 1859 
Catworth, Thomas, 1443 
Cavendish, Stephen de, 1362 
Challis, Thomas, 1852 
Chalton, Sir Thomas, 1449 
Champion, Sir Richard, 1565 
Champneis, Sir John, 1534 
Chaplin, Sir Francis, 1677 
Chapman, Sir John, 16S8 
Chawry, Sir Richard, 1494 
Chester, Sir William, 1560 



5i8 



LONDON, LORD MAYORS OF 



Chichester, John de, 1369 
Chichley, Sir Robert, 141 1 and 142 1 
Chigwell, Hamo de, 1319, 1 321, 1322, 

1324, 132-5, and 1327 
Child, Sir Francis, 1698 and 1 73 1 
Chitty, Sir Thomas, 1759 
Chiverton, Sir Richard, 1657 
Clark, Richard, 1784 
Clarke, Sir Edward, 1696 
Clayton, Sir Robert, 1680 
Cletherow, Sir Christop., 1635 
Clopton, Sir Hugh, 1491 
Clopton, Robert, 1441 
Coates, Sir John, 1542 
Cockayne, Francis, 175° 
Cockayne, Sir William, 1619 
Colet, Sir Henry, i486 and 1495 
Combe, Harvey Christian, 1799 
Conduyte, Reynold de, 1334 
Conyers, Sir Gerard, 1722 
Copeland, William Taylor, 1835 
Copinger, Sir William, 1512 
Cooke, Thomas, 1462 
Cotton, Sir Allen, 1625 
Coventre, John, 1425 
Cowan, Sir John, Bart., 1837 
Craven, Sir William, 1610 
Crosby, Brass, 1770 
Crowder, John, 1829 
Crowmar, Sir WiUiam, 1413, 1423 
Cubitt, William, i860, 1861 
Curteis, Sir Thomas, 1557 
Cmlis, Sir William, Bart., 1795 
Darcy, Henry, 1337, 1338 
Dashwood, Sir Samuel, 1702 
Davies, Sir Thomas, 1676 
Deane, Sir Richard, 1628 
Delme, Sir Peter, 1723 
Dethicke, Sir John, 1655 
Dickenson, Marshe, 1756 
Dixie, Sir Wolstane, 1585 
Dobbes, Sir Richard, 155 1 
Dodmer, Sir Raphe, 1529 
Dolesley, Simon, 1359 
Domville, Sir William, 181 3 
Dormer, Sir Michael, 1 541 
Draper, Sir Christopher, 1566 
Drope, Sir Robert, 1474 
Due, Roger le, 1227 to 1230 
Ducie, Sir Robert, 1630 
Ducket, Sir Lionel, 1572 
Duke, Sir James, Bart., 1848 
Duncombe, Sir Charles, 1708 
Earner, Sir John, 1801 
Eastfield, Sir William, 1429, 1437 



Edward, Sir Stephen, Warden, 1268 

Edwardes, William, 1471 

Edwards, Sir James, 1678 

Edwin, Sir Humphrey, 1697 

Esdaile, Sir James, 1777 

Exmewe, Thomas, 15 17 

Exton, Nicholas, 1386, 1387 

Eyles, Sir John, 1687 

Eyles, Sir John, Bart., 1726 

Eyre, Sir Symon, 1445 

Falconer, Sir Thomas, 1414 

Farebrother, Charles, 1833 

Farndone, Nicholas de, 1308, 13 13, 

1320, 1323 
Farncomb, Thomas, 1849 
Fenn, Sir Richard, 1637 
Fielding, Sir Godfrey, 1452 
Finnis, Thomas Quested, 1856 
Fleet, John, 1692 
Flower, Sir Charles, 1808 
Fludyer, Sir Samuel, Bart., 1 761 
Foot, Thomas, 1659 
Forbes, Sir Francis, 1725 
Ford, Sir Richard, 1670 
Forman, Sir William, 1538 
Foster, Sir Stephen, 1454 
Fowke, John, 1652 
Fraunces, Sir John, 1400 
Fraunceys, Adam, 1352, 1353 
Fraunceys, Simon, 1341, 1342, 1355 
Frederick, Sir John, 1661 
Freeman, Sir Ralph, 1633 
Freshe, Sir John, 1394 
Frowick, Sir Henry, 1272 (for part of 

the year) 
Frowick, Sir Henry, 1435, 1444 
Fryer, Sir John, 1 720 
Gabriel, Sir Thomas, Bart., 1866 
Gardyner, Richard, 1478 
Garrard, Sir John, 1601 
Garrard, Sir Samuel, Bart., 1709 
Garratt, John, 1824 
Garway, Sir Henry, 1639 
Gascoyne, Sir Crispe, 1752 
Gayer, Sir John, 1646 
Gedeney, Sir John, 1427 and 1447 
Geffeiy, Sir Robert, 1685 
Gerard or Garrard, Sir William, 1555 
Gibbs, Michael, 1844 
Gill, William, 1788 
Gisors, John de, 1245, 1246, 1250, 

1259 
Gisors, Sir John, 1311, 1312, 1314 
Glyn, Sir Richard, Bart., 1758 
Glyn, Sir Richard Carr, Bart., 1798 



LONDON, LORD MAYORS OF 



S19 



Godschall, Sir Robert, 1741 

Gore, Sir John, 1624 

Gore, Sir William, 1701 

Grantham, John, 1328 

Gregory, Sir William, 145 1 

Gresham, Sir John, 1547 

Gresham, Sir Richard, i537 

Gumey, Sir Richard, 1641 (discharged 

by parliament) 
Hacket, Sir Cuthbert, 1626 
Haddon, Sir Richard, 1506 and 15 12 
Hadley, John, 1379 and 1393 
Hale, Warren Stormes, 1864 
Halifax, Sir Thomas, 1776 
Halliday, Sir Leonard, 1605 
Hammersley, Sir Hugh, 1627 
Hammond, John, 1343, 1344 
Hampton, Sir William, 1472 
Hanson, Sir Robert, 1672 
Hard el, William, 1 21 5 
Harden, Richard, 1253 to 1258 
Harley, Right Hon. Sir Thomas, 1767 
Harper, Sir William, 156 1 
Hart, Sir John, 1589 
Harvey, Sir James, 1581 
Harvey, Sir Sebastian, 1618 
Harvey, Sir Walter, Warden, 1272, 

1273 
Hatherley, John, 1442 
Hawes, Sir James, 1574 
Hayes, Sir Thomas, 1614 
Heathcote, George, 1741 
Heathcote, Sir Gilbert, 1710 
Hende, Sir John, 1391 and 1404 
Herriot, Sir W'illiam, 1481 
Hew^et, Sir William, 1559 
Heyford, Sir Humphrey, 1477 
Heygate, Sir William, Bart., 1822 
Heyward, Sir Rowland, 1570, 1590 
Hill, Sir Rowland, 1549 
Hill, Thomas, 1484 
Hoare, Sir Richard, 17 12 
Hoare, Sir Richard, 1745 
Hollis, Sir William, 1539 
Hooker, Sir William, 1673 
Hooper, John Kinnersley, 1847 
Hopkins, Sir John, 1791 
Home, William, 1487 
Houblon, Sir John, 1695 
Hubberthorn, Sir Henry, 1546 
Hulin, Sir William, 1459 
Humfreys, Sir William, Bart., 1714 
Humphrey, John, 1842 
Hunter, Sir Claudius Stephen, Bart., 

1811 



Hunter, William, 1 85 1 
L-eton, Sir John, 1658 
Ironside, Edward, 1753 
James, Sir Bartholomew, 1479 
Janssen, Sir Stephen Theodore, Bart., 

1754 
Jennings, Sir Stephen, 1508 
Johnson, John, 1845 
Johnson, Thomas, 1840 
JoUes, Sir John, 1615 
Jones, Sir Francis, 1620 
Joslyn, Ralph, 1464 and 1476 
Joyener, William, 1239 
Judde, Sir Andrew, 1550 
Kebble, Sir Henry, 15 10 
Kelly, Thomas, 1836 
Kendal e, Robert de, Warden, 132 1 
Kendrick, Sir John, 165 1 
Kennet, Brackley, 1779 
Key, Sir John, Bart., 1830 and 1S31 
Kite, Sir Robert, 1766 
Knesworth, Sir Thomas, 1505 
Knolles, Sir Thomas, 1399 and 1410 
Kyslyngbury, Richard de, 1 350 
Ladbroke, Sir Robert, 1 747 
Lambard, Sir Nicolas, 1531 
Lambert, Sir Daniel, 1740 
Lane, Sir Thomas, 1694 
Langley, Sir John, 1576 
Large, Robert, 1439 
Laurie, Sir Peter, 1832 
Lawrence, Sir John, 1664 
Lawrence, William, 1863 
Laxton, Sir William, 1544 
Lee, Sir Richard, 1460 and 1469 
Lee, Sir Robert, 1602 
Leget, Richard, 1345 
Legge, Thomas, 1347 and 1354 
Leigh, Sir Thomas, 1558 
Leighton, Sir William, 1806 
Leman, Sir John, 1616 
Levet, Sir Richard, 1699 
Lewen, Sir William, 171 7 
Lewes, Sir Watkin, 1780 
Lodge, Sir Thomas, 1562 
Louikin, John, 1348, 1358, 1365, 1365 
Lowe, Sir Thomas, 1604 
Lucas, Matthias Prime, 1827 
Lumley, Sir Martin, 1623 
Lyon, Sir John, 1554 
Magnay, Christopher, 182 1 
Magnay, Sir William, Bart., 1843 
Mallory, Sir Richard, 1564 
Marrow, Sir William, 1455 
Marshall, Sir Chapman, 1839 



520 



LONDON, LORD MAYORS OF 



Marshall, Sir Henry, 1744 

Martin, Sir Richard, 1588, 1593 

Martin, Sir Roger, 1567 

Martin, Sir William, 1492 

Mathew, John, 1490 

Mercei", Serle le, 1214, and from 1217 

to 1222 
Merfyn, Sir Thomas, 15 18 
Merlawe, Richard, 1409, 141 7 
Merttins, Sir George, 1 724 
Mesurier, Paul le, 1793 
Michell, Sir John, 1424, 1436 
Middleton, Sir Thomas, 1613 
Milbourn, Sir John, 1521 
Monoux, Sir George, 15 14 
Moon, Sir Francis Graham, Bart., 1854 
Moore, Sir John, 1681 
Mordon, Simon de, 1368 
More, Sir William, 1395 
Moseley, Sir Nicholas, 1599 
Moulson, Sir Thomas, 1633 
Mundy, Sir John, 1522 
Musgrove, Sir John, Bart., 1850 
Nash, William, 1771 
Nelson, George, 1765 
Newnham, Nathaniel, 1782 
Nicholas, Sir Ambrose, 1575 
Norman, Sir John, 1453 
Northampton, John, 1381, 1382 
Not, John, 1363 
Offley, Sir Thomas, 1556 
Oldgrave, Sir Thomas, 1467 
Olney, John, 1446 

Osborne, Sir Edward, 1583 

Oteley, Sir Roger, 1434 

Otho, Hugh Fitz, Warden, 1269 

Oxonford, John de, 1341 

Packe, Christopher, 1654 

Paddesley, Sir John, 1440 

Pargitor, Sir Thomas, 1530 

Parkhurst, Sir Robert, 1634 

Parsons, Humphrey, 1 730 and 1 740 

Parsons, Sir John, 1 703 

Parveis, Sir John, 1432 

Peacock, Sir Stephen, 1532 

Peake, Sir John, 1686 

Peake, Sir William, 1667 

Peche, John, 1361 

Peckham, Robert, 1783 

Peers, Sir Charles, 171 5 

Pemberton, Sir James, 161 1 

Pennant, Sir Samuel, 1749 

Pennington, Sir Isaac, 1641 (for part of 
the year), and 1642 

Perchard, Peter, 1804 



Percival, Sir John, 1498 

Perring, Sir John, Bart., 1803 

Perry, Micajah, 1738 

Phillips, Sir Benjamin Samuel, 1865 

Phillip, Sir Matthew, 1463 

Philpot, Sir John, 1378 

Pickett, William, 1789 

Pilkington, Sir Thomas, 1688, 16S9, 

1690 
Pipe, Sir Richard, 1578 
Pirie, Sir John, Bart., 1841 
Plomer, Sir William, 1781 
Plumbe, Samuel, 1778 
Preston, John de, 1332 
Price, Sir Charles, Bart., 1802 
Pritchard, Sir William, 1682 
Proby, Sir Peter, 1622 
PuUison, Sir Thomas, 1584 
Pulteney, John de, 1330, 1331, 1333, 

and 1336 
Purchase, William, 1497 
Pycard, Henry, 1356 
Pyel, John, 1372 
Rainewell, Sir John, 1426 
Rainton, Sir Nicholas, 1632 
Ramsey, Sir Thomas, 1577 
Rawlinson, Sir Thomas, 1705 
Rawlinson, Sir Thomas, 1753 (for part 

of the year) 
Rede, Sir Bartholomew, 1502 
Relham, Richard de, 1 3 10 
Remington, Sir William, 1500 
Renger, Richard, 1223 to 1226, again 

1228 to 1230, and again 1237-38 
Rest, Sir John, 15 16 
Reynardson, Sir Abraham, 1648 
Richard, Thomas Fitz, 1262 to 1265 
Richard, William Fitz, 1260, 1 26 1, and 

1266 
Rider, Sir William, 1600 
Robinson, Sir John, Bart., 1662 
Roche, Sir William, 1540 
Roger, Fitz Roger, 1249 
Rokesley, Gregory, 1275, 1281, and 1285 
Romeyn, Thomas, 1309 
Rose, Sir William Anderson, 1862 
Rowe, Sir Thomas, 1568 
Rowe, Sir Henry, 1607 
Rowe, Sir William, 1592 
Rudstone, Sir John, 1528 
Russel, Elias, 1299,1300 
Ryvers, Sir John, 1573 
Sanderson, Sir James, Bart., 1792 
Sandwich, Ralph de, 1285 to 1289, and 

from 1 29 1 to 1295, and 1296 



LONDON, LORD MAYORS OF 



521 



Salter, Sir John, 1739 

Salomons, David, 1855 

Sainsbury, Thomas, 1786 

Saltonstall, Sir Richard, 1597 

Sawb ridge, John, 1775 

Scholey, George, 181 2 

Scot, Sir Thomas, 1458 

Sevenoke, Sir William, 141 8 

Seymer, Sir Thomas, 1526 

Sidney, Thomas, 1853 

Shaa, Edmund, 1482 

Shadworth, Sir John, 1401 

Shaw, Sir John, 1 501 

Shaw, Sir James, Bart., 1805 

Shelden, Sir Joseph, 1675 

Shorter, Sir John, 1687 

Skinner, Sir Thomas, 1596 

Skinner, Thomas, 1794 

Slany, Sir Stephen, 1595 

Smith, Christopher, 181 7 

Smith, Joshua Jonathan, 1810 

Smith, Sir James, 1684 

Smith, Thomas, 1809 

Soame, Sir Stephen, 1598 

Souche, Alan de la. Warden, 1267 

Spencer, Sir James, 1527 

Spencer, Sir John, 1594 

Stable, Adam, 1376 

Staines, Sir William, 1800 

Stampe, Sir Thomas, 1691 

Stanier, Sir Samuel, 1713 

Starling, Sir Samuel, 1669 

Stevenson, Sir William, 1764 

Stewart, Sir William, 1721 

Stocker, Sir William, 1484 

Stodeye, John de, 1357 

Stokton, Sir John, 1470 

Stondon, Sir William, 1392, 1407 

Swandland, Richard de, 1329 

Swinnerton, Sir John, 1612 

Taillour, William, 1468 

Tate, Sir John, 1473 

Tate, Sirjohn (the younger), 1496, 1513 

Tate, Robert, 1488 

Thompson, Sirjohn, 1736 

Thompson, William, 1828 

Thorold, Sir George, Bart., 17 19 

Thorpe, John Thomas, 1820 

Titchboume, Sir Robert, 1656 

Tolason, John, 1252 

Tony, (or Tovy), Michael, 1244 and 

1284 
To\vnsend, James, 1772 
Trecothic, Barlow, 1769 
Tulse, Sir Henry, 1683 



Turke, Walter, 1349 

Turner, Samuel, 1768 

Turner, Sir William, 1668 

Twyford, Sir Nicholas, 1388 

Venables, William, 1825 

Venour, Sir William, 1389 

Vemey, Ralph, 1465 

Vyner, Sir Robert, Bart, 1674 

Vyner, Sir Thomas, 1653 

Waithman, Robert, 1823 

Walcot, John, 1402 

Walderne, Sir William, 1412, 1422 

Waleys, Henry de, 1274, and 1282 to 

1284, and for 1298 
Walworth, Sir William, 1374, 1380 
Ward, John, 1375 
Ward, John, 1484 
Ward, Sirjohn, 1 718 
Ward, Sir Patience, 1680 
Warner, Sir John, 1647 
Warren, Sir Raphe, 1536,1543 (part of 

the year) 
Waterman, Sir George, 1671 
Watson, Sir Brook, Bart., 1796 
W^atts, Sirjohn, 1606 
Webbe, Sir William, 1591 
Weld, Sir Humphrey, 1608 
Wells, Sirjohn, 1431 
Westley, Sir Robert, 1 743 
White, Sirjohn, 1563 
White, Sir Thomas, 1553 
White, Sir William, 1489 
Whitmore, Sir George, 163 1 
Whittington, Sir Richard, 1396, 1397, 

1406, and 1419 
Wichingham, Geffery de, 1346 
Wilkes, John, 1774 
Williams, Sirjohn, 1735 
Willimot, Sir Robert, 1742 
Wilson, Samuel, 1838 
Wimbome, Thomas, Warden, 1268 
Winchester, Henry, 1834 
Winger, Sirjohn, 1504 
Wingrave, John de, 131 6, 1317, 13 18 
Winterbottom, Thomas, 175^ 
Wire, David William, 1858 
Withers, Sir William, 1707 
Wollaston, Sirjohn, 1643 
Wood, Sir Matthew, Bart., 1815, 1816 
Woodcocke, Sir John, 1405 
Woodroffe, Nicholas, 1579 
Wotton, Nicholas, 1335, 141S, 1430 
Wright, Sir Edmund, 1640 
Wright, Thomas, 1785 
Wroth, John, 1360 



522 



LONDON, SHERIFFS OF 



Wych, Hugh, 1461 
Wyfold, Nicholas, 1450 



Yarfoi-d, Sir James, 1519 
Young, Sir John, 1466 



LORD MAYORS WHO HAVE DIED IN OFFICE. 



Alderman, James, 12 16 
Allot, Sir John, Sept. 17, 1591 
Alwyn, Henry Fitz, 1212 
Bamme, Adam, June 6, 1397 
Beckford, William, June 21, 1770 
Bowyer, Sir William, April 13, 1544 
Bradbury, Sir Thomas, Jan., 1 5 10 
Browne, Sir William, March 22, 1508 
Browne, Sir William, jun., June 3, 15 14 
Buckle, Sir Cuthbert, July i, 1594 
Bukerel, Andrew, 1237 
Calthrop, Sir Martin, May 3, 1589 
Chapman, Sir John, March 17, 1689 
Copynger, Sir William, Feb. 7, 15 13 

SHEKIFFS, FROM 

Abbiss, James, i860 
Alderson, George, 181 7 
Alexander, James, 1802 
Allen, William F., 1857 
Ansley, John, 1805 
Atkins, John, 1809 
Bell, Thomas, 181 5 
Besley, Robert, 1864 
Birch, Samuel, 181 1 
Blades, John, 1812 
Booth, Felix, 1828 
Branscombe, James, 1806 
Bridges, George, 18 16 
Brown, Anthony, 1824 
Cadell, Thomas, 1800 
Garden, Robert W., 1849 
Carroll, George, 1837 
Carter, John, 1852 
Cave, Thomas, 1863 
Challis, Thomas, 1846 
Chaplin, W. J., 1845 
Cockerell, G. J., 1861 
Conder, Edward, 1858 
Copeland, W. T., 1828 
Cotterell, Thomas, 185 1 
Cowan, John, 1831 
Cox, R. A., 1801 
Croll, A. A., 1852 
Crosley, CD., 1854 
Crowder, John, 1825 
Cubitt, William, 1847 
Dakin, Thomas, 1864 
Desanges, Francis, 181 7 
Domville, William, 1804 
Duke, James, 1836 



Freeman, Sir Ralph, March 16, 1634 
Godschall, Sir Robert, June 26, 1742 
Hill, Sir Thomas, Sept. 23, 1485 
Ironside, Edward, Nov. 27, 1753 
Oxenford, John de, June 18, 1342 
Parsons, Humphrey, March 21, 1741 
Pennant, Sir Samuel, May 20, 1750 
Renger, Richard, 1238 
Shorter, Sir John, Sept. 4, 1688 
Skinner, Sir Thomas, Dec. 31, 1596 
Stocker, Sir William, Sept. 29, 1485 
Ward, John, 1484 
Winterbottom, Thomas, June 4, 1752 

1800 TO 1867. 

Evans, William, 1839 
Farebrother, Charles, 1826 
Famcombe, Thomas, 1 840 
Figgins, James, 1865 
Finnis, Thomas Quested, 1848 
Gabriel, Thomas, 1859 
Garratt, John, 1821 
Gibbons, Sills J., 1865 
Gibbs, Michael, 1840 
Goodbehere, Samuel, 18 10 
Goodhart, Jacob E., 1848 
Gwynne, Lawrence, 181 8 
Hale, Warren Stormes, 1858 
Harmer, James, 1833 
Heygate, William, 181 1 
Hill, Charles, 1847 
Hodgkinson, G. Edward, 1850 
Hooper, J. K., 1842 
Hoy, Michael, 1 812 
Humphrey, John, 1832 
Hunter, Claudius S., 1808 
Hunter, William, 1844 
lllidge, John, 1834 
Johnson, John, 1836 
Johnson, Thomas, 1 838 
Jones, Hugh, 1862 
Keats, Frederick, 1856 
Kelly, Thomas, 1825 
Kennard, R. W., 1846 
Kennedy, Richard H., 1855 
Key, John, 1824 
Kirby, Robert, 181 6 
Lainson, John, 1835 
Lawrie, John, 1845 
Lawrie, Peter, 1823 



LONDON, RECORDERS OF 



523 



Lawrence, James Clarke, 1862 
Lawrence, William, 1849 
Lawrence, William, 1857 
Leigh, Joseph, 1814 
Leighton, Sir William, 1803 
Lucas, Mat. P., 1822 
Lusk, Andrew, i860 
Lycett, Sir Francis, 1866 
McArthm-, William, 1867 
Magnay, Christopher, 18 13 
Magnay, William, 1841 
Marsh, Thomas C.,, 1813 
Marshall, Chapman, 1830 
Mechi, John J., 1856 
Miles, Jonathan, 1806 
Montefiore, Moses, 1837 
Moon, Francis Graham, 1843 
Muggeridge, Henry, 1854 
Musgrove, John, 1843 
Nicoll, Donald, 1849 
Nissen, Henry Nich., 1863 
Parkins, J. W., 1819 
Peek, Richard, 1832 
Perring, John, 1800 
Phillips, Benjamin S., 1859 
Phillips, Richard, 1807 
Pilcher, Jeremiah, 1842 
Pirie, John, 1831 

Plomer, Sir William, Knight, 18 10 
Poland, William Henry, 1830 
Raphael, Alex., 1834 
Rawlings, William, 1801 
Reay, John, 1814 



Richardson, William H., 1829 
Roberts, John, 181 8 
Rogers, Alex., 1841 
Rose, W. A., 1855 
Roth well, Richard, 18 19 
Salomons, David, 1835 
Scholey, George, 1804 
Shaw, James, 1803 
Sidney, Thomas, 1844 
Smith, Christopher, 1807 
Smith, Thomas, 1 805 
Spottiswoode, Andrew, 1827 
Stable, Charles, 1827 
Stone, David H., 1867 
Swift, Richard, 1851 
Thompson, William, 1822 
Thorpe, John T., 1815 
Twentyman, William H., i86r 
Venables, William, 182 1 
Waithman, Robert, 1820 
Wallace, George A., 1853 
Ward, Thomas, 1829 
Waterlow, Sir Sydney PL, 1866 
Welch, Richard, 1802 
Wheelton, John, 1839 
Whittaker, G. B., 1823 
Wilde, E. A., 1827 
Williams, James, 1820 
Wilson, Samuel, 1833 
Winchester, Henry, 1826 
Wire, David W., 1853 
Wood, Matthew, 1809 
Wood, Thomas, 1838 



RECORDERS, FROM 1 298 TO I J 



Adair, James 
Adam, Richard 
Anne, Alexander 
Baker, John 
Barton, John, senior 
Benn, Anthony 
Billyng, Thomas 
Bowes, William John 
Broke, Richard 
Broke, Robert 
Bromley, Thomas 
Calthroppe, Henry 
Chaloner, John 
Cheyne, William 
Cholmely, Ralph 
Cholmely, Roger 
Coke, Edward 
Cokayn, Thomas 
Cokeyn, John 



Elected. 

Oct. 17, 1779 

Jan. 17, 1748 

1436 

1526 

1415 
March 15, 1616 

1450 

July 13, 1440 

July 19, 1510 

Nov. 12, 1545 

June 22, 1566 

Dec. 28, 1635 

1508 

1383 

1553 

1535 

Jan. II, 1591 

Oct. 27, 1439 

1394 



Died or resigned. 

resigned, June 24, 1789 

surrendered, Feb. 6, 1753 

1439 

1535 

1426 

1618 

resigned, Oct. 3, 1454 

1442 

1520 

ISS3 

1568 

resigned, Jan. 25, 1635 

1510 

1390 

died, April 25, 1563 

surrendered, Nov. 10, 1545 

resigned, June 17, 1592 

1440 

1398 



524 



LONDON, RECORDERS OF 





Electee 


1. 


Died or resigned 




Coventry, Thomas 


Nov. 1 6, 


1616 


resigned, 


1616 


Crooke, John 


Nov. II, 


1595 


resigned, May 26, 


1603 


Danvers, Robert 


July 14. 


1442 




14.50 


Depham, Roger de 




1339 




1353 


Dolben, William 


Feb. 8, 


1676 


I'esigned, Oct. 22, 


1678 


Drew, Edward 


June 17, 


1592 


March 27, 


1594 


Eyre, James 


April 7, 


1763 


resigned, Oct. 29, 


1772 


Finch, Heneage 


Feb. 15, 


1620 


died. 


1631 


Fitzwilliam, Thomas 


June 19, 


1483 




1496 


Flemming, Thomas 


March 27, 


1594 


resigned, Nov. 11, 


159s 


Fletewoode, William 


April 28, 


1571 


Jan. II, 


1591 


Fray, John 




1426 




1426 


Gardiner, Thomas 


Jan. 25, 


163s 


discharged, May 2, 


1643 


Glyn, John 


May 30, 


1643 


resigned, Aug. 25, 


1649 


Glynn, John 


Nov. 17, 


1772 


died. 


1779 


Greene, John 


March 18, 


1658 


died, 


1659 


Gumey, Russell, Q.C., M.R 


Dec. 16, 


1856 






Halden, William de 




1365 




1383 


Heath, Robert 


Nov. 10, 


1618 


resigned, Jan. 20, 


1620 


Hertpoll, JefFery de 




1320 


removed. 


1320 


Holt, Sir John 


Feb. 18, 


1685 




1687 


Howell, John 


April 14, 


1668 


resigned, Feb. 8, 


1676 


JefFeries, Sir George 


Oct. 22, 


1678 


surrendered, Dec. 2, 


1680 


Jenner, Sir Thomas ' 


Oct. 16, 


1683 




1685 


King, Peter 


July 27, 


1708 


surrendered. Mar. i 


1714 


Knowlys, Newman 


April 10, 


1822 


resigned, June 24, 


1833 


Law, Hon. Charles Ewan 


July 2, 


1833 


died, Aug. 13, 


1850 


Littleton, Edward 


Dec. 7, 


1631 


resigned, Oct. 20, 


1634 


Lodelowe, Thomas 




1353 




1365 


Long, Lisleborne 


June I, 


1655 


died. 


1658 


Lovell, Sir Salathiel 


June 10, 


1692 


surrendered, July 13, 


1708 


Makenade, William 




1392 




1394 


Martin, Richard 


Oct. I, 


1618 




1618 


Mason, Robert 


Oct. 20, 


1634 


died, Dec, 


163s 


Moreton, William 


Feb. 15, 


1753 


died, 


1763 


Mountagu, Henry 


May 26, 


1603 


resigned, 


1616 


Norton, Gregory de 




1329 




1339 


Norton, Jeffery de 




1298 




1303 


Onslow, Richard 




1563 


resigned, June 22, 


1566 


Pheasant, Peter 


May 2, 


1643 


resigned, May 30, 


1643 


Preston, John 




1406 




141S 


Rose, John William 


June 30, 


1789 


died. 


1803 


Selby, James 


Oct. 25, 


1688 


declined, Oct. 29, 


1688 


Sheffelde, Sir Robert 




1496 




1508 


Shelley, William 




1520 




1526 


Shiite, Robert 


Jan. 20, 


1620 


died. 


1620 


Silvester, John 


Oct. 20, 


1803 


died. 


1822 


Simond, John 


Oct. 22, 


1426 




1436 


Somers, John 


Oct. 23, 


1 688 


declined, Oct. 25, 


r688 


Southworth, Matthew de 




1398 




1404 


Steele, William 


Aug. 25, 


1649 


resigned, June I, 


1655 


Sterky, Humphrey 


Jan. 19, 


1471 




1483 


Stracey, John 


May 14, 


1746 


died. 


1748 


Strange, John 


Nov. 13, 


1739 


surrendered, Dec. 7, 


1742 



LONDON, COMMON SERJEANTS OF 



525 





Elected. 


Died or resigned. 


Swalchyne, Robert de 


1320 


1329 


Tate, Mr Sergeant 


May 10, 1687 


removed, Feb. 20, 1687-8 


Thompson, William 


March 3, 1714 


died, 1739 


Treby, George 


Dec. 2, 1680 


displaced, June 12, 1683 


Treby, Sir George 


Dec. 6, 1688 


resigned, June 7, 1692 


Tremayne, John 


1390 


1392 


Thronburgh, Thomas 


1404 


1406 


Urling, Simon 


Dec. 14, 1742 


died, 1746 


Urswyk, Thomas 


Oct. 3, 1454 


1471 


Wangrave, John de 


1303 


1320 


Wilbraham, Thomas 


March 15, 1568 


r.esigned, April 24, 157 1 


Wortley, The Hon. James Stuart 


Sept. 24, 1850 


resigned, Nov. 29, 1856 


Wylde, William 


Nov. 3, 1659 


resigned, April 21, 1668 



TOWN CLERKS, 
Ashurst, Henry, 1700 
Avery, William, 1667 
Bamett, Richard, 1438 
Batequell, Johes de, 1284 
Blackwell, William, 1538 
Carpenter, John, 141 7 
Depham, Roger de, 13 16 
Dunthorne, Will. E., 1461 
Gibson, James, 1705 
Goodfellovv, John, 1691 
Hodges, Sir James, 1757 
Jackson, Thomas, 1724 
Man, Miles, 1737 
Marchant, John, 1387 
Merewether, Henry Alworth, Serj. 

Law, 1842 
Mitchell, Robert, 1641 
Packenham, Nicholas, 1489 
Padington, Henry de, 1368 



FROM 13 EDW. I. 

Paver, William, 1 5 14 
Perot, Heniy, 1375 
Rix, William, 1774 
Rushton, Thomas, 1533 
Sadler, John, 1649 
Sebright, William, 1573 
Sherborne, John de, 13 16 
Spicer, Roger, 1446 
Stapleton, Arthur, 1570 
Stracey, Randolph, 1717 
Stubb, Walter, 15 10 
Wagstaffe, William, 1672 
Waltham, Hugode, 13 1 1 
Weld, John, 16 12 
at Weld, John, 1660 

Woodthorpe, Hen., 1801 
Woodthorpe, Henry, LL. D., 1S25 
Woodthorpe, Frederick, 1859 



Atkyns, Thomas, 1546. 
Baldwyn, John, 1462 
Brooke, Robert, 1536 
Browne, Sir Richard, 166 1 
Bryan, Thomas, 1459 
Bullock, Edward, 1850 
Bylling, Thomas, 1443 
Chambers, Thomas, 1857 
Crisp, Henry, 1678 
Danvers, Robert, 1441 
Dee, Duncan, 1700 
Denman, Thomas, 1822 
Fairfax, Guy, 1456 
Frowicke, Thomas, i486 
Garrard, Thomas, 1729 
Greene, John, 1521 
Gurney, Russell, 1856 
Hall, Edward, 1532 



SERJEANTS, FROM 4I EDW. III. 

Haugh, John, 1485 
Higham, Richard, 1485-6 
Hills, Daniel, 1613 
Ingelton, Robert, 1456 
Jeffreys, George, 1671 
Jones, Thomas, 1613 
Kirton, Thomas, 1583 
Knowlys, Newman, 1803 
Latham, Ralph, 1625 
Law, Hon. Charles Ewan, 1830 
Lingard, John, 1720 
Marowe, Thomas, 1490 
Marsh, John, 1547 
Mirehouse, John, 1833 
Moyle, Richard, 1442 
Molyneux, Robert, 1469 
Nedeham, John, 1449 
Nugent, Thomas, 1758. 



526 LONDON, CHAMBERLAINS OF LONDONDERRY 

Onely, John, 1530 Urswick, Thomas, 1453 

Proby, Henry, 1642 Walsingham, William, 1526 

Randolph, Bernard, 1563 Wentbrigg, John, 1367 

Rigby, Thomas, 1457 "Wheeler, Richard, 1601 

vSilvester, John, 1790 White, Henry, 1 52 1 

Southwell, Robert, 1534 Wilbraham, Richard, 1601 

Strode, Ralph, 1376 Wilton, John, 1437 

CHAMBERLAINS. 

Bosworth, Sir J., 1734 Janssen, Sir Stephen Theodore, 1765 

Brown, Anthony, 1844 Key, Sir John, 1853 

Clark, Richard, 1798 Ludlam, Sir George, 1718 

Cuddon, Sir Thomas, 1696 Robinson, Samuel, 1727 

Fazakerly, Sir William, 1702 Scott, Benjamin, F.R.A. S., 1858 

Harrison, Sir Thomas, 175 1 Shaw, Sir James, 1831 

Heygate, Sir William, 1843 Wilkes, John, 1779 

Hopkins, Benjamin, 1766 

LONDON, THE, steamship, with passengers for Melbourne, foundered with 270 
passengers and the crew on board, Jan. 11, 1866 ; 19 persons only saved. 

LONDON AND NORTH WESTERN RAILWAY STATION, Euston-square, 
built from the design of P. Hardwick, R.A. 

LONDON BRIDGE (Old). The wooden bridge erected, 994 ; destroyed by the 
Norwegian Prince Olaf, 1008 ; rebuilt, 1014 ; swept away by a flood, 1091 ; re- 
built, 1097; burnt, 1 136; re-erected, 1 163, by Peter of Colechurch ; first stone 
bridge began to be erected, 11 76; finished, 1209; the houses at both ends taking 
fire, and many people crowding upon the bridge, thinking to suppress it, were 
hemmed in, and leaping over into boats and barges upwards of 300 were drowned, 
1212 ; Henry HI. was repulsed here by De Montfort, Earl of Leicester, 1264 ; 
Wat Tyler entered the city by this route, 1381 ; the citizens received Richard II. 
here with civic pomp, 1392; several houses were set on fire by Falconbridge, 
1477 ; the water-works established by ' Morice,' 1582 ; more than a third of the 
dwellings were consumed by fire, Feb. 11, 1632 ; the whole labyrinth of dwellings 
were destroyed in the great fire of 1666 ; rebuilt, 1680 ; another fire causing much 
damage, Sept. 8, 1725 ; an act passed for improving, widening, and enlarging 
the passage over and through the bridge, 29 Geo. II. c. 40, 1756 ; the houses 
taken down, I757 > temporary bridge burnt, April 10, 1758 ; water-works burnt, 
1774 ; toll ceased. May 27, 1782. 

LONDON BRIDGE (New). An act passed for the rebuilding of and for making 
suitable approaches, 4 Geo. IV. c. 50, July 4, 1823 ; built from the design of 
John Rennie, F.R.S. ; first pile driven, March 15, 1824 ; built by Mr W. Jolliffe 
and Sir Edward Banks ; first stone laid by the lord mayor (John Garratt), June 
15, 1825 ; the first arch keyed, Aug. 4, 1827 ; the last, Nov. 19, 1828 ; opened 
by King William IV. and Queen Adelaide, Aug. I, 1831, Sir John Key, mayor. 
It was 7 years, 5 months, and 13 days building ; it consists of 5 arches, 2 of 130 
feet, 2 of 140, and the centre of 152 ; the roadway is 52 feet wide, length 928 feet, 
with 690 feet of water-way ; cost ^425,181 9^'. 2d., and with the approaches a 
total of ;^i, 458, 31 1 8j. i\\d. 

LONDON COFFEE-HOUSE, Ludgate-street, was first opened as a punch- 
house, 1 771-2. It was here that the juries who were unable to agree to their ver- 
dict, or when the case lasted for several days, were ' locked up ' of a night. Pur- 
chased by the Corporation of London for;^38,5oo, Jan., 1868. 

LONDONDERRY, Ireland, existed, 546 ; abbey of, burned, 783 ; town surprised 
and garrison put to the sword, 1606 ; granted to the Corporation and the London 
Livery Companies by James I., March 29, 1613 ; fortified, 1616 ; the several 



LONDON DOCKS LONGBEARD 527 

companies gave cannon to the town for its defence, 1642 ; besieged for four 
months, 1649 ; successfully defended by Walker for 105 days ; siege raised, July 
28, 1689 ; the town rebuilt by the Irish Society, 1690. 

LONDON DOCKS. ^'^^ Docks. 

LONDON GAZETTE. Stv Gazette. 

LONDON INSTITUTION, established, 1805, and located at Sir William Clay- 
ton's house, Old Jewry, 1806 ; the first stone of the present building laid. May 
4, 1815; opened, April 21, 1819, William Brooks architect, cost ^31, 124. 

LONDON LIBRARY, St James's-square, established in Pall Mall, May, 1821 ; 
removed to its present site, 1844. 

LONDON MISSIONARY SOCIETY established, 1795. 

LONDON PHILANTHROPIC SOCIETY, established for the supply of the 
poor with bread and coals during the winter months, 1841. 

LONDON SACRED HARMONIC SOCIETY, established to encourage the 
study of sacred music, 1848. .5ir Musical Societies. 

LONDON STONE, the memorial of the Roman occupation of London ; repaired 
by Sir C. Wren, 1667 ; removed from the south to the north side of the street, 
1742 ; removed to tlie church wall, 1798. 

LONDON, THE GATES OF :— 

Aldgate, first mentioned in 967 ; taken down, 1606 ; the first stone of the new 

gate laid, 1607 ; finished, 1609. Sold for ^177 lOs., and taken down, 1661. 

Aldersgate, rebuilt by the Corporation, 1616 ; partially destroyed in the fire of 

1666. 
BiSHOPSGATE, first mentioned in 1210; rebuilt by the merchants of the steel- 
yard, 1479; rebuilt by the Corporation, 1731-5. 
Cripplegate, built, circa loio ; rebuilt at the expense of the Brewers' Com- 
pany, 1244 ; and again rebuilt by Edmund Shaa, 1483 ; by the Corporation of 
London, 1663 ; sold for ;r{^9i, and removed, 1 76 1. 
LuDGATE, constituted a free prison, 1373 ; rebuilt, 1586 ; sold for £148, 1760. 
MooRGATE, built, 1415 ; rebuilt, 1574; escaped the fire of 1666; repaired, 

1672; removed, 1761. 
Newgate, repaired, 1420, and again, 1630 ; destroyed in the fire of 1666. 

LONDON, TOWER OF. The white tower erected for William the Conqueror by 
Bishop Gundulph, 1078 ; strengthened by William Rufus, 1097 ; King Stephen 
kept his court here, II40 ; the wall and ditch made, 1 190; St Peter's chapel 
built by Henry I., 1272; Henry VII. held a tournament here, 1501 ; consider- 
ably damaged by fire, Nov. 22, 1548; the white tower rebuilt, 1637-8; Colonel 
Blood made an unsuccessful attempt to steal the crown jewels. May 9, 1671 ; the 
fortifications repaired, 1792 ; the horse armoury built, 1826 ; the menagerie re- 
moved to the Zoological Gardens, Regent's Park, 1834 ; the ditch filled with 
water and cleansed, 1830 ; filled up and drained and made a parade ground, 
1843 ; the storehouse of the royal train of artillery and the small armoury for 
150,000 stand of arms burnt, Oct. 30, 1841 ; the first stone of the Waterloo bar- 
racks laid by the Duke of Wellington, June 14, 1845 ; the first prisoner was Ralph 
Flambard, Bishop of Durham, IIOO; Balliol, King of Scotland, 1296. 

LONDON UNIVERSITY, charter of, dated Feb. 11, 1826 ; building commenced, 
April 30, 1S27 ; college opened, Oct. I. 1828 ; by the reform bill power given to 
return a member to parliament, 30 & 31 Vict. c. 102, Aug. 15, 1867. 

LONGBEARD, WILLIAM FITZOSBORN, a notorious impostor, who pretended 
a divine mission to banish poverty and evil from the world, being the saviour of 
the poor ; he resisted the laws, and was hanged, 1 197 ; after his death, the people 
came from all parts of Kent to gather particles of the ground on which he had last 



5j8 longest days LONGEVITY 

trod, as holy relics ; numbers of women waited for days, expecting that he would 
return to life, the blind and lame came from far and near to touch his corpse, 
hoping that they would thereby recover their sight and the use of their limbs. 
LONGEST DAYS. At Berlin and London, the longest day has l6^ hours ; at 
Stockholm and Upsal, the longest has i8>^ hours, and the shortest 5J4 ; at Ham- 
burg, Dantzic, and Stettin, the longest day has 17, and the shortest 7 ; at St 
Petersburg and Tobolsk, the longest has 19, the shortest 5 hours ; at Tomeo, in 
Finland, the longest day has 2i>^ hours, and shortest 2^ ; at Wardhous, in Nor- 
way, the day lasts from May 21 to July 22, without interruption ; and in Spitz- 
bergen the longest lasts three months and a half. 

LONGEVITY, some remarkable instances of : — 

Roger Brook, of Halifax, Yorkshire, died, Oct. 8, 1568 ... ... aged 133 

John Bail es, of Northampton, died, April 14, 1706 ... ... ... ... 126 

Mary Brittle, died at Twickenham, 1822 ... ... ... ... ... 105 

John Brookey, of Broad Rush-Common, Devon, living there in July, 1778 135 

General Buckley, Cobham Hall, Ireland, died, 1826 ... ... ... 105 

Christian Cliff, died at Kilreedy, near Limerick, 1 814 ... 109 

Mrs Clum, near Lichfield, who lived 103 years in one house, died Jan. 23, 

1772 138 

Mrs J. Crawford, Jamaica, died, 1815 ... ... ... ... ... 151 

Thomas Damm, of Leighton, near Minshall, Cheshire, died, 1648 ... 154 

William Edwards, Caeru, near Cardiff, Glamorganshire, died, 1668 ... 168 

John Effingham, born and died at Penryn, Feb., 1757 ... ... ... 144 

Mr W. Ellis, Liverpool, ched, 1780 130 

M. Fairbrother, Wigan, Lancashire, died. May, 1770 ... ... ... 138 

James Forthern, Grenada, W. Indies, died, Feb. 10, 1773 ... ... 127 

Vychan Gaener, Aber-cowarch, near Dinas, Mowddwy, 16S6 ... ... 140 

Peter Garden, Aucherness, Scotland, died, Jan., 1775 ... ... ... 131 

Nicholas Garvey, of Tully, Ireland, died, 1 81 7 ... ... ... ... 107 

Frederick Harpe, Fish Hill, Cumberland, died, Feb., 1792 ... ... 120 

Sier de la Haye, died, Feb. 2, 1774 120 

Henry Jenkins, Yorkshire, died, 1670 ... ... ... ... ... 169 

James Lack, died at Hackney, Oct. 31, 1807 ... ... 105 

William Leland, of Ireland, died, Jan., 1732 ... ... 139 

James Macdonald, died at Cork, Aug., 1760 117 

— Mackfindlay, Esq., of Tipperary, died, June, 1773 ... ... ... 143 

Mr Movat, a surgeon, at Dumfries, died, Feb., 1776 ... ... ... 136 

Mr John Mount, of Langholm, Dumfries, died, March, 1776 ... ... 136 

Thomas Newman, of Brislington, near Bristol, died, 1542 152 

Robert Parr, Kinver, Salop, died, Sept. 21, 1757 124 

Thomas Parr, lived in 10 reigns, died, 1635 ... ... ... ... 152 

Saint Patrick, first Bishop of Ireland, died, 491 122 

Margaret Patten, near Paisley, Scotland, died, 1737 ... ... ... 136 

Thomas Plum, died at Whitechapel, Aug. 25, 1832 108 

Mary Ralphson, died at Liverpool, June 27, 1808 ... ... ... ... no 

— Robertson, of Hopetoun Hall, near Edinburgh, died, 1793 137 

Mrs J. Scrimshaw, died in the workhouse, near Tower Hill, Dec. 6, 1711 127 

George Stanley, Homington, near Salisbury, died, 1719 ... 151 

Morris Thurston, of Guinea-street, Exetei", died, Dec. 24, 1844 108 

MrTice, Hagley, Worcestershire, died, Feb. 26, 1774 125 

William Wakeley, of Shiffnal, Salop, died, 1 714 124 

Mrs Mary Yates, Shiffnal, Salop, died, Aug., 1776 127 

William Mortimer, of Straffan, in the county of Kildare, died at the advanced 

age of 125 years, Nov. 13, 1833. He fought at the battle of Bunker's Hill, in 



LONGEVITY OF FISH LORD CHANCELLORS 529 

America, where lie was taken prisoner, and conveyed from thence to Spithead, 
where he remained in confinement on board a prison ship until peace was con- 
cluded between Great Britain and America^ he retained all his faculties to the 
last. An authenticated case of centenarianism, says Mr Thoms, is very rare, and 
he quotes one of William Plank, of the Salters' Company, born, Nov. 7, 1767 ; 
died, Nov. 19, 1867, aged loi. 

LONGEVITY OF FISH ; some few instances show that fishes seldom die of old 
age ; and that generally, ivhile they live, they increase in size, which is not the case 
with most other animals. In the year 1775 a codfish was taken at Scarborough, 
which weighed 78 lb. The conger-eel has been known to measure more than 
10 feet in length. A common perch (the Perca fluviatilis) was taken in the Ser- 
pentine river, Hyde Park, which weighed 9 lb. — this fish grows slowly. A pond 
in the garden of Emmanuel College, Cambridge, contained a carp that had been 
there for more than 70 years. A few years ago, a pike was caught in Winder- 
mere lake, which weighed 35 lb., and another more recently, 33 lb. A pike was 
taken in lake Zemictz, in Carniola, that was known to be nearly 300 years old, 
and weighed 3 cwt ; this fish was put into the lake by an Emperor of Germany, 
who fastened a ring to its fin, with a date on it. 

LONG ISLAND, America, battle. The Americans defeated by the English, under 
General Howe, with a loss of nearly 2000 men, Aug. 27, 1776. 

LONGITUDE, a reward of ^10,000 promised by parliament for the best means of 
ascertaining, at sea, 12 Anne, s. 2, c. 15, 1713 ; directions for, 14 Geo. II. c. 39, 
1 741 ; Mr Eberhard of Eisleben claimed the reward, 1715 ; further directions, 
26 Geo. II. c. 25, 1753 ; an act passed for the more effectual discovering of, 58 
Geo. III. c. 20, May 8, 1818 ; repealed, 9 Geo. IV. c. 66, July 15, 1828; 
accurately determined by Harrison's time-piece, 1764, for which he received the 
reward. Le Roe, in Paris, invented a watch that kept better time, 1776. 

LONG PARLIAMENT, The, met at Westminster, Nov. 3, 1640 ; dissolved by 
Oliver Cromwell, protector, April 20, 1653. 

LONGWOOD, St Helena, made the residence of Napoleon I., Dec. 10, 1815, where 
he died. May 5, 1821. 

LONGWY, France. During the revolution the allies under the King of Prussia 
took this fortress, Aug. 20, 1792 ; restored, Sept. 30, 1792 ; besieged unsuccess- 
fully, July 1-15, 1815 ; siege renewed, and town surrendered, Sept. 18. 

LOOKING-GLASSES superseded mirrors, made at Venice, 1300; in England, 
at Lambeth, 1673 ; the largest made at Ravenhead, 1851. 

LOOMS. They were used in Egypt inore than 1000 years B.C. ; theyare represented on 
the tombs of Thebes ; first introduced in England by the Flemings, who settled 
at Norwich, 1 131-33 ; Cartwright's loom patented, 1785 ; the Jacquard loom in- 
vented at Lyons, Sept., 1801 ; there are said to be 260,000 hand-looms in Eng- 
land, and 74,000 power-looms ; steam-looms introduced, 1807. 

LOPES, Sir M. M., fined ^10,000 and imprisoned in Exeter gaol for bribing the 
electors of Grampound ; born, 1755; died, 1831. 

LORCA, a city of Murcia, in Spain, destroyed by the bursting of a reservoir that 
inundated more than 20 leagues, and carried away looo persons, besides cattle, 
&c., April 30, 1802. 

LORD AUCKLAND'S ISLAND discovered by Capt. Bristow, 1S09. 

LORD CHANCELLORS. According to Selden, Ethelbert appointed Augmendus 
his chancellor, 605 ; Turketel was appointed by Edward the Elder, 920 ; the first 
one appointed by William the Conqueror, Arfastus, 1068 ; the office purchased, 
by Geoffrey Rufus from Henry I. for ;r^30o6 13^. 40'., equal to ;^45,coo of our pre- 
sent money ; Thomas a Becket appointed, 1 154. 

34 



530 LORD GREAT CHAMBERLAIN LORRAINE 

LORD GREAT CHAMBERLAIN OF ENGLAND, a great state officer, whose 
duties attach to public ceremonies ; the office was for centuries in the family of De 
Vere, from i loi ; whence in 1779 it came to the Lady Willoughby de Eresby and 
her sister, with power to appoint a deputy. 
LORD HIGH ADMIRAL first appointed, 1512. 

LORD HIGH CONSTABLE, an officer of the crown, hereditary until 1521, 
when it became forfeited to the king by the treason of Edward Stafford, Duke of 
Buckingham, May 21 ; the same title is of ancient standing in Scotland, and was 
reserved in the Articles of the Union, 1 707, to the family of Errol. 
LORD HIGH STEWARD OF ENGLAND, an officer of ancient origin, now 
only revived at a coronation or on the trial of a peer ; the office was abolished, 
except as thus stated, 1265. 
LORD STEWARD OF THE HOUSEHOLD, an officer appointed, 1540, in 

place of one entitled Grand Master of the Household. 
LORD HIGH TREASURER OF ENGLAND. The Bishop of Bayeux, Odo, 
held this office in the reign of William the Conqueror ; Lord Scrope appointed, 
1371 ; the Duke of Shrewsbury, July 29, 1714 : this office has been abolished. 
LORD HIGH TREASURER OF IRELAND, first held byjohnde St John, 1217. 
LORD KEEPER OF ENGLAND, differing only from the Lord Chancellor by 
having letters-patent, the powers are the same in both, 31 Henry VIII. c. 10, 
1539, and 5 Eliz. c. 18, 1562 ; the first Lord Keeper appointed, 11 16. 
LORD-LIEUTENANTS, Commissions of, settled by 5 Henry IV., 1403-4; the 

form of appointment altered, 1545 ; and regulated by 14 Charles II. c. 3, 1661. 
LORD MAYOR OF DUBLIN, title given by Charles II., 1661 ; not in use 
until 1665. Lord Mayor of London, June 10, 1354. Lord Mayor of York, 
by Richard II., 1377. 
LORDS. These appear to date their title from the Conqueror ; William Fitzosborne, 
1096, being the first as Earl of Hereford ; 22 peers were made in this reign, 
being free from arrest for debt as king's counsellors ; the House of Peers was a 
house for royal consultation, summoned by Vi'rit, tanp. John, 1205 ; the spiritual 
peers sit in the House of Lords as temporal barons, and do not derive their right 
from any spiritual character ; the number of Scotch and Irish representative peers 
fixed, 1707 and 1800. 
LORD'S DAY, the better observation of the, an act passed for, i Car. I. c. i, 1625, 

and 29 Car. II. c. 7, 1677. 
LORETTO, order of knighthood in honour of the miraculous image, began at 

Rome, 1587. 
LORETTO, Italy, the site of the imposture of a holy house in which the Virgin 
Mary lived at Nazareth, carried by angels into Dalmatia, from Galilee, and placed 
here, with an image of Mary and a little child, dressed in embroidery and jewels, 
1297 ; it was afterwards conveyed in the same miraculous manner to a laurel 
grove, near Loretto, 1294 ; the town fortified, 1586 ; taken by the French, 1796, 
and the idol carried off to France ; it was afterwards restored, under a salute of 
cannon and bells, eight bishops carrying it, with great pomp, Jan. 5, 1803. 
L'ORIENT, France. This great naval port founded by the French East India 
Company, 1664; it was fortified, 1676; at the dissolution of the company, 1770, 
it was made one of the government navy ports. 
LORINERS' COMPANY, incorporated, 10 Anne, Dec. 3, 1712. 
LORRAINE, France, established as a separate kingdom by the treaty of Verdun, 
843, and given to the son of the Emperor Lotharius ; divided, 956 ; became a 
fief of the empire, 960 ; an hereditary line founded by the Emperor Henry III., 



LOSTWITHIEL LOUISIANA 



531 



1044 ; partly ruled by the Dukes of Brabant until 1429 ; Duke of, invited by 
the Irish to be their ruler, but refused, 1653 ; expelled his dominions by the 
French, Sept., 1670 ; annexed to the French dominions, 1766; Duke of, visited 
England, 1731 ; returned to Germany, Dec. 9; became Grand Duke of Tus- 
cany, July 9, 1737 ; declared associate with his consort in the throne of Hungary 
and Bohemia, Nov. 12, 1740. 

LOSTWITHIEL, Cornwall, incorporated, 33 Edw. I. 

LOSTWITHIEL, Stannary parliament at, Sept. i, 1750. 

LOTTERY. The lotto was established in Florence, 1530 ; in France a tax was 
levied on each ticket, 1539 ; taken under the government control, 1660 ; the first 
in England, drawn at the western door of St Paul's Cathedral, Jan. 11, 1569, 
continuing day and night until May 6; tetiip. 11 Elizabeth, 40,000 loj. lots ; 
a lottery granted to the Virginia Company, 1612 ; lottery to raise money for the 
public service, 1630 ; established, 5 Will. & Mary, 1693, and for 130 years 
yielded a large revenue to the crown ; the first parliamentary one instituted, 1709 ; 
the United States established a state one, 1776; declared a common nuisance, 
and penalties fixed for opening, 10 & 11 Will. III. c. 17, 1699 ; against selling 
tickets or publishing foreign lotteries, 9 Geo. I. c. 19, 1722 ; 6 Geo. II. c. 35, s. 
29, 1733 ; for suppressing, 42 Geo. III. c. 119, June 28, 1802 ; for the British 
Museum, 1752; Irish state lotteiy in Dublin, 1780; Adelphi buildings, 1773; 
Cox's do.; Lever's museum disposed of by lottery, 1786 ; Pigot diamond, 1802 ; 
Boyd ell's pictures, 1805 ; suppressed in France by the republic, Nov. 15, 1793 > 
first there, 1657 ; abolished in England, Oct., 1826 ; a penalty of ^50 for adver- 
tising prizes or any lotteries in the British newspapers, 6 & 7 Will. IV. c. 66, 
Aug. 13, 1836 ; amended, 8 & 9 Vict. c. 74, July 31, 1845 ; the last, Glasgow 
lotteries, July 25, 1834. 

LOUIS OF HESSE-DARMSTADT, order of knighthood, instit., Aug. 25, 1807. 

LOUIS, ST, of France, order of knighthood, began. May 10, 1693 ; confirmed by 
Louis XV., 1 7 19. 

LOUIS, ST, Missouri, founded, 1764; the University established, 1832; the Mer- 
cantile Library Association organized, 1846, and incorporated, 181 5. 

LOUIS XV. of France escaped being burnt, July i, 1747 ; stabbed by Damien, 
Jan. 5, 1757; died. May 10, 1774, aged 64, reigned 59 years. 

LOUIS XVI., accession to the throne of France, 1774; deposed, Aug. 10, 1792 ; 
beheaded, June 21, 1793, and his queen beheaded, Oct. 16 following. 

LOUIS XVIII. retired to St Petersburg, allowed a pension by the Emperor of 
Russia, April 3, 1798 ; landed at Yarmouth under title of Count de Lille, Oct. 6, 
1807 ; his public entry into London, April 21, 1814 ; sailed from Dover, April 
23, reached Compeigne, April 29, Paris, May 3, 1814 ; fled from Napoleon, 
March 21, 181 5 ; resumed government, July, 181 5 ; died, Sept. 16, 1824. 

LOUISBURGH, Cape Breton, taken by the English after 49 days' siege, June 15, 
1745 ; restored to France, 1749 ; taken after a siege of two months, July 22, 1758. 

LOUIS D'OR, a French coin, of gold, value 24 francs, struck by Louis XIII. 
1641, then valued at 10 livres ; and in the reign of Louis XV. they rose in value 
to 40 livres ; the Napoleon superseded it, of the same value. 

LOUISIANA, N. America, discovered by Ferdinand de Soto, 1541 ; visited by 
Col Wood, 1654 ; and by Capt. Boll, 1670 ; M. de la Salle landed with a ^g\h 
people, 1685 ; the first colony formed by French-Canadians under M. D'Iberville, 
1699 ; granted to a company formed by John Law, by Louis XIV., 1718 ; ceded 
to Spain, Nov., 1762, but possession was not obtained until Aug. 17, 1769 ; the 
city of New Orleans built, 1717; restored to France, Oct. I, 1800; sold by, to 
the United States for ;^3,200,ooo, April 30, 1803 ; admitted into the Union, 1812. 



532 LOUISVILLE LUCERA 

LOUISVILLE, Kentucky, was first colonized, 1770; laid out, 1773; town estab- 
lished, 1780. 

LOUTH, Ireland, conquered by De Courcy, 1180 ; made a county by King John, 
1210 ; granted to Baron de Courcy, and afterwards to Baron de Lacey. 

LOUTH PARK ABBEY, Lincolnshire, built by Alexander, Bishop of Lincoln, 
1239, for a Cistercian brotherhood. 

LOUVAIN, Belgium, founded circa 885 ; Godfrey, Duke of Normandy, encamped 
near the town ; castle built by the Emperor Arnulph, called Ccesar's Castle, circa 
900 ; walled round, 1 165 ; Henry I. assassinated at, 1038 ; the cathedral foundetl, 
1040 ; destroyed by fire, and i-elauilt, 1358 ; John IV., Duke of Brabant, founded 
the University, 1426 ; the Guild-hall founded, 1317, and the Town-hall, 1448 ; the 
town taken by the French under Gen. Kleber, 1792, evacuated, March 3, 1798. 

LOU VIERS, France, noted for its manufacture of cloth as early as 1660 ; the church 
of Notre Dame erected, 1496; captured by Henry V. of England, 1418 ; retaken 
by the French, 1450 ; besieged by the Duke of Bedford, 145 1, and the town par- 
tially destroyed ; rebuilt, 1463-4. 

LOUVRE, Paris. Louis Augustus laid the foundation of, 1222 ; Francis I. rebuilt 
the palace, from the designs of Pierre Lescot, 1552 ; Henri II. finished the 
west side ; the marriage of Henri IV. with Margaret de Valois celebrated at, 
1572 ; the east front built from the design of Claude Perrault, 1666 ; first exhibi- 
tion of painting and sculpture opened, Aug. 22, 1740; the building finished by 
Napoleon I. ; many of the treasures returned in 1814 to die various countries from 
which they were taken by Napoleon I.; improved by Napoleon HI., 1863. 

LOVAT'S REBELLION. Lord Lovat joined the Pretender, 1745; confined in 
the Tov^-er ; tried, March 9, 1747 ; beheaded on Tower-hill, April 9, 1747. 

LOVE, MR JOHN, of Weymouth, died, Oct., 1793, aged4i, and weighed 364 lbs., 
or 26 stone. 

LOWTHER CASTLE, Westmoreland, rebuilt by Vise. Lonsdale, 16S5 ; nearly 
consumed by fire, 1720 ; rebuilt by William Lowther, Earl of Lonsdale, 1808. 

LOYOLA, IGNATIUS, founder of the Jesuits, bom, 1491; died, July 31, 1556 ; 
canonized by Pope Gregory XV., 1622 ; his festival is kept on July 31. 

LUBECK, Germany, founded by Adolphus II., 1143 ; ceded to Hemy, Duke 
of Saxony, 1158; the Dom or Cathedral began, 1 170; finished, 1241 ; made a 
free city by Frederick II., 1226 ; became the head of the Hanseatic League, 
12&0 ; the city destroyed by fire, 1276 ; the Marien Kirch e founded, 1304 ; the 
Town-hall built, 1517 ; the League dissolved, 1632 ; Gen. Bliicher fled here after 
the battle of Jena, 1806 ; the town stormed by the French, and pillaged for 
three days ; annexed to France, 1810 ; restored to its independence, 1813 ; joined 
the German Confederation ; a new constitution agreed to by this free state, Dec. 
29, 185 1. 

LUBIN, Poland, city of, burnt, 1209; again, 1276. 

LUCCA, North Italy. This ancient town belonged to the district of Etruria at the 
close of the 3rd century B.C.; taken by the Romans and colonized, B.C. 177; 
raised to a municipality, 49; the cathedral of St Martin founded, A.D. 1060; 
St Michael's church founded, 764 ; after the Lord of Pisa had held the country 
in bondage for a long period, Charles IV. sold the inhabitants their freedom for 
300,000 florins, 1370; Town-hall erected, 1413 ; town seized by the French, 
1799 ; given by Napoleon to his sister Eliza, 1805 ; the aqueduct built by Not- 
tolini, measuring two miles in length, and supported upon 459 arches, began, 
181 5 ; finished, 1832. 

LUCERA, Italy. The town was formerly a Greek town, it having been founded 



LUCERNE LUKE'S HOSPITAL 533 

by Diomed ; captured by the Samnites, B.C. 321 ; the following year the Ro- 
mans besieged and took it ; the inhabitants revolted to the Samnites, 314 ; the 
Romans speedily repressed the insurrection, and destroyed most of the inhabitants, 
317 ; the Goths held the town for some years ; it was destroyed in the 7th century 
and remained in ruins until 1239, when the Emperor Frederick 11. colonized it 
with Silician-Saracens ; Charles of Anjou expellecl the Moors, 1269, and converted 
the mosque of Lucera into a church. 

LUCERNE, Switzerland, invaded by the Austrians under the Emperor Leopold, 
1386 ; taken from the French by the Swiss, 1798 ; retaken, Dec. 16, 1813. 

LUCIA, ST, West India Island, first discovered on St Lucia's day, 1635 ; colon- 
ized by the English, 1639, but they were driven off by the Caribs ; the French 
made a settlement, 1650 ; the colonists massacred by the Caribs, 1654 ; several 
other attempts were made both by the French and English to again colonize 
this island, 1672 and 1723 ; assigned to France by treaty, Feb., 1763 ; 900 per- 
sons destroj'ed by an earthquake, Oct. 12, 1788 ; the island captured by the 
English, 1779; restored, 1783; retaken, 1794; restored, 1795; recaptured, 
1803, and since remained part of the English possessions. 

LUCIFER MATCHES superseded the flint and steel, 1834 ; a machine for mak- 
ing, invented by Mr Partridge, 1842 ; Sturge's patent for, granted, 1853, since 
much improved. 

LUCKNOW, Hindustan. This ancient city was the residence of the early govern- 
ors of Oude, but was abandoned by Dowleh after the battle of Buxar ; reoccupied 
by the Court, 1 774! ^.n iron bridge ei'ected to join the two portions of the city, 
1816 ; finished, 1842 ; annexed to the English possessions, Feb. 7) 1856 ; mutiny 
of the native troops at. May 31, 1857 > besieged the British residency, July 2 ; 
relieved by General Havelock, Sept. 25 ; the English army and residents left, 
Nov. 22 ; captured by Sir Colin Campbell, and flight of 50,000 rebels, March 8 
— 19, 1858 ; a State Durbar held at, by the Viceroy, Nov. 9, 1867. 

LUDDITES, Outrage of. The weavers at Nottingham, to oppose the introduction 
of machinery, destroyed several manufactories, Nov., 181 1 ; resisted the mili- 
tary, Jan. 29, 1812 ; many of the leaders were hung, 1813 ; riots of, 1814. 

LUDGATE, London. Geoffrey of Monmouth states that this gate was built by 
King Lud, B.C. 66 ; fortified by the barons, 1215 ; repaired, 1260 ; made a prison, 
I Rich. II., 1378 ; an act of common council passed for its better management, 
1382 ; chapel added by Sir Stephen Forster, knight, lord mayor, 1454 ; the gate 
was rebuilt, 1586 ; taken down and sold for ^140, in 1760. 

LUDLOW CASTLE, Salop, built by Walter de Lucy, chra 1082 ; fortified 
and enlarged by Henry I., who presented it to Joce de Dinan, 1121 ; defended by 
Gervase Pagnall against King Stephen, 1138; nearly destroyed by Simon de 
Montfort, 1262 ; restored by Roger Mortimer, 1326-30 ; stripped and plundered 
by Henry VI.; Prince Arthur, son of Henry VII., resided here with his bride 
Catherine of Arragon, 1501 ; this castle was the theme and theatre of Milton's 
masque of 'Comus,' which was performed by the children of the Earl of Bridge- 
water, on Michaelmas night, Oct. 11, 1634; the tower contained four stories, 
and was no feet high, and from 9 to 12 feet thick. 

LUFFIELD, North Hants. Priory founded by Robert Bossu, Earl of Leicester, 1124. 

LUGGERSHALL CASTLE, Wilts, built, 1199. 

LUKE, GOSPEL OF, written by St Luke, the friend and companion of the Apostle 
St Paul ; it was written in Greek v.diilst he was imprisoned at Rome, A. D. 62-63; 
some writers suppose it to have been written at Philippi, circa A.D. 57. 

LUKE'S HOSPITAL, ST, established at Windmill Hill, Moorfields, 1751 ; the 



SJ4 LULLINGTON CASTLE LUXEMBURG 

first stone laid of the new building in the City-road by tlie Duke of Montague, 
July 30, 1782 ; completed, 1785; cost ;if55,ooo; exempted from parish rates, 
1760 ; incorporated, 1838 ; reading-room added, 1843 5 organ presented by Sir 
Charles Knightley, 1848; several improvements effected, 1851. 

LULLINGTON CASTLE, Kent, built by Odo, Earl of Kent, circa 1068 ; occu- 
pied by Hugo de Poyntz, 1307, and by Sir John Peche, 1368 ; sold to John 
Polhill, 1574. 

LULLWORTH CASTLE, Dorsetshire, built by Howard, Earl of Suffolk, 1590; 
became the residence of Charles X. of France until he left this country for Ger- 
many, 1830. 

LUNACY AND LUNATICS. The king's prerogative in case of lands belonging 
to, 17 Edw. II. s. I, c. 10, 1324 ; lunatics punished for high treason, 33 Henry 
VIII. c. 20, 1541 ; persons untruly found lunatic by inquisition may traverse, 2 
& 3 Edw. VI. c. 8, s. 6, 1548 ; limiting the time for such traverse, 6 Geo. IV. c. 
53, June 22, 1825 ; the laws for the conveyance of trust and other property 
amended, 6 Geo. IV. c. 74, June 27, 1825 ; invested in trustees, 13 & 14 Vict. 
c. 60, Aug. 5, 1850; new provisions for the care and treatment of lunatics, the 
appointment of commissioners in lunacy, and the licensing of houses for the re- 
ception of patients, 8 & 9 Vict. c. 126, Aug. 8, 1845 ; first meeting of the com- 
missioners, Aug. 14, 1845 ; first i-eport, 1847 ; the proceedings under commissions 
of lunacy regulated, 16 & 17 Vict. c. 70, Aug. 15, 1853 ; explained and amend- 
ed, 18 & 19 Vict. c. 13, April, 1855 ; amended, Aug. 7, 1863 ; further amend- 
ed, 28 & 29 Vict. c. 80, June 29, 1865 ; pmipcr hmatics provided for, and asylums 
regulated, 16 & 17 Vict. c. 97, Aug. 20, 1853 ; amended, 18 & 19 Vict. c. 105, 
Aug. 14, 1855 ; 19 & 20 Vict. c. 87, July 29, 1856 ; better provision made for 
the custody and care of criminal lunatics, 23 & 24 Vict. c. 75, Aug. 6, i860; 
amended, 30 Vict. c. 12, April 12, 1867. 

LU NEVILLE, France. The French army took this town and destroyed the 
fortifications, 1638 ; the Duke of Lorraine built a palace here in the l8th century ; 
Stanislaus, King of Poland, resided here after the defeat of the Austrians at 
Hohenlinden by Moreau ; a treaty was concluded between Austria and France, 
Feb. 9, 1801, fixing the Rhine as the boundary between France and Germany. 

LURGAN, Ireland, founded by the Brownlow family, 1619, containing 42 houses, 
all inhabited by English Protestant settlers ; destroyed by fire, 1641 ; in the year 
1814 the town contained 379 houses, inhabited by 2207 persons. 

LUSATIA, Germany, founded, 931 ; annexed to Bohemia, 1370 ; ceded by Ferdi- 
nand II. to the Electorate of Saxony, 1635 ; ceded by Saxony to Prussia, 1815. 

LUTHERANS, the followers of Luther ; they are more allied to the Roman 
Catholics in doctrine than any of the reformed churches ; became a distinct body, 
1580. 

LUTTERBERG, battle. The Prussians, under Ferdinand of Brunswick, defeated 
by the French, under the Prince of Soubise, Oct. 7, 1758. 

LUTZEN, battles. The King of Sweden, Gustavus Adolphus, was killed at the battle 
of Lutzen, Nov. 6, 1632, in the moment of victory; the battle is sometimes called that 
of Lutzengen ; battle between the French and the combined Russians and 
Prussians, May 2, 1 81 3, in which both sides claimed the victory, and Gen. Duroc 
was mortally wounded ; in the battles of Bautzen and Wurtzen which followed, 
the allies were routed by Napoleon, May 20 and 21. 

LUXEMBURG AND LIENBURG, Holland. Luxemburg erected into a duchy 
by Charles IX., 1354 ; fell to Philip of Burgimdy by marriage, 1443 ; taken by 
the French, 1543 ; by the Spaniards, 1544 ; by the French, 1684 ; and given up to 
Spain, 1697 ; taken again by the French, 1701 ; ceded to the emperor, 1713 ; 



LUXEMBOURG PALACE LYCEUM THEATRE 535 

taken by the Lnperialists, Jan. 18, 1714-15 ; retaken by the French, June 7, 1795 ; 
ceded to the King of the Netherlands, 1814 ; dismembered, 1831 ; reunited to the 
Confederation, 1839 ; constitution decreed, 1815 ; amended, July 9, 1848 ; the 
Grand-Duke William III. succeeded, March 17, 1849; Railway opened, 1858; 
cession of the Duchy to France contemplated, April 2, 1867 ; a meeting at Berlin 
declared against separation from Germany, April 7 ; a conference convened by 
the King of Holland, April 29 ; first meeting held in London, May 9 ; treaty 
signed confirming this state to Holland, May 11 ; the fortifications destroyed, 
Nov. 18. 
LUXEMBOURG PALy\CE, Paris, built from the designs of M. Desbrosses, began, 
1615 ; finished by Louis Philippe, 1843 ; made the palace of the Directory, 1795, 
and of the imperial senate, 1800 and 1852. 

LUXOR, Egypt, the temple of, erected by Amunoph III. and Rameses II., B.C. 
1350 ; the two almost perfect obelisks form the entrance, one 82 feet high and 
the other 76 ; this was removed by the French, 1831, and re-erected in the Place 
de la Concorde, Paris, Oct. 25, 1836. 

LUXURIES of the olden time. There were few chimneys in capital towns ; the 
fire was laid to the wall, and the smoke issued at the roof, door, or window. The 
houses were wattled and plastered over with clay, the furnitui-e and utensils were 
of wood ; the people slept on straw pallets, with a log of wood for a pillow. 
Lord Kames says that Henry the Second of France, at the marriage of the 
Duchess of Savoy, wore the first silk stockings that were made in France. 
Queen Elizabeth, in the third year of her reign, received a present of a pair of 
black silk knit stockings, and she never wore cloth hose any more. Before the 
Conquest there was a timber bridge upon the Thames between London and South- 
wark, burnt by accident in the reign of Henry the Second. At that time (A.D. 
1 1 76), the late old London bridge was projected, though not finished until 1209. 
In the former part of the reign of Henry the Eighth, there did not grow in En"-- 
land cabbage, carrot, turnip, or other edible root ; Queen Catherine herself could 
not command a salad for dinner, until the king brought over a gardener from the 
Netherlands. About the same time the artichoke, the apricot, and damask rose, 
made their appearance. Turkeys, carps, and hops, were first known in 1524. 
The currant shrub was brought from Zante in the year 1533 ; in 1540, cherry- 
trees from Flanders were first planted in Kent. In 1563, knives were first made 
in England. Pocket watches were brought from Germany, 1577. About 1580, 
coaches were introduced, before which Queen Elizabeth rode behind her cham- 
berlain. A saw-mill was erected near London in the year 1633 ; afterwards de- 
molished, that it might not deprive the poor of employment. 

LUXURY, restricted by an English law, wherein the prelates and nobility were con- 
fined to two courses every meal, and two kinds of food in every course, except on 
great festivals; it also prohibited all who did not enjoy a free estate of ^if 100 per 
annum from wearing fos, skins, or silk ; and the use of foreign cloth was con- 
fined to the royal family alone, to all others it was prohibited, loEdw. III. s. 3, 
1336 ; excess in dress prohibited by Edward IV. and Henry VIII. An edict was 
issued by Charles VI. of France, which says, ' Let no one presume to treat with 
more than a soup and two dishes,' 1 340. 

LUZON, Philippine Islands, discovered by Legaspi, 1571, and a Spanish set- 
tlement formed ; invaded by the Chinese, 1574 ; again by the Japanese, 1581. 

LYCEUM THEATRE, London. The exhibition-room or Lyceum built, 1765 ; 
converted into a theatre, 1 790 ; enlarged by Mr Arnold, 1 809 ; the English 
Opera-house built by Mr S. Beazley, 1816 ; destroyed by fire, Feb. 16, 1830; 
rebuilt and opened to the public, July 14, 1834 ; decorated by Madame Vestris, 
1847. 



536 LYING-IN-FIOSPITALS MACARONI 

LYING-IN-HOSPITALS, first began in Ireland, at Dublin ; the first opened, 
March, 1745; the modern, 1757; the British, Endell-street, 1749; the City of 
London, 1750; Queen Charlotte's Lying-in-Hospital, 1752; the Royal Mater- 
nity, 1757 ; the Westminster, 1765 ; the General, 1765 ; the Charlotte-street 
and Westminster General, 1778; the Benevolent, Castle-court, Strand, 1780; 
the Eastern, Great Alie-street, 1782; the Maternity, Newman-street, 1787; 
the Endeavour, 1794; the Central, Great Queen-street, 1816; the Royal West 
London, Villiers-street, 1818 ; the United, Warwick-street, 1822; an act passed 
for the better regulation of, 13 Geo. III. c. 82, 1773, &c. 

LYME CASTLE, Kent, built before 791. 

LYME REGIS, Dorset, chartered by Edward I., 1279 ; the Duke of Monmouth 
landed here, 1685 ; a serious breach made by the great storm, 1825. 

LYMPHATIC VESSELS, discovered by Asellius, 1622 ; published, 1627. 

LYNCHBURG, Virginia, founded, 1786; incorporated, 1805. 

LYNCH LAW is said to have originated with a magistrate named Lynch, of 
Galway, whose inexorable sense of justice caused himself to execute the sen- 
tence of the law upon his own son, 1493. 

LYON KING OF ARMS, Scotland, first appointed in the 12th century ; was 
present at the coronation of Robert II., 1371 ; the court office and emoluments 
settled by 30 Vict. c. 17, May 3, 1867. 

LYONS, France, founded, B.C. 590, or by Plancus, called then Ludunum, B.C. 40; 
the councils at, in the 13th and 14th centuries ; silk manufactures began at, 1515 ; 
nearly destroyed by a flood, 1711 ; library of 80,000 volumes and 800 MSS.; be- 
sieged, 1793, by the Convention, and surrendered after a struggle of two months, 
Oct. 7, when dreadful massacres followed ; the Convention ordered the city to be 
demolished, Oct. 12 ; surrendered to the Austrians, March 14, and July 15, 1814 
and 1815 ; revolt among the mechanics of, and popular excesses, Nov. 21, 1831; 
great riots at, April 15, 1834; inundations at, Nov. 4, 1840; visited by the 
Emperor Louis Napoleon, 1852 ; inundated, 1856. 

LYON'S INN, London, made an inn of Chancery, temp. Henry VIII. ; Sir 
Edward Coke was appointed reader, 1578; the hall built, 1700; taken down, 
1865. 

LYTIIAM, Lancashire, a priory founded by Richard Fitz Roger, circa 1 197. 

LYTHAM LIGHTHOUSE destroyed by a gale, Jan. 22, 1863 



M 

MACADAM, JOHN, London, introduced into England his improved system of 
road-making, Maccidamize, 1815 ; he published an account of his system in A 
PTiictical Essay on the Scientific Repaij' and Presei-vation of PiMic Roads, 18 19, 
7mA. Remarks on the Present State of Road-7?iaking, 1820; appointed general sur- 
veyor of roads, 1827 ; ;^io,ooo granted to him by government. 

MACAO, China. A Portuguese settlement, 1537 ; made a free port, 1849 ; ceded 
to Portugal by the treaty of Tien-tsin, Aug. 13, 1862. 

MACARONI CLUB founded by men of fashion m London, 1772. 

MACARONI, the gallants of the 17th century, known by their eccentricities of dress, 
1770-75- Horace Walpole ascribes their origin to the wealth lately gained by 
certain persons in India : 'Lord Chatham begot the East India Company, the 



MACASSAR. MACKENZIE RIVER 537 

East India Company begot Lord Clive, Lord Clive begot the Macaronis, and the 
Macaronis begot poverty.' 
MACASSAR, Celebes, visited by the Portuguese, 1525 ; converted from the Ma- 
hommedan faith, 1606 ; conquered by the Dutch, 1669 ; declared a free port, 
1846, to be opened, Jan. i, 1847. 

MACCABEES, Books of. The first hook contains a history of the patriotic struggle, 
from the first resistance of Mattathias to the settled sovereignty and death of 
Simon, a period of 33 years, B.C. 168—135. The second book, the history of, be- 
gins some years earlier than the first book, and closes vsrith the victory of Judas 
Maccabceus over Nicanor, a period of 20 years, B.C. 180 — 161. The third book 
contains the history of events which preceded the great Maccabean straggle, be- 
ginning with B.C. 217. The fourth book contains a rhetorical narrative of the 
martyrdom of Eleazer, and of the Maccabean family. 

MACCLESFIELD, Earl of, his marriage dissolved, April, 1698, when his notori- 
ous lady married Colonel Brett, and disowned the impostor Richard Savage ; 
Earl of, fined and committed, May 6, 1725. 

MACCLESFIELD, Cheshire. This town was formerly occupied by the Romans; 
made a free borough by Prince Edward, Earl of Chester, 1260. The church of 
St Michael was founded by Queen Eleanor, 1278 ; rebuilt, 1740 ; a free grammar 
school founded by Sir John Percival, lord mayor of London, 1502 ; endowed by 
Edward VI., 1552 ; the school rebuilt, 1768 ; Christ Chuixh built, 1775 ; a sub- 
scription library established, 1770; the manufacture of silk introduced, 1787; and 
school of design, 1851. 

MACE, a symbol of authority borne before officers of state and the heads of muni- 
cipalities ; the right to carry one before the lord mayor of London was conceded 
by charter, 5th of Edward III., June 10, 1354 ; the Speaker's mace in the House 
of Commons was ordered to be taken away, and the doors locked, by Oliver 
Cromwell, April 20, 1653 ; melted and sold by order of the Commons, Aug. 9, 
1649. 

MACEDONIA, Greece, existed in the 7th century B.C., but little is known of this 
kingdom iintil the reign of King Amyntas, circa 500 ; King Alexander died, B.C. 
323 ; King Perseus lost theljattle of Cynocephalce, June 22, B.C. 168. The coin 
of Alexander I. of Macedon is the first known monarchic coin in the world, B.C. 
500, — type, a Macedonian waiTior leading a horse ; he bears two lances and wears 
a Macedonian hat. Attila conquered the country, A.D. 441-2 ; colonized by the 
Persians, 840 ; they were driven out by the Bulgarians, 978 ; retaken by Basilius 
II., lOCX) ; conquered and annexed to the Ottoman kingdom, 1430. 

MACEDONIAN WARS, the first broke out and lasted for three years, from B.C. 
208 to B.C. 205 ; the second began, B.C. 200 ; the third, B.C. 171 ; the fourth, 
B.C. 148. 

MACHIAVEL and his PRINCIPLES, as laid down in his ' Prince,' which is 
rather a satire than a recommendation, being a picture of the practices of most 
rulers but too faithfullydrawn; he was a native of Florence, and his work appeared, 
1517 ; he died, June 22, 1527. 

MACHPELAH, the Cave of, at Hebron, the burial-place of the patriarch Abraham 
and Sarah his wife, also Isaac and Rebekah, Jacob and Leah. It is considered 
by Mussulman pilgrims the fourth most sacred place in the world ; first described 
by Moawiyeh Ishmail, Prince of Aleppo, A.D. 10S9 ; visited by H.R. H. Prince of 
Wales, April 7, 1862 ; he is the first European to whom this privilege has been 
granted since 1187. 

MACKENZIE RIVER, North America, discovered and named after Alexander 
Mackenzie, 1785. 



538 MACKEREL MADELEINE 

MACKEREL pennitted, together witli milk, to be cried in the streets of London 
on Sundays, 1698. 

M'MAHONE, one of the conspirators in the Irish massacre, convicted and executed 
in London, Nov. 16, 1644. 

MACON, France. The Austrians defeated the French at, March 11, 1814 ; 
suffered from an inundation which destroyed much valuable property, Nov., 1841. 

MACON, North America, founded, circa 1818; college founded, 1839. 

MACTAN, Philippine Island. The celebrated Magellan killed by the inhabitants, 
Aug. 26, 1521. 

MADAGASCAR, Indian Ocean, discovered in 1506, and a settlement formed by 
the Portuguese, 1548 ; they were driven out by the French, who settled here, 
1642 ; a colony formed by the English at St Augustine Bay, 1644 ; several French 
colonists murdered by the natives, 1672 ; the French Governor-general, Count 
Benyowski, took command of the settlement, I775 '■> killed in an engagement. 
May 23, 1786 ; King Radama I. ascended the throne, 1810; the French settle- 
ment taken by the English, Feb. 17, 181 1 ; they were defeated. May 19-20 
in the same year, and formed a settlement at Port Loquez, 1813 ; a treaty signed 
between the English and the king abolishing the slave trade, Oct. 18, 1817 ; 
ratified, 1820 ; missionaries sent out under the auspices of the London Missionary 
Society, arrived at the capital, 1818, and taught the natives to read and write ; 
King Radama died, July 27, 1828 ; his Queen Ranavolona ascended the throne, 
June II, 1829; Tamatava assaulted by the French in Oct.; repulsed at Foule- 
point, Oct. 26 ; a treaty signed in Nov. ; the missionaries ordered to leave the 
Island, 1835 ; an embassy from, received by William IV., March i, 1837 ; they 
visited Windsor Castle, March 7 ; Tamatava attacked by an allied force of Eng- 
lish and French, and the town destroyed, June, 1845 ; the native Christians almost 
exterminated, 1849 ; the island visited by Mr Ellis, July 18, 1853 ; the merchants 
paid an indemnity to the queen, in order to reopen the trade, in Nov. ; seven 
Frenchmen killed, and upwards of lOO taken prisoners, Nov. 2, 1855 ; Mr Ellis 
visited Tamatava, July, 1856 ; the queen died, Aug. 23, 1S61 ; Radama II., her 
son, succeeded to the throne ; treaty of commerce signed with England and 
France, Sept. 12, 1862 ; the king assassinated by the natives, and his widow pro- 
claimed queen. May 12, 1863; two ambassadors from, visited England, Feb., 
1864; a commercial treaty signed with England, June 27, 1865 ; the first English 
church erected at Tamatava, x866; Captain Brown, by desire of the queen, 
visited the city, 1867. 

MAD PARLIAMENT, summoned by Henry III. at Oxford, June 11, 1258; a 
committee appointed to arrange matters in dispute between the king and the 
barons ; they recommended a meeting of parliament three times a year ; Henry 
HI. refused his assent to, Feb., 1261 ; confirmed by a council, Sept. 8, 1263; 
annulled by a council of barons, who met at Amiens, Jan. 23, 1264. 

MADEIRA ISLANDS, discovered by an Englishman (Machin), circa 1351 ; 
colonized by the Portuguese under Prince Henry, 1433 ; Funchal made a city, 
1508 ; the seat of a bishop, 1514, and of an archbishop, 1539 ; governed by Spain 
from 1580 to 1641 ; some English troops garrisoned the island, 1801 ; severely 
damaged by an inundation, Oct., 1803 ; General Beresford landed with a strong 
force to protect the island ; restored to Portugal by treaty, 1814 ; Funchal 
damaged by a severe storm, Oct., 1842 ; and again, Dec, 1855. 

MADELEINE, Paris, begun, 1764 ; stopped by the revolution of 1789 ; Napoleon 
I. ordered it to be converted into a temple of glory, 1806 ; finished by Louis 
Philippe from the design ofM. Huve, 1842. 



MADONNA OF GUADALOUPE MADRID 539 

MADONNA OF GUADALOUPE, order of, founded by Iturbide, Emperor of 
Mexico, Nov. 11, 1853. 

MADRAS, Hindustan. Permission given to the East India Company to erect a 
factory at, 1639 ; Fort St George completed, 1641 ; made a separate govern- 
ment, 1652 ; made a presidency, 1654 ; Bengal joined to, 1658 ; the first English 
church built, 1680 ; the Mayor's Court established, 1726; besieged by the French 
under M. de la Bourdonnais, Sept. 10, 1744; restored by the treaty of Aix-la- 
Chapelle, Oct. 18, 1748; evacuated by the French forces, Sept., 1749; besieged 
by the French, under General Lally, Dec. 14, 1758 ; siege raised, Feb. 16, 1759, 
the French leaving 52 cannon and their wounded ; Hyder All captured the town, 
April 4, 1776, and a treaty of peace signed ; Hyder AH again threatened the 
town, Aug. 10, 1776, and again, 1781 ; defeated by Sir Eyre Coote, July i, 1781 ; 
General Stuart arrested by the Madras government and sent to England, 1783 ; 
an act passed for appointing a governor and council for managing the affairs of, 
24 Geo. HI. c. 25, 1784; Sir Thomas Strange appointed first judge of, Dec. 
26, 1800 ; the Mihtary Male Orphan Asylum founded, 1787 ; it was here that the 
Madras system of instruction was established by Dr Bell, 1 789 ; an observatory 
erected by Michael Tapping, 1793 ; assizes to be held twice each year, 1793 ; the 
forces which afterwards overthrew Tippoo collected here, April 9, 1 799; a fire broke 
out which destroyed upwards of looo houses in, Feb., 1803 ; the Madras army, 
under General Arthur Wellesley, marched for Poonah, March, 1803 ; the town 
partially destroyed by a hurricane, Dec. 9, 1807 ; mutiny of the native troops at, 
1809 ; arrival of Lord Minto, who published a general amnesty, Sept. 29; a 
serious hurricane by which the ships at anchor were driven into the town, and 70 
sunk with part of their crews. May, 181 1 ; a college for the instruction of civilians 
established, 1812; the Pindarees threatened the town, 1817; St Andrew's Scotch 
church, designed by Major Fiottde Havilland, the first stone laid, April 6, 1818 ; 
opened, 1820, cost ;i^'20, 000 ; St Andrew's bridge, designed by the same architect, 
181 7, cost ;!^8ooo ; the lighthouse on the Esplanade completed, and the light first 
shown, Jan. I, 1841 ; college established, 1833; ice houses erected at, 1845 5 the 
railway opened to Bangalore, July 6, 1864. 

MADRAS, See of, erected by 3 & 4 Will. IV. c. 85, Aug. 28, 1833 ; the Rev. D. 
Corrie appointed first bishop, Feb. 4, 1835. 

MADRAS, GOVERNORS OF :— ' 

Macartney, Lord, 1785 Abercromby, Lieut. -Gen. John, 1813 

Davidson, Alexander, 1785 Elliot, Hugh, 1814 

Campbell, Sir A., 1786 Munro, Sir Thomas, 1820 

Hollond, John, 1789 Lushington, Stephen R., 1827 
Medows, Major-General William, 1790 Adam, Sir Frederick, 1832 
Oakely, Sir Charles, Bart., Aug. i, Elphinstone, Lord, 1837 

1792 Tweedale, Marquis of, 1842 

Hobart, Lord, 1794 Pottinger, Sir Heniy, Bart, 1848 

Harris, Lord, 1798 Thomason, James, 1853 

Clive, Lord, 1799 Harris, Lord, 1854 

Bentinck, Lord William, 1803 Trevelyan, Sir Charles E., 1859 

Petrie, William, ) o Denison, Sir W. T., i860. 

Barlow, Sir George, ) ' 

MADRID, Spain, first mentioned, area 930 ; taken by the Moors, 1069 ; retaken 
by Alonso VI., 1083 ; Enrique IV. made some additions to the old town, 146 1 ; 
the town was surrounded with forests down to 1590 ; the university of Alcala 
founded by Cardinal Ximenes, 1508 ; transferred here, 1836 ; Charles V. resided 
here, 1532 ; made the residence of the court by Philip II., 1560 ; Philip HI. en- 
deavoured to remove the court, but failed, 1601; taken possession of by Charles 



540 MADURA MAGENTA 

III., June 24, 1706 ; abandoned and retaken by Philip, Dec. 2, 1710 ; the Royal 
Academy founded, 1713 ; the Palace Real destroyed by fire, 1734; the present 
one began, 1738, and finished, 1764; the bull-ring, Plazade Toroi, built, 1749; 
Custom-house built, 1769; the gate /"««-& a'e' ^/ra/« built, 1778 ; taken by the 
French, under Prince Murat, March 28, 1808 ; a fearful conflict between the 
citizens and the French, May 2, 1808 ; Joseph P)Onaparte entered Madrid as 
king, July 20 ; he soon afterwards quitted the city, which was held by the French 
until Aug. 12, 1812 ; Madrid entered by the British army, Sept., 1812 ; pillaged 
by the P'rench, 181 3 ; evacuated by them, June 27, 1813 ; ' Ferdinand the Be- 
loved ' restored by Wellington, May 14, 1814 ; thechurchof San Ildefonso rebuilt, 
1827 ; a military revolt in, 100 killed and 1700 taken prisoners, June 22, 1866. 

MADURA, Hindustan, founded, B.C. 500. Little is known of the 'Athens of South 
India' imtil 1532; Nagama Nayak founded a new dynasty, 1552; the choultry 
or mandapam began, 1623, and finished in 22 years, at a cost of a million of 
pounds ; Captain Calliaud repulsed in attempting to take the city by storm, July 
io> 1757 j obtained possession of it, Aug. 8 ; plundered by Hyder Ali, 1769. 

MAESTRICHT, Holland, taken by the Prince of Parma after a siege of four 
months, having revolted from Spain, 1579 ; taken by the Prince of Orange, 1648 ; 
by the French, under Louis XIV., 1673 ; the Town-hall built, 1652 ; besieged by 
the Prince of Orange unsuccessfully, 1676 ; restored to the Dutch, 1678 ; be- 
sieged by the French, 1748 ; besieged by the French, Feb. 17, 1793; siege raised, 
March 3 ; taken by the Revolutionary army, Oct. 2, 1794 ; ceded to them by 
Holland, Dec. 25 ; surrendered by the treaty of Paris, May 30, 1814 ; success- 
fully resisted the Germans, Sept., 1830 ; ceded to Holland by treaty, 1831. 

MAGDALEN COLLEGE, Cambridge, founded and called Buckingham College, 
1483 ; its name changed by Baron Audley, of Walden, to St Mary Magdalen, 
1544 ; the Pepysian Library left to this college by Samuel Pepys, 1702. 

MAGDALEN COLLEGE, Oxford, founded by William Waynflete, Bishop of 
Winchester and Lord Chancellor, May 6, 1448 ; charter of tbundation sealed, 
July 18, 1458 ; the foundation-stone laid. May 5, 1474 ; the fellows expelled 
for electing Dr John Hough instead of the nominee of James II. , Anthony Farmer, 
Dec, 1687. 

MAGDALEN HALL, Oxford, founded by Bishop Waynflete, 1487 ; removed to 
Hertford College, 1820 ; Magdalen College school founded, 1456 ; rebuilt, 1851. 

MAGDALEN HOSPITAL, Goodman's Fields, for the relief of penitents, founded 
by Robert Dingley and Jonas Hanway for fallen women ; opened, Aug. 10, 1758; 
incorporated, 1769 ; removed to St George's Fields, 1772. This charity took its 
name from the nunneries called the Magdalens, on the Continent, which were in- 
habited by penitent courtesans ; one at Naples was established, 1424 ; another at 
Mentz, 1452 ; at Paris, 1492 ; an institution of the same kind at Rome, by Leo 
X., 1515. 

MAGDEBURG, Prussia. This town was taken by the Austrians, under Tilly, and 
burned to the ground, only 150 houses left standing. May 10, 1631 ; the cathe- 
dral, which was built circa 1300, was saved ; invested by the French, Oct. 19, 
1806 ; surrendered to Marshal Ney, Nov. 8 ; ceded to the French by the treaty 
of Tilsit, July 7 — 9, 1807 ; restored by the treaty of Paris, May 30, 1814. 

MAGELLAN, Strait of, discovered, 1519, by Ferdinand Magellan, a Portuguese 
navigator, who died, 1521. 

MAGENTA, battle. The Austrians defeated by the French, under Napoleon HI., 
and the Sardinians, under Victor Emmanuel, June 4, 1859 ; the former lost 15,000 
men. 



MAGENTA DYE MAHARAGPORE 541 

MAGENTA DYE, from coal tar, discovered in- the early part of i860, in France. 

MAGI, ' Wise Men ' who were guided by a star from the East to Jerusalem, where 
they suddenly appeared in the days of Herod the Great, inquiring for the new- 
born King of the Jews, St Matthew ii. I — 12, a.D. i ; according to tradition the 
three Magi are represented as three kings, named Gaspar, Melchior, and Belthazar ; 
their bodies are supposed to have been discovered in the East, and brought to 
Cologne and buried in the cathedral, 1162 ; they became a favourite London sign. 

MAGIC EANTERN, invented by Roger Bacon, circa 1261, but not generally 
known until M. Kircher brought it to the notice of the scientific, cijxa 1669-70; 
the argand lamp introduced in the use of, 1789. 

MAGNA CH ARTA, the body of laws and charter of English liberty, extorted from 
King John by the barons, and signed at Runnymede, June 15, 12 15, a charter 
continually violated in subsequent i^eigns. Several copies of this charter remain : 
perhaps the most perfect is in Lincoln cathedral ; the clause protecting the per- 
sonal liberty and property of all freemen runs thus — 'No freeman shall be taken 
or imprisoned, or be disseized of his freehold, or liberties, or free customs, or be 
outlawed, or exiled, or any otherwise destroyed ; nor will we pass upon him, nor 
send upon him, but by lawful judgment of his peers, or by the law of the land. 
We will sell to no man, we will not deny or delay to any man, justice or right. ' The 
King, while seeming to submit passively to the regulations, despatched a messenger 
to Rome to the Pope, who annulled the charter, Sept. 15, and excommunicated 
the barons ; the charter confirmed by Henry III., 1256 ; no fewer than 38 solemn 
ratifications of it are recorded by different sovereigns. 

MAGNANIME, French ship of war, taken by Admiral Hawke, Feb. 24, 1748. 

MAGNANO, battle of, between the French and Austrians, when the former were 
defeated, April 5, 1799. 

MAGNESIA, a white earth prepared from the purging mineral waters and their 
salts, and from the residuum of sea water after the salt has been crystallized ; with 
vitriolic acid it forms Epsom salts : Dr Black explained its properties fully, 1755. 

MAGNESIUM. First discovered by Sir Humphrey Davy, 1808. 

MAGNETIC POWER, known to the Chinese before iioo ; the magnet said to be 
knovi'n to Roger Bacon, 1294; the compass used by the Chinese, 1150; improved 
by Gioja of Naples, 1302 ; the dip discovered by Robert Norman of London, 
1576 ; Julius Coesar, a surgeon of Rimini, first observed the conversion of iron into 
a magnet, 1590 ; artificial magnets improved, 1751 > '^^ magnetism of the earth 
described by Hansteen, 1818 ; the gold medal of the Society of Arts awarded to 
Mr J. H. Abraham for his invention, 1821 ; rotation magnetism discovered by 
Arago, 1825 ; electro-magnets of horse-shoe form discovered by Mr Sturgeon, 
1825 ; magnetism produced by friction, and described by Professor Kaldat, 1830-1 ; 
the compass improved by Sir W. Snow Harris, 1831 ; electricity produced by the 
use of a magnet by Professor Faraday, who described the laws of diamagnetism, 
1846 ; he subsequently made several other discoveries in this science. 

MAGNIFYING GLASSES, convex, invented by Roger Bacon, 1252. 

MAGNOLIA GLAUCA brought to England from North America, 16S8 ; the 
dwarf ' pumila' came from China, 1789 ; the brown stalked, 1789 ; the purple, 
1 790; and the slender, 1804; the grandiflora from North America, 1731 ; this, 
the large magnolia, the Lmirier tulipieroi the French, is first seen in North Caro- 
lina, near the river Nuse, in the latitude of 35 deg. 31 min. ; and proceeding from 
this point is found in the maritime parts of the Southern States as far up the 
Mississippi as Natches above New Orleans. 

MAHARAGPORE, battle. General Gough defeated the Mahratta army and took 
56 pieces of artillery, Dec. 29, 1843. 



542 MAHE MAINE 

MAHE, Hindustan, occupied by the French, 1722, but was retaken by the EngHsh, 
1 761 ; restored to the French by the treaty of Paris, Feb. 10, 1763, but was again 
captured, 1793 ; again restored to the French, 1815. 

MAHOGANY, introduced into England, 1595 ; first used in cabinet work by 
Mr Wollaston of London, 1 720. 

MAHOMET, the prophet, born at Mecca, a.d. 569 ; the founder of Mahometan- 
ism ; see Koran. He was attacked by the Koreislr, and defeated them, at Beder, 
623 ; he in turn was defeated and wounded at Mount Ohud ; shortly after they be- 
sieged Medina, 625, but failed to take it ; he died, 632. 

MAIDA, battle, between the French, luider General Regnier, and the English, 
under Sir John Stuart ; the French v/ere defeated with a loss of 3000 men, July 
6, 1806. 

MAIDEN, an instrument of decapitation, used at Halifax, March 20, 1541, and 
transplanted into Scotland by the Regent Morton, who suffered by it himself, 
1581 ; the last execution took place, 1650. 

MAIDS OF HONOUR, in the establishment of Edward I. There are eight at- 
tached to the present court, each with an allowance of £,ipo a year. 

MAIDSTONE, Kent. The college of All Saints founded, 1260; rebuilt, 1390 ; sup- 
pressed, 1538 ; possessed by the Archbishop of Canterbury, whose palace was 
erected by Ufford, 1348; hospital for pilgrims erected, 1244; the town incor- 
porated by Edward VI., 1549 ; taken by the Parliamentary forces under Col. 
Fairfax, 1648; the blue-coat school established, 1711 ; George II. confirmed its 
municipal privileges, 1748; suffered from fire, 1756; the town-hall built, 1764; 
the county ball-rooms, 1819 ; the theatre, 1824 ; the church of the Holy Trinity 
consecrated, 1838 ; St Paul's church restored, and opened, 1859 ; St John's, i860. 

MAIL-COACHES, invented by Mr Palmer of Bath ; submitted his scheme for the 
use of mail-coaches to carry the mails, to Mr Pitt, 1783 ; ordered to be tried, July 
24, 1784 ; the first left London for Bath at 8 o'clock, Aug. 8 ; one from Bristol 
to London, this left Bristol at four in the afternoon, Aug. 8, 1784 ; they speedily 
ran to all parts of the kingdom ; freed from toll, 1785 '■> a direct mail-coach estab- 
lished between London and Glasgow, 1788 ; introduced in Ireland on the Cork 
and Belfast roads by Mr Anderson, 1790; iii 1836, there were 50 four-horse 
mails in England, 30 in Ireland, and 10 in Scotland ; there were also 49 two- 
horse mails ; Mr Vidler built these coaches for many years, but in 1835 the 
contract was open to competition ; on the birthday of the Sovereign the mail- 
coaches went in procession from Lombard-street to Millbank. 

MAILS. The earliest date at which any postal service is known to have existed 
is that planned by the Emperor Charlemagne, 807 ; Edward IV. established a 
regular riding post, 1481 ; Henry VIII. instituted the office of 'Master' of the 
Posts, 1530; the French posts regulated by Queen Elizabeth in council, 1558; 
special or extraordinary posts established upon the unwelcome news received 
from France, 1797. — &^ Postage a«^ Post-office. 

MAIMING and Wounding made felony, 5 Hen. IV. c. 5, 1403 ; ordered to be 
punished by death, 22 & 23 Car. II. c. i, 1670 ; altered to transportation, 
7 Will. IV. & I Vict. c. 85, s. I, July 17, 1837 ; penal servitude substituted, 24 
& 25 Vict. c. 100, s. 18, Aug. 6, 1861. 

MAINE, North America, discovered, 1497 ; first settlement formed at Phipps- 
burg, 1607 ; granted to Sir F. Gorges by charter, 1639 ; united to Massachusetts, 
1652 ; purchased from the Gorges family, 1676 ; granted to England by the treaty 
of Utrecht, 1712 ; Portland bombarded by the English, 1775 ; made a distinct 



MAINE LIQUOR LAW MALAKHOFF 543 

State, 1820 ; the boundaries with Canada settled by the Ashburton treaty, Aug. 
9, 1842 ; the State reform school opened, 1853. 

MAINE LIQUOR LAW. This law passed to arrest and imprison dmnkards, 
June 2, 1 85 1. 

MAINE ET LOIRE, France, added to the English conquest by Henry II. of Eng- 
land in the 12th century ; united to France by Louis XL, 1481. 

MAIN, Plot. The conspiracy conducted by Sir Walter Raleigh and Lord Cobham 
to place Arabella Stuart, cousin of James I., upon the throne, 1603, discovered in 
July; the principal conspirators tried for high treason, and sentenced to death, 
afterwards reprieved ; Raleigh imprisoned in the Tower; released, 1 616. 

MAISON DIEU HOSPITAL, Dover, built, 1229 ; belonged to John de Langton, 

1308 ; Edward II. lodged here, 1326. 
MAITLAND CLUB, named after Sir Richard Maitland the Scottish Antiquary; 

formed, March 31, 1828 ; first work published in 1829. 

MAJOLICA or RAFFAELLE WARE, made at Majorca in 12th century ; the city 
taken by the Italians, 11 15, who thus became acquainted with this art ; used as 
church decorations by Luca della Robbia, 1438- 1446 ; Urbino was the principal 
seat of this manufacture, 1540- 1560. 

MAJORCA, Mediterranean. These Balearic islands were subjected by the Romans, 
B.C. 123 ; taken by the Vandals, A.D. 423 ; by the Moors, 798 ; made a separate 
Moorish kingdom, 1009 ; the Moors expelled by Spain, 1232, but returned and 
were again expelled, 1349 ; a university founded, 1483 ; the peasants I'ose against 
the nobility and massacred many, 1512 ; reduced by the French under Villars, 
1707; subjugated, June, 1715. 

MALABAR, Hindustan, conquered by Hyder Ali, 1763 ; evacuated the country, 
1768 ; recovered possession, 1783, and made a settlement ; the country con- 
quered by the English under General Abercromby, 1790 ; added to the English 
possessions, 1792. 

MALACCA, West of the Malay Peninsula, founded by the Malays, 1252 ; the 
Portuguese visited the island for trading purposes, when a quarrel broke out 
and some of them were killed, 1508 ; war declared by Portugal ; tlie town stormed 
and taken by Alfonzo Albuquerque, 151 1 ; the Dutch destroyed the fleet in the 
roads, 1605 ; the town taken after a severe struggle, 1640 ; added to the British 
possessions, 1795; restored to the Dutch, March 27, 1802; retaken by the 
English soon afterwards, but restored, 1818 ; exchanged with the King of the 
Netherlands for Sumatra, March 17, 1824; gold mines discovered, 1731. 

MALAGA, Spain, taken from the Moors by Ferdinand of Spain, Aug. 18, 1487 ; 
the mole built to protect the shipping, 1588 ; the cathedral commenced by Diego 
de Siloe, architect, 1526 ; completed by Joze Bada, 1782 ; the bishop's palace 
erected, 1772 ; the custom-house built upon the site of the ancient Moorish 
fortress Alcazaba, begun 1791, but not finished till 1829 ; taken, and the city 
sacked by the French under Sebastian!, Feb. 5, 1810. 

MALAGA, naval battle. The allied Dutch and English fleet, commanded by Sir 
George Rooke, 53 vessels in all, defeated the French fleet, consisting of 58 vessels 
of war, off this town, Aug. 13, 1704. 

MALAKHOFF, Crimea, the site of a wine-shed in the occupation of a sailor of 
that name, 1832; fortified by the Russians, Dec, 1854; attacked unsuccessfully 
by the French, June 18, 1855 ; stormed and taken by the French and Sardinians, 
Sept. 8, after a brave resistance. 



544 MALAVELLY, MALT 

MALAVELLY, battle. The British, under Wellington, defeated Tippoo's army, 
55,000 strong, taking 2000 prisoners, March 27, 1799. 

MALDON, Essex. The town taken, and the palace of the Roman governor 
burned by the Britons, led by Queen Boadicea ; rebuilt by the Romans ; burned 
by the Danes, 913 ; the church of All Saints built by Ingelric, 1056 ; rebuilt by 
Charles II.; incorporated by Henry 11., 1155; confirmed by Mary, 1553; free 
grammar-school built, 1608 ; forfeited, 4 Geo. III.; the town remained 46 years 
without a charter ; restored, 1810 ; public libraiy built, i860. 

MALCOLM, SARAH, executed in Fleet-street, for murder, March 7, 1738. 

MALEGNANO, battles. The allied Gemian and Swiss army, commanded by 
Maximilian I., defeated by the French under Francis I. and the Cavalier Bayard, 
Segt. 13-14, 1515 ; Francis afterwards defeated and taken prisoner, he lost 9000 
men, Feb. 23, 1525 ; the Austrians defeated by the allied French and Sardinian 
army, June 8, 1859. 

MALESHERBES, C. W., counsel for Louis XVL, guillotined, 1794, age TZ- 

MALESTROIT, Treaty of, signed between Edward III. of England and Philip 
VI. of France, suspending hostilities in Flanders, Jan. 19, 1343. 

MALGHERA, Venice. This fort constructed by the French, 1807 ; besieged by 
the Austrians, April 30, 1849 ; taken, May 26. 

MALINES, Belgium. The Normans destroyed this town, 883 ; rebuilt, S90 ; 
ceded by France to the Bishop of Liege ; taken by the Spaniards and pillaged, 
1572 ; taken by the Prince of Orange, 1578; captured by the English, commanded 
by the Duke of Marlborough, 1706 ; taken by the French, 1746 ; restored, Oct., 
1748 ; retaken by the French, 1792 ; and its fortifications destroyed, 1804. 

MALLING NUNNERY, Kent, built by Gundulph, Bishop of Rochester, 1090. 

MALMESBURY, Wiltshire. Monastery founded by Marldulph, ciira 673 ; burnt 
by the Danes. The castle built by Henry I., 1134; taken by the Parliamentarians 
under Waller, 1643; incorporated by Charles I.; confirmed by William III., 
1696. Museum formed at, by Sir R. C. lioare, 1823. 

MALO, ST, naval battle. The Norman fleet defeated by the English, April, 1293. 

MALOES, ST, France, bombarded by the English, Sept. 19, 1693 ; again, 1695 ; 
attacked again, June 8, 1758. 

MALPAS CASTLE, Cheshire, built and fortified by Hugh de Abrincis, sui-named 
Lupus, William the Conqueror's nephew, second Earl of Chester, 1080. 

MALPLAQUET, battle, between the allies under the Duke of Marlborough and 
Prince Eugene, and the French under Marshal Villars ; the hostile armies num- 
bered on each side nearly 120,000 men ; the French were defeated, but the loss 
was great, the allies losing 20,000 men, Sept. 11, 1709. 

MALT. Malt Liquor is said to have been made in Britain in the reign of Cerains, 
B.C. 330. Strabo, quoting Pytheas, says, 'that the Britains have wheat and honey 
of which they make a beverage ; ' and Dioscorides (De Medica Materia, lib. ii. c. 
no) says, 'and that drink which is called Citrmi, prepared from barley, which 
is frequently made use of as a beverage instead of wines.' Tax first established 
by Charles I.; granted to the king by 13 & 14 Will. III. c. 5, 1701 ; confirmed 
and extended to Scotland by 12 Anne, s. i, c. 2, 1713 ; to Ireland, 17S3; riots in 
Scotland against, 1723 ; regulated by statute of 3 Geo. IV. c. 18, April 3, 1822 ; 
amended by 11 Geo. IV. and i Will IV. c. 17, May 29, 1830; and again by 
7 Will. IV. and i Vict. c. 49, July 12, 1837 ; the duty on, raised from los. 'jd. 
to 34?. 8if., 1806 ; reduced to 16^., 1816 ; bill to repeal brought into parliament, 
but not carried, 1821 ; motion to repeal by the Marquis of Chandos defeated, 
March, 1835 ; for the use of animals to be made free of duty, 27 & 28 Vict. c. 



MALTA MANCHESTER 545 

9, April 28, 1864 ; the excise upon, to be cliarged according to weight, 28 
&29 Vict. c. 66, June 29, 1865 ; a select committee appointed to inquire into the 
operation of the malt tax, May 19, 1867 ; report presented, July 25. 

MALTA, Mediterranean. In the first Punic war the Romans captured this island 
and laid it waste, B.C. 257 ; St Paul suffered shipwreck on this island. Acts xxvii. 
39 — 44, A.D. 62 ; captured by the Vandals in the 5th century ; recovered by the 
Romans, commanded by Belisarius, 533 ; taken by the Arabs, 870 ; recovered by 
Count Roger the Norman, 1090, who held the island to 1 189 ; it then passed 
to the German emperors till 1258, and to France till 1282; Charles V., king of 
Arragon, gave the island to the knights of Malta, 1525. The Turks besieged it 
with a fleet of 159 vessels and 30,000 troops : the attack began May 24, 1565 ; 
the Turks retired at the end of August, having lost 25,000 men ; the city of La 
Valetta built by them, 1566 — 1 57 1 ; the Turks made a second attempt to take 
the island, but were defeated, 1601 ; taken possession of by Bonaparte, July 12, 
1 798 ; General Vaubois with a garrison of 3000 men were left in command at 
Valetta ; the British army defeated the French, and Malta surrendered to the 
former, Sept. 5, 1800 ; restored to the knights of St John, and its independence 
guaranteed by the treaty of Amiens, March 27, 1802 ; disputes with France 
upon, 1803; ceded to Great Britain by treaty, May 30, 1814; the first dock 
commenced, 1844; the second built, 1854; and a new dock commenced, 1865 ; 
the practice of presenting arms at the passing of the host in procession, discon- 
tinued, March 28, 1859. 

MALVERN, Worcestershire. The priory founded by Henry I., 1083 ; Powyke 
church built, 13 14; the chase granted to Richard Heath, May, 1630; dis- 
afforested, May 12, 1631. Celebrated for its waters; the Holy Well discovered, 
1610. 

MAMELON, Crimea. This fortification constructed by the Russians in the face 
of the allies, Feb. 23, 1855 ; stormed by the French unsuccessfully at midnight of 
the 23rd ; captured by the French, June 8, 1855. 

MAMELUKES, or Mamlouks, Circassian and Turkish slaves, established by 
Malek Salah as his body-guard, 1230 ; they deposed and massacred Turan Shah, 
May I, 1250, and afterwards selected one of their number to rule the country; 
Ezz-ed-din Moaz Ibegh, 1254, was the first sovereign ; they became subject to 
the Turks, 15 17, when they were taken into Turkish pay and recruited from all 
lands, with other men-at-arms ; on the French invasion of Egypt they retreated 
into Nubia, most of the cavalry being destroyed at the battle of the Pyramids, 
July, 1798 ; they were routed by Bonaparte, and kept afterwards in the desert 
until the French evacuated Egypt ; they then returned, endeavouring to reinstate 
themselves in the government, but were treacherously decoyed into the castle at 
Cairo, by Mehemet Ali, on the specious pretext of an entertainment, and put to 
death in cold blood, March i, 181 1 ; a numerous body of, who had followed 
Napoleon from Egypt, murdered at Marseilles, June 25 and 26, 1815. 

MAN, Isle of. See Isle of Man. 

MANASSAS, battles. The Federal army defeated by the Confederates at Bull's 
Run, Tennessee ; the defeat became a route and they abandoned most of their 
arms, July 21, 1861 ; again defeated, Aug. 28, 29, 1862. 

MANCHESTER, Lancashire, mentioned early in history as Manmniicni, and said 
to have been occupied by Agricola, A. D. 79 ; taken by the Saxons, 488 ; subdued 
by Ella, 620; St Mary's church built, 627; occupied by the Danes, 870 ; 
Edward the Elder rebuilt the town and erected a castle, 920 ; erected into a 
manor, 1070; annual fair granted by Henry III., 1215 ; Salford made a free 
borough, 1215 ; land at, let for 3^-. 6d. per acre, 1290 ; made a free borough, 
1301 ; Flanders manufactures introduced at, by Edward III., 1330, and the first 

35 



546 MANCHESTER 

fulling-mill erected ; visited by the plague, 1352 ; the college of the Blessed 
Virgin established, and rectory appointed, May 12, 1422 ; sweating sickness at, 
1490 ; grammar-school founded by Hugh Oldham, Bishop of Exeter, 15 15 ; col- 
lege of the Virgin restored by Queen Mary, 1555 > made a place of sanctuary, 
1540; college dissolved by parliament, 1546; Manchester cottons, rugs, and 
friezes mentioned for the first time, 1552 ; John Bradford martyred at, 1555 ; 
Ellys, calling himself a prophet, appeared, 1562 ; the clergy of the Reformed 
Church beaten by the people, and one stabbed, 1674; college charter renewed 
under Queen Elizabeth, as Christ's College, 1575 ; the manor of Manchester sold 
to one John Lacey for ;[f3000. May 15, 1579 » Sir J. Smithwick imprisoned for 
being a Roman Catholic, and Campion, accused of being a Jesuit, executed, 
1581 ; manor sold to Sir N. Mosley for £2S'^°j March 23, 1596; charier of 
Manchester enrolled, Sept. 16, 1623; Trinity Chapel founded, 1634; Charles I. 
granted a new charter to the college, Sept. 30, 1635 ; Edward Barber, of Man- 
chester, executed at Lancaster for being a Romish priest, April 10, 1641 ; 
Charles I. issued his commission of array, 1642 ; Lord Strange besieged the town 
for the king, July 4, and was repulsed ; again besieged, Sept. 25, by Strange 
and Derby, who were repulsed; made the head-quarters of General Fair- 
fax, 1643 ; visited with pestilence, 1644 ; George Fox the Quaker began his 
ministry at, 1647 ; Chetham's hospital and library founded, 165 1 ; Charles II. as 
King of the Scots passed through the town, 165 1; dismantled of its fortifications, 
1652 ; the first representative of the town returned to parliament, 1654 ; Chet- 
ham hospital founded by Sir Humphrey Chetham, 1668 ; a special assize 
to try the adherents of James IL in the Lancaster plot, 1694 ; Syddall the 
barber renewed the rebellion, 1715 ; Henry with his adherents, Sept. 11, 1716; 
the post to London with letters there three times a week, eight days being re- 
quired for an interchange, 1 721 ; the Old Exchange built, 1729 ; John Wyatt, of 
Birmingham, commenced spinning with rollers, 1733 ; the first newspaper 
published at, 1737; Wyatt's machine improved, 1 741 ; the Pretender entered 
Manchester, Nov. 28 and 29, 1745 ; Deacon and Syddall executed for high 
treason, and their heads stuck on the Exchange, 1746; the Royal Infirmary 
built, 1752 ; Queen's Theatre first built, 1753 ; the Infirmary established, 1752 ; 
buildings erected, 1755; cotton goods first exported, 1 760; Manchester navi- 
gation opened, 1761 ; Lunatic Asylum founded, 1765 ; Agricultural Society in- 
stituted, 1767 ; Christian, king of Denmark, visited Manchester, 1768; Cromp- 
ton invented the mule jenny, 1779; gave it to the public, Nov. 20, 1780; the 
Queen's Theatre rebuilt, 1775; subscription concerts established, 1777; the 
manufacture of muslin first attempted, 1780; the Literary and Philosophical So- 
ciety established, 1781; New Bailey Bridge completed, 1785; Sir Richard Ark- 
wright's patent annulled by the King's Bench, his invention thrown open, 1785 ; 
Cartwright'-s power-loom patented, 1787 ; Queen's Theatre burnt down, 1789, 
and re-erected, 1790 ; New Bailey built, 1790 ; Assembly-rooms, Mosley-street, 
built, 1792 ; Sir Robert Peel and Yates subscribed ;i{^io,ooo for the defence 
of the country, 1798; Philological Society instituted, 1803; the Archdukes 
John and Lewis of Austria visit Manchester, 1805 ; fever hospital erected, 1805 ; 
Theatre Royal erected, 1806 ; Exchange and commercial buildings erected, and 
opened, Jan., 1809 ; the Manchester and Salford water-works established since 
1809 ; the Grand-Duke Nicholas, since Emperor of Russia, visited the town, 
1817 ; Lock Hospital established, 1819. At the Manchester reform meeting 
several troops of the Cheshire Yeomanry and the Manchester Volunteer Light- 
Horse were let loose upon a crowd of 60,000 persons ; eleven of them were killed 
and 400 wounded : this is known as the ' Manchester Massacre,' or Pete7'loo, Aug. 
16, 1819. New Brunswick bridge built, 1820; Chamber of Commerce established, 
1820; Law Library founded, 1820; Natural History Society projected, 1821 ; New 
Quay company founded, 1822 ; the church of Prestwich built from the designs of 



MANCHESTER MANCHESTER HOUSE 547 

Charles Barry ; first stone laid by Lord Wilton, Aug. 3, 1822 ; Campfield church 
built from the design of Charles Barry ; first stone laid by the Bishop of Chester, 
Aug. 12, 1822 ; deaf and dumb school instituted, 1823 ; Royal Institution form- 
ed, 1823 ; the Floral and Horticultural Society established, 1823 ; Mechanics' 
Institution founded, 1824 ; distress of the operatives, 1826 ; musical festival first 
held, 1828 ; at the launch of a vessel, which heeled and upset, upwards of 200 
persons then on deck were precipitated into the river, 51 perished, Feb. 29, 1828; 
a factory was burnt, and an immense quantity of machinery destroyed in a riot, 
May 3, 1829 ; new concert-room established, 1829 ; great fire at, Oct. 12, 1829 ; 
glee club instituted, 1830; Messrs Sharp and Co. 's self-acting mule invented, 1830; 
the races established, 1830 ; Manchester and Liverpool railway opened, Sept. 15, 
1830 ; Manchester constituted the second time a parliamentaiy borough, June 7, 
1832 ; Choral Society established, 1833 ; the Statistical Society, the first formed 
in England, Sept. 2, 1833 ; act for the Manchester and Leeds railway passed, 
1836 ; Geological Society instituted, 1838 ; the Anti-Corn Law League formed, 
Sept. 18, 1838 ; charter of incorporation, Oct. 23, 1838 ; great reform meeting 
held at Kensal Moor, July, 1839 ; Manchester Police Act, Aug. 26, 1839 ; great 
disorders in the midland counties among the artisan classes extend to this town, 
Aug., 1842 ; Free-Trade Hall built, and opened, Jan., 1843 > great free-trade meet- 
ings held here, Nov. 14, 1843 ; the Royal Theatre burnt down. May 7, 1844 ; 
great meeting held at the Athenaeum, Oct. 3, 1844; the Royal Theatre rebuilt, 
and opened, Sept. 29, 1849 ; great anti-corn law meeting, at which ^61,984 were 
subscribed in four hours, Dec. 23, 1845 > the Queen's Park, Peel Park, and 
Philips' Park opened, Aug. 22, 1846; bank failures at, 1847. Manchester made 
a free city, Sept. i, 1847 j Chartists' riots at, April, 1848 ; a meeting held in the 
Free-Trade Hall to welcome L. Kossuth, Nov. 11, 185 1 ; a free libraiy opened, 
Sept. 2, 1852 ; Peace Society meeting at, Feb., 1853 ; a charter granted con- 
stituting the town a city, April I, 1853 ; the New Free-Trade Hall built from 
the designs of Edward Wallers, and opened, Oct. 8, 1856 ; opening of the Art 
Treasures Exhibition by Prince Albert, May 5, 1857 ; visited by the Queen, June 
30, 1857 ; the church of St John's erected upon a site given by the Earl of Derby, 
and consecrated, Feb. 18, 1866 ; robbery of ;^7000 worth of postage stamps 
from the post office in Cross-street, May 27, 1866 ; the commissioners for in- 
quiring into trades' outrages held their first meeting, Sept. 4, 1867. A daring 
attack made upon the police van by 40 armed Fenians ; the two leaders, Kelly 
- and Deasy, rescued ; constable Charles Brett shot, Sept. 18 ; several persons 
taken for the murder of, and examined before the magistrates ; 23 committed for 
trial, Oct. 25 ; a special commission opened for the trial of, Oct. 29 ; W. O'Meara 
Allen, M. Larkin, W. Gould, T. Maguire, and E. Shore tried for the murder, 
found guilty, and sentenced to be executed, Nov. i ; six of the accused persons 
acquitted, Nov. 6, and three convicted on the 8th ; Allen, Larkin, and Gould 
executed, Nov. 23 ; demonstration in honour of these men held, Dec. i. 

MANCHESTER, the See of, made a bishopric by 10 & 11 Vict. c. 108, July 23, 
1847 ; Dr Lee first bishop, Jan. 11, 1848. 

MANCHESTER, North America. This town founded, chra 1838 ; first charter 
granted, 1846. 

MANCHESTER COLLEGE. Thomas de la Warre built and endowed a colle- 
giate church and college, 1419 ; the college regulated by the 3 & 4 Vict. c. 113, 
Aug. II, 1840 ; the parish divided and the revenues of the cathedral fixed by the 
13 & 14 Vict. c. 41, July 22, 1850. 

MANCHESTER HOUSE, Manchester Square, built for the Duke of Manchester, 
begun, 1776; completed, 1788; it has since been the residence of the Spanish and 
French embassies. 



548 MANCHESTER SOCIETIES MANSOURAH 

MANCHESTER, LITERARY SOCIETIES established at:— Literary and Philo- 
sophical, 1781 ; Geological, 1838; and the Natural History Society, 1821 ; Chet- 
ham Society instituted in, March, 1843. 

MANFREDONIA, Naples. ^The modern town founded by King Manfredi, 1266. 

MANGALORE, Hindustan. The Portuguese burnt the town and desolated the 
country by fire and sword, I547 ; rebuilt, 1555 ; occupied by them, 1567 ; taken 
by the Rajah of Bednore, circa 1655 ; captured by Plyder Ali, 1763 ; taken by 
the British, 1768 ; retaken by Ali the same year ; besieged and captured by the 
British army, Feb., 1783; invested by Tippoo Saib, May 23, with 60,000 horse 
and 30,000 infantiy ; repulsed in an assault, July 4 ; capitulated, Jan. 23, 1784 ; 
restored the same year, and the fortifications destroyed ; occupied by the Eng- 
lish, 1799. 

MANICHEANS, a Persian sect, which held that there were two deities, one good 
and the other evil ; this religious imposture arose under the leadership of Manes, 
and spread over the principal countries of the East ; subsequent persecution in- 
creased his followers ; the immediate cause of his execution was, his pretending 
to cure one of the royal family by prayers and laying on of hands, dismissing the 
physicians, when the patient died imder his exorcisms ; this sect branched from 
that of the Gnostics, The prophet was executed by Sapor, king of Persia, a.d. 
277. 

MANILLA, Philippine Islands. First settlement made by the Spaniards, 15 71 ; 
subject to earthquakes, one of which levelled a moimtain, 1617 ; in 1635, a large 
part of the city of Manilla was levelled by one, and 3000 persons perished; and 
others doing much damage, 1645, 1762, 1824, and 1852; taken by the English, 
1757 5 again by storm, Oct. 6, 1761, when it was ransomed for ^1,000,000, but 
the larger portion of the money was not paid, 1764 ; dreadful fire at, Oct., 1799. 
Free trade allowed to the English, 1809 ; to all foreigners, 1814 ; almost entirely 
destroyed by an earthquake, which lasted from Sept. 16 to Dec. 16, 1852. 

MANILLA, British frigate, wrecked on the Dutch coast, Jan. 30, 1812. 

MANNHEIM, Baden. Frederick IV. raised this village into a city and fortified 
it, 1606 ; taken by the French, 1688 ; restored and made the reigning seat of the 
Elector, Karl Philip, 1720 ; the court removed to Munich, 1777 ; bombarded by 
the French, 1794; the Austrians destroyed half the town ; surrendered to Gen. 
Pichegru, Sept. 20, 1795; taken by Bernadotte with an army of 10,000, March, 
1799 ; granted to Baden by the treaty of Luneville, Feb. 9, 1801. 

MANORBEER CASTLE, Pembrokeshire, built, 1088. 

MANSION HOUSE, London, projected, June, 1735 ; designedby George Dance, 
1736 ; begun, March 4, 1737 ; first stone laid by Micajah Perry, Oct. 25, 1739, 
on the site of Stock's Market ; completed, 1752 ; Sir Crisp Gascoigne was the 
first lord mayor who resided in it, 1753 ; cost ^42,638 iSj. 8^.; ordered that 
;^4000 be laid out in furniture for it, July 21, 1752 ; finished, 1755 ; fines of per- 
sons refusing to serve the office of sheriff devoted to the erection of; the interior 
entirely redecorated, 1868. 

MANS, LE, France, formerly a Roman town {Suindinum). Hen. II. of England 
born here, 1133 ; the Cathedral of St Julien founded in the lith century; Beren- 
garia, the consort of Richard I., buried in the 1 2th century ; the Vendean army at- 
tacked by the Republican forces under Marceau ; the Royalists were defeated, and 
upwards of 10,000 soldiers and citizens were destroyed by the victors, Dec. 12 and 
13, 1793- 

MANSOURAH, battle. The Crusaders, commanded by the Count of Artois and the 
Earl of Salisbury, with the Knights Templars, defeated the Saracens, but upon 



MANTES MARCHES 549 

entering the town the latter rallied and killed the two leaders, with 500 knights 
and 200 Templars, Feb. 8, 1250. 

MANTES, ISLE OF, France. The town destroyed by the soldiers of William I., 
10S7 ; the king riding to view the scene, his horse trod upon some hot ashes, 
started aside and threw the king violently upon the pommel of his saddle, and 
being in a bad habit of body as well as in advancing years, the injmies proved his 
death ; he died at the monastery of St Gervas, Sept. 9, and was bm-ied in the 
church of St Stephen at Caen. 

M ANTFIELD, Sussex. Several bars of gold connected by links, supposed to be or- 
naments worn by Celtic kings, found here in a field by a labourer, Jan. 12, 1863. 

MANTINEA, battles. The Argives defeated by the Lacedasmonians imder Agis 
with a loss of 1 100 men, June, B.C. 41S ; the Mantineans and Lacedaemonians 
defeated by Epaminondas, the latter general being slain, B. C. 362 ; the IsacedEcmon- 
ians again defeated by the Greeks under Philopoemen, and 4000 slain, B.C. 207. 

MANTUA, Italy, an older city than Rome, governed in tui-n by Roman, Goth, and 
Frank. Palazzo Imperiale built, 1302 ; it was in possession of the Gonzagas from 
132S to the death of Vincenzio II., 1627 ; claimed by Austria and France as a 
fief; the Austrians, besieged the town, April 8, 1630 ; taken by storm, July 18, and 
plundered of 8,000,000 ducats ; united to Austria, 1707; Academia delle Belle 
Arti, founded, 1775; besieged by Napoleon, June 14, 1796; taken, P'eb. 2, 
1797 ; retaken by the Austrians after four days' bombardment, July 30, 1799, and 
joined to the Cisalpine republic ; restored to the Austrians, 1814 ; blockade of, 
by the Sardinians, July 14, 1848 ; the garrison relieved, July 26. 
MANX SOCIETY, established at Douglas, Isle of Man, for the publication of na- 
tional documents of the island, 1858. 
Mx\PS AND CHARTS first brought to England by Bartholomew Columbus, 14S9; 
]\Iercator's charts projected, 1556 ; one of the moon's surface first drawn at Dant- 
zig, 1647; maps were invented lay Anaximander, 600 B.C.; George Lilly com- 
pleted one of England, 1520 ; and Aggas one of London, 1560. 
MAR, Earl of, retired from court, 1715 ; proclaimed the Pretender, Sept. 6 ; his 
forces increased to 5000 ; entered Perth, Sept. 28; the Duke of Argyll sent with 
a force against him ; the i-ebels were joined by a force under M'Intosh, and ar- 
rived at Kelso, Oct. 22; defeated at Preston, Nov. 13, and at Sheiiffmuir, Oct. 22; 
attainted with Murray, 1715 ; seized at Geneva, 1719 ; released, June 2, 1720. 
MARAT assassinated by Charlotte Corday, July 13, 1793. 

MARATHON, battle. Miltiades, with an army of 10,000 Athenians, totally de- 
feated the Persian forces of 600,000 men commanded by Datis and Artaphernes, 
B.C. Sept. 28, 490. 

MARBLE, art of staining, discovered about 1684 ; green, resembling verde antique, 

'^ found in Ireland, in the western part, 1823. 

MARBLE ARCH erected by George IV., at a cost of ^So,ooo, at Buckingham 

Palace, 1829-31 ; removed to Cumberland Gate, Hyde Park, March 29, 1851. 
MARBURG, Hesse Cassel. In the early part of the 13th century this place was 

raised from a village to a town ; it was wholly destroyed by fire, 1261 and 1319 ; 

the church of St Elizabeth begun, 1235 ; completed, 1283 ; the university, the first 

founded m Germany after the Reformation, 1527 ; the castle was the scene of a 

conference between Luther, Melancthon, and Zwingle upon the question of tran- 

substantiation, 1529 ; garrisoned by the French, 1759. 
MARCH M'as the first month in the year ; the legal year began on the 25th until 1 752, 

when it was made the third month. 
MARCHES in Wales and Scotland, the country lying on the borders. Lawless 



550 MARCIONITES MARIGNANO 

ravages committed on the frontiers in the 14th century : the lords of the marches 
were^noblemen who Hved on the borders, and were continually involved in petty 
feuds ; the banditti at their heels were called moss-troopers in Scotland ; the lords 
of, made attendant upon the crown, 28 Edw. III. c. 2, 1354; their government 
restricted 26 Hen. VIII. c. 6, s. 2, 1534 ; the lordship marches divided into 
counties, '27 Hen. VIII. c. 26, s. 3, 1535 5 28 Hen. VIII. c. 3, 1536; 33 Hen. 
VIII. c. 13, 1541 ; an act passed to prevent theft and rapine of the moss-troopers 
upon the northern borders, 13 & 14 Charles 11. c. 22, 1662. 
MARCIONITES, followers of one Marcion, who founded the sect ; they differed 

little from the Manichees, but preceded them, A.D. 140. 
MARENGO, battle. The Austrians under Melas were defeated by Bonaparte after 
carrying his army over the summit of the Alps ; in the early part of the day the 
advantages were with the Imperialists, but the arrival of Desaix with a fresh corps 
turned the tide of fortune ; the Austrians lost 7000 killed, 12,000 prisoners, and 
45 pieces of cannon ; the killed on the victors' side were fully equal to the Aus- 
trian loss ; Gen. Desaix was killed while leading on his forces, June 14, 1800. 
MARGAN ABBEY, Glamorganshire, founded by Robert Earl of Ferrars, 1148. 
MARGARET, Countess of Salisbury, daughter of the Duke of Clarence, brother of 

Edward IV., beheaded, May 27, 1541, aged 70, by Henry VIII. 
MARGARITONE, of Arezzo, invented the art of gilding with leaf gold and bole 

ammoniac; he died, 1275. 
MARGATE, Kent. In the reign of Henry VII., this now flourishing town was 
but a small village. A pier built in the reign of Hemy VIII. ; bathing machines 
invented by Benjamin Beale, and used for the first time, 1 790 ; part of the pier 
carried away by a storm, Jan. 14, 1808 ; the wooden pier substituted by one in 
Whitby stone, erected from the design of John Rennie, 1815 ; Cecil Square built, 
1769; theatre erected, 1787; the first stone of the sea-bathing infirmary laid, 
1792; Trinity Church erected, 1825; the town incorporated, 1857. 
MARGUS, battles. Diocletian defeated by Carinus in the Plains of, 285 ; the 

Roman army defeated by the Goths and Huns, 505. 
MARHAM NUNNERY, Norfolk, founded by Isabella, widow of Hugh de Albini, 

Earl of Arundel, 1249. 
MARIA ISLAND, Van Diemen's Land, discovered by Tasman, 1642. 
MARIA LOUISA, an order for ladies instituted by Charles IV., king of Spain, 

March 19, 1792. 
MARIAN PERSECUTIONS against heretics commenced, 1555, by the seizure of 
a congregation of 30 persons in the city of London using the service book of King 
Edward VI., and terminated with the death of Queen Mary, Nov. 17, 1558; 
hundreds of persons were executed and burnt. 
MARIA THERESA, order for ladies, instituted in Spain, 1792. 
MARIA THERESA, order of knighthood, instituted in Austria by the Empress, 

June, 1757 ; increased to by the Emperor Joseph II., 1765. 
MARIENBURG, Prussia, founded by the Teutonic knights in the 13th century ; 
the casde built by them, circa 1270 ; additions made to it, 1309 ; the seat of the 
order fixed here, 1310 ; the Poles attacked the castle unsuccessfully, 1410 and 
1420 ; surrendered to them, 1457 ; partially restored, 181 5. 
MARIETTA, North America. A settlement made by English colonists under 

General Putnam, 1788; college founded, 1835, 
MARIGNANO, battle, between the Swiss and French, near, Sept. 13, 1515 ; the 
Swiss were defeated. 



MARINE HOSPITAL MARQUESAS 551 

MARINE HOSPITAL, at Brest, burnt with 50 galley slaves, and a great number 

of sick, Dec. i, 1776. 
MARINE SOCIETY of London, established by Mr F. Walker, 1756 ; W. Hickes 

left it ;^300 per annum, 1763 ; from 1763 to May, 1769, the operations of the 

society were suspended ; incorporated by act, 13 Geo. III. c. 67, 1772; the house 

in Bishopsgate begun, April 30, 1773. 
MARINE SOLDIERY, serving either afloat or on shore ; a corps with this name 

established, 1684 ; the council settled a code of laws for their governance, July i, 

1703; the number of the force increased, 1749 and 1755; greatly extended, 

1760; reduced, 1770; increased to 150 companies, 1782; in 1815, it reached to 

35,668 officers and men ; regulated while on shore by 30 & 31 Vict. c. 14, April 

2, 1867. 
MARISCHAL COLLEGE, Aberdeen, founded by George Earl Marischal, 1593 ; 

a new building erected at a cost of ;^22,ooo. 
MARK, ST, order of, founded at Venice, 737 ; the honour was conferred by the 

Doge; revived, 1562. 
MARK, ST, the Evangelist, wrote his Gospel in Greek, A. D. 26 ; his festival first 

celebrated, 1090. 
MARK'S, ST, palace at Venice, built, 450 ; the church at, 826. 
MARK, a gold coin current in England, 878, value 13^'. 4d.; silver marks were 

established as worth Ss. 6d., 1194; in Scotland, James VI. coined silver pieces 

called marks and half-marks. 
MARLBOROUGH, Wiltshire. A Roman station {Cjuietio) was founded by 

Antoninus ; castle built, 1093 ; statutes of Malbridge settled by a parliament held 

at the castle of that town, 51 Henry III. 1267 ; grammar-school founded, 155 1 ; 

first charter granted to the town, 1205 ; held by the Parliamentarians, 1641 ; 

they were defeated by the Royalists, Dec, 1642 ; the county gaol erected, 1787; 

the college founded, 1843. 

MARLBOROUGH HOUSE, London, erected by Sir Christopher Wren for John 
Churchill, Duke of Marlborough, 1709-10 ; the ground granted by Queen Anne, 
June 10, 1 709 ; purchased by the crown for the Princess Charlotte and Prince 
Leopold, 1817; settled upon the Prince of Wales, 1850; the Duke of Wellington's 
car designed here, 1852 ; exhibited, 1853 ; the Vernon Gallery removed to, 
1855 ; the Prince of Wales took possession of, 1863 ; fire at, but little damage 
done, the Prince of Wales assisted in putting it out, July 4, 1865. 

MARMANDE, France, besieged by Louis VIII. and Amaury de Montfort, and 
most of the inhabitants massacred, 1219 ; it again suffered from the forces under 
Henry IV. of France, 1577. 

MARONITES, a religious sect inhabiting Mount Libanus, who adopted the 
Monothelitic doctrine, 680, and from their first bishop, Maiv, called Maronites . 
They defended themselves both from the Saracens and the Greeks for years, but 
at last sought refuge in the Roman Church, 1183 ; the monks are of the order of 
St Anthony. 

MAR-PRELATE TRACTS, in which Henry Penry abused the hierarchy, published 
in 1586 ; disclaimed by Cartwright and other Puritans of note, 1587. 

MARQUE, Letters of, papers granting authority to the subjects of a government 
to capture and destroy the vessels of any state with which it may be at war ; the 
privateer's licence first issued, 1295 ; the law of, in certain cases to be used, 27 
Edward HI. s. 2, c. 17, 1353 ; letters to be granted, 4 Henry V. c. 7, 1416; 
goods taken on board enemies' ships to be lawful prizes, 14 Henry VI. c. 7, 1435. 

MARQUESAS, South Pacific Ocean. These islands were first visited by Mendana, 



552 MARQUIS MARSEILLES 

1596 ; Captain Cook discovered Hood's Island, 1776 ; the others discovered by 
the Americans, 1797' 

MARQUIS, the title of, first given to Robert de Vera, Earl of Oxford, as Mar- 
quis of Dublin, by 8 Richard II., 1385 ; Marquises of Hamilton and Huntley 
first created in Scotland, 1599. 

MARRIAGES in Lent were forbidden, 354 ; first forbidden to priests, 1015 ; a 
vow of celibacy extorted from, 1073 ; first celebrated in churches, 1226 ; first 
made a religious ceremony by the Council of Trent ; forbidden to bishops, 692, 
within the Levitical degrees; prohibited, 25 Henry VIII. c. 22, 1533 ; not con- 
trary to God's word, confirmed, 28 Henry VIII. c. 16, 1536; 32 Henry VIIL c. 
38, 1540 ; marriage of priests lawful, 2 & 3 Edward VI. c. 21, 1548 ; those con- 
tracted during the civil war confirmed, 12 Charles II. c. 33, 1660; penalties on 
clandestine marriages, 7 & 8 Will. HI. c. 35, 1696 ; clandestine marriages made 
void, 26 Geo. II. c. 33, 1753 ; the royal family restrained by act of parliament, 
under George III., because he disapproved of his brother's consort, 12 Geo. HI. 
c. II, 1772 ; regulated by canon law before 1753 ; still so governed in Scotland. 
All marriages void, except those of Quakers and Jews, afteri753, by the act of that 
year, vmless celebrated in an Episcopal church ; an act passed for amending the 
laws of, in England, 4 Geo. IV. c. 76, July 18, 1823 ; Roman Catholic marriages 
in Ireland and Scotland made valid, 4 & 5 Will. IV. c. 27, July 25, 1834 ; new 
marriage act, 6 & 7 Will. IV. c. 85, directing all the rules prescribed by the Rubric 
to be duly observed by all clergymen, and permission given to Jews and Quakers 
to contract marriage according to their own usage, the act to come in force after 
March i, 1837, Aug. 17, 1836 ; Marriage Registration Act, 7 Will. IV., and I 
Vict. c. 22, June 30, 1837 ; amendment of, 3 & 4 Vict. c. 72, Aug. 7, 1840. 
Marriages may now be celebrated in ail Dissenting places of worship that are 
licensed for the purpose, as well as in the parish church, or they may be con- 
cluded with the same legality before the registrar of the district, without any 
religious form at all ; marriages were solemnized before a justice of the peace, under 
an act of parliament in 1653 ; an act removing doubts as to Quakers and Jews 
married before certain periods, 10 & li Vict. c. 58, July 2, 1847 ; the Marriage 
and Registration Act amended, 19 & 20 Vict. c. 119, July 29, 1856 ; the law of 
marriage in India amended, 14 & 15 Vict c. 40, July 24, 1857 ; an act passed to 
amend the laws relating to divorce and matrimony in England, 20 & 2 1 Vict. c. 
85, Aug. 28, 1857 ; amended, 21 & 22 Vict. c. 108, Aug. 2, 1858; also by the 
23 & 24 Vict. c. 144, Aug. 28, i860 ; the law regulated in Ireland by 7 & 8 
Vict. c. 81, Aug. 9, 1844; amended, 26 & 27 Vict. c. 27, June 8, 1863 ; an act 
passed to provide for the registration of, 26 & 27 Vict. c. 90, July 28, 1863 ; a 
bill introduced to legalize marriage with a deceased wife's sister, March 6, 1866 ; 
withdrawn. May 2. 

MARRICK NUNNERY, Yorkshire, founded by Roger de Aske, circa 1154. 

MAR'S INSURRECTION. See Mar, Earl of. 

MARSEILLAISE, revolutionary hymn said to have been composed by M. 
Roquet de Lille, a French officer quartered at Strasburg, Feb., 1792 ; received 
its name in July, 1 792, from being played by the band of a body of troops from this 
town whilst entering the capital.— iV(72'c'j- and Quejies. 

MARSEILLES, France. This ancient Roman town after the decline of that power 
was possessed by the Goths ; taken and sacked by the Saracens, 720; became a re- 
public, 1214 ; obliged to recognize the authority of the counts of Provence, 1243; 
bequeathed to Louis XL by Charles du Maine, 1482 ; besieged by the Im- 
perialists, under the Constable de Bourbon, 1524 ; made an arsenal and dock- 
yard by Louis XIII. ; rebellion in, against Louis XIV., 1660; the Hotel Dieu 
founded, 1188 ; the church of St Victor erected by Pope Urban V., 1350 ; the 



MARSHAL MARTIN, ST 553 

castle of St Jean, the prison of Philippe Egalite, built, 1460 ; the Exchange 
erected, 1858-60 ; the docks considerably enlarged by the Emperor Napoleon 
III. ; visited by a plague, 1720, which carried off 50,000 people ; partially de- 
stroyed by fire, July 5, 1862. 
MARSHAL, a military rink : in England, first conferred upon John Duke of 
Argyll, and the Earl of Orkney, 1736 ; first instituted in P" ranee, 1436; abolished, 
1791 ; revived by Napoleon. There were 21 Marshals of France iinder the 
empire : — 

Augereau, Duke de Castiglione Massena, Prince d'Essling, and Duke 

Bernadotte, Prince of Ponte Corvo de Rivoli 

Berthier, Prince de Neufchatel M 'Donald, Duke de Toronto 

Bessieres, Duke d'lstria Moncey, Duke de Conegliano 

Davoust, Prince of Eckmuhl, Duke Mortier, Duke de Treviso 

d'Auerstadt Murat, King of Naples 

Jourdan, a French peer Ney, Prince of Moskwa, and Duke 

Junot, Duke d'Abrantes d'Elchingen 

Kellei-man, Duke of Valmy Oudinot, Duke de Reggio 

Lannes, Duke de Montebello Soult, Duke of Dalmada 

Lefebvre, Duke de Dantzick Suchet, Duke d'Albufera 

Marmont, Duke de Ragusa Victor, Duke de Belluno 

MARSHAL'S COURT. The jurisdiction of, regulated by 28 Edward T. c. 3, 
1300 ; confirmed by 5 Edward IIL c. 2, 1331 ; powers defined by 3 Henry 
VH. c. 14, 1487. 

MARSHALSEA AND PALACE COURT. Anciently its jurisdiction was con- 
fined to the royal household, and the Earl Marshal presided ; it subsequently be- 
came a minor court of record for actions for debt ; it held its sittings in South- 
wark until 1801 ; abolished by 12 & 13 Vict. c. loi, s. 14, Aug. i, 1849 ; held 
its last sitting at Westminster, Dec. 28, 1849. 

MARSHALSEA PRISON, erected in Southwark in the 12th century ; broken 
open by a mob of sailors, 1377 ; the marshal of, beheaded by Vv''at Tyler, 1381 ; 
the prisoners released and the prison partially destroyed in the Gordon riots, June 
7, 1780; part of the walls fell in, May 16, 1802 ; abolished by 5 Vict. c. 22, 
May 31, 1842. Since made a military prison. 

MARSTON MOOR, battle, between the Royalists and Parliamentarians ; the 
former were under the command of Prince Rupert, the latter under Cromwell ; 
both armies had 23,000 men in the battle ; at first the enemy fled before Rupert, 
but he pursuing General Ireton too far, Cromwell by his masterly conduct gained 
a decided victoiy ; the number killed was 4150, July 2, 1644. 

MARTABAN, Burmah, stormed and captured by the British Indian forces, 
April 5, 1852. 

MARTIAL LAW. A law of war, that depends not upon the just, but arbitrary 
power and pleasure of the king. An act was passed by Edward I. to enable him 
to punish his forces ; the court of High Constable and High Marshal had almost 
exclusive power until the passing of the statute, 13 Richard II. c. 2-3, 1389; by this 
limited to 12 miles around the king's dwelling ; this law proclaimed in times of 
i-iot, &c. The Mutiny Act first passed to enable William III. to punish the Eng- 
lish and Scotch troops, i Will, and Mary, c. 5, April 3, 1688, to continue in 
force for one year, but it has been annually renewed, with the exception of three 
years from April, 1698, to Feb., 1701. 

MARTIN, ST, festival of, instituted, 812. 

MARTIN, ST, Martin-in-the-Fields, Westminster, made an independent parish, 
1535, and church built ; a chancel added by Henry Prince of Wales, 1607 ; the 



554 MARTIN'S, ST, HALL MARYLEBONE 

present church built from the designs of Mr Gibbs, commenced, 1721 ; finished, 

1726, at a cost of ;^36,ooo ; celebrated for its fine portico. 
MARTIN'S, ST, HALL, Longacre, erected from the design of R. Westmacott ; 

begun, June, 1847; opened, Feb. 11, 1850; damaged by fire, Aug. 26, i860; 

and in 1867 iDccame the Queen's theatre. 
MARTIN'S, ST, Le Grand, the college founded by Withred, king of Kent, 700 ; 

rebuilt, 1050 ; the sanctuary of, founded, 1056 ; confirmed by William I., 1068 ; 

pulled down, 1817 ; annexed to the ward of Aldersgate by the Post-Office Act, 

55 Geo. III. c. xci., s. 71, June 28, 1815. 

MARTINERE COLLEGE, Calcutta, founded by General Claude Martin, who 
left two hundred thousand Sicca rupees by will ; he died, Sept., 1800. 

MARTINIQUE, W. Indies, discovered by the Spaniards, 1493 ; colonized by the 
French, 1635; they commenced the culture of sugar, 1650, and planted cocoa trees, 
1 661 ; these trees became a great wealth to the island, but they were destroyed, 
1718; nearly destroyed by an earthquake, Sept. 12, 1756; captured by the English, 
1762 ; restored, 1763 ; attacked by the British, under the command of Sir John 
Jervais, Feb. 3; taken, March 16, 1794; restored, 1802; again taken, 1809, 
and restored to France, 1814. 

MARTYROLOGY, A catalogue of Martyrs. First one published, 831 (Florus 
Lyons was the author). Waldenburtus published his in 844 ; Lisnard, 875 ; Not- 
ker, 894 ; Foxe's Book of, 1562-3. 

MARTYRS, order of knighthood of, in Palestine, began in the tenth century ; con- 
firmed by Pope Jean, 1024, and again in 13 19. 

MARY, ST, the glorious order of knighthood, began in Italy, 1233 ; in Rome, 
1618. 

MARY, ST, de Merced, order of knighthood, began in Spain, 1218. 

MARY, ST, Abbey of, York, begun, 1088. 

MARY, ST, Priory of, Thetford, built by Roger Bigot, 1 104 ; dissolved, 1519. 

MARY, Queen of Scots, the daughter of James V. of Scotland and Mary of Lor- 
raine, born Dec. 8, 1542 ; married the dauphin of France, afterwards Francis II., 
April 24, 1558 ; assumed the government of Scotland, Aug. 19, 1561 ; married 
Lord Damley, July 29, 1566 ; Bothwell, May 15, 1567 ; forced to retire from 
the throne, June 17, 1567 ; fled to England, May 16, 1568 ; beheaded, Feb. 8, 
1587, aged 44. 

MARY I., Queen of England. See England. 

MARY, wife of William III., was the eldest daughter of James II. and Anne Hyde, 
born, 1662; married the Prince of Orange, Nov. 4, 1677. 

MARYLAND, N. America. The first settlement formed by William Clairbourne, 
1631 ; Charles I. granted this territory by charter to Lord Baltimore, 1632, who 
named it Maryland from Queen Henrietta Maria ; colonized by Roman Catholics, 
1633 ; they passed the Toleration Act in 1649 ; the seat of government fixed at 
Annapolis, 1699 ; restored to the Baltimore family by Charles II. ; governed by 
England from 1689 ; restored to the Baltimore heir, 1715 ; constitution granted, 
1776 ; the frontiers settled, 1785 ; invaded by the Confederate army, Aug., 1862, 
June, 1863, and May, 1864. 

MARYLEBONE, Middlesex [St Mary at the Bourne], from the Tyborne Brook, 
in the hundred oi Ossulston, an early Saxon hundred. The parish was subdivided 
by an act passed 3 Geo. IV. c. Ixxxiv., 1822; the old church taken down by 
license of the Bishop of London, dated, Oct. 23, 1400, and rebuilt ; this was 
taken down May 30, 1 740 ; what is now called the old church erected and opened 
for divine service, April, 1742; converted into a parish chapel by 51 Geo. HI. 



MARYLEBONE GARDENS MASSACHUSETTS 555 

c. 151, Feb. 4, 181 1 ; the present edifice, designed by Thomas Hard wick, was 
erected and consecrated, Feb. 14, 181 7; St Mary's Church, Wyndham Place, 
built from the designs of Sir Robert Smirke, and consecrated, Jan. 7, 1824 ; All 
Souls' Church, erected from the designs of Mr Nash, with the pointed spire ; the 
first stone laid, Nov. i8, 1822; consecrated, Nov. 25, 1824; Christ Church, de- 
signed by Philip Hardwick, consecrated, 1825 ; Trinity Church, designed by Sir 
John Soane, R.A., consecrated, 1828 ; the cemetery on the south side of Pad- 
dington-street consecrated, 1733; St John's Wood chapel and cemetery con- 
secrated, 1814 ; Oxford-street made, 1729; Cavendish-square laid out, 1717 ; 
Portman-square, the north side erected, 1764 ; Portman Hay-market opened in 
1830; Regent's Canal begun, 52 Geo. HI. c. cxcv., July 13, 1812 ; Portland 
Place built, 1 772-3; Marylebone Park vested in the crown until granted by 
Charles I. to Sir George Strode, May 6, 1646 ; plan of Mr White to improve, 
1793; Mr Nash was directed to prepare a plan, which was adopted by parlia- 
ment ; the Colosseum commenced, 1824, and completed, 1827 ; the Diorama, 1823; 
the workhouse erected, I77S 5 the charity school established, 1791 ; created a 
borough by William IV., June 7, 1832 ; Edward B. Portman and Sir William 
Home the first members elected, Dec. 12, 1832 ; the almshouses built, 1836 ; the 
free library established, Jan. 9, 1854. 

MARYLEBONE GARDENS, London, a celebrated place of amusement, opened, 
1735 j I^r Arne was leader of the orchestra, aaid produced most of Handel's 
music ; Mount Etna was exhibited, with fireworks, in honour of the King's birthday, 
June 4, 1772; suppressed, 1778. 

MASKS, muffs, fans, and false hair, used by the female sex ; introduced into 
France from Italy, and from thence brought to England, 1572 ; worn by ladies at 
theatres, 1786. See Iron Mask. 

MASONS' COMPANY. Regulations for the trade of, made by the mayor and 
aldermen of London; incorporated, 2 Henry II., 141 1 ; reincorporated by 
28 Charles II., Dec. 17, 1677; confirmed by 9 Anne, Dec. 17, 171 1; Plall 
built in Masons' Alley after the fire of 1666. 

MASQUE, a theatrical drama. The first performed in England at Greenwich in 
1512 ; one at Whitehall, before the court, 1530; the favourite amusement of 
Charles I. ; five performed in the year 1633. 

MASQUERADES. Invented by M. Granacci in Italy,'r509 ; became the fashion 
in the court of Hen. VIII., 15 12 ; at an entertainment given by the King at 
Greenwich, he with 1 1 others disguised in masks danced together on the night of 
the Epiphany; common in the time of Charles I. ; a splendid one held by 
Heidegger at the Opera House, 1717-18 ; preached against by the clergy, 1723, 
and suppressed by Geo. I. in 1723 ; flourished under George III. at Ranelagh' 
the Pantheon, and other places, 25 guineas being paid for a ticket at the former- 
place, between 1770 and 1780, though in violation of the laws, being favoured 
by the fashionable worid. Mrs Cornelys', held at Carlisle House, Soho, 1770 ; 
the first in Scotland, Friday, Jan. 15, 1773. 

MASS, as used in the Romish Church ; first used in England, 680 ; elevation of the 
host and prostration, 1201 ; the Emperor Henry VII. poisoned by a monk with 
the mass wafer, at Beneventum, 1313 ; private masses abolished in England, 1548. 

MASSACHUSETTS, N. America. The first settlement made by a few English 
Puritans, at Plymouth, Dec, 1620 ; the second settlement was formed at Salem, 
1628. A. charter obtained by the Nonconformists from Charles I., 1629 ; annulled 
by the king in 16S6 ; Boston the capital, 1630 ; the two colonies united, 1692 ; 
governed by a viceroy, 1776; constitution passed, 1780 ; revised, 1820 ; and 
again, 1840; slavery abolished, 1775 ; the supreme court decided in 1783 that all 
men are bofii free ; Harvard University founded at Newtown by the Pilgrim 



556 MASSACRES 

Fathers, 1636; John Harvai'd bequeathed his library and part of his property to, 
and the name changed to Harvard, 1638 ; Williams', 1793 ; Amherst, 1821 ; 
Holy Cross, 1843 ; Tuft's, 1854. 
MASSACRES : Of all the Carthaginians in Sicily, B.C. 397 ; 2000 Tyrians cruci- 
fied and 8000 put to the sword, for not surrendering Tyre to Alexander, 33 1 ; the 
Tews of Antioch fell upon the other inhabitants, and massacred 100,000, for re- 
fusing to surrender their arms to Demetrius Nicanor, tyrant of Syria, 154 ; a 
dreadful slaughter of the Teutones and Ambronesnear Aix by Marius, the Roman 
general, 200,000 being left dead on the spot, 102 ; the Romans throughout Asia, 
women and children not excepted, cruelly massacred in one day, by order of 
Mithridates, king of Pontus, 89 ; a great number of Roman senators massacred by 
Cuma, Marius, and Sertorius, and several of the patricians dispatch themselves 
to avoid their horrid butcheries, 86 ; again under Sylla and Catiline, his minister 
of vengeance, 82 and 79 ; at Preeneste, Octavianus Cassar ordered 300 Roman 
senators and other persons of distinction to be sacrificed to the manes of Julius 
Cassar, 41. At the destruction of Jerusalem, 1,100,000 Jews put to the sword, 
A.D. 70 ; the Jews, headed by Andrae, put to death 100,000 Greeks and Romans 
at Cyrene, they ate the entrails and covered themselves with the skins of their un- 
happy victims, 115 ; Cassius, a Roman general, under the Emperor M. Aurelius, 
put to death 400,000 of the inhabitants of Seleucia, 197 ; at Alexandria, of many 
thousand citizens by order of Antoninus, 213; the Emperor Probus put to death 
700,000 of the inhalDitants upon his reduction of Gaul, 277; eighty Christian fathers, 
by order of the Emperor Gratian, at Nicomedia, put into a ship, which was set on 
fire, and they driven out to sea, 370 ; Thessalonica, when u.pwards of 7000 persons 
invited into the circus were put to the sword by order of Theodosius, 390 ; 300 
nobles in England, by Hengist, 475 ; Belisarius put to death above 30,000 citizens 
of Constantinople for a revolt on account of two rapacious ministers set over them 
by Justinian, 552 ; 1200 of the monks of Bangor, by Ethelfrid, king of North 
Cumberland, 580 ; all the Danes in the southern counties of England, Nov. 13, 
1002, 23 Ethelred IL; at London it was most bloody, the churches being no sanc- 
tuary ; amongst others was Gunilda, sister of Swain, King of Denmark, left in 
hostage for the performance of a treaty but newly concluded ; of the Normans at 
Durham, 1069 ; of the Jews, some few pressing into Westminster Hall at Rich- 
ard l.'s coronation, were put to death by the people, and a false alarm being given 
that the king had ordered a general massacre of them, the people in many parts 
of England, from an aversion to them, slew all they met ; in York, 500 who had 
taken shelter in the castle, killed themselves rather than fall into the hands of the 
multitude, 1 189; of the Latins by Andronicus, at Constantinople, 1184. The 
Sicilians massacred the French throughout the whole island of Sicily, without dis- 
tinction of sex or age, on Easter-day, the first bell for vespers being the signal ; 
this horrid affair is known in history by the name of the Sicilian Vespers, March 
30, 1282. A general massacre of the Jews at Verdun by the peasants, who, from 
a pretended prophecy, conceived the Holy Land was to be recovered from the 
infidels by them ; 500 of the Jews took shelter in a castle, and defended them- 
selves to the last extremity, when, for want of weapons, they threw their children 
at the enemy, and then killed each other, 1317 ; at Limoges, by order of the Black 
Prince, 3000 defenceless persons were slain, 1370 ; at Paris many of the inhabit- 
ants, by order of the Duke of Burgundy, June 12, 1418. 70,000 Huguenots, 
throughout the kingdom of France, attended with circumstances of horrid treachery 
and cruelty ; it began at Paris on the night of the festival of St Bartholomew, Aug. 
25, 1572, by secret orders from Charles IX., king of France, at the instigation of 
the queen dowager, Catherine de Medicis, his mother; it is styled in history the 
Massacre of St Bartholomew. Of the Christians in Croatia, by the Turks, when 
65,000 were slain, 1592 ; the English, by the Dutch at Amboyna, 1624 ; of the 
Protestants in Ireland, when 40,000 were killed, Oct. 23, 1641 ; at Drogheda, 



MASSINGHAM MAGNA PRIORY MATHEMATICS 557 

Ireland, after the town had been taken by Cromwell it was given up to pillage for 
five days, 1000 killed in the cathedral alone, Aug. 14, 1649 ; of the Macdonalds 
of Glencoe, Scotland, Feb. 13, 1692; at Batavia, 12,000 Chinese killed by the 
Dutch, Oct., 1740, under the pretext of an intended insurrection ; of the inhabit- 
ants of Ismael, 25,000 slain by the Russian conquerors, 1790; in Paris during the 
reign of Robespierre, at the prisons, 1793-4,. several thousand by a ferocious mob ; 
of 600 negroes by the French at St Mark's, 1S02 ; at St Domingo the whites 
killed by the revolted negroes, March, 1804 ; many thousands perished at Algiers, 
March 10, 1806; insurrection and massacre at Madrid, May 2, 1808; massacre 
of the Mamelukes in Cairo, March i, 181 1 ; many of the inhabitants of Cadiz killed ' 
by the soldiers, March 6, 1820 ; the janissaries massacred by order of Sultan Mah- 
moud at Constantinople, June 15, 1826. The native troops mutinied at Meerut, 
May 10, II, and at Cawnpore, and killed the English garrison, June 27, 1857. 

MASSINGHAM MAGNA PRIORY, Norfolk, founded by Nicholas le Lyre, 
circa 1 250. 

MASTER of the Ceremonies in the courts of Europe, instituted, for the reception 
of ambassadors and other distinguished persons, in England, by James I., 1603. 

MASTER in Ordinary of Chancery, an officer to whom references were first made 
in 1307 ; continued until the changes in the Court of Chancery, when the ofiice 
was abolished, 15 & 16 Vict. c. 80, June 30, 1852, and taxing masters appointed. 

MASTER of the Revels. Sir Thomas Cawerden was appointed first to this office, 
1546 ; he was succeeded by Sir Thomas Benger, March, 1577. ' The office of ye 
Revells consistethe,' says Tylney, ' of a Wardropp and several other Roomes, for 
artifficers to worke in, with a convenient place of ye Rehearsalls. ' See Cunning- 
ham's account of the Revels at Courts in the Shakespeare Society's Papers, 1842. 

MASTER of the Rolls. Adam de Osgodby appointed first master, Oct. i, 1295 '■> the 
Rolls Officebuilt, 1232-34 ; the chapel finished, 1235,; annexed to the office, 1377. 

MASTER and Servant. An act passed for preventing the counterfeiting of cer- 
tificates of the characters of servants, 32 Geo. III. c. 56, 1792 ; the statute law 
between, amended, 30 & 31 Vict. c. 1 14, Aug. 20, 1S67 ; an act to prohibit the pay- 
ment in certain trades of wages in goods, or otherwise than in the current coin of 
the realm, i & 2 Will. IV. c. 37, Oct. 15, 1831. The laws of arbitration of dis- 
putes between, consolidated by 5 Geo. IV. c. 96, June 21, 1825 ; amended, 7 Will. 
IV. & I Vict. c. 67, July 15, 1837 ; regulations as to the tickets of work to hosiei-s 
and silk weavers, 8 & 9 Vict. c. 77, Aug. 4, 1S45, ^""^ c. 128, Aug. 9,. 1845. 

MASTER of the Wardrobe. The official robes were kept at the king's wardrobe, 
circa 1235 ; Piers Courteys appointed keeper of the king's ' Grete Warderobe 
within the Citee of London,' by Edward IV., April 18, 1480. 

MASULIPATAM, Hindustan. Formerly one of the French Circars, 1753; taken 
by Lord Clive, 1753 ; ceded to the East India Company by the king of Delhi, 1765. 

MATAMORAS, Mexico. The town besieged by the Americans under General 
Taylor, May 17, 1846; surrendered, the i8th ; the American army under Gen. 
Taylor defeated the Mexican forces. May 8, 1846 ; the French defeated the 
Juarists, Oct. 25, 1865. 

MATCHES. See Lucifers. 

MATHEMATICS. It is generally supposed that the Greeks derived their know- 
ledge of this science from the magi of Egypt. Herodotus informs us that Thales 
predicted a total eclipse of the sun, B.C. 610 ; Pythagoras made considerable im- 
provement in this science (Abacus Pythagoricus), 589 ; Plato cultivated this art, 
390; Archimedes, 197 ; Ptolemy revived this science, A.D. 141, in his Almagest ; 
Eutocius, a learned commentator upon Archimedes, 520 ; Almansor, an Arabian 
prince, a great mathematician, 750 ; Baron Napier of Merchiston published his 
' Logarithmorum Canonis Descriptio,' 1614; Harriot substituted small letters 
instead of capitals, 1620 ; Newton invented _/?z/jr/£';;j, 1665. 



558 MATINS MAY PRIORY 

MATINS, the first early services of the Catholic Church, or morning prayers. The 
French style the massacre of St Bartholomew the ' French Matins,' Aug. 24, 
1572, perhaps in contrast to the ' Sicilian Vespers,' the term for the massacre of 
the French in Sicily, 1282 ; thus the massacre of Prince Demetrius and the Poles 
in Moscow, 1600, is styled the 'Moscow Matins.' 

MATTHEW, ST, wrote his Gospel in Hebrew or Greek, about 42 ; festival of, 
812. 

MATTHIAS, feast of, instituted, 1091. 

MAUBEUGE, France, formerly the capital of Hainault ; captured by Louis 
XIV., 1649 ; confirmed to France by the treaty of Nimeguen, 1678 ; fortified by 
Vauban, 1679; a manufactory of arms founded by Louis XI V. , 1704; the French 
army, under Lafayette, defeated here by the Austrians, 1 792 ; the Austrians be- 
sieged the town, Sept. 29, 1793; siege raised, Oct., 1793 ; the allies repulsed 
before, March 21, 1814. 

MAUNDY THURSDAY, a day on which the monarchs of England dispense alms 
to as many poor people as they are years old : begun by Edward HI., at a jubilee 
given by him in his 50th year, 1363 ; Queen Elizabeth washed the feet of 30 poor 
people at Greenwich, March 19, 1572 ; James IT. was the last king who per- 
formed this ceremony ; money given instead of provisions, April 16, 1838. 

MAURITIUS, or the Isle of France, discovered, 1500 ; settled by the Dutch, 
1598; abandoned by them, 1712; the French landed here, 1720; a company 
formed for improving the settlement, 1734 ; the Dutch endeavoured to destroy 
the spice plantations, 1786; taken by the British, Dec. 2, 1810 ; confirmed to 
England by the treaty of Paris, 1814 ; charter of justice passed, April 13, 1831. 

MAURITIUS, order of knighthood in Savoy, begun, 1430; restored, 1572. 

MAUVE. This dye invented by A. Marnas of Lyons, 1857. 

MAXTOKE PRIORY, Warwickshire, built, 1337 ; the castle built by John de 
Clinton, Baron Maxstock, 1309 ; repaired by Humphrey Stafford, Duke of 
Buckingham, 1446 ; burned, 1762. 

MAYAGUEZ, Porto Rico. Town entirely destroyed by fire, Jan. 30, 1841. 

MAYENCE, Hesse Darmstadt. The ancient Roman town destroyed by the 
Vandals, 406 ; restored by Charlemagne ; taken by the French, 1798 ; given to 
the Grand-Duke of Hesse, 1816 ; explosion of a powder magazine at, 60 houses 
totally destroyed, and several hundred persons injured, Nov. 18, 1857. 

MAYENNE, France, resisted the English army, under the Earl of Salisbury, 
for three months, but was captured, 1424 ; made a duchy by Charles IX., 1544. 

MAY FAIR suppressed, 1708 ; it was subsequently revived and not finally 
abolished until 1720; May Fair chapel, built, 1730; market opened, Jan. 4, 1749. 
Clandestine marriages celebrated here ; 3000 couples were married by the notorious 
Keith, 1750 ; the Marriage Act closed this place, 1754. 

MAYFIELD PLACE, Sussex, built, 988. 

MAY GAMES in fashion down to 1518 ; owing to riots at, they were suppressed 
soon afterwards. 

MAY POLES, erected in several places about London ; at St Andrew Undershaft, 
Basino- Lane, and the Strand; Stubbesinhis 'Anatomic of Abuses,' speaks of these 
poles,^i584 ; one in the Strand 134 feet high, erected, 1661 ; purchased by Sir 
Isaac' Newton, and re-erected at Wanstead, 171 7, and used for raising the largest 
telescope then known. 

MAY PRIORY, Scotland, founded by King David I., circa 1 153 ; afterwards ceded 
to Reading Abbey. 



MAYNOOTH MECHANICS' INSTITUTES 559 

MAYNOOTH, Ireland. A castle erected by John, 6lh Earl of Kildare, 1426 ; a 
college founded by Gerald, 8th Earl, 15 13. 

MAYNOOTH COLLEGE, mstituted by an act passed in Ireland, 35 Geo. III., 
1795 ; amended by 40 Geo. III., 1800; from 1808 to 1 813 the annual smn voted 
was ;^8283 ; then raised to ;/^8928, by an act 8 & 9 Vict. c. 25, June 30, 1845 > 
the college was permanently endowed for the maintenance and education of 500 
students, June, 1845. 

MAYOR'S COURT, London, has been a court of record from time immemorial ; 
the recorder sits as judge ; it is now governed by the Mayor's Court of London ; 
Procedure Act, 20&21 Vict. c. clvii. , passed, Aug. 17, 1857. 

MEAL-TUB PLOT, so denominated from the papers which developed it being 
found in a meal tub, Oct., 1680 ; the plot was to accuse the notorious Oates of 
certain crimes, and to charge several great men, among whom were the Earls of 
Shaftesbury, Halifax, and Essex, with high treason : it was the work of one 
Dangerfield, who was punished by whipping, and forcing out one of his eyes, 
which caused his death. 

MEASUREMENT of time by wax candles, three inches burning the hour, six 
candles 24 hours ; invented by Alfred the Great, 886; clocks and hour-glasses not 
then known in England. 

MEASURES AND WEIGHTS. 6"^^ Weights and Measures. 

MEAT, first ordered to be sold by weight, beef }i(f. a pound, and mutton %^. 
1535. Price of: in 1782, mutton and veal sold at 2d. per lb. ; in 1710, the net 
weight of cattle in Smithfield, 3701b.; calves, 50 lb. ; sheep, 281b.; accordin"-to 
Dr Davenant, in 1800, the net weight of cattle was 750 lb. ; calves, 1461b.; and 
sheep, 80 lb. 

MEATH, Ireland. In the time of Ptolemy it formed part of the coimtry of the 
Eblani, wrested from the O'Melaghlins by Henry II., and granted to Huwh de 
Lacy, area 1170 ; passed to the Geneville family, 1234, who founded the Black 
Friars ; made a bishopric at the end of the 12th century. Clonmacnoise was 
incorporated, 1568. 

MEAUX ABBEY, Yorkshire, founded by William le Gros, 3rd Earl of Albemarle, 
1150; surrendei-ed, 30 Hen. VIII., 1539. 

MECCA, Arabia. Mohammed born here, A.D. 570; flight of the prophet from, 
April 19, 622 ; he recaptured the city, 630, and destroyed the idols of Caaba ; 
the city stormed by Abu Taher, and taken, 929 ; taken by the Wahabees, 1 803 ; 
recovered by Ibrahim Pasha, 1818. 

MECHANICS. Water-mills were erected on the river Tiber, by the Romans, 
50 — 60 ; many tide or water-mills wei^e used in Venice before 1060 ; wind-mills 
in general use in the 12th century ; mills for dividing wood were used on the 
Continent previous to 1340 ; the theory of the inclined plane known and practised 
by Cardan, 1538-42; the true theory discovered by Stevinus, d?ra 1580; his work 
on statics published, 1586 ; theory of falling bodies taught by Galileo, 163S ; the 
laws of oscillation, Iluygens, 1647 ; and of collision, by Wallis, Wren, 1662 ; 
to Roemer we are indebted for the alteration of the teeth, 1675 > animal mechanics, 
&c., taught by Borelli, 1679 ; Newton in 1679 applied mechanics to astronomy, 
parallelogism offerees, laws of motion ; his Piiiicipia published, 1687 ; problem, 
with analysis, of the catenar}', Gregory, 1697; Hooke, from 1660 to 1702, several 
scientific mechanical inventions ; \Vhewell's Dynamics published, 1823. 

MECHANICS' INSTITUTES, the first established at Southampton Buildings, 
Holborn, by Dr Birkbeck, and opened, Dec. 2, 1824 ; the example followed by 
the towns of Glasgow and Lancaster, with apprentices' library, 1824; since then, 
multiplied all over the kingdom. 



56o MECHLIN MEGALOPOLIS 

MECHLIN, Belgium. This French town was founded in the 5th century ; sacked 
by the Normans in the early part of the 9th century ; given to the Bishop of 
Leigh, 910 ; the cathedral of St Rumbold finished, 145 1 ; the Imperial Chamber 
founded by Charles the Bold, 1473 ; taken and sacked by a Spanish force, 1572 ; 
captured by the Prince of Orange, 1580 ; taken by Marlborough, 1706 ; retaken 
by the French, 1746 ; they again captured it, 1792 ; and destroyed the fortifica- 
tions, 1804. 

MECKLENBURG, Germany. The Princes of, received the ducal title from the 
Emperor Charles IV., 1340; duchy of, possessed by the Hanoverians, 1729; taken 
possession of by the Prussians, Oct. 13, 1760 ; Duke of, deposed by the emperor, 
May 27, 1828 ; joined the German confederation, 1815. 
MECKLENBURG-SCHWERIN. Military medal of merit founded by Duke 
Frederick Francis, July 23, 1814 ; the military cross, April 30, 1841 ; Frederick 
Francis II. succeeded to the title, March 7, 1842. 

MECKLENBURG-STRELITZ. Frederick William I. succeeded to thetitle, Sept. 

6, i860. 
•MEDALS. The earliest modern medal is a gold one of David II., struck, 1330 ; 
Paul II. had one struck to commemorate his election to the Papal see, 1464 ; the 
earliest French medal is one of Louis -XIL, 1499; a medal was struck in 
Holland upon the defeat of the Spanish Armada, 1588; the first English medal 
is of the time of Henry VI. ; the next is that of Henry VIII., struck, 1545 ; the 
first coronation medal struck for Edw. VI., 1547 ; one struck by the Common- 
wealth to celebrate the victories of Blake, Penn, Monk, and Lawson, over the 
Dutch, 1653. 

MEDESHAMSTEDE ABBEY, Peterborough, founded by Oswy and Peada, 
kings of Mercia, 655. 

MEDICAL COUNCIL, established by act of parliament, 21 & 22 Vict. c. 90, 
Aug. 2, 1858 ; Sir Benjamin Brodie elected first president, Nov., 1858 ; Medical 
College, London, instituted, I773- 

MEDICINE. The science of, known in the remotest times ; we read of physicians 
healing in Ex. xxi. 19 ; Albertus Magnus and Roger Bacon were the tvro most 
scientific medical authors, 1256; Mondini restored practical anatomy, 131.6 ; by 
the 32 Hen. VIII. c. 40, 1540, the members of the College of Physicians had ex- 
pressly reserved to them the right to practise surgery. An act passed to regulate 
the qualification of practitioners, 21 & 22 Vict. c. 90, Aug. 2, 185S. 

MEDICINES, duties on, commenced, 1783; increased, 1804. 

MEDJIDIE, order of merit founded by the Sultan of Turkey, Abdul Medjiid, 1852. 

MEDMENHAM ABBEY, Buckinghamshire, founded by Hugh, eldest son of 
PI ugh de Bolebeck, 1204. 

MEDMENHAM CLUB, founded by Sir Francis Dashwood, a sort of Monkish 
sect to outward appearances, but in fact a convivial fraternity, circa 1758. 

MEEANEE, Sinde, battle. Sir Charles Napier with a force of 2000 strong, 
gained a complete victoiy over a large Beloochee force of 30,000 men, headed by 
the Ameers of Sinde, Feb. 17, 1843. 

MEERUT, Hindustan, taken and destroyed by Tamerlane, 1399 ; shortly after- 
wards the town was rebuilt ; made by the British one of the principal military 
stations, 1809 ; the Indian mutiny first broke out in the 5th regiment of Bengal 
cavalry, killing its officers, and releasing 70 of their comrades from prison ; then 
followed the massacre of women and children, 1857. 

MEGALOPOLIS, Greece, founded, B.C. 370; the Synod of Deputies, called the 



MEDINA MEMPHIS 561 

'Ten Thousand,' met here periodically; the Spartans, under King Agis, de- 
feated here, B.C. 331. 

MEDINA, Arabia. The tomb of Mahomet, placed in this city, is surrounded 
with numerous lamps, and called the- city of the prophet, because he was pro- 
tected here when he fled from Mecca, July 16, 622 ; whence the Hegira or 
'flight.' The mosque has been rebuilt six times ; the last time, 1710. 

MEDIOLANUM, Milan, the capital of Cisalpine Gaul, became subject to Rome, 
B.C. 190; Maximianmade it his imperial residence, A.D. 303. Upon the approach 
of the Visigoths, under Alanc, the Emperor Honorius left the city to its fate, 
403 ; pillaged by Attila, 452 ; made the seat of the Gothic kings, 476 ; taken 
and entirely destroyed by Belisarius, 539. 

MELAZZO, battle. Garibaldi defeated the Royalists at this place, June 20, i860. 

MELBOURNE, Australia. This site was selected by a small party of colonists, 
1835; officially recognized, 1838; municipality conferred, 1843; hospital erected, 
1846; made an independent colony, 1851 ; the university opened, 1855; first 
lighted with gas, Jan., 1856 ; the post-office established, 1859 ; a great part of 
the city destroyed with much property by a flood, Dec. 14 — 24, 1863 ; the Inter- 
Colonial Exhibition designed by Mr Joseph Reed, opened, Oct. 24, 1866 ; the 
McCullock Ministry resigned, Aug. 22, 1867 ; the Duke of Edinburgh arrived 
at, and was received with great rejoicing, 50,000 people being present, Nov. 23, 

MELBOURNE ADMINISTRATION formed, July 16, 1834 ; dismissed, Nov. 
14 ; second administration formed, April 8, 1835 ; resigned, Aug. 30, 1841. 

MELCOMBE REGIS, Dorset, chartered by James L, 1610. 

MELLFONT ABBEY, Ireland, founded by O'Carrol, prince of Orgial, 1142. 

MELONS and CUCUMBERS, common in the 13th century; temp. Edward III., 
soon after they ceased to be cultivated until the reign of Henry VIII. 

MELROSE, Scotland. The Cistercian Abbey begim by David I., 1136; com- 
pleted, 1 146; destroyed by the English under Edward II., 1322; rebuilt by 
Robert Bruce, 1327 ; completed by James IV.; again destroyed by the English, 
1545- 

MELSA ABBEY, Yorkshire, founded by William Legros, Earl of Albemarle, 1150. 

MELTON MOWBRAY, Leicestershire. A severe action took place here between 
the Parliamentarians and the Royalists, the former were defeated, Feb., 1644; the 
town nearly destroyed by fire, 1613 ; visited by the plague, 1637; the hospital 
founded, 1638 ; the canal foi-med, 1790. 

MELVILLE, LORD, impeached by the House of Commons, April 29, for apply- 
ing the interest of public moneys in his hands to private purchases ; acquitted by 
the peers, June 12, 1806. 

MELVILLE Transport wrecked near the harbour of Kinsale, Ireland, when 
eleven persons were drowned, Jan. 31, 181 6. 

MEMEL, Prussia, erected, 1279; fortified, 1314 ; granted to the Teutonic Knights, 
1328 ; seriously damaged by fire, 1540 and 1678 ; captured by the Russians, 1757; 
the town almost destroyed by fire with immense stores for the Russian army, Oct. 
4, 1854. 

MEMPHIS, Egypt, founded by Menes, the first king, B.C. 2700 ; the whole country 
united under one government, B.C. 1525 ; invaded by Cambyses, B.C. 525 ; made 
the capital, B.C. 272; taken by Antiochus Epiphanes, B.C. 171 ; partially restored 
by Severus, a.d. 202 ; fell into decay in the 7th century, and Cairo erected on its 
site ; the ruins discovered, 1850. 

MEMPHIS, North Ainerica. The Confederate fleet of eight gun-boats destroyed 
by the Federal fleet under Commodore Davis ; the city surrendered, June 6, 1862. 

36 



562 MENAI STRAIT MERCHANTS' MARKS 

MENAI STRAIT, between Carnarvonshire and Anglesey, crossed by the Romans 
to annihilate the Druids, 59 ; a ferry-boat lost in, containing 50 persons, Dec. 4, 
1785. Suspension-bridge erected from the designs of Telford ; the works begun, 
1819 ; the masonry work finished, 1824 ; the first chain raised, April, 1825, and 
the last, July 9 ; completed and opened, Jan. 30, 1826 ; the two main piers are 
153 feet high ; total length of bridge, 1710 feet ; the total weight of iron used, 
2187 tons, and cost ;^i20,ooo. Tubular bridge over, called the Britannia, designed 
by Robert Stephenson ; the foundation-stone laid, April 10, 1846 ; opened for 
public traffic, March 18, 1850 ; two lines of tubes, each a quarter of a mile in 
length, supported only at the ends by a tower 200 feet high, erected in the middle 
of the strait, through which tubes the railway carriages pass. 
MENDICANT FRIARS. Several religious orders that commenced craving alms in 
the 13th century; they were at last confined by Pope Gregory X., 1272, to the 
Dominican, Franciscan, Carmelite, and Augustine orders, from which the Capu- 
chins and others were offshoots ; mendicant friars in Ireland were forbidden by 
the Pope, Nov., 1750. 
MENDICITY. On account of the closing of the monasteries, this practice in- 
creased to such an alarming extent, that it was ordered to be suppressed, I Edw. 
VI. c. 3, 1547 ; repealed, 3 & 4 Edw. VI. c. 16, 1549 ; Mendicity Society estab- 
lished to suppress the practice of public begging, founded, 1818. 
MENDOZA, South America. The towns of San Juan and San Louis destroyed 

by an earthquake, and 15,000 persons killed, March 20, 1 86 1. 
MENNONITES, a sect which insisted that Christ did not partake of the nature of 

his mother, from Menno, who promulgated the doctrine, 1536. 
MENTANA, battle. The French and papal forces defeated the Garibaldians 
commanded by General Garibaldi, with great loss, Nov. 3, 1867 ; an order or 
medal distributed by the pope to the forces engaged, it consists of a cross with 
the words 'Pius Papa Nonus,' and the date, Nov. 3, 1867. 
MENTZ. See Mayence. 
MERCATOR'S CHARTS invented, 1556, of which attempts have been made to 

rob him of the credit. 
MERCERS' COMPANY, London, established, 1172 ; incorporated, 17 Rich. IL, 
1393 ; the monastery of St Thomas of Aeon granted to them by Henry III., 
1268 ; charter confirmed by 3 Hen. VI., Feb. 14, 1425 ; subsequently by 36 
Charles II. , Dec. 22, 1684 ; arms granted, circa 1568 ; the first Ifall erected, 
circa 1500 ; Henry VIII. and his Queen Jane Seymour stood in this hall to see the 
watch march past, 1536; the hall destroyed in the fire of 1666 ; rebuilt from the 
designs of Jerman, 1672; the chapel rebuilt from the designs of Sir C. Wren, 1668. 
MERCERS' SCHOOL, London, received the sanction of parliament, 25 Hen. 
VI., 1447, by an act, 22 Charles II., 1670 ; a plot of ground in the Old Jewry 
was set aside for building a school ; taken down in 1787, and removed to Budge 
Row, subsequently to Wattling-street, and to College Hill, Sept., 1808. 
MERCHANT ADVENTURERS established by the Duke of Brabant, 1296 ; ex- 
tended to England by Edward HI. ; original charter granted by Henry IV., Feb. 
5, 1406-7; it was confirmed by Henry V., Oct. 21, 1413, and by Humphrey 
Duke of Gloucester, July 6, 1420; again by Henry VI., Nov. 9, 1438; an act 
of parliament passed, regulating, 12 Hen. VII. c. 6, 1497 ; charter again confirmed 
by Henry VII., Sept. 28, 1505, and Jan. 4, 1506 ; he also granted them a mart 
at Calais, Jan. 15, 1505 ; incorporated by Elizabeth, 1561 ; the last grant to the 
company was, Jan. i, 1661. 
MERCHANTS' MARKS. An act passed to amend the law relating to, 25 & 26 
Vict. c. 88, Aug. 7, 1862. 



MERCHANT SHIPPING MERTON 563 

MERCHANT SHIPPING. An act passed to amend and consolidate the acts 
relating to 'The Merchant Shipping Act,' 17 & 18 Vict. c. 104, Aug. 10, 1854 ; 
amended, 30 & 31 Vict. c. 124, Aug. 20, 1867. 

MERCHANT TAILORS' COMPANY of London, incorporated as the tailors and 
armourers of the Linen Armoury of St John the IBaptist, 5 Edw. IV., 1466 ; re- 
incorporated by 18 Hen. VII., 1503; arms granted to, 1481; confirmed by 22 Hen. 
VIII., 1530-; crest and supporters granted to, Dec. 23, 1584; James I. and Prince 
Henry entertained by the company, 1607 ; the Duke of Wellington, 1815 ; and 
Sir Robert Peel, May 11, 1835. First Hall built, circa 1430 ; destroyed in the 
fire of 1666 ; rebuilt by Mr Jarman soon afterwards ; the festival of the sons of 
the clergy is held here annually; Prince Albert admitted a member of, June 11, 
1849. 

MERCHANT TAILORS' SCHOOL, founded, Sept. 24, 1561 ; present school- 
house erected by Sir C. Wren in Suffolk Lane, Caimon-street, 1675. 

MERCIA. This kingdom founded by Crida, 584 ; the Mercians defeated by Oswy, 
king of Northumbria, at Winwidfield, near Leeds, and was annexed to Northum- 
bria, 654 ; Wulphere succeeded to the throne of Mercia, and defeated the forces 
of Wessex at Pontisbury, 661 ; they suffered a defeat at Burford, Oxfordshii-e 
from the Wessex army under Cuthred, 752 ; the country invaded by the Danes, 
and most of the churches destroyed, 868 ; they burnt the monastery of Repton 
and placed Ceolwulf upon the throne, he was the last King of Mercia, 874. 

MERCURY, the planet so called, traversed the sun's disc, visible with the naked 
eye from 12 to 2 o'clock, at London, Nov. 25, 1769. 

MERCURY. The metal well known to the ancients ; Pliny states that Callias, an 
Athenian, discovered the preparation, B. c. 505 ; Carniola mines of, discovered, 
1497 ; anti-venereal virtues of, found out by Carpus, 1522 ; given to persons who 
had undergone inoculation, as calomel, 1745 ; discovered to be malleable by M. 
Orbelin, 1785; first congealed by Mr Braun of St Petersburg, Dec. 14, 1759; 
fulminating mercury discovered by the Plon. Edward Charles Howard, 18 10. 

MERCY, Order of, erected in France to release Christian captives from slaveiy, 
1 198 ; formed into a regular society, 1218. 

MEREVAL ABBEY, Warwickshire, founded by Robert, Earl of Ferrars, 1 148. 

MERIDA, Estremadura, Spain, a Roman town. T\\q Eineiita Augusta \i2L%h\x{\.t 
by Publius Carisius, B.C. 23 ; became the capital of Lusitania in the 4th century; 
conquered by the Moors under Musa, Oct. 23, 715 ; they built the Alcazar, 835 ; 
reconquered by Alonso el Sabio, Nov. 19, 1229 ; the Guadiana is crossed by a 
Roman bridge of 81 arches, 2575 feet long, 26 broad, and 33 above the river; 
repaired by Philip HI., 1610 ; taken by the French, Jan. 8, 181 1 ; French de- 
feated near, by Lord Hill, Oct. 28, 181 1 ; taken by the English, Jan., 1812. 

MERIT, Order of, a military Prussian order of knighthood, founded, 1730. 

MERMAID CLUB, the oldest in London, established at the tavern of that name 
in Friday-street by Sir Walter Raleigh, 1603. 

MERRY ANDREW, the name arising from Andrew Borde, a droll physician, who 
used to harangue the market people, 1547. 

MERTHYR TYDVIL, Wales. Mr Bacon opened an iron manufactoiy here, 1755, 
which increased very largely, 1783 ; serious riots in the town, ending in the loss 
of several lives, June 3, 1831 ; made a borough, 1832 ; 50 persons killed by an 
explosion of gas in the Cethin coal-pit, Feb. 19, 1862. 

MERTON, Surrey. Cynewulf, King of Wessex, murdered here, 784; the Danes 
defeated the Saxons, 871 ; a convent of St Augustine, founded, 1117 ; the manor 
granted to, 1121; thepriory founded by Gilbert Norman, f/rra 11 30; a Parliament 



564 MERTON COLLEGE METAMORPHISTS 

held at Merton in Surrey, in the monastery, when the statutes called the Pro- 
visions of Merton were enacted, 20 Hen. IIL, Jan. 23, 1236; the priory sold, 1680. 
MERTON COLLEGE, Oxford. Walter de Merton, Bishop of Rochester, 
founded this college in Surrey, 1264 ; removed to Oxford, 1274 ; library built by 
Bishop Rede, 1349 ; the tower completed by Sir Walter Hungerford, 1440; the 
great quadrangle built, 1610 ; the constitution of, amended by 17 & 18 Vict. c. 
81, Aug. 7, 1854. 
MERVYN, LORD, convicted of a nameless crime, and hanged. May, 1631, 
MESMERISM, so named from F. A. Mesmer, who promulgated his notions in 
1 766, reviving the old absurdity of planetary influences, &c. ; he effected, it is said, 
many cures in Bavaria and Vienna, 1777 ; not meeting encouragement he came to 
Paris, 1778, where he gained proselytes and money, until the government ap- 
pointed several scientific men to investigate his pretensions, among them the cele- 
brated Dr Franklin, when they fully exposed the quackery and presumption of 
Mesmer in a paper which for a time set the doctrine of the empiric asleep, 
between 1780 and 1790 ; it has been recently revived. 
MESOLONGHI, Greece. In the War of Independence, Mavrocordato defended 
this town, which was besieged by 14,000 Turks, under Omer Vrioni, for two 
months unsuccessfully, when the siege vv'as raised, Nov., 1822 ; invested a second 
time by Reschid Pasha, April, 1S25 ; Ibrahim Pasha joined him with an army of 
20,000, Jan., 1826; bombarded for three days, Jan. 25-27; the fleet also took 
part in the siege; the garrison attempted to escape, April 22, 1826; the de- 
fenders set fire to a powder magazine, which exploded and destroyed the town, 
April 23 ; Lord Byron died in this town, April 19, 1824 ; the town retaken by 
the Greeks, May 17, 1829. 
MESOPOTAMIA, Asia, taken by the Macedonians, B.C. 334 ; by the Romans 
under Trajan, who divided it into two parts, A.D. 1 15; by the Persians, 363 ; 
subdued by the Turks, 1515. 
MESSALIANS, a sect that adhered to the verbal in place of the true sense of 
the scriptures, refusing to labour, because they were told not to work for the food 
which perishes, 310. 
MESSENA, founded by Epaminondas, B.C. 370 ; taken by Lycortas, 182. 
MESSENIA, Greece, conquered by Sparta, B.C. 724 ; they made another effort 
for independence but were unsuccessful, 685, and again, 464 ; the inhabitants ex- 
pelled, 405 ; restored, 389 ; conquered by the Romans, 146. 
MESSENIAN WARS. The first from B.C. 743 to 724 ; the second from 685 to 

668 ; the third, 464 ; they were entirely subdued the following year. 
MESSINA, Sicily, captured by Samians, circa B.C. 470 ; Himilcon landed an army 
and destroyed the town, 396 ; defeated and expelled by Dionysius of Syracuse, 
312 ; seized by the Mamertini, 289; captured by the Saracens, A.D. 829; ex- 
pefle'd by the Normans, 1071-2 ; Richard I. landed here on his way to the Holy 
Land, Sept. 14, 1190; revolted against the Spaniards, 1672; captured by that 
power, Sept., 1678; almost destroyed by an earthquake, 1692-3; retaken by the 
Spanish forces, Sept. i8, 1718, and by the Austrians, Oct. 19, 1719 ; ceded to 
them, Feb. 17, 1720. The plague destroyed a large part of the population, 1743 ; 
severely injured by another, 1780 ; and in March, 1783, a great pan of the town 
laid in ruins bv an earthquake. Occupied by a British force from 1804 to 1814 ; 
bombarded and partially destroyed, Jan. 12, 1848 ; insurrection at, March 15, 
1 860 ; since annexed to the new kingdom of Italy. 
METAMORPHISTS, a religious sect that appeared about 1450, promulgating new 
theories about the body of Christ. 



METEORIC STONES METEORS 565 

METEORIC STONES, or aerolites, substances that fall occasionally from the at- 
mosphere. No satisfactory account has been given where they are formed ; some 
of them have been in large masses. There is in the library of Colmar a stone 
which fell at Ensisheim in Alsace, 1492, which weighed 260 lb. In 1581, a 
stone 30 lb. weight fell in Thuringia, so hot that no person could touch it. In 
1668, two stones, one 300 lb. and the other 200 lb. weight, fell near Verona. In 
1 75 1, two masses of iron, of 71 lb. and 16 lb., fell in the district of Agram, the 
capital of Croatia ; the larger is in Vienna. Several specimens of meteoric 
stones, which have fallen from the atmosphere at different times, are in the 
British Museum. A sword, stated to have been made of meteoric iron, was pre- 
sented to the Emperor Alexander. A great fall took place at L' Aigle, Normandy, 
Apr. 26, 1803; tliey were about 3000 in number, and the largest weighed about 171b. 
A stone fell near Eggenfelde in Bavaria, weighing 3/4 lb., Dec. 13; two stones fell 
at St Etienne and Valence, one of them weighed 8 lb., March 15, 1806 ; a stone 
weighing 2j4 lb. fell near Basingstoke in Hampshire, May 17 ; a stone of 160 lb. 
fell at Fimochin, in the province of Smolensko in Russia, March 13, 1807 (June 
17, according to Lucas). A great shower of stones fell near Weston in Connec- 
ticut ; masses of 20 lb., 25 lb., and 35 lb., were found, Dec. i ; stones weighing 
4 lb. or 5 lb. fell near Stannern in Moravia, May 22, 1808 ; stones, some of 
which weighed about 21 lb. , fell in Caswel county. North America, Jan. 30, 1810 ; 
a great stone fell at Shahabad in India, it burned five villages, and killed several 
men and women ; a stone weighing 71 lb. fell in the county of Tipperary in Ire- 
land, Aug. 10, iSlo ; stones fell at Mortelle, Villerai, and Moulinbrule, in the 
department of Loiret, one of them weighed 40 lb. and the other 30 lb., Nov. 
23 ; a stone of 15 lb. fell in the village of Konglinbowsh, near Romea, in 
Russia, Mar. 12 or 13, 181 1 ; a shower of stones fell near Toulouse, April 10, 
1812 ; a stone, the size of a child's head, fell at Erxleben, a specimen of it is in 
the possession of Professor Haussman of Brunswick, April 15 ; stones fell at 
Cutro in Calabria, during a great fall of red dust. Mar. 14, 1813 ; a stone fell 
near Bucharest in Russia, Feb. 3, 1815 ; stones, some of which weighed 18 lb., 
fell in the vicinity of Agen, Sept. 5 ; there is reason to think that masses of stone 
fell in the Baltic after the great meteor of Gottenburg, May 2 and 3, 181 7 ; a 
great stone appears to have fallen at Limoges, but it was not disinterred, Feb. 
15, 1818. A stone of 7 lb. fell at the village of Slobodka, in Smolensko ; it 
penetrated nearly 16 inches into the ground ; it had a brown crust with metallic 
spots. The late Major Topham published a particular account of a stone, 
which fell near his house, in the wolds of Yorkshire, that he found had pene- 
trated deeply into the earth, and was warm when taken up, 1798, 

METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY, London. Instituted, 1821. The British So- 
ciety instituted, 185 1. 

METEOROLOGY, the science of, first formed by Professor Daniel, M'ho pub- 
lished his Meteorological Essays in 1823. Since then great attention has been 
paid to this science. The English Government established an office for meteor- 
ological objects in 1854. The latest worker in this field was the lamented 
Admiral Fitzroy, who published his Weather-book, 1863. 

METEORS. The first on record is one seen by the Arabs in Spain on the death 
of King Ibrahim ben Ahmad, Oct. 902, O.S. ; another is recorded, A.D. 1202; 
one is mentioned in Portuguese histoiy, Oct. 22, O.S. 1366. Humboldt de- 
scribed one seen by him and M. Bonpland atCumana, South America, Nov. 12, 
1799 ; the same was seen by Mr Andrew Ellicott at sea off the coast of Florida ; 
a brilliant shower seen by Major Strickland at Canada West, Nov. 14, 1833. 
Sir John Herschel described a display of meteors seen by him, Nov. 14, 1866 j 
re-appeai-ance of, Nov. 13 and 14, 1867. 



566 METER METROPOLITAN COMMONS 

METER for time and distance invented by M. Van Hecke in Paris, Nov., 1857. 

METHODISM in the United States of America. The Methodist General Confer- 
ence resolved in 1839 to send delegates to England in 1842, and one to Canada 
in 1841. During the four years ending Sept,, 1840, 515 ministers, and 89,781 
church members, were added to this denomination. Since that account was made, 
the increase is ascertained to be 14,000, making the whole addition 103,781. 

METHODISTS, Wesleyan. This sect founded at Oxford by John Wesley, 
1729; and in 1734 John Wesley and George Whitfield began to preach openly, 
wherever a congregation could be assembled to hear them, which was considered 
a scandal by the Church of England, in the pale of which they at first professed to 
instruct. The first Conference held, 1744- The Methodist missions commenced, 
1769, and two were sent to North AmericTa ; missions reduced to a system, and a 
society organized for their support, 181 7; in 1767, the number of itinerant preachers 
was no more than 92, and the number of their members, 25,911 ; in 1795, the 
number of their preachers was 357, and the members, 83,368 ; at a later period, 
1827 and 1828, their number was estimated at 21 1,887 in England ; 22, 760 in Ire- 
land ; 36,917 in foreign nations, exclusive of America, or in all about 700,000; their 
preachers in the American connexion, in 1827, were 1576; in foreign stations, 
172 ; in Ireland, 145 ; in England, 829 ; total, 2722 ; since which they have in- 
creased considerably. In England and Wales they map into 296 circuits, and 
claim about one in 56 of the total population as members of their community ; in 
1839, the Methodists reckoned 3290 ministers, and 740,459 members ; in 1851, 
13,000, and raised ^140,000. The Welsh Calvinistic Methodists founded by Mr 
' Howel Harris of Trevecca, 1735- 

METHUEN, treaty between England and Portugal, regidating the commerce 
between the two countries, concluded, Dec. 27, 1703 ; abrogated, 1836. 

METIS, a Gravesend steamboat, came into collision with the screw collier 
' Wentworth,' off Crossness Point, on the River Thames, when the former sunk 
and four persons were drowned, Sept. 6, 1867. 

METRONOME, invented in France, 1698 ; greatly improved by Maelzel, 1812. 

METROPOLITAN BENEFIT SOCIETIES' ASYLUM, Ballspond Road, 
founded, 1829; present building erected, 1836; additional buildings added, 1865, 

METROPOLITAN BOARD OF WORKS, established by act of 18 & 19 Vict. c. 
120, Aug. 14, 1855, for the better local management of the metropolis, and the 
functions of the commissioners of sewers were transferred to them ; Mr Thwaites 
elected chairman at their first meeting in the Common Council Chamber at the 
Guildhall, at a salary of ^1500 per annum, Dec. 22, 1855 ; the main drainage of 
the metropolis placed under their control by 21 & 22 Vict. c. T04, Aug. 2, 1858 ; 
amended, 26 & 27 Vict. c. 68, July 21, 1863 ; loans extended, 28 & 29 Vict. 
c. 19, May 9, 1865 ; the embankment of the Thames entrusted to them. See 
Thames. The salary of the chairman increased to ;^ 2000 per annum, Jan. 22, 1864; 
the main drainage works opened by the Prince of Wales at Crossness-point ; Mr 
Thwaites knighted, April 4, 1865. 

METROPOLITAN BUILDING ACT, for the better construction of buildings 
in the metropolis and its neighbourhood, 18 & 19 Vict. c. 122, Aug. 14, 1855 ; 
amended, 23 & 24 Vict. c. 52, July 23, i860. 

METROPOLITAN CATTLE MARKET, Copenhagen Fields, Islington, estab- 
lished by the act 14 & 15 Vict. c. 61, Aug. I, 1851 ; built from the designs of J. 
B. Bunning, the City's architect, and opened by Prince Albert, June 13, 1855, 
cost ;^35o,ooo; first market held, June 15, 1855. 

METROPOLITAN COMMONS. An act passed making provision for their pro- 
tection and better management, 29 & 30 Vict. c. 122, Aug. 10, 1866. 



METROPOLITAN INTERMENTS MEXICO 567 

METROPOLITAN INTERMENTS. An act passed making better provision for 

the interment of the dead in and near the metropolis, 13 & 14 Vict. c. 52, Aug. 

5, 1850 ; amended, 14 & 15 Vict. c. 89, Aug. 7, 1851 ; the London Necropolis 

Bill passed, May 21, 1S52. 
METROPOLITAN LOCAL TAXATION. A select committee appointed to 

inquire into, March 7, 1866; made their first report, April 16; second, May 6, 

1867 ; third report. May 20. 
METROPOLITAN MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENT. Leave given to Mr J. S. 

Mill to bring in a bill for, Aug. 6, 1867. 
METROPOLITAN POOR BILL. See Poor. 
METROPOLITAN RAILWAY from Paddington underground to Farringdon- 

street ; act passed for the making of, 16 & 17 Vict. c. clxxxvi., Aug. 15, 1853 ; 

opened for traf&c to the public, Oct. i, 1862. 
METROPOLITAN TRAFFIC. An act passed for regulating the traffic in the 

metropolis, 30 & 31 Vict. c. 134, Aug. 20, 1867. 
METTINGHAM CASTLE, Suffolk, built by John de Norwich, 1342 ; he founded 

a college in this castle, and removed the master and chaplains from Ravingham 

College, Norfolk, to, 1379. 

METZ, France. The inhabitants murdered by Vitellius, A.D. 71 ; the town de- 
stroyed by the Huns in the latter part of the 5th century ; made the capital ot 
Austrasia ; the cathedral built, 1332 ; spire, 1427 ; besieged by Charles VIL, 
1444 ; captured by the Constable Montmorency by stratagem for Henry II., 1552. 
Besieged for 10 months by Charles V. with an army of 60,000 men, but unsuc- 
cessfully; after losing 30,000 men, he raised the siege, Jan. 11, 1553. Reform ban- 
quet at, Aug., 1S40. 

MEWS, Charing Cross, Westminster, built, circa the reign of Richard II.; John 
de la Becke appointed keeper of, 1319 ; burnt, 26 Hen. VIII., 1534 ; rebuilt by 
Kent, 1732 ; so called from the French mue, a cage for hawks, a proper appella- 
tive for the place at Charing Cross, where this aviary once existed ; but when its 
designation was altered, and it became a receptacle for the ' royal stud,' nothing 
could be more improper than the retention of the name ; taken down, 1830. 

MEXICO, North America, inhabited by the Toltecs, 580 ; the nation destroyed 
by a pestilence, 1040 ; the Chichemecas emigrated to this country, 1150 ; the city 
founded, 1325 ; a monarchy established, 135 1 ; the city partially destroyed by an 
earthquake, 1446 ; the inhabitants almost perished by a famine, 1452 ; the temple 
built, 14S6 ; visited by an earthquake which did considerable damage, 1487 ; first 
discovered by Hernandez de Cordova, 15 17. Hernando Cortez landed with a 
large force of Spaniards, April, 1519; took the city, 1520 ; defeated the Mexi- 
cans at Tlascalan, July 8, 1520 ; besieged the city and captured it, 1521 ; the 
mint established, 1535 ; after suffering the oppression of the Spaniards for 300 years, 
they raised the standard of revolt, Sept. 16, 1810; captured Valladolid, Oct. 17; 
defeated, March 21, 1811 ; Morelos raised a force against the Spaniards, Jan., 
1812 ; the National Congress held at Chilpanzingo, declared the independence of 
the kingdom, Oct., 1813; Morelos defeated before Valladolid by Iturbide, Dec. 
24, 1813 ; Guanajuato taken by the insurgents under Mina, Oct. 24. 1817; Itur- 
bide declared Emperor, May 19, 1822 ; General Victoria proclaimed a federal 
constitution, Oct. 4, 1824; commercial treaty signed vt'ith England, April, 1825; 
and a boundary treaty signed with the United States, Jan. 12, 1828 ; the Span- 
iards expelled, Dec. 4, 1828 ; Santa- Anna elected President, July, 1832 ; defeated 
by the Texians, April 21, 1836 ; a treaty for the suppression of the Slave-Trade 
signed with England, Felj. 24, 1841 ; war declared against America, 1846; Ma- 
tamoros taken by General Taylor, May 18, 1846 ; Santa-Anna appointed Presi- 
dent, Dec. 6, 1846; Monterey, Sept. 24 ; Vera Cruz invested by General Scott, 



568 MEXICO 

March 9, 1847 ; taken, May 18 ; New Mexico and California ceded to America, 
Feb. 2, 1848 ; treaty signed, May 19, 1848 ; Santa- Anna re-elected President, 
Dec. 12, 1853 ; a boundary treaty with the United States signed, Dec. 30 ; re- 
volution under Juan Alvai'ez, Jan. 22, 1854; Comonfort appointed President, 
Dec, 1855 ; insun-ection at, Feb., 1856 ; the ecclesiastical property confiscated, 
March 31 ; Comonfort driven from, by an insurrection, Jan. 21, 1858 ; Zuloaga 
elected President, Feb., 1858 ; Juarez also claimed that office, and a civil war 
began ; Miramon elected and Zuloaga deposed, Jan. 6, 1859 ; Miramon assumed 
■ the government in April ; insurrection against, Sept. ; defeated, Dec. 26, and 
Vera Cruz besieged, March 13, i860; siege raised, March 21 ; deposed by 
Zuloaga, and taken prisoner, May 9 ; the British Legation withdrawn, May 10, 
and Miramon defeated at Siloa ; Juarez entered the city, Dec. 25 ; made Presi- 
dent, Jan. 19, 1 86 1 ; appointed dictator, June 30 ; a convention signed between 
England, France, and Spain, for the restoration of order, Oct. 31 ; the two former 
governments despatched an ultimatum to the President, Nov. 24 ; the English 
and French Legation left the country, Dec. 16 ; the Spanish forces landed at Vera 
Cruz and occupied the town, Dec. 17 ; an address issued by the Allied Powers, 
Jan. 10, 1862 ; the reply received to the ultimatum not being favourable they de- 
termined to proceed to Mexico, Jan. 29 ; the English and Spanish forces left the 
country in April ; the French declared war, April 16 ; the French army defeated 
the Mexicans, April 28 ; defeated by the Mexicans at Puebla, May 5; the French 
under General Forey besieged Puebla, March 18, 1863 ; the Mexicans under 
Comonfort defeated at San Lorenzo, May 8 ; Puebla captured. May 18 ; the 
French entered the city, June 10 ; an assembly of Mexicans formed who determin- 
ed to make it an empire, July 20, and the crown offered to Archduke Maximilian 
of Austria, Oct. 3; accepted by him, April 10, 1S64; landed at Vera Cruz, May 
24, and issued a proclamation to the Mexicans, May 28 ; made a public entry, 
June 12 ; the Empress made Regent in the absence of the Emperor, June 26 ; the 
Mexicans under Juarez defeated at Estanzuela, Sept. 20, 21 ; again defeated at 
Xiquilpan, Nov. 22, and at Colima, Dec. 20; they attack unsuccessfully Mazatlan, 
Dec. 31; the Hon. Peter Scarlett appointed Envoy extraordinary, Nov. 11, 1864; 
Juarez the President issues a proclamation calling upon the people to assist him 
in repelling the invaders, Jan. 10, 1865 ; the French captured Oaxaca with 8000 
men, Feb. 9 ; the constitution proclaimed, April 10 ; Urnpau occupied by the 
French forces, July 14, and defeated the Juarists at Matamoras, Oct. 25 ; Zoluca 
taken by the Juarists, Jan. 3, 1866, and Chihuahua, March 25, and Matamoras, 
June 23 ; President Johnson refused to recognize the blockade of the Port of the 
Matamoras, Aug. 17 ; the French troops left the country, Feb. 16, 1867 ; Maxi- 
milian placed himself at the head of the Mexican army, Feb. 5 ; betrayed at Santa 
Cruz by Lopez, May 15 ; the city taken, tried and condemned to death, June 14; 
shot with Gens. Miramon and Mejia at, June 19 ; the city of Mexico captured, 
June 20, 21; proclamation of Juarez issued, July 15 ; Admiral Tegethoff claimed 
the body of the Emperor Maximilian, Aug. 13 ; refusal of the Republic to give up 
the remains, Sept. 5 ; Juarez elected President, Oct. 12 ; Santa-Anna banished 
in Oct. ; the body of the late Emperor given up, Nov. 1 1 ; war declared against 
Guatemala, Nov. 19. 

Presidents of Mexico since 1821. 

1821 Iturbide, Generalissimo. 1827 General Pedraza, President. 

1822 Iturbide, Emperor. 1828 General Guerrero, President. 

1823 General Guerrero, ) 1829 General Guerrero, Dictator. 
General Bravo, [Dictator. 1830 General Bustamente, Presid. 
General Negrete, ) 1832 General Pedraza, President. 

1824 General Guadalupe Victoria, 1835 General Santa- Anna, Presid. 

President. 1836 St Jose Justo Caro, Presid. 



MEXICO 



MIDDLE AGES 



569 



1837 
1840 
1841 
1 841 
1843 



1844 
1845 
1845 
1847 
1850 
1852 
1853 



General Bustamente, Presid. 
General Farias, Dictator. 
General Bustamente, Presid. 
General Santa-Anna, Dictator. 
Santa- Anna retired, succeeded 

by , after whom again 

succeeded, 
General Santa- Anna, Dictator. 
General Canalizo, President. 
General Plerrera, President. 
General Paredes, President. 
General Arista, President. 
Dr M. JuanCeballos, Presid. 
St Manuel Lombardini, Presid. 



1853 



1855 
1856 
1858 
1858 
1859 

i860 

1861 
1864 
1867 



General Santa-Anna, Presi- 
dent, April 20 ; elected con- 
stitutionally, Dec. 11;, same 
year. 

Don Juan Alvarez, President. 

General Comonfort, President. 

Don Felix Zuloaga, President. 

General Miramon, President. 

Don Felix Zuloaga, Vice-Pre- 
sident. 

General Miramon, President. 

Dr Juarez, President. 

Maximilian, Emperor. 

Dr Juarez, President. 



MEZZOTINTO ENGRAVING, invented by Colonel de Siegen, 1643, attributed 
to Prince Rupert by Evelyn ; his earliest engraving was finished, 1658. 

MICHAEL, ST, Order of Knighthood instituted in France by Louis XL, 1469 ; 

the number of knights fixed at 100 by Louis XIV., 1665 ; the order established 

in Germany, 1618; confirmed by Pope Urban VIII. , 1624; the order established 

in Bavaria, 1693. 
MICHAEL, ST, a Vale Castle, Guernsey, built, 1114 ; the church, 11 17, 
MICHAEL, ST, Festival of, first kept, Sept. 29, 487. 
MICHAEL, ST, Mount, Cornwall, monastery of, built, 1030 ; fortified in the 12th 

century ; taken by John de Vere, 1471 ; captured by the Cornish rebels, 1548; 

by Colonel Hammond, 1646. 

MICHAEL, ST, Mount, France, or Mont St Michael, in the department of La 
Manche, 4 leagues S.W.S. from Avranches, monasteiy of, now a prison, erected, 
966, by Richard II., Duke of Normandy ; completed by William I. of England, 
1070; Henry II. held his court here in 1166 ; besieged unsuccessfully, 141 7, and 
by the English under Lord Scales, 1423, but the English fleet being destroyed in 
a gale the siege was raised, April, 1424. 

MICHAELMAS, from the feast of St Michael, the patron of the Roman Catholic 
Church, as being the reputed head of the angelic host, instituted, 487. 

MICHIGAN, North America. This French possession came into the hands of the 
English at the peace of 1763 ; added to the Union, 1796 ; made a territorial 
government, 1805 ; taken by the British, commanded by Gen. Hull, 1812 ; ad- 
mitted to the Union, 1837 ; capital punishment abolished, 1848 ; the constitution 
adopted, 1850. 

MICROMETER, invented by Mr Gascoigne, circa 1640; improved by Auzout, 
1666 ; subsequently by Christian Huygens. 

MICROSCOPES first used in Holland, 1592 ; Hans Zansz presented one to Prince 
Maurice, 161 7; with double glasses, invented by Torricelli, 1624; Leuwenhoek 
communicated to the Royal Society, 1673, ^ description of the construction of a 
bee and a louse ; solar microscopes invented by Dr Hooke, according to some, 
and to others by Liebeckuk, 1740; improved by Dr Baker, 1763, Dolland and 
Dr Smith, Ross, Sir D. Brewster ; and first applied to photography by Mr R. 
Hodgson and Mr J. Delves, 1852. 

MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY, London, instituted, Sept. 3, 1839 ; first Transac- 
tions published, 1842; the Quekett, 1865. 
MIDDLE AGES, according to Sharon Turner, commenced at the accession of 



570 MIDDLE CLASS EXAMINATIONS MILAN 

William the Conqueror, Dec. 25, 1066, and terminated with the death of Henry 
VII., April 12, 1509. See Age. 

MIDDLE-CLASS EXAMINATIONS, instituted by the Oxford University, June 
18, 1857 ; first held at Oxford, June 21, 1858. 

MIDDLE-CLASS SCHOOLS. A meeting held at the Mansion House, London, 
for the purpose of supporting a scheme for providing cheap middle-class educa- 
tion, suggested by the Rev. Wm. Rogers, ;i^50, 000 subscribed, Jan. 11, 1866; the 
first school opened in Bath-street, City Road, Oct. i, 1866. 

MIDDLEHAM CASTLE, Durham, the residence of the bishops, built, 1190. 

MIDDLEHAM CASTLE, Yorkshire, built by Robert Fitz Ranulph, 1180; Fal- 
conbridge beheaded at, 1471 ; Edward IV. confined in, by the Earl of Wanvick, 
1470 ; given by Edward IV. to his brother Richard, Duke of Gloucester. 

MIDDLE LEVEL Drainage Embankment on the Ouse, near Kings-Lynn, burst, 
inundating upwards of 10,000 acres of cultivated land. May 4, 1862. 

MIDDLESBOROUGH, Yorkshire, built, 1830; incorporated, Jan. 21, 1853; St 
Hilda church erected, 1839. 

MIDDLESEX, England. The Trinobantes occupied part of, B.C. 76 ; they sub- 
mitted to the Roman invaders, B.C. 54 ; granted to the city of London by charter 
Henry I., confirmed by King John, 1199 ; writ issued to return two members to 
parliament, Oct. 3, 1295 ; William de Brok and Stephen de Gravesend re- 
turned, Nov. 13. 

MIDDLESEX HOSPITAL, instituted in 1745 ; begun erecting. May 15, 1755 ; 
enlarged, 1834 ; incorporated, 1836 ; new wing added, 1848. 

MIDDLETON, Stony, Oxfordshire, Earl Jersey's seat, burned, April 29, 1755. 

MIDDLETON ABBEY, Dorset, built by King Athelstan, 938. 

MIDHURST, Sussex. John de Rohun established a Benedictine house and built 
Easebourne church, iemj>. Henry III. ; Cowdray Castle built in the next reign ; 
visited by Queen Elizabeth, 1591 ; destroyed by fire, 1793 ; the grammar school 
erected by Gilbert Hannani, 1672. 

MIDWIFERY, taught by Hypocrates, B.C. 400 ; improved by Celsus, A.D. 37 ; 
and Galen, 131 ; E. Rhodion published a treatise upon this science, 1532 ; in 
England first treated as a science, 1518 ; the noted Hai-vey practised in, 1603, in 
many difficult cases ; employ of men in, not general until 1663 ; the construction 
and use of the forceps made known by Mr Butter, 1 732 . 

MILAN, Italy. The ancient Roman city was captured by the Goths in the 3rd 
century ; made an imperial residence by Maximian, 303 ; an edict in favour of 
the Christians, issued, 313 ; a great council held at, 300 bishops being present, 
356 ; sacked byAttila, 452 ; a diet was held here, 955 ; destroyed by the Franks, 
538 ; proclaimed its independence, 1158 ; the agents of Frederick I. driven from 
the town, April 16, 1 159 ; taken by Frederick I. after a siege of seven months, 
and razed to the ground and the name extinguished, 1161 ; the Lombard league 
established, April 7, 1 167; restored to the Milanese, April 27, 1 167; the first dicta- 
tor appointed, 1 186 ; invaded by Frederick II., 1239 ; and again, 1245 ; Land 
Tax introduced, 1248 ; Napoleone made Vicar-General, 1273 ; made prisoner, 
Jan. 21, 1277; governed by dukes from 1395 to 1535. The cathedral Dt/omo, 
erected in tlie 4th century, burnt, 1075 ; rebuilt and destroyed by Frederick I, , 
1162 ; the first stone of the present building laid, 1387 ; completed, 1685 ; the 
Basilica of St Ambrose, built, 387 ; repaired, 1631 ; the ancient ducal castle built 
by Galeazzo, 1358 ; taken by the French, June 9, 1796 ; Napoleon makes a 
triumphal entrance into. May 15 ; captured the castle, May 27 ; the Russian 
General Suwarroff entered the city after defeating the French army, April 26, 



MILAN MILLS 



571 



1799; taken by the Austrians, 1736 ; became subject to Austria, 1748; taken 
again by the French, May 31, 1799 ; Napoleon made his second entry, June 2, 
1800; Napoleon Bonaparte crowned with the iron crown of Charlemagne, May 
26, 1805 ; decree against continental intercourse with England issued from, Dec. 
17, 1807 ; insurrection in, 1815 ; the arch of peace began, 1807 ; completed, 
1830; the arena erected by Canonica, 1806 ; the first race. Time 17, 1807 ; in- 
surrection at, and retreat of the Austrians, March 18, 1848 ;' capitulates to the 
Austrians, under Radetsky, Aug. 6, 1848; treaty of peace between Austria and 
Sardinia, Aug. 6, 1849 ; visited by the Emperor of Austria, Jan. 15, 1857 ; and 
by Napoleon III. and Victor Emmanuel, June 8, 1859. 

MILAN, the decree of, issued by Napoleon, Dec. 17, 1807; it declared all 
vessels of whatsoever nation that should submit to the I3ritish orders in council, 
lawful prizes. 

MILE, measure first determined, 1593, to be 5280 feet, or 1760 yards ; a square 
mile to be 27,178,400 square feet, or 640 square acres. 

MILESTONES. William Warren, fellow of Trinity Hall, Camb., planted the first 
milestone in England ; it is on the road to Cambridge and Trompington, 1725. 

MILFORD, near Godalming, set on nre, and burned, July 29, 1806. 

MILFORD HAVEN, South Wales. Richard II. embarked with his forces for 
Ireland from, 1399 ; Heniy VII. landed at, Aug. 7, 1485 ; packets to Water- 
ford established, 1787 ; the town founded by Mr Greville, 1790 ; the dockyard re- 
moved from the town, 181 5, to Pembroke ; the haven would contain the whole 
navy of England; the 'Great Eastern' laid up here, i860; and repaired at, 1861. 

MILITARY ACADEMY, Woolwich, established, 1741. 

MILITARY ASYLUM, Chelsea. The first stone laid by the Duke of York, June 
19, 1801 ; a site purchased under 11 & 12 Vict. c. 103, Sept. 4, 1848. 

MILITIA. A force similar to our militia was enrolled by Alfred the Great, circa 
900; an assize of arms was held, llSl ; the last inspection was held at Winchester, 
1286 ; the first commission of array formed, 1422 ; arrays limited, 5 Henry IV. ; 
Charles I. refused to give the command to the parliament, Feb. 28, 1642 ; the 
parliament took the command of, May 5; the present force established by 13 Car. 
II. c. 6, 1661, and 14 Car. II. c. 3, 1661 ; amended by 15 Car. II. c. 4, 1663 ; 
the laws consolidated, 42 Geo. III. c. 90, 91, June 26, 1802; and Ireland by 
49 Geo. III. c. 120, June 19, 1809 ; the whole system throughout the United 
Kingdom remodeled by 15 & 16 Vict. c. 50, June 30, 1S52 ; again, England and 
Wales, 17 & 18 Vict. c. 105 ; Scotland, c. 106, and Ireland, c. 107, Aug. 11, 
1854 ; their services to be accepted out of the United Kingdom, 18 & 19 Vict. c. 
I, Dec. 23, 1854 ; the laws of, amended, c. 57, July 16, 1855 ; act passed as 
to the qualifications of officers, c. lOO, Aug. 14, 1855; ballotsuspended, c. 106, Aug. 
14, 1S55 ; a bill was brought in by Lord John Russell to establish a local militia 
of 70,000 men, but was defeated, Feb. 16, 1852 ; an act passed for the better 
management of, 30 & 31 Vict. c. 92, Aug. 12, 1867 ; a reserve of, to join the 
army in the event of war, 30 & 31 Vict. c. ill, Aug. 20, 1867. 

MILKY WAY. Galileo discovered that it was composed of separate stars, circa 

1611. 
MILLIDUSE, battle. The Turks defeated by the Russian army, under General 

Paskiewitch, with a loss of 30 pieces of cannon and 1400 prisoners, July 2, 1829. 

MILLS of the ancient Hebrews probably differed but little from those at present 
in use in the East ; they consisted of two circular stones, about 18 inches or two 
feet in diameter, the lower being fixed ; so essential were they in daily life, that 
they were forbidden to be taken in pledge, Deut. xxiv. 6. Wind-mills were first 



572 MILLUM CASTLE MINISTRIES 

known in Hungary, circa 710, but were not known in England for 300 years later. 
Silk mills invented by Sir Thomas Lombe, April 3, 1732. 

MILLUM CASTLE, Cumberland, built, circa 1190; fortified by Sir John Hudles- 
ton, 1335 ; bought by Sir James Lowther, 1774. 

MILTON, Kent, celebrated for its oyster fishery, granted by King John, 121 1 ; con- 
firmed by Charles II-, 1675 ; manor granted by Edward III. to Queen Philippa ; 
chantry founded by Aymer de Valence, 1323 ; visited by a plague, 1602. 

MILTON, GREAT, Oxfordshire, 16 houses burned at, July 4, 1762. 

MINCIO, battles. The Austrians, under Beaulieu, defeated by the French, May 
29, 1796 ; the passage of, by the French army, Dec. 20, 1800 ; defeated by the 
Austrians, Dec. 26 ; the Austrians defeated by the French here, Feb. 8, 1814 ; 
the Sardinian army, commanded by Charles Albert, forced the passage, April 8, 
1848; recrossed, July 26; the Austrians retired across, after their defeat at Magenta, 
June 9, 1859 ; crossed by the allied French and Sardinians, Aug. i. 

MINDEN, battle, between the French and the allied English, Hanoverians, and 
Hessians, under Prince Ferdinand, when the latter gained a complete victory, 
Aug. I, 1759 ; for his conduct while commanding the horse in this battle. Lord 
George Sackville was tried by a court-martial and dismissed the service, but re- 
stored on the accession of George III. to the throne, 1760. 

MINEHEAD, Somersetshire, 47 houses burned down at, July 4, 1791. 

MINERALOGICAL SOCIETY, the British, established, 1801. 

MINERALOGY. John Woodward first published an Essay towards a natural 
history of the earth and terrestrial bodies, especially in minerals, 1695 ; he 
is looked upon as the founder of this science ; since improved by Werner; Jame- 
son's system published, 1805 ; Dana's, 1854. 

MINES. Tin mines were worked in Cornwall from the earliest times ; one at 
Altenhery, Saxony, discovered, 1455 ; the tin mines of Sumatra discovered, 
1710 ; the lead mines of Cumberland were worked as early as A.D. 1235 ; large 
lead deposits discovered in the United States, 1828 ; the Hartz mines worked, 
1520 ; an act passed for the better government and inspection of, 23 & 24 Vict, 
c. 151, Aug. 28, i860 ; women prohibited from working in, by the 5 & 6 Vict. c. 
99, Aug. 10, 1842 ; a committee appointed to inquire into the operation of the 
acts for the regulation and inspection of, Feb. 8, 1867 ; made their first report, 
July 31 ; schools for the teaching of this science established in Hungary, circa 
1765 ; many others sprang up in Germany; one opened in London, Nov. 6, 1851. 

MINES for military purposes. Two were anciently employed in attacking a 
fortress ; mines of this description were employed at the siege of Melun, 1420 ; 
and at Harfleur, 1449; gunpowder used by the Genoese at the siege of Lerezandla, 
1487 ; the castle de I'Ovo at Naples taken by the explosion of a mine, 1503 ; the 
Venetians defended Candia against the Turks from 1666 to 1669, by this method ; 
the town of Schweidnitz defended for two months against the Prussians by the 
Austrians, 1 762 ; great improvements have since been made in the construction of, 
and the charge used. 

MINIE RIFLE, invented by M. Minie, at Vincennes, 1833 ; first used in the 
British army, 1 85 1. 

MINISTRIES :— 

Prime Minister. Appointed. Prime Minister. Appointed. 

Sir Robert Walpole Apr., 1721 Duke of Newcastle Apr. 5, 1754 

Lord Carteret, after- Duke of Newcastle Oct., 1761 

wards Earl Granville Feb., 1742 Earl of Bute May 29, 1762 

Mr Pelhixm Nov., 1744 Geor<?-e Grcaville (de- 



MINORCA 



MINT 



573 



Prime Minister. Appointed. 

signaled the Duke of 

Bedford's Ministiy) Apr. i6, 1763 

Marquis of Rockingliam July 12, 1765 

Duke of Grafton Aug. 2, 1766 

Lord North Jan. 28, 

Marquis of Rockingham Mar. 



Earl of Shelburne 

Duke of Portland 

William Pitt 

Henry Addington, after- 
wards Lord Sidmoutli 

William Pitt — re-ap- 
pointed 

Lord Grenville (Fox, 
Secretary of State) 

Duke of Portland 

Spencer Perceval 

Earl of Liverpool 

George Canning 



July 

Apr. 
Dec. 

Mar. 



1770 

1782 
1782 
1783 
1783 



17, 1 801 
May 12, 1804 



Prime Minister. 
Viscouiit Goderich 
Duke of Wellington 
Earl Grey 

Viscount Melbourne 
Duke of Wellington, 
Sir Robert Peel 
Viscount Melbourne 
Sir Robert Peel 
Lord John Russell 
Sir Robert Peel 
Lord John Russell 
Earl of Derby 
Earl of Aberdeen 
Viscount Palmerston 
Earl of Derby 
Viscount Palmerston 
Lord John Russell 
Lord Derby 
Benjamin D'Israeli 



Appointed. 

Aug. 10, 1827 
Jan. 25, 1828 
Nov. 22, 1830 
July II, 1834 
Nov. 16, 1834 
Dec. 8, 1834 
Apr. 18, 1835 
Sept. 3, 1841 
Dec. 10, 1845 
Dec. 20, 1845 
June 26, 1846 
Feb. 22, 1852 
Dec. 9, 1852 
Feb. 5, 1855 
Feb. 21, 1858 
June 13, 1859 
Nov. 3, 1865 
June 27, 1867 
Feb. 28, 1868 



Jan. 8, 1S06 
Mar. 13, 1807 
June 28, 1810 
June 8, 1812 
Apr. II, 1S27 

MINORCA, Mediterranean, taken by Alfonso, a Spaniard, 1287 ; captured by the 
English under General Stanhope, Aug. 28, 1708 ; aFrenchforce of 12,000 men took 
it from the English, June 27, 1756 ; Admiral Byng was shot for not relieving it, 
March 14, 1757; re-taken by Spain, 1782 ; restored to England by the Peace of 
Versailles, Sept. 3, 1783; English re-took it, Nov. 15, 1798; ceded by the treaty 
of Amiens, March 25, 1802 ; the naval hospital built, 1722— 1795. 

MINOTAUR, of 74 guns, wrecked upon the Haaks Bank, on the Dutch coast, 
when 480 of the crew perished, Dec. 22, 1810. 

MINSK, Russia. The Russians under General Bronykowski defeated the French, 
and captured the town with its immense magazines and 2000 men, Nov. 16, 18 12. 

MINSTRELS, originally players on pipes for the amusement of feudal lords and 
their households. They are not to be confounded with the bards or poets, who 
were of older date, and whose compositions they often played, succeeding the 
Saxon glee-men. John of Gaunt had a court of them at Tutbury, 1380 ; Henry 
V. had 18 men in 141 5 ; one recited before Queen Elizabeth at Kenilworth Castle, 
1575 ; wandering minstrels punished as vagabonds, 39 Eliz. c. 4, I597- 

MINT. This establishment was appended to a public treasury near the Tower, as 
is supposed, abouttheyear A. D. 400, before the Romans quitted the island. An ingot 
of silver was found in 1777 in the old foundation of the ordnance office in the 
Tower — Ex Officio Hoiiorii ; with some gold coins of the reign of Arcadius and 
Honorius ; the shape was square, with the four corners extended out of the straight 
line, so as to render the four sides a jagged curve ; its proper name is a skillet, 
and forms a pi'oof of the preparatory operations of the monetary systems of the 
Romans, to whom the art of coining was then familiar, though of considerably 
less exactness than that of modern times ; they had mints at Rome, Constanti- 
nople, York, and London ; they were found at a great depth below the artificial 
stratum, which consisted of almost impenetrable foundations of flint, and cement 
equally hard. Dr Hunter had in his collection one of these coins. One of them 
had the impression Aug. G. G., and denoted its date to be A. D. 420. Athelstan 
first regulated the mint, at a later period, 928, and there were also provincial 
mints; the mint office in the Tower was established, 1065; the mint was worked by 
Italians, 12 78, from the native ignorance of its management ; the workmen were 



574 



MINT MISSUNDE 



formed into a corporation by Edward III., about 1343, when the first entry of 
gold for coinage occurs ; an act passed for regulating the mint, i Hen. VI. c. 4, 
1422, and 2 Hen. VI. c. 12, 1423 ; tin coined by Charles II., 1684 ; Sir Isaac 
Newton made master of the mint, 1699; mints erected at York, Bristol, Exeter, 
and Chester, 1695 ; the present building erected from the designs of Mr Johnson 
and Sir Robert Smirke between 1806 and 1810, for which the sum of ;^262,ooo 
was voted by parliament ; a new constitution of the mint ordered by 57 Geo. 
III. c. 67, July 7, 1817, and a second change and re-arrangement by 7 Will. IV. 
and I Vict. c. 9, April 21, 1837. 

MINT, the, a notorious district in Southwark, Surrey, so called from a mint being 
established at, by Henry VIII. ; Sir Edward Peckham, Knight, appointed trea- 
surer, 1550, and Sir John Yorke under-treasurer, 1551 ; an issue of crowns, half- 
crowns, shillings, and sixpences were coined here ; visited by Edward VI., 1549 ; 
the property given to Archbishop Heath by Queen Mary, sold by him in 1557 ; 
clandestine marriages celebrated here, 1 7 12-16 ; once used as a place of refuge 
for debtors ; suppressed by 8 & 9 Will. III. c. 27, s. 15, 1697, and 9 Geo. I., c. 
28, 1722. 

MIRRORS, or Looking- Glasses, anciently of polished metal, Ex. xxxviii. 8, Job 
xxxvii. 18 ; first made at Venice of silvered glass, 1300, and in England at Lam- 
beth, 1673. 

MISSENDEN ABBEY, Buckinghamshire, founded by Sir W. de Missenden, 1133, 

MISSIONARIES. The first institution established in London for sending out 
missionaries was the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel, 1649 ; the 
Methodists first adopted the principle, 1785 ; the Royal Danish Mission to 
Greenland, 1713 ; the United Brethren, 1732 ; since which time many have been 
founded. The principal missionary societies : — 

Baptist Missionary 1792 Jews, Society for the Propaga- 

British and Foreign 1804 tion of the Gospel among 1842 

Church Missionary Society for London Missionary 1795 

Africa and the East ... 1799 Moravian Missions 1732 

Colonial Bishoprics Fund ... 1841 Primitive Methodists 1829 

Colonial and Continental Church Society for advancing the British 

Society founded 1835 faith in the West Indies, 

Present name adopted, May i, 1861 incorporated 1799 

Coral Missionary Fund i860 The Society for the Propagation 

Foreign Aid Society 1841 of the Gospel in Foreign 

Hawaiin Church and Mission, Parts, incorporated, June 16, 1701 

April ... ... ••• 1 86 1 Turkish Missions Aid Society 1854 

Jewish Converts 1831 Wesleyan Methodists 1816 

MISSIONARY RIDGE, Tennessee, battle. The Confederates defeated by 
the Federals under General Grant, Nov. 25, 1863. 

MISSISSIPPI, North America. First settled by the French under Bienville, 
1698 ; ceded to England by France by the treaty of Paris, 1763 ; surrendered to 
the United States, 1784; constitution adopted, 1817 , revised, 1832; admitted 
into the Union, 1818 ; seceded to the Southern Confederacy, Jan. 9, 1861. 

MISSISSIPPI SCHEME. See Law's Bubble. 

MISSOURI, North America. The town of St Genevieve founded, 1755 ; St 
Louis, 1764 ; added to the United States, 1803 ; admitted into the Union, 1820- 1 ; 
constitution adopted, 1820; subsequently amended, 1822, 1843, and 1850. 

MISSUNDE, battle. The Prussians defeated by the Danish army, Feb. 2, 1864. 



MIST MODLIN 575 

MIST, a notorious printer, committed to Newgate for a libel, by the House of 
Commons, although at the same time a prisoner for debt in the King's Bench, 
June 3, 1 72 1. 

MITCHELSTOWN, Ireland. A number of young persons meeting in a bam to 
celebrate a wedding, it took fire, and the bride, with 20 other persons, were burned 
to death, Feb. 12, 1816. 

MITHRIDATIC WARS. The first social war broke out, B.C. 91, and lasted four 
years ; the second, B.C. 75 ; the forces of Mithridates were almost annihilated, 
and he escaped to Comana, B.C. 73. 

MITRE, a cap belonging to popes and bishops, in imitation of that worn by the 
high-priest among the Jews ; the pope has four, differently formed according to 
the ceremony that demands them. The cardinals wore mitres vmtil 1245, when 
they were appointed to wear hats by the council of Lyons. 

MITTAU, Russia, the capital of Courland, founded, 1266; castle erected, 1739 ; 
Louis XVIII. resided at, 1796; the ducal palace destroyed by fire, Dec. 21, 17S8. 

MITYLENE, island of, in the Greek Archipelago, with 2000 houses, destroyed and 
ravaged by an earthquake, May 27, 1755; visited by an earthquake, which de- 
stroyed part of the island and killed several hundred persons, March 8, 1867. 

MNEMONICS, discovered by Simonides, a Greek poet, B.C. 490. Roger Bacon 
wrote a work vipon this science, ' Tractatus de Arte Memorativa ; ' Laurenz 
Fries of Strasburg published a treatise upon, 1523 ; Lambert Schenkel published 
his Mnemonics, 1547; Dr R. Grey printed his ' Memoria Technica,' 1730 ; Major 
Beniowski published 'A Handbook of Phrenotypics,' 1846; J. H. Bacon pub- 
lished his system, 1861 ; Dr Pick wrote a work upon Memory, 1862. 

MOBBERLEY PRIORY, Cheshire, founded by Patrick de Mobberley, 1206. 

MOBILE, North America, founded by the French imder Bienville, 1702 ; ceded to 
England, 1763 ; ceded to the United States, 1813 ; attacked by the Federal fleet 
under Admiral Farragut, Fort Gaines surrendered, Aug. 10, 1864; the Federal 
iron-clad ' Tecumseh ' blown up by a torpedo, Aug. 15. 

MOBILIER, a banking corporation in Paris, founded by M. Pereire, Nov. 18, 1852. 

MOCKERN, battles, between Eugene Beauharnois and the French, and the 
allied Russian and Prussian army, which was defeated with much loss, April 13, 
1813 ; a second battle, yet more sanguinary, Oct. 16, 1813. 

MODENA, Italy. Made a duchy, 145 1 ; purchased from Maximilian by Leo X, 
for 40,000 ducats, 1514 ; taken by Alfonso I., 1527 ; made the capital, Jan. 12, 
1598 ; the prince of, arrived in London, Oct. 16, 1735 ; surrendered to the King 
of Sardinia, June, 1742 ; prince of, pensioned by the Austrians with 90,000 
florins, 1753; taken by the French, June 9, 1796; revolutionary government 
established, 1796 ; incorporated with the Cisalpine republic, April 9, 1797 ; the 
allied Russians and Austrians defeated by the French under General Macdonald, 
with a loss of 1500 men, June 12, 1799 ; annexed to the Cisalpine republic by the 
treaty of Luneville, Feb. 9, 1801 ; formed part of Italy, 1805 ; Francis of Este 
restored to, 1814; insurrection at, and flight of the duke, Feb. 3, 1831 ; after- 
wards occupied by Austrian troops ; annexed to Italy, i860. 

MODENA order of merit, established for soldiers who have served for 18 
years, May 16, 1S52. 

MODERN LANGUAGES, professor of, appointed in the English universities, 
1724, by George I. 

MODLIN, Austria, occupied by the French, Jan. I, 1807 ; garrisoned by them, 
Jan. 16, 1 813 ; blockaded by the Russians, Feb. 12 ; surrendered to the allied 
Austrians and Russians with 1200 men, Dec. 25. 



576 MCESKIRCH MONASTERIES 

MCESKIRCH, battle. The Austrians under the Duke of Lorraine were defeated 
by the French, commanded by General Moreau, with a loss of 6000 men, May 3, 
1800. 

MOGADORE, Morocco. The town burnt and the troops defeated, Aug. 15, 1844. 

MOGUL EMPIRE in India, conquered first by the celebrated Jenghis Khan, a 
Tartar prince, who died 1236 ; Timor Bey became Great Mogul by conquest, 
1399 ; the throne continued in his descendants ; Kouli Khan invaded it, and car- 
ried off enormous treasure into Persia, March 7, 1 734 ; at length Delhi and the 
Mogul empire fell into the hands of the English, in the present century. 

MOHACZ, battles, between the King of Hungary and the Turks under Solyman 
II., when the former was defeated, with the loss of his life and 22,000 men, 1526 ; 
a second battle here, Aug. 18, 1687, in which the Turks were defeated with the 
loss of 10,000 men, by Prince Charles of Lorraine. 

MOHAMMEDAN ERA dates from July 15, 622. 

MOHAWKS, disorderly ruffians so locally named, who went about London streets 
at night, wounding and disfiguring passengers, 1711 ; ;i^ 100 was offered for the 
apprehension of any of them. 

MOHILOW, battle, between the Russians and the French under Davoust ; after a 
most sanguinary combat the Russians were defeated with loss, July 23, 1812. 

MOIR, Captain, found guilty of murdering a fisherman who trespassed on his 
grounds at Little-Warham, Essex, July 30, 1830 ; executed, Aug. 2. 

MOISTERAS, destroyed by a volcano in the island of Fuego, April 30, 1757. 

MOLDAVIA. Came under the protection of Turkey, 1536 ; Peter the Great of 
Russia forced the Turks to restore their independence, 1710; invaded by the 
Russians, 1738; subsequently evacuated, 1 741 ; occupied again by Russia, 1769; 
restored by the treaty of Kainardji, 1774 ; a part subsequently given to Austria, 
1778; Russia again invaded these territories, 1791 ; they again took the town, 
1807 ; occupied by them, 1828 ; restored by the treaty of Adrianople, Sept. 14, 
1829 ; taken by Russia, July 3, 1853 ; evacuated by them, Sept. 15, 1854 ; M. 
Couza elected Hospodar of Wallachia, thus uniting the two principalities, Feb. 7, 
1859 ; assembling of the conference of representatives of the European powers 
in reference to the principalities of, held in Paris, April 7 ; the Sultan sanctioned 
the double return of Prince Couza on condition of his rendering homage to the 
Sultan at Constantinople, Aug. 6, 1S59. 

MOLE at Athens, built, 120. 

MOLESWORTH, Lady, and her three children burned to death in her house, 1764. 

MOLINISTS, founded by Molina in Spain, 1586 ; Clement VIII. appointed a 
Council to decide as to its orthodoxy, 1594 ; they decided against them, i6oi. 

MOLUCCAS, or Spice Islands, first discovered by the Portuguese, 1510 ; the 
Dutch settled here, 1595; the Dutch East India Company founded, 1603 ; dis- 
solved, 1795 ; taken by the English, 1797; returned to Holland, 1800; again 
occupied by the English in 1810 ; restored by the treaty of Paris, May 30, 1814. 

MOLWITZ, battle, between the Prussians and the Imperiahsts under Frederick 
the Great ; the Austrian loss was immense, April 10, 1741. 

MOMBAS, Africa, visited by Vasco de Gama, 1498 ; the town burned by the Por- 
tuguese, 1505 ; rebuilt, 1520 ; again burned by the Portuguese, 1529 ; held by 
them until 1720. 

MONASTERIES, the first founded where the sister of St Anthony retired, 270 ; 
monks first associated, 328 ; the first founded in France, near Poictiers, by St 
Martin, 360 ; Constantine IV. sent for a great number of friars and nuns to 



MONCONTOUR MONMOUTH'S REBELLION 577 

Ephesus, ordered them to change their black habits for white, and to destroy their 
images ; on their refusal he ordered their eyes to be put out, banished them, and 
sold several of their monasteries, appropriating the produce, 770 ; the first 
founded in England, 596 ; 27 built by Edgar, 959 ; deprived of their privileges, 
Oct. 6, 1275 ; lent the king money for his wars, 1314 ; suppressed by Wolsey to 
endow Ipswich and Christ Church, Oxford, 1525 ; suppressed to endow Eton and 
King's College, Cambridge, 1528; the lesser united, 1528; observant suppressed 
by Henry VIII., 1534; 321 suppressed, to the value of ;^32,ooo per annum, 
1535-36 ; 21 suppressed and 121 resigned their charters, above ;^ioo,ooo taken 
from them, 1538; in all 645, of the yearly value of ^161,000 of money of that time, 
seized by Henry VIII. , under the following Acts of Parliament : — 25 Henry VIII . 
c. 21, 1533 ; 27 Henry VIII. c. 28, 1535; 31 Henry VIII. c. 13, 1539 ; 32 Henry 
VIII. c. 20, 1540 ; 37 Henry VIII. c. 4, 1545. Several re-established in the 
reign of Mary ; suppressed and their possession vested in the crown, i Eliz. c. i, 
1558. T\\Q Irish Monasteries : — In 1537, 1538, and 1541. Acts of Parliament were 
passed for the suppi^ession of religious houses in Ireland ; and during the reigns of 
Henry VIII. , Edward VI., and Elizabeth, all the abbeys, monasteries, priories, 
convents, &c. , wei"e abolished. 
MONCONTOUR, battle. The Huguenots defeated by the Catholic army under 

the Duke of Anjou, on the river Dive, 6000 being slain, Oct. 3, 1569. 
MONEY first mentioned as a medium of commerce : Abimelech gave Abraham a 
thousand pieces of silver to purchase veils for Sarah and her attendants, Gen. 
XX. 16, circa B.C. 1898 ; and also that Abraham gave Ephron 400 shekels of silver 
for the purchase of a burial-place, xxiii. 3 ct seq., B.C. i860; first made at Argos, 
B.C. 894; changed 18 times in value from 1290 to 1789, and 12 times its value 
from 1530 to 1789. Silver increased 30 times its value since the Norman conquest ; 
a pound in that age was three times the quantity that it is at present, and ten times 
its value in purchasing any commodity. See Coinage. 
MONEY ORDER OFFICE established in London, 3 & 4 Vict. c. 96, Aug. 10, 
1840 ; amended, 11 & 12 Vict. c. 88, Aug. 31, 1848 ; office in St Martin's le Grand 
built, 1849 ; a reciprocal system adopted between England and Canada, May 19, 
1859. 
MONK. Paul of Thebais was the first ; he fled into the mountains to avoid 
the Dacian persecution, 260 ; some contend that St Anthony was the first who 
led a regular monastical life, at Mount Colzim, near the Red Sea, 305 ; after this 
period the monks began to associate, and to form orders ; Athanasius is said 
to have introduced the monastic life into Rome, 341 ; in 360 it was begun in 
Egypt and Persia; the former country soon had no less than 96,000 of the brother- 
hood, according to some authorities. Monks of Canterbury driven out of Eng- 
land by King John, 1207 ; the foreign expelled the country, 1380 ; 25 executed 
for opposing Henry VIII., 1535 ; rendered incapable of inheriting estates, 155 1. 

MONKS OF THE SCREW, or the Monks of the Order of St Patrick ; a patriotic 
and convivial club founded in Ireland, 1779, but died out in 1795. 

MONMOUTH, Monmouthshire. The castle was erected by the Saxons ; rebuilt 
by William Fitz Baderon de Monmouth, 1087 ; John of Gaunt resided at, and 
Henry V. born in, 1388 ; a priory founded at, by Wihenoc de Monmouth, before 
1 125; incorporated by Edward VI., 1550; taken by the Parliamentarians, 1646; 
Charles II. granted a charter of confirmation, 1666 ; the church rebuilt, 1740. 

MONMOUTH'S REBELLION. The duke landed at Lyme, Dorsetshire, June 
II, 1685 ; proclaimed king at Taunton, June 20; defeated at the battle of Sedge- 
moor, July 6 ; taken prisonei", July 8 ; beheaded on Tower Llill, July 15. He was 
the natural son of Charles II. ; banished to the Continent for a conspiracy, 1683. 

37 



578 MONOPOLIES MONTEREAU 

MONOPOLIES, a public nuisance, and parliament petitioned against them at the 
close of the reign of Elizabeth, 1602 ; furtlrer suppressed as contrary to law, by 21 
James I. c. 3, 1623 ; encouraged by Charles I., but suppressed at his death, 1649. 

MONOTHELITES, a sect who held that in Christ there was but one will ; it arose 
under Theodoric, 540 ; the Emperor Honorius published an edict in its favour, 
630 ; the doctrine condemned by the CEcumenical Council, 680. 

MONS, Belgium, the site of a Roman camp and castle built by Ctesar ; made by 
Charlemagne the capital of Hainault, 804 ; the church of Waltrudis began, 1450; 
completed, 1580 ; tower erected, 1662 ; the town-hall began, 1458 ; the Prince 
of Orange defeated by Marshal Luxemburg, 1678 ; besieged and taken by the 
French, 1691 ; restored by the peace of Ryswick ; taken by the English, under 
Marlborough, 1709; the Austrians destroyed the fortifications, 1784; captured 
by the French, 1792 ; annexed to France, 1794, and made the capital of Jemappe, 
1795 ; restored to Belgium at the peace of 1814 ; refortified, i8i8. 

MONTACUTE PRIORY, Somersetshire, built, 1070. 

MONTAGUE HOUSE, built by Robert Flooke ; burnt, Jan. 19, 16S6 ; rebuilt 
by Peter Paget, 16S9. — See British Museum. 

MONTAIN, the, a party formed by the Red Republicans, in the National As- 
sembly during the French Revolution, under Danton and Robespierre, 1791 ; 
they inaugurated the Reign of Terror, 1793; an attempt made at the revolution of 
1848 to form a party, failed. 

MONTANISTS, a sect that had for its founder one Montanus, of Ardaban, 
Phrygia, a very extraordinary enthusiast, professing the gift of prophecy, calling 
himself the promised Comforter, 171. 

MONTAUBAN, Languedoc, the principal stronghold of the Huguenots, besieged 
by the Royalists for three months, 1621. 

MONT CENIS RAILWAY. A railway over this mountain proposed by J. B. 
Fell, of Ulverston, 1862, and a company formed ; trial trip made over 48 miles, 
Aug. 21, 1867 ; the first train made the through journey, passing over the sum- 
mit, the elevation being 6700 feet above the sea, Aug. 26 ; the tunnel through the 
mount begun, 1859 ; advanced four miles at the end of 1867; they have three 
miles more to complete the work. 

MONTEBELLO, battles. The French, under Gen. Lannes, defeated the Austrians 
with the loss of 1400 men and five pieces of cannon, June 9, 1800 ; the Austrian 
army, 15,000 strong, attacked the French, but were defeated with a loss of 294 
killed and 800 wounded, May 20, 1859. 

MONTEGO BAY, Jamaica, a fire at, which did damage to the extent of ^400,000, 
June 14, 1795. 

MONTEJA, order of knighthood in Spain, began, 1223. 

JNIONTEM, a triennial custom of the Eton scholars, who paraded to Salt-hill, dis- 
tributing salt and levying contributions on all persons ; it was originally held on 
the 6th of Dec; in 1759 the day was changed from the 23rd of Jan. to the Tues- 
day in Whitsun week ; discontinued, 1847. 

MONTENEGRO, Turkey, declared independent, 1700; defeated the Turks, 1712, 
and 1796 ; on the death of Vladika Pierre Petrovitsch, his nephew Daniel suc- 
ceeded to the government, the constitution being changed, 185 1 ; invaded by the 
Turks, under Omer Pasha, 1853 ; again, 1862 ; a treaty of peace signed, Sept. 9. 
MONTENOTTE, battle. Napoleon defeated the Austrians at this pass with a loss 
of 1000 killed and 600 wounded, and five pieces of cannon, April 12, 1796. 

INIONTEREAU, battle, between the French under Napoleon and the allied armies, 



MONTE VIDEO MONTSERRAT 579 

when the latter were defeated with great loss ; one of the latest triumphs of that 

extraordinaiy commandei-, P'eb. 18, 1 8 14. 
MONTE VIDEO, South America, colonized, 1723; besieged by the English, 

under General Auchmuty, and taken by stomi, Feb. 3, 1807 ; retaken by the 

Brazilians from the Spaniards, 1S21 ; made the capital of the new Republic of 

Uruguay, 1828. 
MONTGOMERY, castle of, rebuilt, 1093. 
MONTIEL, battle. Pedro the Cruel was defeated and killed at, by Ihe French, 

under Du Queslin, March 14, 1369. 

MONTMARTRE, PVance. The convent attacked by a mob of 30,000 men, 17S9 ; 
the nuns, with the Lady Abbess, guillotined in the Reign of Terror, June I, 1 794 ; 
stormed and taken by the Russians, March 30, 18 14. 

MONTORGUEL CASTLE, Jersey, built, 1000. 

MONTPELLIER, France, purchased by Philip VL of France from James III. of 
Majorca for 200,000 crowns of gold, 1350; the Huguenots having taken possession 
of the town, they were besieged by Louis XIII., 1622 ; dui^ing the performance 
of a play, the theatre gave way, and 500 persons were killed or wounded, July 
17, 1786. 

MONTREAL, Canada, discovered, 1534 ; settled, 1629 ; the town founded, 1642 ; 
the General Hospital founded by Madame d'Youville, 1747 ; the town surrendered 
by France to England, Sept. 8, 1760; damaged by a fire, 1765; again, 1768; 
taken by the provincial Americans, Nov. 12,1775; retaken by the English, June 15, 
1776 ; the church, Jesuits' college, prison, and other buildings burned down, June 
6, 1803 ; military riot at, Sept. 19, 1833 ; royal institution founded, 1835 ; the 
city incorporated, 1S40 ; gas introduced, 1847 ; the disaffected Royalists assault- 
ed the Governor-General, drove the members out of the House of Assembly, and 
set fire to the building, April 26, 1849 ; destructive fire in the city, Aug. 23, 1850 ; 
another, which consumed a third of the city, July 8, 1852 ; another, which de- 
stroyed property valued at a million sterling, and 1200 houses, July 12, 1852 ; 
Christ Church Cathedral destroyed by fire, Dec. 10, 1856 ; a serious inundation, 
the damage amounting to 1,000,000 dollars, April, 1861 ; an act passed to amend 
and consolidate the provisions of the ordinance of incorporation and to increase 
the privileges of the town, 14 & 15 Vict. c. 128, Aug. 30, 1861 ; the waterworks 
established, Dec. 9, 1843; the Recorder's Court, rules and bye laws for the better 
government of, passed, Nov. 10, 1852; the cathedral, with its fine organ and altar, 
burnt, Jan. 8, 1867. 

MONTROSE packet, and 'Primrose,' English sloop of war, mistaking each other 
foran enemy, engaged for two hours off Lisbon, within pistol shot, March 30, 1814. 

MONTROSE, Scotland, made a royal burgh by David I. in the nth century ; Sir 
James Douglas embarked from here for the Holy Land with the heart of King- 
Robert Bruce, 1330 ; Chevalier St George embarked here for France, Feb. 4, 
1715 ; the lunatic asylum erected, 1780; the academy, 1814; the foundation-stone 
of the suspension-bridge laid, Sept. 18, 1829, cost ;^20, 000; opened, 1837; the 
hospital, 1837 ; Dorward's House of Refuge, 1839 ; and the seminary, 1832. 

MONTROUGH CLUB, formed by the Orleanist conspirators in Paris, 1789. 

MONTSERRAT, Spain. This celebrated stronghold was captured by the French, 
July 25, 181 1 ; evacuated by them, Sept. 10 ; fortified by the English, 1812 ; de- 
stroyed by fire, July 29, 1812. 

MONTSERRAT, West Indies, island of, discovered by Columbus, 1493 ; settled 
by the English, 1632; taken by the French, 1664; restored at the peace of 
Breda, 1783. 



5So MONUMENT MORAVIANS 

MONUMENT of the Fire of London, designed by Sir Christopher Wren, and 
erected pursuant to 19 Charles II. c. 3, s. 29, 1667, cost ;^i3,7oo; begun, 1671; 
finished, 1677 ; it is 202 feet high ; the staircase of 345 steps ; the urn on the top 
is 42 feet high ; the Latin inscription was written by Dr Gale, Dean of York ; some 
offensive words were added against the Papists in 1681, but they were erased by or- 
der of the Common Council, Jan. 26, 1831. The following persons have committed 
suicide from : — ^John Cradock, a baker, July 7, 1788; Lyon Levi, a Jew diamond- 
merchant, Jan. 18, 1810; Margaret Moyes, of Hemming's Row, a baker's 
daughter, Sept. 11, 1839; a boy named Hawes, aged 15, Oct. 18, 1839 ; Jane 
Cooper, a servant, aged 17, Aug. 19, 1842, after which the gallery was enclosed 
with iron work. William Green, a weaver, in looking from the railing accidentally 
fell over, June 25, 1750. 

MOODKEE, battle, in India, between the Sikhs, 14,000 strong and 22 guns, and 
the English, who were attacked with great resolution, but the Sikhs were repulsed, 
losing many men, and 15 pieces of cannon, Dec. 18, 1845. 

MOOLTAN, Hindustan. This ancient city was plundered by Mahmoud of Ghizni, 
circa 1006 ; by Timoui", 1398 ; by Runjeet Singh, 1806 ; and again, when the 
whole garrison of 3000 men v^ere cut to pieces, 1818; the town taken by the 
English, Jan. 2, 1849 ; the citadel surrendered unconditionally, Jan. 22. 

MOOLTAN, battle, between the Sikhs and the English, in which the former were 
repulsed, Nov. 7, 1848. 

MOON, the worship of, extensively practised in the East, 2 Kings xxiii. 4, 5 ; 
practised in Palestine, Jer. vii. 18; xliv. 17. The festival of the new moon is 
frequently mentioned. First map of, made at Dantzic, 1647. The acceleration of 
the mean motion discovered by Dr Halley, 1693. La Hire in 1706 drew attention 
to the volcanoes in ; Louville perceived one during the eclipse of, May 3, 1715 ; 
Herschel presented a memoir to the Royal Society ' on three volcanoes seen by 
him in the moon,' April 19, 1787. Photograph of the full moon taken by Mrde 
la Rue, Oct. 4, 1865. 

MOORFIELDS, London, first mentioned in the temp, of Edward 11. An attempt 
made by Thomas Falconer, mayor, to reclaim this tract of land ; he also built a 
gate, 1414; Roger Atchley, Lord Mayor, drained it, 1512. Laid out in garden 
plots, 1606; many evidences of these v/ere discovered during the excavations for the 
railway; levelled, 1614, and planted, 1640 ; the gate rebuilt, 1&72 ; division 
walls taken down, 1754 ; the gate taken down and sold for;(i'9i, 1760. 

MOORS, their first invasion of Spain, 173 ; subdued the country, 712 ; their power 
broken by Alphonso I., King of Navarre, 11 18; they sought refuge in Granada 
and founded a kingdom there, 1238 ; Alphonsus VI., of Leon and Castile, defeated 
and slev/ a vast number of them, 1347; Ferdinand V., King of Castile, captured 
Granada and drove out the Moors, 1491 ; Algiers and Tunis founded by them, 
15 16; the Emperor Charles V. of Spain published an edict ordering all Moors 
in Spain to be baptized or to leave the country, 1525 ; they suffered severe perse- 
cution and were finally expelled the country by Philip III., 1608-9. 

MOORSHEDABAD, Hindustan, subjugated by Acbar, 1584; the city plundered 
by the Mahrattas, 1742; Lord Clive, 1757, defeated Suraja Dov/lah, and ap- 
pointed Jaffier Khan ruler, 1760 ; the territory conferred upon the East India 
Company by Shah Allum, Emperor of Delhi, 1765. 

MORAT, battle. Charles, Duke of Burgundy, defeated by the Swiss, April 2, 
1476. 

MORAVIANS, a religious sect founded in Moravia, or rather revived there by 
Count Zinzendorf, 1722, is well known. In ancient records they are known by 
the title of Unilas Fratrum, or United Brethren. In the year 1750, Count 



MORDEN COLLEGE MORMONS 581 

Zinzendorf formed an establishment at Chelsea, and hired a plot of ground to 
erect a large building for the reception of 300 Moravian families, to carry on a 
manufactory ; and he purchased the Duke of Lancaster's old mansion, called 
Lindsey House, and of Sir Hans Sloane a piece of land, part of the gardens of 
Beaufort House, for a burial-ground, together with the stables l^elonging to that 
old mansion ; and a slip of ground as a carriage way from the stables, which they 
intended to make their chapel to Lindsey House. He took a long lease of 99 
years, from Sir Hans Sloane, of most of the remaining site of Beaufort House. 
The chapel was fitted up, but the settlement failed. Count Zinzendorf lived at 
Lindsey House, and presided over the community as long as he dwelt in England. 
He also visited America, and there established, more particularly in the town of 
Bethlehem, a very flourishing settlement of Moravians, the females of which are 
emiDloyed in the education of their own sex, and the men in different manufac- 
tures ; the Count died at Chelsea, June 7, 1760. 

MORDEN COLLEGE, Kent, foimded for decayed merchants, by Sir John 
Morden, Knight, at Blackheath, 1695 ; opened, 1702 ; an act passed for the 
settlement of the property at East Greenwich, and increasing the pensions of the in- 
habitants, 2 Geo. IH. c. 10, 1771 ; Sir Gregory Page by his will in 1775 left 
;^300 towards repairing the chapel. 

MORGARTEN, battle, between 1300 Swiss and above 20, coo Austrians under 
Duke Leopold, in which the latter were defeated ; the Swiss occupied the heights 
commanding the defile through which their enemies were marching into Zug, 
Nov. 15, 1315. 

MORGUE, Paris, erected, 1S04 ; the number of dead exhibited in 1846 was 320; 
in 1S56, 475 ; in 1866, 733. 

MORLEY, Lord, tried at Westminster Hall for the murder of Mr Hastings, April, 
1666, and convicted of manslaughter. 

MORMONS, or Latter Day Saints. The founder, Joseph Smith, discovered the 
golden plates of the Book of Mormon, ' The Urim and Thummim and Breast- 
plate,' Sept. 22, 1S27 ; the Church of Jesus Christ organized at Manchester, New 
York, April 6, 1830 ; the first conference held at Fayette, June I, 1830 ; the Book 
of Mormon published, 1830 ; the sect removed to Kirkland in Ohio, Feb. i, 
1831 ; Mr J. Smith, jun., tarred and feathered for dishonourable dealings, March 
25, 1832 ; Brigham Young converted, April 14 ; at an CEcumenical Council held 
at Independence, Mo., it was decided to print the ' Book of Doctrines and Cove- 
nants,' May I ; the gift of tongues conferred, Jan. 22, 1833 5 ^o Mormon houses 
destroyed by the populace in Jackson County, two of the people killed by the 
saints, Oct. 31 ; twelve apostles organized, Feb. 14, 1835 ; missionaries sent to 
England, June 12, 1837 ; first preached at Preston, July 4 ; first divine baptism in 
the river Ribble, July 30 ; first confirmation of members, Aug. 4 ; first confer- 
ence held in England at the Cock Pit, Preston, Dec. 25 ; they fled to Missouri, 
July 6, 1838 ; Mr J. Smith and 52 Mormons tried for a riot and shooting the 
militia, Nov. 12, 1838; the first house built by the saints at Commerce, after- 
wards called Nauvoo, June 11 ; the city of Nauvoo built, April 21, 1840 ; the 
town incorporated, Dec. 16 ; Mr J. Smith appointed Lieut. -Gen., Feb. 4, 1841 ; 
the temple founded, April 6 ; Mr J. Smith appointed mayor of Nauvoo, 1843 5 
became a candidate for the Presidency, Feb. 7, 1844 ; J. Smith and his brother 
Hyram taken to Carthage gaol for riot, when they were killed by the mob, June 
27, 1844 ; the charter of Nauvoo repealed, Sept. 24, 1845 ! the saints repelled 
from, Sept. 16,1846; the pioneer band, 143 men, headed by Mr Brigham Young, 
set out for the Great Salt Lake, entered the valley and founded the city, July 24, 
1847 ; the temple in Nauvoo burnt, Nov. 10, 1848 ; the first branch of the church 
established in France, Dec. 7, 1850 ; the Great Salt Lake city incorporated, Jan. 



582 MOROCCO MORTON-HAMPSTEAD 

9, 1 85 1 ; Mr B. Young sworn in as Governor of Utah, Feb. 3, 1851 ; the taber- 
nacle begun, April 7, 1851 ; corner-stone of, laid, April 6, 1S53; Brigham Young 
re-appointed Governor, Sept. 9, 1854 ; endowment house consecrated. May 5, 
1855 ; 150 saints massacred by the Indians, Sept. 4, 1857 ; General Wells sets 
out with an army to Utah, Sept. 14, 1857 ; Mr Brigham Young issues a pro- 
clamation proclaiming Martial Law, Sept. 15 ; Mr Brigham Young with 25,000 
of the saints left the city and marched to Frovo, April 5, 1858 ; peace pro- 
claimed, June 14 ; the Federal troops evacuated the city, 1861. 
MOROCCO, Africa. Augustus gave Mauritania to Juba II., King of Numidia, 
B.C. 25 ; Bocchus usurped the whole kingdom, 33 ; Mauritania came under the 
power, A.D. 40 ; Claudius divided the kingdom into two provinces, 42 ; the 
power of the Vandals was destroyed by Belisarius, 534 ; the city Fez, 807 ; the 
tirst sovereign of Morocco was Abu Bekr, 1055 ; Fez became independent, 
1202 ; the Moors were driven back from Spain, 1492 ; Mulai Sherif-el-Fileli, 
King of Tafilet, established a dynasty, 1648 ; hostilities commenced between 
France and, May 30, 1844; the French took possession, of Ouchda, June 16, 
1844 ; Tangier bombarded, Aug. 6, 1844 ; the town of Mogadore captured and 
burned, Aug. 15, 1844 ; defeated the Moors on the bank of the Isly, Aug. 14, 
peace concluded with, Sept. 10. Abd-el-Kader expelled from the country, 
1847 ; surrendered to the Due d' Aumale at Nemours, Dec. 22, 1847, and con- 
fined at Toulon, Dec. 28 ; released by Napoleon III. in 1852. War declared 
against, by Spain, Oct., 1859 ; the Moorish forces defeated near Tetuan, March 
23, i860; peace signed with Spain, April 27; ambassadorsfrom, presented toNapo- 
leonllL, Jan. 3, 1866; rebellion began against the Bey of Tunis, Sept. 19, 18(37. 

MORPETH, Durham. Held by P.oger de Merlay after the conquest ; burned, 
121 5 ; again burned, 1689 ; the town-hall built from the designs of Vanburgh, at 
the expense of the Earl of Carlisle, 1714; the county-hall built, i8i8,- cost 
;^8o,OQO; a free grammar-school founded by Edward VI., 1552 ; rebuilt, 1857. 

MORPETH CASTLE, Northumberland, built about 1230 ; tower of, burned by 
the inhabitants, from hatred to King John, 1215 ; re-erected by Lord William 
Greystock, 1358 ; taken by the Scots, 1641 ; retaken by the Royalists, 1642. 

MORTALITY, bills of, in the metropolis, first compiled, 1536. 

MORTARA, Edgar, the son of Jewish parents, residing at Bologna, Italy, taken 
from his home by order of the Inquisition, June 23, 1858. 

MORTARS. This ancient engine of warfare first made in England, 1543 ; em- 
ployed at the siege of Naples, 1495 ; red-hot shots were used, 1665. 

MORTELLA TOWERS, erected by the Spaniards for the defence of their coast, 
1540; they are named after a tower which commands the entrance to the har- 
bour of St Fiorenzo, Corsica, which Ensign de Tellier, with a garrison of 38 m.en, 
defended successfully against Lord Hood, Feb. 8, 1794 ; the towers (74) extend 
round the English coast, from Hythe to Seaford. 

MORTIMER'S CROSS, Herefordshire, battle of. The Yorkists under Jaspar 
Tudor, Earl of Pembroke, defeated with a loss of 4000 men by Edward, Earl of 
March, Feb. 2, 1461. 

MORTMAIN. Edward I. passed a statute to prevent the alienation in mort- 
main under any pretext, 7 Edw. I. st. 2, 1279 ; amended by 13 Edw. I. c. 32, 
1285 ; extended to all corporations, 15 Rich. II. c. 5, 1391 ; repealed, i & 2 
Philip and Mary, c. 8, 1554 ; restrictions reimposed by Elizabeth, 1558; grants 
or gifts in mortmain restrained by 9 Geo. II. c. 36, 1736. 

MORTON CASTLE demolished by David II. of Scotland, 1340. 

MORTON-HAMPSTEAD, Devonshire, much injured by fire, June 24, 1757 ; 15 
houses and an aged woman at, burnt, Jan. 13, 1816. 



MOSCOW 



MOUNTAINS 



583 



MOSCOW, Russia, founded, 1147 ; Ivan built tlie Kremlin, and surrounded the 
city with wooden walls, 1330; Demetrius surrounded the city with stone walls, 
1365 ; taken by Tamerlane, 13S2 ; set on fire by the Tartars, 1571 ; taken by 
Sigismund, King of Poland, 1610; 2000 houses in, destroyed by a fire, July, 
1736 ; again, June, 1 750 ; 8000 houses destroyed by fire in May and June, 1752 ; 
entered by the French, Sept. 14, 1812 ; set on fii-e by the inhabitants, and 11,800 
houses burned, Sept. 15-20 ; evacuated by the French, Oct. 19, and re-entered by 
the Russians, Oct. 22, 1812; the Kremlin rebuilt, 1816; the railway opened, 1851, 
to St Petersburg ; the French theati'e consumed by fire, March 23, 1853. 

MOSKWA, battle of, between the French and Russians, Sept. 7, 1812 ; the Rus- 
sians defeated, and the French entered Moscow without opposition, Sept. 14. 

MOSQUITIA, Central America, discovered by Columbus, 1502 ; given to Diego 
Garcia de Palacio, 1576; taken possession of by the English, April 16, 1740; 
partially colonized by the English, 1741 j fortifications destroyed and the island 
given up to the Spaniards by the treaty of Paris, Feb. 10, 1763 ; confirmed by 
treaty of A'ag. 28, 1814 ; convention between the United States and England, 
April 19, 1850 ; the Bay Islands ceded by England to Plonduras, Nov. 28, 1859. 

MOSSTROOPERS, a body of Borderers who, living on the borders of England 
and Scotland, committed ravages upon the peaceful inhabitants ; they were 
numerous in the reign of Edward I., 1290 ; an act passed for their suppression, 13 
& 14 Charles II. c. 22, 1662. 

MOTESFONT PRIORY, Hants, founded by William Briwere, circa 12 16. 

MOUNTAINS, the principal : the Alps in Europe, the loftiest of which, Mont 
Blanc, had not been ascended before 1785, between which year and 1825 there 
were six ascents ; since then they have become frequent : — 



Dr Paccard from Chamouni, Aug. 8, 

1786. 
M. Saussure from Geneva, Aug. 3, 

1787. 
Baron Doortheser and M. Forneret, 

Aug. 10, 1802. 
Count Matezeski, Aug. 4, 1818. 
Dr Renselaer and Mr Howard, July 

12, 1819. 



By Englishmen about the same period :- 

1. Colonel Beaufoy, Aug. 9, 1787. 

2. MrWoodley, Aug. 5, 1788. 

3. Capt. Undrell, R.N., i\ug. 13, 1820. 

4. Mr Clissold, Aug, 18, 1822. 

5. Mr Jackson, Sept. 4, 1823. 

6. Dr Clarke and Mr Sherwell, Aug. 

26, 1825. 



The height of the principal Eur 



Mont Blanc, 


Alps 


15,744 


Mont Rosa, 


do. 


15,555 


The Finsterhorn, 


do. 


14,096 


The Jungfrau, 


do. 


13,725 


St Bernard, 


do. 


11,006 


The Simplon, 


do. 


11,000 


St Gothard, 


do. 


9,075 


Mont Cenis, 


do. 


11,785 


Mont Viso, 


do. 


12,584 


Brenner, 


do. 


5,110 


Oertler Spitze, Tyrol 


15,364 


Chassoul, in the Jura 


5,260 


St Cimone, Apenr 


lines 


6,981 


Mt Perdu, Pyrene 


es, France 


11,209 


Pic d'Arbison 


do. 


8,344 



opean mountains is as follows :— 

Feet. _ Feet. 

Pic de Montaigne ... ... 7,310 

Mulhacen, in Spain, in the Ne- 
vada 11,670 

-^tna, Sicily, a volcano ... 10,963 

Terglon, in Carniola, Austria 10,390 

Olympus, in Greece ... ... 6,600 

Vesuvius, Naples ... ... 4000 

Hecla, Iceland, volcano ... 4,690 

Snowdon, Wales ... 3,571 

Carnedd David, do. ... 3,427 

Camedd Llewellyn, do. ... 3,320 

Cader Idris, do. ... 2,914 

Scafell, England ... 3,166 

Helvellyn, do. ... 3,055 

Skiddaw, do. ... 3,022 



584 MOUNTJOY PRIORY 



MUGGLETONIANS 



Dartmoor, Devon, England, 

highest peak 
Brown Willy, Cornwall 
Wreckin, Shropshire 
Malvern, Worcestershire 
Ben Macdhui, Scotland 



Ben Nevis, 



do. 



Feet. 

2,000 
1,368 
1,320 
1,444 
4,390 



Cairngorm, Scotland 
Ben Lomond, do. 

Hart Fell, do. 

Ben Wyvis, do. 

Lugnaguilla, Wicklow, Ireland 
Carn-tual Gillicuddy's Reeks, 



4,368 Croagh Patrick, do. 



Feet. 
4,080 
3,262 
3,300 
3,720 
3,070 
3,440 
2,640 



North and South America. 



Rocky Mountains 

White Mountains, near Hants 

Alleghanies, ... 

Mount of St Elie, Mexico 

Popocatepetl, volcano, do. 

Chimborazo, Andes, Quito ... 



Gebel Tedla, or Atlas Range 
Geesh, Abyssinia 
Amid-amid, do. 
A Malman, do. 
Nieuweldt Berg, South Africa 



Ararat, in Armenia ... 

Mount Lebanon 

White Mountain of the Llima- 

layan chain, in Thibet 
Jewahir or Himalaya Peak, 

north of Delhi 
Kinchinjunga 
Everest 

Dhawalagiri ... 
Kamet 

Jematura, on the Sutlej 
A pass in Thibet, Himalaya 

range ... 



12,500 
7,800 
3,010 

18,222 

16,365 
21,424 



Catopaxi, volcano, Andes, Quito 18,875 



Sangai, volcano, do. 

Sierra Nevada de Santa Morta 
Sinchutahua ... 
Blue Mountains, Jamaica 
Souffriere, St Vincent 



Africa. 
12,050 Devil's Mountain 



Peak of Teneriffe, Canary Isle 
Peak of Fuego, Cape Verd 

Islands 
Renio Peak, Madeira 



15,000 
13,000 
11,200 
10,000 

Asia. 
9,600 Hamar or Petchu, in Honan, 
9,520 China ... 

Sochonda Mountains, China 
26,462 Parmesan, Isle of Banca 

Moonakoah, Sandwich Isles 
25,749 Mount Ida, Anatolia 
28,180 Mount Ophir, Sumatra 
29,000 Italitzkoi, in Tartaiy 
28,000 Sea-view Hill, New South 
22,260 Wales ... 

25,500 Awatscha, Kamschatka, a vol- 
cano 



17,125 

15,165 

1 6, 300 

8,180 

5,010 



3,315 

12,358 

9,790 
5,350 



21,000 
12,600 
10,050 

18,000 

5,800 

13,842 

14,735 

6,500 
9,600 



18,600 

MOUNTJOY PRIORY, Norfolk, founded by William de Gisnets, circa 1212. 

MOUNT TABOR, battle. A Turkish force defeated here by Bonaparte, April 
16, 1799. 

MOURNING, a particular colour of dress worn for the dead ; in Europe, generally 

black ; in China, white ; in Turkey, violet or blue ; in Egypt, yellow ; France, 

violet ; in Spain, white before 1495- 
MOUSQUETAIRES, or MUSQUETEERS. French cavalry, the first company 

created by Louis XIII., 1622 ; the second, 1660. The first were called Mous- 

quetaires, Gris ; the second Noirs, the colour of their uniforms ; they were called 

rouge, 1673 ; suppressed, 1775 ; re-formed by Louis XVIII. 
MOZAMBIQUE, Africa, discovered by Vasco de Gama, 1498 ; the chief town 

founded by Alfonzo de Albuquerque, 1506 ; the town of Angozba destroyed, 

1847 ; visited by Dr Livingstone, March, 1856. 

MUGGLETONIANS, a sect that sprung up in the time of Charles I., whose leader 
was a tailor's journeyman, named Ludovic Muggleton, 1657 ; he set up for a pro- 



MUGHOUSE RIOT MUNICIPAL CORPORATIONS 585 

pliet, and had pretended revelations ; they asserted that God the Father had 
suffered death, and that Muggleton and an associate named Reeves were the two 
last witnesses who should appear to call men from their sins before the end of the 
world ; they had many followers. Muggleton was arraigned at the Old Bailey for 
blasphemy, and found guilty, Jan. 17, 1676 ; soon after, his works were published. 

MUGHOUSE RIOT, a tumult in Salisbury-court, Fleet-street, for which five per- 
sons were hung, July 23, 17 16; several clubs established, called the Mughouse 
Clubs, circa 1716 ; and many riots occurred. 

MULBERRIES, The. A club formed at the Wrekin Tavern, Covent Garden, 
each member being bound to contribute some literary production upon Shake- 
speare, 1824. 

MULBERRY GARDENS, Whitehall, planted by order of James I. with a view 
of producing silk in England, 1 609 ; several ship-loads of trees imported from 
France granted to Lord Aston, 1629 ; made a place of amusement, ciica 1645. 

MULBERRY TREES, the first planted in England, at Sion House, 1609 ; a cele- 
brated mulberry tree at Stratford-on-Avon, planted by Shakespeare, under which 
Garrick, Macklin, and others, were entertained in 1742; it was cut down by a 
person named Gastrel for fuel, but the vvood was saved by a silversmith, who 
purchased it, and manufactured it into various articles in memory of the poet. 

MULE, invented by Mr Samuel Crompton, 1779, for which he received £6"] 6s. 6d., 
Nov. 20, 1780 ; ;^5ooo granted by parliament to, June 24, 1812. 

MULGRAVE CASTLE, Yorkshire, built by Robert, Lord de Turnham, com- 
panion of Richard I. to the Holy Land, 1209 ; given by King John with De 
Turnham, daughter to Peter de Manly, as a reward for the murder of Prince Ar- 
thur ; a modern edifice built near it by the Earl of Mulgrave, 1636. 

MUM, a liquor brewed from wheat in place of barley, much used in Germany, and 
greatly at Brunswick, where it is said to have been first made, 14S9. 

MUMFORD, Mr, murdered near Quendon, in Essex, by Pallet, a labourer who 
worked for him, on the 4th Dec, 1823 ; the murderer was discovered, and after- 
wards executed at Chelmsford. 

MUNCASTER CASTLE, Cumberland, built by John Pennington femp. William 
Rufus, jogo ; Henry VI. secreted here from his enemies by Sir John Pennington. 

MUNCHENGRATZ, battle. The Prussians under Prince Frederick Charles de- 
feated the Austrians and captured 1000 prisoners, June 28, 1866. 

MUNICH, Germany. The town formed as a salt store in the nth centuiy ; forti- 
fications destroyed, 1791 ; occupied by the French, June 28, 1800 ; again, Oct. 
9, 1805 ; captured by the Austrians, April 17, 1809. St Peter's church built, 
1370 ; restored, 1607 ; the cathedral built, 1470 ; the palace erected, 1590 — 
1616 ; destroyed by fire, April 5, 1749, and again, with 200 houses, April 28, 
1762 ; the new palace completed, 1835 ; Vvittelsbach palace built, 1844 ; the 
new university founded, 1472 ; removed here, 1826. Riots at, in consequence 
of the king's partiality for his mistress Lola Montez, Feb. 9 — 12, 1848. 

MUNICIPAL CORPORATIONS and LAW^S. By the Julian Law all the 
municipal towns of Italy, as well as the colonies, received the full Roman fran- 
chise, B. c. 90. There are traces of municipalities in this country in Saxon times ; 
they were better organized dui-ing the Roman occupation. At the time of the 
Norman conquest, the county sheriff was supplanted by the P7ce comes, while the 
borough or port-reeve gave place to the bailiff, the new officer being appointed by 
the king instead of by the resident freemen ; with this exception, these local institu- 
tions remained the same. Henry I. granted charters to several boroughs, not of in- 
corporation, but enlarging their powers of local self-government. The first charter 



586 MUNSTER MURRAY 

of Licorporation to a municipal body was granted by Henry VI. to Kingston- 
upon-Hull, 1439 ; many tov/ns were subsequently incorporated, abuses having 
crept into them; an act was passed, ^ &. b Will. IV. c. 76, Sept. 9, 1835, regu- 
lating 1 78 corporate towns ; the City of London and 67 others were not included, 
being reserved for further legislation ; an act passed to amend, 7 Will. IV. & i 
Vict. c. 78, July 17, 1837 ; persons of the Jewish persuasion admitted to hold 
municipal offices by 8 & 9 Vict. c. 52, July 31, 1845 ; municipal election regu- 
lated by 22 Vict. c. 35, April 19, 1859 ; municipal corporations in Ireland i"egu- 
lated by 3 & 4 Vict. c. 108, Aug. 10, 1840. 

MUNSTER, Ireland, taken by Henry XL, 1172 ; divided into counties by Henry 
VIII.; Clare added to, 1601-2. 

MUNSTER, Prussia, founded in the 6th century ; taken by Charlemagne, 780, 
and made a bishopric ; John of Leyden, leader of the Anabaptists, took posses- 
sion of the town with a number of followers, Feb. 27, 1534 > surrendered to the 
Hanoverians, Nov. 20, 1759 ; the fortifications destroyed, 1765 ; the peace con- 
cluding the 30 years' war, signed, Oct. 24, 1648, called the Treaty of Westphalia. 

MUNTZER, THOMAS, the founder of the sect of Anabaptists, put to death for 
his belief, 1525. 

MURAT,JOACHIM, once king of Naples, shot after landing in Italy, Oct. 14,1815. 

MURCIA, Spain, taken from the Moors by Alfonso, son of King Ferdinand, 1240 ; 
the cathedral erected, 1388 — 1450; the bishop's residence, 1750; the seminary 
of San Fulgencio founded, 1592 ; town taken by Gen. Sebastiani and plundered, 
Nov. 3, 1810 ; the French army under Soult plundered the town in 1812; seriously 
damaged by an earthquake, March 21, 1829. 

MURDER. This term was anciently applied only to the secret killing of another, 
for which, under the Saxon law, a fine was inflicted ; the plea of Englescherie 
abolished by 14 Edw. III. c. 4, 1340 ; made capital, the king only having the 
right to pardon, 13 Rich. II. st. 2, c. I, 1389 ; murder by poison made treason, 
and punished by boiling to death, inflicted, 22 Hen. VIII. c. 9, 1530 ; repealed, 
I Edw. VI. c. 12, 1547 ; another act passed regulating the punishment for this 
crime, 23 Hen. VIII. c. i, 1531 ; any woman killing a bastard child, to suffer 
death, 21 Jac. I. c. 27, 1623 ; repealed, 43 Geo. HI. c. 58, June 24, 1803 ; the 
judge to direct the criminal to be executed the next day but one after he is found 
guilty; his body to be delivered for dissection, the body to be afterwards hung, 25 
Geo. II. c. 37, 1752 ; repealed, 9 Geo. IV. c. 31, June 27, 1828 ; amended, 2 
& 3 Will. IV. c. 75, s. 16, Aug. I, 1832 ; hanging in chains abolished, 4 & 5 
Will. IV. c. 26, July 25, 1834; the punishment for, regulated by 6 & 7 Will IV. 
c. 30, July 14, 1836 ; since amended by 24 & 25 Vict. c. loo, s. i, Aug. 6, 1861. 
See Executions. 

MURET, battle. The Crusaders under De Montfort defeated the combined forces 
of Spain under Pedro II., who, with 15,000 men, perished, Sept. 12, 1213. 

MURFREESBOROUGH, battles. The Federal army, 45,000 men and 100 pieces 
of artillery, attacked the Confederates under Gen. Bragg, but were defeated, Dec. 
31, 1862. The Federals under Gen. Rosencrans captured the town, defeating the 
Confederates under Gen. Bragg, Jan. 2, 1863 ; each army lost 10,000 men killed 
and v/ounded. 

MURRAY, Major, killed a man named Roberts in Northumberland-street, Strand, 
in self-defence, July 12, 1861. 

MURRAY, Mr, committed to Newgate for his conduct in the Westminster election, 
Feb. 7, 1 750 ; having attained his liberty at the end of the parliamentary session, 
again committed, Nov. 20, 1751. 

MURRAY, the illegitimate brother of Mary Queen of Scots, caused her great 



MURVIEDRO MUTINIES 587 

trouble, 1566; made Regent of Scotland, Ang. 10, 1567; defeated, May 17, 1568; 
killed, Jan. 23, 1570. 

MURVIEDRO, Spain, the ancient Saguntum, besieged by the French under 
Suchet unsuccessfully, Sept. 28, 181 1; again, Oct. 18; capitulated, Oct. 25. 

MUSEUM of AI-EXANDRIA founded by Ptolemy Philadelphus, B.C. 280. 

MUSEUM, The British.— &^ British Museum. 

MUSEUM, The London, erected in Piccadilly, 1811-12. 

MUSEUM, South Kensington, opened to the public, June 24, 1857. 

MUSIC. The present scale of music arranged by Guide, the monk of Arezzo, circa 
A. D. 960 ; the adoption of the first seven letters of the Roman alphabet as the 
octave system of signs was invented by Pope Gregory I. at the close of the 6th 
century ; those at present used, 1338 ; counter-point by Palestrina, 1516 ; Italian 
style of, introduced into England early in the 17th century. Professorship of, 
founded at Oxford by Dr W. Hychin, about 1604 ; the first music in England 
being principally that of the church, masses, and madrigals. A machine invented 
for ruling music paper by Mr Woodham, 1769 ; a uniform pitch in music recom- 
mended by the Society of Arts, June 5, i860 ; the first concert-room erected in 
Villiers-street, York Buildings, 1680 ; pulled down, 1768 ; act passed for the 
better regulation of street music, 27 & 28 Vict. c. 55, July 25, 1864. 

MUSICAL FESTIVALS, now common : the first at Hereford, 1724 ; at Birming- 
ham, 1778; Norwich, 1811 ; Edinburgh, 1815 ; one at Westminster Abbey, 
when William IV. and his^ Queen were present, 1834. 

MUSICAL ANTIQUARIAN SOCIETY established in London for reprinting 
early music, 1840 ; republished William Byrd's Mass for five voices (1558), 1841. 

MUSICAL INSTITUTION. The ancient academy formed, 1710 ; the Madrigal 
Society, 1741 ; the Royal Society of Music, 1785 ; the Royal Academy opened, 
March 24, 1824. 

MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS, the Inventor of, was ytedcd, a Canaanite, Gen. iv. ; 
was the father of all such as handle the organ . The first mention of music in the 
time after the deluge is in the narrative of Laban's interview with Jacob, Gen. 
xxxi. 27. The silver trumpets made by the metal-workers, and used by the 
children of Israel to direct the movements of the camp, Numb. x. i — 10. 

MUSICIANS' COMPANY incorporated, James L, 1604; arms granted, Oct. 1604, 

MUSKETS, matchlock, first used in France at the siege of Arras, 1414 ; at Nu- 
remberg, 1517 ; used at the siege of Rhegen, 1521 ; in the Netherlands by the 
Duke of Alva, 1569 ; in England generally, 1530 ; superseded by the rifle. 

MUSLINS from India first worn in England, 1670 ; made in England and Scot- 
land, 1778, 1780. 

MUSTARD. Mrs Clements of Durham first discovered the secret of grinding this 
seed. Previously it was pounded ; this gave rise to the ' Durham Mustard,' 1720. 

MUTE, in a criminal court, refusing to plead, to be taken as a plea of guilty, by 
12 George III., and execution to follow ; of this practice there were cases in 
1778, 1792, and 1 80 1. 

MUTINY ACT first passed, i Will. & Mary, c. 5, 1688 ; since renewed annually. 

MUTINIES. One on board the Bounty, 1789. See Bounty. Oji board the Fleet, 
Apr., 1797, demanding an advance of wages ; quelled bya promise from the Admir- 
alty which was not fulfilled ; at Plymouth, of the marines, June, 1797, four shot, 
which occasioned a re-commencement on board the ' London ' man-of-war, when 
Admiral Colpoys and his captain were put into confinement for ordering the 
marines to fire, whereby three lives were lost, the mutiny subsided. May 10, 



S88 MYCALE NAG'S HEAD TAVERN 

1797, and an act passed to raise their wages, and the king pardoned the muti- 
neers. A more considerable one at the Nore, which blocked up the trade of the 
Thames: it subsided, June 10, 1797, the principal mutineers put in irons, and 
several executed. The Uanae frigate, taken into Brest by her crew, 1800 ; in the 
fleet in Bantry Bay, 1807 ; at Malta, where the mutineers blew themselves up 
with a powder magazine, 1807 ; at Vellore, 1807. 

MYCALE, battle. The Greeks totally defeated the Persians at this place, Sept. 
4, B.C. 479. 

MYL^, Sicily. A Greek colony, B.C. 648; taken by Laches, B.C. 427, and by 
Rhegian, B.C. 394. 

MYSORE, Hindustan. Invaded by the Mussulmans, 1310; incorporated with 
Delhi, 1327 ; taken and sacked, 1339 ; Deo Raj defeated the army of Mussul- 
mans sent to destroy his kingdom, 1737 ; Hyder Ali became sovereign of, 1760 ; 
first war with, Nov. 12, 1767 ; the Mahrattas overrun the country, 1770 ; part of, 
ceded to the Mahrattas, 1772; re-conquered by Ali, 1774; he died, Dec. 7, 
1782; invaded from Bombay, Dec, 1782; treaty of, March 11, 1784; Tippoo 
Saib defeated, 1789; again defeated by Lord Cornwallis, Feb., 1792; peace 
signed, Feb. 19, 1792; Seringapatam taken. May 2, 1798; invaded by the 
British army under Gen. Harris, Feb. 10, 1799 j the territory taken in the name 
of the British government, May, 1799 ; annexed to the British territories, 1847. 

MYSTERY PLAYS. The first held in England at Dunstable in the 12th century. 

MYSTICS. A sect of Christians which arose in the 4th century. They were 
numerous in the western empire in the 9th century. 



N 



NAARDEN, Holland. Taken by the Spaniards and most of the inhabitants 
massacred, Dec. 2, 1572 ; captured by the French, 1672 ; by the Dutch under 
William III., 1673. 

NAAS, battle, between the Irish rebels and two regiments of the Royal forces ; 
the former were defeated with considerable loss. May 24, 1 798. 

NABONASSAR, the era of, beginning Feb. 26, B.C. 747. 

NACHOD, battle. The fifth corps of the Prussian army, rmder the Crown Prince, 
defeated the Austrians under Gen. Ramming, with a loss of 900 men, and two 
generals, June 27, 1866. 

NAGASAKI, Japan. The only port in which the Europeans were allowed to 
trade. The Portuguese established a settlement, 1566 ; the Dutch, 1641 ; the 
commercial treaty with Great Britain opening the port of, to English traders, 
signed, Aug. 26, 1858. 

NAGPORE, Hindustan, formerly one of the Mahratta confederation. Rajah Ra- 
gogee united with Scindia against the English, 1803 ; defeated and surrendered 
the province of Cuttack, 1804 ; Appa Sahib with a force of 20,000 men and 36 
guns attacked the British residency, which was defended by Col. Hopeton Scott 
with 1350 men and 6 guns, when the former were defeated, Nov. 26 & 27, 1817 ; 
Gen. Doveton again defeated them, Dec. 16; they attempted to take the town, 
but unsuccessfully, Dec. 23 ; the palace destroyed by fire, 1845 5 annexed to the 
English eastern possessions, 1854. 

NAG'S HEAD TAVERN, Cheapside. Romish writers have stated that Matthew 



NAIAD NANTUCKET 589 

Parker, Archbishop of Canterbury, was consecrated here in 1559, but the story 
has since been proved false ; he was consecrated at Lambeth, Dec. 17 in that year. 
NAIAD, transport, lost off the coast of Newfoundland, Oct. 22, 1805. 
NAILS. Mr "W. Finch, of Wimbome, Staffordshire, and Mr T. Clifford, of 
Bristol, obtained a patent for making nails by machinery, 1790 ; and Messrs 
Wilmore and Tonk patented their process, 1 808 ; iron nails made by the Ameri- 
cans by machinery, 18 10. 
NAJARA, battle. Edward the Black Prince marched into Castile, in order to re- 
store Peter the Cruel, who had been driven from his throne by his brother Henry, 
Count of Transtamare, in conjunction with the French ; Edward totally defeated 
him with a loss of 20,000 men, losing only 4 knights and 40 private men, 1367. 
NAKHITCHEVAN, Persia, taken by the Russians, Oct. 26, 1827 ; ceded to 

them, Feb. 22, 1828. 
NAMUR, Belgium, founded in the early part of the 8th century ; besieged by the 
French, May 25, 1692 ; surrendered, June 5 ; retaken by the English and Dutch 
forces under William III. after a siege of 10 months, Sept. 5, 1695 I garrisoned 
by the Dutch, 1715 ; taken by the French, 1746 ; restored to the Austrians, Oct. 
7, 1748 ; the fortifications destroyed, 1784 ; retaken by the French, Nov. 30, 
1 792 , and evacuated the next year ; retaken by them, 1 794 ; surrendered to the 
allies, 1814; fortifications rebuilt under the directions of Wellington, 1817. 
NANCY, Fi'ance, formerly the residence of the Dukes of Lorraine, and the capital 
town. Taken by Charles the Bold, 1475 ; he was killed under the walls of the 
town, 1477. The church of Notre Dame de Bon Secours rebuilt by Stanislaus, 
King of Poland, 1 738 ; revolt of the French and Swiss troops at, and plunder of 
the town, Aug., 1 790 ; quelled by Gen. Bouille ; captured by the Prussians under 
Blucher, 18 14. 
NANKIN, China. The porcelain tower built, 1277 ; the fleet under Sir W. Par- 
ker bombarded the town, Aug. 17, 1842; treaty of peace concluded, Aug. 29 ; 
supplementary treaty, Oct. 8, 1843 ; taken by the Taepings, March 19, 1853 ; 
the porcelain tower destroyed, Feb. 10, 1857 ; retaken by the Chinese, May 
21, 1862 ; defeated the following year by the rebels, who recovered possession, 
but were driven out by the Imperialists, July 19, 1864. 
NANTES, France. The Condivincmn of the Romans, inhabited by the Nannetes ; 
captured by the Normans, 853 and 859 ; besieged and taken by the English, 
1343 ; and by the English under the Earl of Buckingham, 1380; Charles VIII. 
of France captured the town, 149 1 ; St Peter's cathedral built, 1434 ; Prince 
Charles Edward embarked from, for Scotland, 1745 ; the town taken by the 
Royalists, June 29, 1793 ; a revolutionary tribunal established at, under the 
presidency of a miscreant named Carrier, who destroyed 13,000 persons by every 
species of cruelty, in the months of Oct., Nov., and Dec, 1793 ; a powder 
magazine at, exploded. May 28, 1 800, destroying a number of persons and houses, 
a four-pounder cannon was blown to a long distance ; reform banquet at, June 14, 
1840 ; the bank of, stopped payment, 1848 ; i-evolution at, April 27, 1848 ; the 
statue of M. Billault unveiled by M. Rouher, Sept. 15, 1867. 
NANTES, Edict of, published by Henry IV. of France, granting toleration to the 
Protestants, April 15, 1598 ; registered by the parliament of Paris, Feb. 25, 1599; 
renewed by Mary de Medici, 1610; revoked by Louis XIV., Oct. 17, 1685; 
not less than 50,000 French Protestants left their native land and settled in Eng- 
land, to which they carried the manufactures of their own country, more especially 
that of silk, which began in Spitalfields. 
NANTUCKET, Massachusetts. Three parts of the town destroyed by fire, July 
13, 1846. 



590 NANTWICH NAPLES 

NANTWICH, battle. The five Irish regiments under Lord Byron attacked the 
Parliamentarians at this town, but were defeated by Sir Thomas Fairfax and Col. 
Monk, and l6oo men made prisoners, Jan. 25, 1644. 

NAPIER'S BONES, pieces of ivory invented by Napier, baron of Merchiston, the 
inventor of logarithms, 1617, and used to aid in the computation of numbers, so 
that the multiplication and division of high numbers may be easily performed. 

NAPLES, Italy. Great part of the country anciently held by the Etruscans, who 
built Nola and Capua, formeiiy called Capua and Campania ; it has undergone 
many changes and revolutions : it was distinguished subseqiiently from the king- 
dom of Puglia, governed first by Roger, Count of Sicily, 1127 ; the Goths were 
once masters of Naples and Sicily, but were driven out by Belisarius, 536 ; 
Totila captured it, 542 ; the Lombards were the next possessors, and were dis- 
possessed by Charlemagne, 802 ; Pandolfo IV., Prince of Capua, took posses- 
sion of the throne, 1027 ; he was expelled by Duke Sergio, 1030 ; Roger, Count 
of Sicily, besieged and took Neapolis, 1 130, and founded the present kingdom ; 
in 1266, Charles of Anjou, brother of St Louis, King of France, obtained the 
crown from the pope to the exclusion of the rightful heir, Conradin, who was be- 
headed, aged 16 ; a general massacre of the French by the Sicilians, one only 
escaping, March 30, 1282 ; Peter of Arragon came to the throne, 1282. The 
cathedral built from the designs of Masuccio I.; begun, 1272 ; finished, 1316. 
Castel Nuovo built, 1283. The Porto Grande begun, 1302; increased, 1792. The 
castle of St Elmo built by King Robert the Wise, 1343. The crown of Sicily dis- 
joined from Naples, 1303. The King of Hungary (Durazzo) murdered at the 
instigation of the queen regent, in her presence, 1386 ; she was subsequently 
taken out of her carriage whilst travelling and thrown into the river Bosseth, 
1387 ; Sicily united to Naples, and the kings since called kings of the Two 
Sicilies, 1442 ; the city taken by the French under Charles VIII., P"eb. 22, 1495 ; 
taken from the French and annexed to Spain, May 14, 1502. The palace built 
from the designs of Domenico Fontana, begun, 1600. The Museo Borbonico 
begun in 1586 ; made the university, 1615 ; reduced in size and made a museum, 
1790. The tyranny of the Spaniards led to an insurrection, incited by Masaniello, 
a fisherman, who in 15 days raised 200,000 men, 1647 ; Masaniello murdered, 1647 ; 
the Duke of Guise attempted to seize the crown, 1647 ; the kingdom entirely re- 
duced by Prince Eugene, 1707 ; Naples ceded to Austria, April, 1713, and 
Sicily, 1720 ; the two kingdoms recovered by the Spaniards, June, 1734; Charles, 
the son of Philip of Spain, crowned, July 3, 1735 ; the theatre, Reale di San 
Carlo, the largest in Europe, built from the designs of Carasale, opened, 1737 | 
Ferdinand IV. crowned, 1759 ; the French invade the country, the king and 
family embarked on board Nelson's fleet for Sicily, Dec. 21, 1798 ; the city taken, 
Dec. 23 ; insurrection at, 1 799 ; Nelson appeared, Naples retaken, and the king 
restored, July 13, 1799; re-taken by the French, April 7, 1801 ; earthquake 
throughout the kingdom, and thousands perished, July 26, 1805 ; a treaty signed 
between the Emperor of France and Naples, Oct. 8, 1805 ; the streets first 
lighted with oil lamps, 1806 ; Ferdinand IV. driven from Naples, and Joseph 
Bonaparte crowned king, Feb. 15, 1806; Joseph abdicated, made king of Spain, 
June I, 1808; the crown transferred to Joachim Murat, July 15, 180S ; anew 
constitution granted to Sicily, 1812 ; Naples surrendered to the British fleet, and 
Ferdinand restored, June 17, 1815 ; Joachim Murat shot, Oct. 15, 1815 ; the 
theatre, Reale di San Carlo, destroyed by fire, 1816 ; rebuilt from the designs of 
Nicolini, 1817 ; General Pepe headed a number of dissatisfied citizens, July 15, 
1820; revolution at Palermo, July 15, 1820; suppressed, Oct. 5 ; suppression 
of the Carbonari, Sept. 16, 1820; reciprocity treaty with England, 1823; death 
of Ferdinand IV., who reigned 66 years, and reign of Francis I., 1825 ; the 
Porto Militare begun, 1826; reign of Ferdinand II., Nov. 8, 1830; the streets 
lighted with gas, 1840; a dispute arose relative to the so-called monopoly in sulphur 



NAPOLEON I. NAPOLI-DI-ROMANIA 591 

but was satisfactorily adjusted, March 15, 1840. Palermo and the great towns 
of Sicily rose in insurrection against the King of Naples : they proclaimed a 
provincial government, and decided on observing the constitution of 1 812, Jan. 
12, 1848 ; their wishes were complied with, after some fighting, proclaimed, 
Jan. 29, 1848 ; insurrection at Messina, Jan. 28, 1848 ; the town bombarded 
from March 7 to May 2 ; fighting at Naples between the Royal troops and 
National Guard, the former were successful. May 15, 1848 ; Messina bom- 
barded for five days by the Neapolitans, and taken, Sept. 7, 1848 ; Catania taken 
by the Royal forces, April 2, 1849 ; blockade of Palermo, April 30, 1849 ; en- 
tered by the Neapolitans after much fighting. May 13, 1849, and the absolute 
monarchy re-established ; an attempt made to assassinate the king by a soldier, 
Dec. 8, 1856; 10,000 inhabitants destroyed by an earthquake, Dec. 16, .1857 ; 
the Inquisition abolished in Tuscany, Nov. 16, 1859 ; the director of the Sicilian 
police stabbed in Palermo, Dec. 2, 1859 ; General Filanghieri resigned the com- 
mand of the Neapolitan troops, Feb. 7, i860; general rising of the Sicilians 
against Naples, March 15 ; the insurrection at Palermo suppressed by Neapolitan 
troops, April 4 ; Sicily convulsed by political commotion, April 12; Garibaldi 
defeated the Neapolitan forces, May 22 ; entered Palermo, May 27 ; the minis- 
ters resign, May 29 ; the soldiers evacuate Sicily, July 20 ; the king left for 
Gaeta, Sept. 7 ; Garibaldi, accompanied by his staff only, entered the town, 
Sept. 8, and organized a government ; Victor Emmanuel proclaimed King of 
Italy at, Sept. 9 ; the Neapolitan fleet handed over to the Sardinian admiral, 
Sept. II ; Pessaro taken, Sept. 12; Perugia, Sept. 14; the Neapolitan army 
defeated at Volturno by Garibaldi, Oct. i ; Capua taken, Nov. 2 ; Gaeta be- 
sieged, Nov. 3 ; declared for annexation to Sardinia, by 1,302,064 against 
10,312 votes, Nov. 3; Victor Emmanuel entered the city, Nov. 7; Gaeta sur- 
rendered to Gen. Cialdini, Feb. 13, 1861 ; the ex-king and queen left in the French 
ship-of-war ' Monette,' Feb. 12; Torre del Greco destroyed by an emption of 
Vesuvius, Dec. 8 ; serious outbreak of cholera at, July and Aug., 1867 ; insur- 
rection at, in consequence, quelled, Sept. i ; eruption of Vesuvius, Nov. 12. 
NAPOLEON I., Emperor of the French, King of Italy, and Protector of the Con- 
federation of the Rhine, born at Ajaccio in Corsica, Aug. 15, 1769 ; married 
Madame de Beauharnais (afterwards the Empress Josephine), March 9, 1796 ; 
divorced from, Dec. 15, 1810, and married Maria Louisa of Austria, by 
proxy, March ii; the ceremony repeated at the Tuilleries, April 2 ; she gave birth 
to a son, March 20, 1811. Napoleon died at St Helena, May 5, 1821, aged 52; 
his remains brought from St Helena, and deposited in the Hotel des Invalides, at 
Paris, Dec. 15, 1840 ; the tomb and house at Long^vood, in which he resided at 
St Helena, purchased by Napoleon III., May 7, 1858 ; the funeral car presented 
by Queen Victoria to the French nation, Nov. 5, 1858. 

NAPOLEON II., son of Napoleon Bonaparte, and King of Rome, and styled in 
Vienna Duke of Reichstadt, born, March 20, 1811 ; created King of Rome ; pro- 
claimed Emperor of the French under the title of Napoleon II., June 21, 1815 ; 
died of a decline at the palace of Schoenbrunn, July 22, 1832. 

NAPOLEON III., born, April 20, 1808 ; elected President, Dec. 10, 1848 ; pro- 
claimed, Dec. 20 ; coup d'etat, Dec. 2, 1851 ; elected Emperor, Nov. 21, 1852 ; 
made his entry into Paris, Dec. 2 ; married Eugenie Marie de Guzman, Com- 
tesse de Teba, Jan. 29, 1853; the Prince Imperial born, March 16, 1856. 

NAPOLI-DI-ROMANIA, Greece. This second Gibraltar is situated upon a rock 
800 feet high. The Turks besieged in it by the Greeks unsuccessfully, Dec. 15, 
1821 ; the Greeks captured it by escalade, Dec. 12, 1823 ; made the seat of 
government, June 24, 1824 ; the town taken by the rebels, Feb. 13, 1862 ; they 
were defeated and driven out, March 13. 



592 NARBONNE NATIONAL DEBT 

NARBONNE, France, formerly the Roman colony, Narbo Martius, fomided B.C. 
Ii8. It was captured by the Visigoths, A.D. 462 ; by the Bm-gmadians, 508 ; by 
the Franks, 531 ; and by the Moors, 779 ; the latter were expelled by Charles 
Martel. Cathedral of St Just founded, 1272 ; finished, 1332. 

NARVA, battle, between Peter the Great of Russia and Charles XII. of Sweden, 
Nov. 30, 1700, in which Peter the Great lost 30,000 men, and as many more 
made prisoners, while the Swedish army did not amount to more than 30,000 
opposed to thrice as many Russians. 

NASEBY, battle, at Market Harborough, between Charles I. and the Parliament- 
arians under Sir Thomas Fairfax ; Cromwell, who was present with his iron re- 
giment of horse, turned the tide of the battle, which was decisive, the king, aban- 
doning his baggage, obliged to fly for his life ; many ladies of distinction killed 
in the flight ; all his cannon taken, 5000 prisoners, and 90CO stand of arms, June 
14, 1645. 

NASHVILLE, North America. The university founded, 1806 ; the capitol 
built, 1845 ; evacuated by the Confederate army, Feb. 23, 1862 ; the Federals 
under Gen. Thomas, 30,000 strong, defeated the Confederates under Gen. Hood, 
Dec. 16, 1864. 

NASMYTH'S STEAM HAMMER, invented by him and patented, June 9, 1842; 
amended, Jan. 4, 1843 ; improvements made in, by the inventor and Mr Gaskel, 
Feb. 23, 1848. 

NASSAU, Germany, noted for its porcelain, 1740-50; constitution deci^eed, Sept. 
I, 1814; modified, 1848; Adolf I. succeeded to the title of Duke of, Aug. 20, 1839. 

NATAL, Africa, discovered by the Portuguese, Dec. 25, 1498 ; the first English 
settlement was made under Lieut. Fanwell, 1824 ; the Dutch made a settlement, 
1837 ; the Dutch settlers were attacked by the Kafirs, when the latter were de- 
feated, 1838 ; the Dutch declared their independence, 1839 ; Capt. Smith took 
military possession of, for England, June, 1842 ; constituted a separate govern- 
ment, Nov., 1845; made a bishopric, and the Rev. J. W. Colenso consecrated the 
first bishop, Nov. 23, 1853 ; John Maclean, C.B., appointed Lieut. -Governor of, 
April 6, 1864. 

NATCHEZ ON THE MISSISSIPPI, visited by a tornado, which killed 317 per- 
sons, and destroyed much property. May 7, 1840. 

NATIONAL ANTHEM, composed, by Dr Henry Carey in honour of a birthday of 
Geo. II., and first sung, Jan., 1740. — ChappdV s Popular Music of the Olden Time. 

NATIONAL ASSEMBLY, France. The States constituted themselves, June 17, 
1789 ; first meeting at the church of St Louis, June 22; transferred to Paris, Oct. 6; 
assumed the executive power, June 26 ; assembly dissolved itself, Sept. 30, 1791. 

NATIONAL ASSOCIATION for the Promotion of Social Science, founded under 
the auspices of Lord Brougham, July 29, 1857 ; the first meeting held at Bir- 
mingham, Oct. 12. 

NATIONAL CONVENTION, formed in France, Sept. 17, and opened in due 
state, Sept. 21, 1792 ; Louis XVI. tried before, Dec. Ii ; declared war against 
Great Britain and Holland, Feb. i, 1793 ; appointed a committee to draw up a 
new constitution, accepted by the Convention, Aug. 22, 1795 ; broken up alter 
a continuous session of three years and two months, Oct. 26, 1795. 

NATIONAL DEBT. This debt consists of moneys raised by loans to make up 
deficiencies in the income of the country. There is the unfunded debt, consisting 
of the issue of Exchequer and Navy Bills, and the funded debt, which begun with 
the closing of the Exchequer by Charles II., with sums amounting to a total of 
^1,328,000, Jan. 2, 1672 ; the principal was never repaid ; the creditors, after 
much litigation, were to receive 3 per cent, interest upon their claims after Dec. 



NATIONAL GALLERY NATURALIZATION 593 

2S, 1705, by 12 & 13 Will. III. c. 12, s. 15, 1700-1 ; the sum agreed to was 
,^{^"664,263 ; this formed the first item in the National Debt. A loan of ;,f 1,000,000 
was raised at 10 per cent, on life annuities, 5 Will. & Mary, c. 5, 1693. At the 
peace of Ryswick, the debt amounted to ^21,515,742, Sept. 20, 1697 ; at the 
commencement of Queen Anne's war, ;!^ 16, 394,702, 1702 ; at the peace of 
Utrecht, ;if 52, 145,363, April ii, 1713 ; at the peace of Aix-la-Chapelle, 
2^79.293,713, Oct. 18, 1748 ; at the peace of Paris, ^138,865,430, Feb. lo, 
1763 ; at the peace of Versailles, ;^249, 85 1,628, Sept. 3, 1783 ; at the peace of 
Amiens, ^520,207,101, March 25, 1802 ; at the treaty of Vienna, ^773, I95>93J» 
March 23, 1815, the interest of which amounted to ;^28, 128, 107 ; in 1818 it had 
reached 2^56,729,400 ; in 1834 it was ^773,234,401 ; in 184411 was reduced to 
;[^ 1 8, 40 7, 300. The debt has grown from a sum of ^3,130,000, and an annual 
charge of ^232,000, to a sum of ;r^865, 078,554, with a charge of ;^28,204,299 ; 
;if 24,000,000 ster ing ordered to be converted into terminable annuities by 30 Vict, 
c. 26, May 31, 1S67. Barber, Fletcher, Saunders, his wife, and Mrs Dorey, fnund 
guilty of a conspiracy to defraud the Commissioners of, by forging Wills, April 22, 
1843. — -The National Debt. Florence finding itself in debt to the amount of 
;^6o,ooo, formed this sum into a joint-stock at 5 per cent, interest, 1341. Of Aus- 
^/vrt was ;i^i6,6oo,ooo, 1789; in 1841 it was ;^ 100, 000, 000 ; the interest of, was 
;^4,28i,700; in 1866, ;^247,o94,474. Of France, amoimted to ;^26o,ooo,ooo, 
1789 ; to /v'. 12,315,946,794, 1864. Of India was ;^9, 142, 720, 1792 ; it had in- 
creased to ;i^44, 800, 000, 1833; was ^36,322,819, 1843 ; increased to ;^49, 043,526, 
1853; and to ^"98, 5 1 8, 145, 1858. Of /';7/j-j/«, amounted to ;^39, 191,795. Of 
^«jj/rt, amounted to ^120,000,000, 1864. Oi Spain, ^163,977,472, 1866. 

NATIONAL GALLERY OF PAINTING, founded by Parliament, April 12, 
1824 ; Mr Angerstein's collection of pictures purchased for ;^57,ooo, March 26 ; 
first exhibited in Pall Mall, May lo, 1824 ; Sir G. Beaumont gave 16 pictures, 
1826 ; the building at Trafalgar-square built from the design of Professor Wilkins, 
R.A., 1832-38 ; an act passed for the enlargement of, 29 & 30 Vict. c. 83, 
Aug. 6, 1866 ; amended, 30 & 31 Vict. c. 41, July 15, 1867 ; designs for the 
erection of anew gallery exhibited at the Royal Gallery, Westminster, Jan., 1867; 
report of the Commissioners upon the designs, Feb. 28. 

NATIONAL GUARD, France, raised by the revolutionists ; it consisted of 
48,000 men ; it was at first named the Parisian militia ; its colours were red, white, 
and blue, 1789; reorganized by Napoleon I., 1805, and again re-established by 
Charles X., July, 1830 ; disbanded by Charles X., April 30, 1827 ; reappointed, 
Aug. 3, 1830. 

NATIONAL LIFE-BOAT ASSOCIATION, founded, 1824. 

NATIONAL PORTRAIT EXHIBITION, suggested by Lord Derby, May 6, 
1865 ; first exhibition opened at South Kensington, April 16, 1866 ; closed, Aug. 
18, 1866 ; the second opened. May i, 1867 ; closed, Aug. 31 ; third opened, 
April 13, 1868. 

NATIONAL PORTRAIT GALLERY, established by government, Dec. 2, 1856; 
opened, Jan. 14, 1859, by tickets ; opened to the public, Feb. 25, i860. 

NATIONAL RIFLE ASSOCIATION, formed, Nov., 1859; first meeting held 
at Wimbledon, Her Majesty firing the first shot, July 2, i860. 

NATIVITY. The nativity of St John the Baptist is celebrated in the Romish 
Church on the 24th June ; the nativity of the Holy Virgin, a feast established by 
Pope Sergius I., celebrated the 8th Sept ; the Nativity of Christ, or the feast of 
Christmas, Dec. 25. 

NATURALIZATION, first Act for, passed in England, 7 James I. c. 2, 1609 ; re- 
pealed, Nov. 26, the same year; only naturalized by Act of Parliament until 

38 



594 NAUMBERG NAVARRE 

a more simple and inexpensive mode was adopted by 7 & 8 Vict. c. 66, Aug. 6, 
i8z|4; for the Jews, 26 Geo. II. c. 26, June 7, 1753 ; repealed, 27 Geo. II. c. i, 
Dec. 20,1753. 
NAUMBERG, Prussia. The cathedral built and opened, 1249 ; the Hussites be- 
sieged the town, 1482 ; captured by the French, Oct. 10, 1806. 
NAUVOO, North America, founded by the Mormons, April 21, 1S40 ; the corner- 
stone of the Mormon temple was laid, April 6, 1841 ; dedicated, May i, 1846 ; 
destroyed by fire, Nov. 10, 1848; municipal charter granted, Dec. 16, 1840; the 
Mormons obliged to emigrate to Utah, 1847; the Nauvoo legion formed, Feb. 4, 
1841. 
NAVACTA, Macedonia. Taken by the Turks, and 4000 Greeks massacred, 120 

villages were burnt, April, 1822. 
NAVAL ARCHITECTURE, School of, founded at Portsmouth, 1816. 
NAVAL ASYLUM, founded by the Duke of Clarence, 1801 ; established at 

Greenwich by George III., Jan., 1818. 
NAVAL BENEVOLENT SOCIETY, the Royal, established, 1839, to assist officers 

and their widows in distress. 
NAVAL COLLEGE, Portsmouth, founded on Portland Island, 1720. 
NAVAL DRESS, or uniforms, regulations of, 1748 ; blue, faced with white, until 
altered by William IV. to blue and red ; the white facing has since been restored. 
In the reign of James L, 1609, the six principal masters in the navy wore coats of 
fine red cloth. 
NAVAL FEMALE SCHOOL, the Royal, established for the daughters of the 

Royal Navy, 1840. 
NAVAL FUND, established by Queen Adelaide, to help the orphan daughters of 

seamen, 1850. 
NAVAL KNIGHTS of Windsor, founded by the will of Samuel Travers, Auditor- 
General to the Prince of Wales, for seven naval officers, who were to receive £60 
per annum, July 16, 1724 ; added to the military knights by letters patent of Geo. 
III., June 23, 1798. 
NAVAL SALUTES, the compliment paid by ships to each other's flag at sea be- 
longing to different nations, or on entering foreign ports, answered generally by 
fewer guns ; fired also at the presence of royalty, or a commander-in-chief on the 
spot hoistmg his flag ; formerly an honour exacted from all vessels in what were 
called the British seas ; the Dutch disputed it, but agreed to submit to the custom 
after their defeat, 1653 ; it was formally assented to by France, 1704. 
NAVAL SCHOOL, the Royal, established, 1833 ; incorporated, 1840. 
NAVARINO, Greece, the Pylos of the ancients, and the supposed birthplace of the 
venerable Nestor, situated on an eminence overlooking the vast harbour of the 
same name. The Turks took it from the Venetians, 1498, and in 1722 built the 
citadel, defended by six bastions ; the Russians took it, 1770 ; capitulated to the 
Greeks, Aug. 9, 1821 ; besieged by the Turks, under Ibrahim Pasha, March 21, 
1825 ; captured. May 9 ; surrendered to the combined forces of England and 
France, Sept. 7, 1829 ; evacuated by the French troops, July, 1833. 
NAVARINO, naval battle. The combined fleets of England, France, and Russia, 
- under the command of Admiral Codrington, defeated the fleets of Turkey and 
Egypt, under the command of Ibrahim Pasha, in the bay of, Oct. 20, 1827. 62 
vessels of the latter powers were burnt and the majority of their crews destroyed. 
NAVARRE, France, at one time the head-quarters of Csesar ; at another of Charle- 
magne ; then of Edward the Black Prince ; annexed to France by Henry IV. , 1620; 
Wellington advanced into France throiigh, 1814. 



NAVARRE NAVY 595 

NAVARRE, Spain. Inigo Arista chosen king, and the national liberties guaran-' 
teed by the celebrated Fiieros de Sobrarb^, 843 ; annexed to Castile by Ferdinand 
el Catolico, 1512 ; incorporated with Castile, June, 15 15. General Mina attempt- 
ed to raise a revolt at, Sept. 26, 1814; insurrection at, Feb. 25, 1820; again, 1S21. 

NAVIGATION, Art of, first recorded of the Phcenicians and Tyrians ; Hanno's 
voyage to the Gambia, or to Senegal, B.C. 5°° 5 to Cornwall, the Cassiterides, 
whence tin came, from Gades, or Cadiz, B.C. 1200 ; voyage to, related in Festus 
Avienus, the metal spoken of, temp. Solomon ; great advance in navigation about 
A.D. 1490, on the discovery of America, andin the lythand i8th centuries ; rendered 
more perfect by the chronometer and by steam, 18 10 to 1850 ; also by the follow- 
ing discoveries and improvements, from 1420 to 1820 : plane charts and compass, 
1420 ; compass, variation discovered, 1492 ; first work on navigation, 1537 ; the 
log, 1577 ; Mercator's chart, 1592 ; Wright published his Correction of Errors in 
Navigation, 1597; Davis's back-staff for measuring angles, 1600 ; Gunter's ap- 
plication of the logarithmic tables, 1620 ; middle latitude sailing, 1623 ; the lo- 
garitlimic tables applied to the different modes of sailing, by Addison, 1625 ; 
Norwood measurement of 367, 196 feet to a degree, 1635 > Harrison's time-keeper 
used, 1764; Nautical Almanac published, 1767; Bai'low's correction of the com- 
pass, 1S20 ; the first attempt at circumnavigation from Seville, 1519; Sir F. 
Drake's from Plymouth, i577 5 Richie's pendulum researches, 1 761; Ulloa, Con- 
damine, Godin, and Bouguer, went to South America to measure an arc, 1735 ; 
Maupertuis, Clairault, and others, to Tornea, to measure an arc, 1736 ; measure- 
ment between Paris and Amiens, 175^ j longitude between the sun and Sirius 
found, 1684 ; reward offered by Philip of Spain for the longitude, 1598 ; by the 
English parliament, 12 Anne, c. 15, 1713 ; amended, 26 Geo. II. c. 23, 1753 ; 
again, ;^20,ooo if withiir 30 miles of the truth, 1774 5 reward of 10,000 livres by 
the Duke of Orleans, 1716 ; Werner's mode by the moon and stars, 1514 ; im- 
proved by Morin, 1634 ; Harrison's idea lo/igitiidinis, 1696 ; Dr Halley's im- 
provements of, 1730 — 1731 ; Meyer's lunar tables, 1755 ; ditto purchased for 
^3000, 1 762 ; Euler's lunar theory rewarded with ;^300 ; Maskelyne's advance 
of lunar observations, 1764; longitude by the occultations of a star, 1676 ; 
Galileo discovered the satellites of Jupi'er, Jan. 7, 1610 ; he applied them to dis- 
cover longitude, 1611 ; longitude by the clock and chronometer, by Hook and 
Huygens, 1662 — 1664; by Roy and Berthoud, Paris, 1754 — 1767; Harrison 
in England received in all ^24,000 for his chronometer, 1735 — 1762 ; Mudge 
received ^500 for an improvement, 1777 ; longitude by the variation chart ot 
Halley, 1760 ; new azimuth compass, 1789 ; latitude by the altitudes of the sun, 
1594 ; the astrolabe and cross staff superseded by Hadley's quadrant, 1731. 
NAVIGATION LAWS. Oleron's code said to have been made as early as 1194; 
an act passed by Henry VIII., 1541 ; by the Commonwealth, Oct. 9, 1651, 
which was the foundation of the statute, 12 Charles 11. c. 18, 1660 ; encouraged 
by 2 & 3 Anne, c. 6, 1703 ; several alterations made by 3 Geo. IV. c. 41-4, 
June 24, 1822 ; amended by 4 Geo. IV. c. 77, July 8, 1823 ; and 5 Geo. IV. c. 
I, March 5, 1824 ; British shipping and navigation encouraged by 12 & 13 Vict, 
c. 29, June 26, 1849. 
NAVY, Royal, of England, consisted in Alfred's time of very small vessels, number 
unknown, 897 ; under King Edgar, amounted to 350, in 965; in the nth, 12th, 
and 13th centuries, the kings of England had occasionally large fleets under their 
command, but they consisted of merchant ships only, gathered from the different 
ports of England, in some emergencies being pressed with their crews ; the maritime 
towns furnished their quota of ships to the crown ; Cinque ports were established 
by William I., having certain privileges for which they had to furnish 52 ships with 
24 men each for 15 days, incases of emergency, 1066 ; Richard I. transported his 
forces to the Holy Land in 100 ships and 50 galleys, which he afterwards increased 



596 NAVY 

to 250 sail ; King John had a force of 500 sail ; Prince Louis embarked with his 
forces to conquer England in 80 ships of war, but was defeated by the English 
fleet of 60 sail, commanded by Hubert de Burgh, in the Straits of Dover, Aug. 
24, 121 7 ; a battle between the French and English fleets, when the latter took 
and destroyed 240 sail, April 14, 1295. The largest ship of war, in 1346, had 
a crew of 40 men. Edward III. summoned his ports to supply their quota for 
the siege of Calais, 1346 ; he possessed but 25 ships of his own, manned by 419 
seamen, divided into the South and North-East Fleet : Fowey supplied 47 
ships ; Dartmouth, 32 ; Plymouth, 26; London, 25 ; Bristol, 22; Sandwich, 22 ; 
Southampton, 21 ; Winchelsea, 21 ; Shoreham, 20 ; Dover, 16 ; Margate, 
15 ; Isle of Wight, 13; Weymouth, 13 ; Teignmouth, 7; Ilfracombe, 6; Ex- 
mouth, 10 ; and the other towns supplied theirs. The North-East Fleet : 
Yarmouth, 43 ; Newcastle, 17 ; Hull, 16; Lynn, 16; Harwich, 14; Grimsby, 
12 ; and the others in proportion. On 40 days' notice, each port sent its ships, 
many manned with 20 men onl)', and 15 days' charge after setting sail, every 
year if demanded, and the king to pay the rest. The following will show the size 
of ships of war at this period, and their equipments : in 1406 the vessel which car- 
ried Philippa, sister of Henry IV., Queen of Denmark, Sweden, and Norway, to 
her home had ' two guns, 40 lbs. of powder, 40 stones for guns, 40 tampones, 4 
touches, I mallet, 2 fire pans, 40 pavys, 24 bows and 40 sheaf of arrows. — 
{Rymer's Feed. tom. viii. p. 447.) lienry V. had a truly royal navy, consisting of 
1500 sail, 141 7. The navy having fallen into a low and bad condition, Henry 
VH. caused it to be increased, 14S7 ; the naval yards of Deptford founded, 
1512 ; in 1513 the English fleet consisted of 24 men of war ; Henry VIII. built 
the Great Harry at Erith, 15 15, and founded the Woolwich and Portsmouth 
dockyards : he is called the founder of the royal navy. An act passed for 
the better maintenance of, 32 Henry VIII. c. 14, 1 541 ; during the reign of 
Elizabeth the fleet was increased and greatly improved in build ; the number 
assembled to meet the Invincible Armada is said to have been 37 of H.M. 
ships and 143 vessels supplied by other powers, with 15,000 men ; an act passed 
for the maintenance of the navy, 5 Eliz. c. 5, 1562. Drake circumnavigated the 
globe with five vessels ; he left England, Nov., 1577, and returned to Plymouth, 
Sept., 1580 ; he destroyed 100 ships in the harbour of Cadiz, and a great many at 
Lisbon, 1587 ; at the close of the reign of James I. the navy was reduced to 39 
ships; the 'Royal Sovereign' was launched at Woolwich, 1637; the length of her 
keel was 128 feet ; main breadth, 48 ; length from stem to stern, 232 feet ; she 
carried 60 guns and had 1 1 anchors. When Cromwell usurped the government 
he had only 14 ships of two decks ; he augmented the number to 150 during his 
reign ; the Dutch were successfully defeated by Blake and Monk, 1652 ; Admiral 
Lawson first adopted the manoeuvre of breaking the enemy's line in an engage- 
ment with Van Tromp, in the Yarinouth Roads, June 2, 1653 ; in this engage- 
ment chain-shot was first used by the Dutch, the invention of Admiral De Witt ; 
an act was passed for regidating the navy, 13 Car. IL s. i, c. 9, 1661 ; Charles 
II. had 76 ships in commission, 1679 ; the discipline of, was maintained by 5 & 
6 Will. & Mary, c. 25, 1694 ; King William III. increased the number and 
efficiency of the fleet, 1697 ; there were 272 ships on the books of the Admiralty 
in the reign of Queen Anne, 1700 ; 50 ships destroyed by a severe storm, 1707; 
the size of the ships-of-the-line increased by George II. , 1740 ; at the end of his 
reign there were 412 sail-of-the-line ; at the conclusion of the American war, in 
the reign of George HI., the fleet had increased to 600 sail, many of them being 
2,200 ton ships, 1782 ; increased to 671 sail, some carrying 100 guns, 1821. The 
naval forces of Europe consisted, in 1 839, of : — 

Line-of-battle-ships. In commission. Line-of-battle-ships. In commission 
America, 15 2 Denmark, 6 o 



NAVY OF FRANCE NEAPOLITAN FISHERMAN 597 



Line-of-battle- 


ships. 


n commission. 


Line-of-battle-ships. 


In commission. 


Egypt, 


12 




... 9 




Russia, 


50 


... 40 


England, 


90 




... 24 




Spain, 


3 





France, 


49 




... 10 




Sweden, 


10 





Holland, 


8 









Turkey, 


15 


... 10 


in 1S65-6 of: 


— 


















Steamers 




Guns. 


Sailing-vessels. 


Guns. 


America 




208 




1631 








Austria 




39 




639 




. 20 ... 


•■■ 145 


Denmark 




29 




367 




• 5 •■• 


... 306 


England 




414 








■ 38 




France 




340 








• 41 




Italy 




94 




1298 




. 12 ... 


... 170 


Norway- 




156 




500 








Portugal 




II 




82 








Prussia 




38 








■ 59 ••• 


••• 539 


Russia 




258 








• 36 




Spain 




78 




556 




• 35 •■• 


... 641 


Turkey 




47 













According to a return made to the House of Commons, June 13, 1865, the English 
armour-clad fleet consisted of 31 ships ; and on the 1st of Feb., 1866, the 
whole fleet consisted of 497 ships, steam and sailing. A steam-fleet of 17 vessels 
sailed from Spithead for the Baltic, March 11, 1854. In 1854 the Englisli fleet 
for the Baltic : screw men-of-war, 28 ships ; paddle, 23 ; sailing, 4. Black Sea 
fleet : screw, 10 ships ; paddle, 18 ; sailing 12. The fleet reviewed by Her 
Majesty in the presence of both Houses of Parliament, April 18, 1856. A Coast 
Volunteer force formed by 16 & 17 Vict. c. 73, Aug. 15, 1853; a volunteer force, 
called the Naval Reserve, established by 22 & 23 Vict. c. 40, Aug. 13, 1859. An 
iron-clad fleet of 28 vessels added to the navy, 1867 ; inspected by the Lords 
of the Admiralty at sea, July 7 ; reviewed by the Queen in the presence of the 
Sultan, at Spithead, July 17. 

NAVY OF FRANCE, tirst noticed in records of 725, when it defeated the Frisons ; 
much improved under Henry IV., 1697 ; reached its highest point during the 
American war, both of warlike efficiency and seamanship. Of the 1 1 10 vessels 
of different nations, captured or destroyed by the English navy, between 1 793 and 
1 815, no less than 683 were French, of which no were of the line and 216 were 
frigates ; force in 1853, 168 vessels, or 130 at sea, 38 in port, and 24,624 men ; 
since largely increased. 

NAVY OFFICE, erected on the site of Lumley House, formerly belonging to the 
J^ratres SaucfiZ Crucis {or Crutched Friars), 1644; burnt, Jan. 29, 167 1-2; altered, 
1782 ; sold for ;i^ 11,500, July 17, 1788, and removed to Somerset House. 

NAWORTPI CASTLE, Cumberland, the seat of the Howards, built by Ralph de 
Dacre, 1335; repaired, 1605 — 1620; destroyed by fire, May 18, 1844. 

NAXOS, Grecian Archipelago. This island was founded by the Thracians ; the 
Persians endeavoured unsuccessfully to take it, B.C. 501, but they captured it, 490 ; 
they revolted, 471, when they were reduced to subjection by the Athenians. 
A Venetian, Marco Sanudo, established a state which he called the duchy of the 
^gean Sea, a.d. 1207; destroyed by the Turks, 1566, and united to Greece. 

NAZARENES, a Jewish sect in Palestine, converts to the belief of Christianity ; 
■ they disappeared at the beginning of the fifth century. 

NEAPOLITAN FISHERMAN, revolution made by one, commonly called 
Tomasi Aniello, 1647 ; his name generally contracted to Masaniello ; he was but 
24 years old when he aroused the people, and for ten days was absolute master of 



598 NEATH ABBEY NEPAUL 

that large city ; he overawed the nobility, terrified the government, disposed of 
princes, and put to death or elevated whom he pleased, and repealed the taxes ; 
but on July l6, 1645, ten days after his assumption of power, he fell the victim of 
his audacity, in the midst of 100,000 citizens, who had suffered themselves to he 
led by him. 

NEATH ABBEY, Glamorganshire, built by Richard and Constance de Grainville, 
I150 ; the castle at the same place, 1090. 

NEBRASKA, North America, joined the Union, 1 803 ; Kansas separated from it 
and made a State, 1854. 

NECKCEOTH OF LACE, a fashion adopted in the reign of Charles II., 1674. 

NECROMANCY, sometimes called the black art, patronized by Mary de' Medicis, 
mother of Henry III. of France, 1572, at which time it was generally studied. 

NEEDLE MAKERS' COMPANY, London, incorporated by Oliver Cromwell, 
Nov. 10, 1656 ; regulated by act of Common Council, 1658. 

NEEDLES, said to have been first manufactured in England, in Cheapside, by 
a negro, 1545 ; he refused to divulge the method ; a German named Elias Krause 
reintroduced the manufacture of, 1566 ; it was some time afterwards neglected 
and fell into disuse ; Christopher Greening established a manufactory in Bucking- 
hamshire, 1650 ; soon after Whitechapel became famous for the best make. 

NEERWINDEN, battle. The Austrians, under the Prince of Coburg, defeated 
the French, commanded by Dumouriez, with a loss of 4000 men, March 18, 1793. 

NEGAPATAM, Hindustan. The Portuguese settlement taken by the Dutch, 
1660, who made it the capital of their settlement ; it was besieged, Nov. 3, 1 781, 
and taken by the English, Nov. 12 ; ceded to them, 1783. 
NEGAPATAM, naval battle. The French fleet, under Sufifrein, defeated by the 

English, commanded by Admiral Hughes, July 3, 1782. 
NEHEMIAH, the Book of, written by the prophet, contains the history of Jerusa- 
lem and the nature of the Persian government, in the reign of Artaxerxes 
Longimanus, B.C. 445-433- 
NEISSE, Prussia, made a fortified town, 1594; taken by Frederick II., 1741, 
who met the Emperor Joseph II. at the Episcopal palace, 1769; besieged by the 
French, Jan. 17, 1806; taken, June 6, I S07, and the celebrated libraiy destroyed 
during the siege. 
NELSON, LORD, born, Sept. 29, 1758 ; killed at the battle of Trafalgar, Oct. 
21, 1805 ; the body lay in state at the hospital, Greenwich, from Jan. 5 to 8, 
1806 ; public funeral at St Paul's, Jan. 9, 1806. 
NELSON, New Zealand. The settlement formed by the New Zealand Company, 
1840 ; the natives destroyed almost all the settlers in this town, July, 1843 ; con- 
stitution granted, 1852; gold discovered, 1857; bishopric founded, 1858. 
NEMOURS, France, captured by the allied Russians and Prussians, Feb. 14, 

1814 ; evacuated in March ; reoccupied, March 15, 1814. 
NEOMONOSCOPE for magnifying photographs, invented, 1862. 
NEOPOLIS, battle, between Sigismund of Flungary and the Turks, when the latter 

were victors, fought, 1396. 
NEPAUL, Hindustan, taken and subdued by Hurr Singh, 1323; a treaty of com- 
merce made with Great Britain, March i, 1792 ; the British army invaded the 
country and captured the fort of Kalanga, Nov. 30, 1 8 14; Malaun taken. May 8, 
1815; war renewed, Jan., 1816 ; treaty of peace concluded, March 3, 1816 ; 
■embassy from, to England, of Jung Bahadoor, who arrived at Southampton, 
May 23, 1850, to whom due honour was paid ; he quitted England to return via 
Paris, Aug. 20; assisted the English in the Indian Mutiny, 1857. 



NEPTUNE NEVIS 599 

NEPTUNE, a planet discovered by Mr Adams of St John's College, Cambridge, 
Sept. 23, 1846, and by M. Galle at Berlin ; M. Leverrier announced the spot 
where it would be found, Aug. 30, 1846 ; one of its satellites discovered by Mr 
Lassell, near Liverpool, Aug., 1S47. 

NERVII, a Belgic tribe, defeated and lost a great number of men and 300 chiefs 
by Csesar, in Gaul, on the river Sambre, B.C. 57 ; they joined the Eburones and 
attacked the camp of their enemies, but were defeated by Quintus Cicero, B.C. 54. 
The Roman governor entered their country in the winter season, destroying most 
of their cattle and habitations the next year. This nation had to supply a con- 
tingent of 5000 men for the relief of Alesia, B.C. 52. 

NESTORIANS, a sect founded by Nestorius the Patriarch of Constantinople, 428 ; 
he was tried by the third OEcumenical Council at Ephesus and deprived of his 
titles and offices, 431 ; the school of Edessa, Persia, became celebrated for its 
disciples of the new doctrine, 435 ; a new system or doctrine adopted, 495 ; its 
members divided into two factions, 155 1. 

NETHER HALL, Essex, built, 1280. 

NETHERLANDS declared themselves free, 1565 ; Counts Egmont and Horn 
imprisoned by Alva, Aug., 1567 ; rebellion in, Jan., 1571 ; re-asserted their free- 
dom, assistedby the Prince of Orange, Feb. 21, 1572; the Duke of Anjou elected 
sovereign, July 27, 1581 ; Queen Elizabeth accepted the office of Protector 
of, July, 15S5; the French invade, Feb. 22, 1677; Louis XIV. takes Ghent and 
Ypres, March 15, 1678; peace concluded, 1678; became a province of France, 
1724 ; placed under the House of Orange, 1814 ; revolted, and were made a king- 
dom under Prince Leopold of Saxe Coburg, called Belgium, 1831 ; constitution 
proclaimed, Nov. 3, 1848 ; William III. succeeded to the throne, March 17, 1849. 

NETLEY ABBEY, Hants, built by Henry III., 1239. 

NETLEY HOSPITAL, the foundation-stone laid by Queen Victoria, May 19, 1856. 

NEUFCHATEL, Switzerland, was admitted into the Swiss Confederation, 1398 ; 
the country of Valendis joined to, 1579 ; ceded by the treaty of Tilsit to France, 
Dec. 15, 1S05 ; given by Napoleon to Marshal Berthier, April, 1806 ; restored to 
Prassia, 1814 ; annexed to Switzerland, May 27, 1815 ; made a Republic, 1848 ; 
an attempt was made by a party of Royalists to re-establish the power of Prussia 
over; they were taken, Sept. 2, 1856; treaty between Her Majesty, the Emperor 
of the French, the King of Prussia, the Emperor of Russia, and the Swiss Con- 
federation, relative to the delivering up of the Royalists upon the King of Prussia 
resigning all claims to the kingdom. May 26, 1857. 

NEUTRALITY LAWS. The Plenipotentiaries of Great Britain, Austria, France, 
Russia, Sardinia, and Turkey, assembled at Paris, agreed to a declaration con- 
cerning the Maritime Laws, April 16, 1856. 

NEVA, Russia, several times suffered from inundations, but almost destroyed by 
one, which carried off upwards of 90,000 of the inhabitants and left a hundred- 
gun ship in the market-place, Nov. 19, 1824. 

NEVA, battle. The Swedes and Danes in their march to attack Novogorod, 
were attacked by the Russians, under Alexander, and defeated, 1703. 

NEVILLE'S CROSS, battle. The English army, under Henry Percy, defeated the 
Scots, under David Bruce ; he was taken prisoner, and 15,000 of his men 
slain, Oct. 12, 1346 ; the king was detained in captivity in England till 1357, 
when he was ransomed for 100,000 marks. 

NEVIS, Island of. West Indies, discovered by Columbus. A settlement was made 
by the English in 1628 ; taken by the French, Feb. 14, 1782; restored at the 
peace of 1783. 



6oo NEWARK ' NEWCASTLE-UPON-TYNE 

NEWARK, Nottinghamshire, the Sidncuester of the Saxons. Egbert erected a 
castle, which was rebuilt by Alexander Bishop of Lincoln, 1125; King John 
died at, Oct. 19, 1216 ; Cardinal Wolsey lodged here, 1530 ; held for Charles I. 
during the civil war ; the king established a mint, 1645-46 ; the castle de- 
livered up to the Scots, May 8, 1646 ; dismantled by the Parliamentarians, the 
ruins are still preserved ; bridge built, 1775 ; the Stock Library founded, 1825. 

NEWARK PRIORY, Surrey, built by Ruald de Calva, about 1189. 

NEWBURGH, or DE NOVO, Burgo Abbey, Yorkshire, founded by Roger de 
Mowbray, 1145. 

NEWBURN-b PON-TYNE, battle. TheScottish army were opposed byan English 
force vinder Conway, only 2500 strong ; they were defeated, Aug. 27, 1640, and 
the Scots entered Newcastle. 

NEWBURY, Berks, a considerable town, sending two members to parliament, in 
the iithof Edw. I.; Jack of Newbury (John Winchcombe), a clothier, entertain- 
ed Henry VIII. and Queen Katherine ; he died, 1519 ; Christopher Shoemaker 
burnt for reading the Gospels to John Hay, 1518 ; and Julius Palmer, a Romanist, 
July 16, 1556 ; the town incorporated by Queen Elizabeth, May 26, 1596 ; a stone 
bridge erected over the river Kennet, 177°; the Corporation School founded by 
John Kenrick, Dec. 29, 1624. 

NEWBURY, battles. The Parliamentary army, commanded by Essex, were at- 
tacked by the Royalists, commanded by Charles I. The battle was fought with 
the most determined bravery on both sides, but the Parliamentarians having in 
their ranks the militia of London, who equalled the veteran forces, were enabled to 
keep a bold front, until night put an end to the action on the king's side ; Lord 
Falkland was killed, Sept. 20, 1643 ; the Parliamentarians proceeded the next day 
to London. The Royalists defeated by the Parliamentarians, under the Earl of 
Manchester, at this place, Oct. 27, 1644. 

NEW CALEDONIA. This island, in the Pacific Ocean, discovered by Captain 
Cook, Sept. 4, 1774; made a French convict settlement, 1854. 

NEWCASTLE ADMINISTRATION. Thomas Holies, Duke of Newcastle, 
made Premier of England, March 10, 1754; resigned, Nov. 11, 1756; he had held 
different offices in the cabinet for 45 years ; retired, ;^300,ooo poorer than when 
he took office. 

NEWCASTLE, Duke of, obtained a verdict for ;^20,ooo against the Hundred of 
Boxholme for the wanton destruction of his castle of Nottingham, Oct., 1831, 
Aug. 9, 1832. 

NEWCASTLE-UPON-TYNE. The Romans founded a station here called the 
Pons yElii ; the bridge was rebuilt and a castle erected on the site of the old 
Roman fortress by Robert, eldest son of William I., 1080 ; taken by storm by 
William Rufus, from the Earl Mowbray, 1095 ; the black gate built, 1268 ; St 
Nicholas church founded, 1091 ; burned, 1210; the present structure built, 1359. 
On the death of Henry I., David of Scotland took possession of this town on 
behalf of Queen Matilda, 1136 ; restored by treaty to Henry II., 1157 ; a licence 
was granted to the town to dig for coal, 1239 ; Baliol of Scotland did homage for 
his crown to Edward I. in the castle, 1292 ; Blackfriars bridge built, 1251 ; 
burnt by accident, 1349. The town besieged by the Scots, 1322; and again, 
when Queen Philippa assembled an army of 16,000 men and defeated the Scots, 
1346 ; the town declared for the Royalists ; besieged by the Scottish army and 
captured, Oct. 29, 1644 ; the Guildhall and Exchange built, 1658 ; enlarged, 1809 ; 
stone bridge of nine arches built, 1 781; the Antiquarian Society established, 1813 ; 
the new institution erected at an expense of ;i^ 13, 885, 1825 ; the Grand Stand de- 
stroyed by fire, Dec. 4, 1844 ; failure of the banks at, Oct., 1847 ; great loss of 



NEW COLLEGE NEW GRANADA 6oi 

life and property by an explosion of combustibles, Oct. 6, 1854 ; a most destruc- 
tive fire broke out at, when property valued at ^70,000 was destroyed, June 24, 
1866 ; a temporary pier gave way during a boat race between Kelly and Cham- 
bers, when upwards of 100 persons were precipitated into the Tyne, several being 
drowned. May 6, 1867 ; the Central Exchange news-rooms damaged by fire, Aug. 
II ; another serious fire at, which destroyed property valued at ;!^6o,ooo, Aug. 
13 ; Constitutional Association formed at, Sept. 2 ; seven persons killed by an ex- 
plosion of iiitro-glycerine on the town moor, Dec, 17 ; the new buildings in 
Queen-street, Quay Side, burnt, and property destroyed valued at ;!^5o,ooo, Dec. 
20. 

NEW COLLEGE, Oxford, founded by William de Wykeham, June 30, 1379 ; the 
foundation-stone laid, March 5, 1380 ; opened, April 14, 1386 ; the hall restored, 
1866. 

NEW COLLEGE, St John's Wood, for Dissenters ; first stone laid by the Rev. 
Dr John Pye Smith, May 11, 1850 ; opened, Oct. 8, 1851. 

NEW CUT from the river Lea to Limehouse, London, made, Sept. 17, 1770. 
NEW ENGLAND, North America, settled by the Plymouth Company, 1614 ; 
New Plymouth built by the Puritans, 1620 ; Salem built, 1628, and Boston, 1630. 

NEWENHAM ABBEY, Devonshire, built by Reginald de Mohun, Earl of 
Somerset, 1246. 

NEW FOREST, Hampshire, afforested by William I., 1080; Rufus killed in, Aug. 
2, iioo ; first perambulated and the boundaries fixed by Edward I., 1280 ; large 
tract of woods burned at, near St John's, 1 786 ; the timber ordered to be pre- 
served by 9 & 10 Will. III. c. 36, 1698 ; the rights of the crown to deer extin- 
guished by 14 & 15 Vict. c. 76, Aug. 7, 1851. 

NEWFOUNDLAND, discovered by John Cabot, June 24, 1497 ; the French and 
Portuguese carried on an extensive fishing trade, 1500 ; attempt to form a settle- 
ment, unsuccessfully made, 1520; Sir Humphrey Gilbert landed with 200 
followers, and took possession of the island in the name of Queen Elizabeth, 
1583, but most of them died ; a charter for the colonization of, granted ; another 
attempt, more successful, was made by Lord Baltimore, 1623 ; the town of St 
John surrendered to the French, 1696; they again ravaged the country, 1705 ; 
they burnt St John's, 1768; given up to Gt Britain by the Treaty of Utrecht, 
April II, 1713 ; made a bishopric, 1839 ; a legislative council estabhshed by 5 & 
6 Vict. c. 76, July, 1842; the town of St John's destroyed by fire, damage done 
to the amount of ^1,000,000 ; 12,000 persons left destitute, June 9, 1846 ; an 
act passed for the rebuilding of, 12 & 13 Vict. c. 21, May 24, 1849. 

NEWGATE. The gate was used as a prison at a very early period ; it was taken 
down and rebuilt at the expense of Sir Richard Whittington, 1423 ; destroyed by 
the fire of 1666, and rebuilt by Wren, 1672 ; burnt down in the Gordon riots, June 
8, 1780 ; the present prison erected from the designs of George Dance ; the first 
stone laid, May 31, 1770; completed, 1782. First execution at, Dec. 9, 1783. 
The \d,.stpublic execution (Barrett), May 26, 1868. The interior remodeled, 1857-9. 

NEWGATE MARKET, anciently held in Newgate-street. There were a market- 
house and shops in the Middle-row ; it was a meal market, 1548 ; removed to its 
present site after the fire of London by 22 Car. II. c. Ii, s. 61 ; the dean and 
chapter of St Paul's to lease ground to the corporation for that purpose, 1670; 
ordered to be dismarketed by 24 & 25 Vict. c. lii., June 7, 1861, when the new 
market in Smithfield is completed. 

NEW GRANADA, S. America, discovered by Columbus, 1498 — 1502 ; the 
Spaniards driven out of, 1824; the Republic of, founded, Nov. 21, 1831; the con- 
stitution proclaimed, 1832 ; re-formed, 1843 ; slavery abolished, Jan. i, 1852. 



6o2 NEW HAMPSHIRE NEW RIVER 

NEW HAMPSHIRE, N. America. First settlement formed, 1623 ; made a 
separate province, 1679; constitution agreed to, 1784. 

NEW HAVEN, Connecticut, first settled by the English, 1638 _; united to Con- 
necticut, 1665; Yale College founded, 171 7; taken by the British forces, 1779. 

NEW HOLLAND, Australia, the island of, though nearly as large as Europe, the 
south extremity only discovered by Tasman, 1642 ; Cook surveyed east and north- 
east coasts, 1770, from 38" S., and ascertained its separations by Torres Strait 
from New Guinea ; its circuit completed by Captain Furneaux, 1773 ; Bass dis- 
covered the South Point to be part of an island, separated from New Holland by 
a strait ; large colonies are now formed on the southern, eastern, and western 
coasts ; Port Jackson in, first settled, 1787- 

NEW INN, formerly the Lady Inn ; the society of lawyers who occupied St 
George's Inn, Snow Hill, remos'ed here in the reign of Edward IV., 1483 ; the 
junior members of this society rebelled and stole several MSS., 1669-70 ; the 
readings from the middle temple ceased, 1846. 

NEW JERSEY, N. America. The first settlement was made by the Dutch, 1614 ; 
and by the Swedes, 1637 ; granted by Charles II. to the Duke of York, 1664, 
who sold it to Sir Geo. Carteret, 1666 ; the Dutch recaptured it, 1673, but re- 
signed it to the English, 1682 ; proprietary government of, surrendered, 1702. 

NEWMARKET, Cambridgeshire, made a market town, 1227 ; James I. built a 
lodge here for the purpose of enjoying the divei"sion of hunting ; it was rebuilt by 
Charles II. as a racing lodge, 1671 ; the races in great repute, 1669; the town 
destroyed by fire, March 22, 1683. 

NEW MINSTER ABBEY, Northumberland, built by Ranulph de Merlay, 11 39. 

NEW ORLEANS, America, founded by Bienville, the French governor of Louis- 
iana, 1 71 7; conveyed by them to the Spaniards, 1769; re-conveyed to the 
French, 1800, and sold by Napoleon I. to America, 1803 ; the British force, 
under General Pakenham, defeated at, the General and 3000 men killed and 
wounded, the American loss was slight, Jan. 8, 1 815 ; inundation at, May 
31, 1849 ; taken by Commander Farragut with a fleet of 46 steam sloops, and 
gun-boats carrying 286 guns and 25 mortars, after a bombardment of five days, 
April 24, 1862 ; Gen. Butler appointed governor, superseded by Gen. Banks, 
Dec. 14, 1863. 

NEWPORT, Isle of Wight. First charter granted to the town by Ricliard de 
Redvers, 1193 ; the church built, 1172 ; incorporated by James I. ; confirmed by 
Charles II., 1673 ; the meetings of the commissioners of parliament who carried 
on the negotiations with Charles I., held in the Free Grammar School, Joiners'- 
street, Sept. I — Oct. 28, 1648 ; treaty signed by Charles I. at, giving up to par- 
liament the army, &c., Nov. 27, 1648 ; the House of Industry erected, 1770 ; 
Albany barracks, 1798; converted into a juvenile prison, 1838; the town-hall 
built by Nash, 1814 ; the first stone of St Thomas's church laid by Prince Albert, 
Aug. 23, 1854 ; the town disfranchised by the reform bill, 1832. 

NEWPORT, Monmouthshire. The castle erected by Robert Consul, Earl of 
Gloucester, area 1139 ; seized by Henry VIII. on the execution of the Duke of 
Buckingham, 1521 ; a riot caused by 10,000 Chartists under the direction of John 
Frost, upwards of 20 persons were killed, Nov. 4, 1839; he was captured the 
same night ; tried, Dec. 31 — ^Jan. 16, 1840, and sentenced to be hanged ; re- 
mitted to transportation, Feb. i. 

NEW RIVER, London. Water-works erected under the 3 James I. c. 18, 1605, and 
4 James I. c. 12, 1606; the powers so obtained by the Corporation of London, 
transferred to Mr Plugh Myddleton, citizen and goldsmith, March 28, 1609, 
\yho after five years' labour completed the undertaking ;' opened in the presence 



NEW ROAD NEWSPAPERS 603 

of the civic authorities, Sept. 29, 1620. The length of the river in 1723 was 
381^ miles ; it is crossed by 250 bridges, and has 40 sluices ; its length has 
since been shortened by 10 miles, the stream covered over, and the water 
conveyed in pipes, 1861; the cost of the whole was ^17,219,985; James I. agreed 
to assist the works, and he advanced ;^86o9 14J. 6d.; the original shares of 2^ioo 
have been sold at ^5, recently they have fetched ^9000 : the capital of the Com- 
pany is nearly ^3,000,000. An act passed to enable the Company to improve their 
supply, 15 & 16 Vict. c. clx., June 30, 1852 ; another passed to enable them to 
construct new reservoirs, &c. , 17 & 18 Vict. c. Ixxii. , June 16, 1854; amended, 
18 & 19 Vict. c. cxcvi., Aug. 14, 1855. 

NEW ROAD from the Angel, Islington, to the Yorkshire Stingo, Lisson Green, 
formed under 29 Geo. II. c. 88 ; begun, May 8, 1756 ; completed in a few years ; 
the Metropolitan Railway built underneath, first sanctioned, 16 & 17 Vict. c. 
clxxxvL, Aug. 15, 1853. 

NEW ROYALTY THEATRE, Soho, first opened by Miss Kelly, May 26, 1840 ; 
first called Royalty, 1S61. 

NEWSPAPERS, or, ' News' -papers ' as originally written, are the successors of the 
news' -letters. The weekly news from Italy, Germany, May, 1622; 'London 
Weekly Courant,' 1622, the first containing general information; the 'Weekly 
Courant,' 1662 ; many provincial papers appeared, as the ' Kingdom's Weekly 
Intelligencer,' the ' Mercurius Bellicus,' the 'Parliament's Scout,' ' Mercurius 
Civicus, or London Intelligencer,' the ' Weekly Account,' ' Mercurius Britanicus,' 
by Marchmont Needham, Aug. 22, 1643; the ' Mercurius Politicus,' June, 1650 ; 
the 'Public Intelligencer,' by Sir R. L'Estrange, Oct. 8, 1655; which ceased when 
the 'London Gazette' was established, the first number printed at Oxford, Nov. 14, 
1665 ; continued in London, Feb. 5, 1666. Newspapers and pamphlets were pro- 
hibited from publication without a licence by Charles II., May 12, 1680 ; the 
censorship of the press abolished, 1695. There were nine weekly papers and one 
daily in 1696 ; in 1849, 547 ; and in 1867, 1000. The ' London Courant,' 1709 ; 
the 'British Mercury,' established, March 27, 1710 ; the 'English Chronicle, or 
Whitehall Evening Post,' 1747 ; the ' Public Advertiser,' containing the letters of 
Junius, first appeared, Dec. 19, 1769 : the sale of this paper was upwards of 83,000 
copies ; the 'Public Ledger,' Jan. 12, 1760; the ' Morning Chronicle' begun by 
William Woodfall, 1769; 'Johnson's Sunday Monitor,' 1778. The 'Norwich 
Postman' sold for /^^., 1 706; the last of the ancient penny newspapers, 'Parker's 
London News ' (No. 1005), appeared, April 25, 1725- Duty on newspapers fixed 
at a halfpenny, 10 Anne, c. xix. s. loi, July 19, 1712 ; to come into operation, 
Aug. 12; removed, 1714; reimposed, 1725 5 increased to a penny, 1761 ; raised 
to lYzd. by Lord North, May 28, 1776; to 2d., 29 Geo. III. c. 50, Aug. 12, 1789 ; 
to 2>^fl'., 37 Geo. III. c. 90, June 22, 1797 ; to zVzd-, 44 Geo. III. c. 98, July 
28, 1804 ; to 4^'., less 20 percent, discount, 55 Geo. III. c. 185, July 11, 1815 ; 
reduced to a penny by 6 & 7 Will. IV. c. 76, Aug. 13, 1836 ; to come in force, 
Sept. 15 ; abolished, 18 & 19 Vict. c. 27, June 15, 1855. Duty upon advertise- 
ments in, increased to 3^. 6d. each appearance, Aug. 12, 17S9; reduced, Jan. 4, 
1833 ; abolished, 16 & 17 Vict. c. 63, s. 5, Aug. 4, 1853. 

Daily Papers issued in London, and when established. 

Advertiser, The Morning, Feb. 8, 1794 Public Ledger ... ... 1759 

Clerkenwell News (first weekly), Standard ... ... June 29, 1857 

May I, 1855 Star, The Morning, March 17, 1856 

Commercial Daily List ... 1832 Telegraph, The Daily, Mar. 29, 1855 

Daily-News ... ... Jan. 21, 1846 Times, The ... ... Jan. i, 1788 

Herald, Morning ... Nov. i, 17S0 first printed by steam, Nov. 29, 1814 

Post, the Morning 1781 



6 34 



NEWSPAPERS 



Evening Papers. 



Express, The 


Sept. I, ] 


846 


Shipping and Mercantile 


Gazette, 




Globe 


] 


803 




Jan. 4, 1 


836 


Glowworm 


Jan. 5, I 


865 


Standard, Evening ... 


] 


827 


L' International 


March, 6, 


863 


Star, The Evening March 17, i 


856 


Mail, The Evening ... 


March 2, 


789 


Sun 


Oct. I, 


792 


Pall Mall Gazette ... 


Feb. 7, ] 


865 










Weekly, &c. 






Age we Live in 


... 


r86o 


Cosmopolitan 


Oct., 


[865 


Allen's Indian Mail ... 


May, 


[843 


Country Life 


Aug. 15, 


[867 


American 


March, 1 


S67 


County Courts Chronicle 


Monthly 




Anglo-American Times 


Oct. 27, 


865 




] 


846 


Army and Navy Gazette Jan. 7, 


860 


County Chronicle 


... 


787 


Athenseum 


Jan. 2, 


828 


County Herald 


... 


790 


Atlas 


May 21, 


[S26 


Courier 


Jan., 


[865 


Atlas for India 




[S42 


Courrier de I'Europe 


... 


840 


Australian Mail 


May, 


1859 


C ottage Gardener 




[848 


Baker's Record 




864 


Court Circular 


April 26, 


[856 


Banker 


Jan. 7, 


868 


Court Journal 




[829 


Bayswater Chronicle 


June, 


t86o 


Dispatch, The Weekly 




[801 


Beehive 


Oct. 19, 


1 861 


Ecclesiastical Gazette 


July 10, 


1838 


Bell's Life in London 


] 


820 


Economist 


Sept. 2, 


[848 


Bell's Weekly Messenger May I, 


[796 


Engineer 


Jan. 4, 


[856 


Bethnal Green Times 


Oct., 


861 


English Independent 


Jan. 5, 


[867 


Brazil Mail 


Nov. 7, 


[S63 


English Leader 


Oct., 


1 861 


Britannia 




1839 


Era, The 


Sept. 30, 


1837 


British Banner 


Jan. I, 


1848 


Examiner 


Jan., 


1808 


British Medical Journal 


Jan. 7, 


1853 


Farmer ... ... 




1843 


British Journal of Photography 




Field 


Jan. I, 


1853 




Jan., 


t8S4 


Finsbury Free Press 


May 23, 


[868 


British Lion 


June 29, 


[867 


Freeman 


Jan. 24, 


1855 


Briton, North 


May 29, 


[762 


Freemason's Magazine 


July 9, 


1859 


Builder 


Feb. II, 


[843 


Fun 




1861 


Building News 


March i. 


854 


Gardiner's Chronicle 


Jan. 2, 


1841 


Builders' Trade Circular 


866 


Guardian 


Jan. 21, 


[846 


BuUionist 


Jan. 6, 


[865 


Hackney Independent 


March, 


[860 


Camden Town Gazette 


April, 


r866 


Hackney and Kingsland Gazette 




Chemical News 


Dec. 10, 


t859 




April, 


1864 


Christian Tmies 


... 


863 


Hackney Times 


Dec. 14, 


r867 


Christian World 


... 


8.59 


Hampstead and Highgate Express, 


i860 


Chronicle 


March 30, 


[867 


Herman 


Jan. , 


t859 


Church Review 


Jan. , 


[861 


Holborn and St Pancras 


> Journal, 




Church News 


March 13, 


[867 




Feb. 27, 


1857 


Church and State Review ... 


1862 


Illustrated London News 


, May 14, 


1S42 


Church Mail 


April 5, 


[867 


Illustrated Weekly News 


, Oct. 12, 


1 861 


Church Times 




1863 


Illustrated Sporting and 


Theatri- 




Church Opinion 


Dec. I. 


1866 


cal News 


Feb., 


1862 


Churchman 


Jan., 


1843 


Imperial Review 


Jan. 5, 


1S67 


City Press, The 


July 18, 


1857 


Independent 


Jan. , 


1867 


Civil Service Gazette 


Jan. I, 


1853 


Inquirer 


Jnly 9, 


1842 


Colliery Guardian 


Jan. 5, 


1 861 


Insurance Gazette 


Jan. I, 


1856 


Commercial Gazette 




1853 


Islington Gazette 




1856 


Constitution 




1853 


Jewish Chronicle 




1845 



NEWSPAPERS 



605 



John Bull Dec. 17, 


1820 


Overland Mail 


July 10, 


1855 


Journal of Gaslighting Feb. 10, 


1849 


Paddington Times ... 




[859 


Judy ... 


1867 


Parochial Critic 


Jan. 2, 


[867 


Journal of Horticulture Oct., 


1848 


Pawnbrokers' Gazette 


... 


839 


Journal of the Society of Arts 


1852 


Penny Illustrated Papei 


, Oct. 12, 


1851 


Justice of the Peace Jan. 28, 


1837 


Photographic Journal 


March, 


1853 


Lady's Own Paper Nov. 24, 


1866 


Photographic News 


Sept. 10, 


[858 


Lancet, The ... Oct. 3, 


1823 


Postman 


Oct., 


1867 


Land and Water ... Jan., 


1866 


Press and St James's Chronicle, 




Law Journal . . . Jan. , 


1866 




May 7, 


1853 


Law Times ... ... April 8, 


1843 


Prince's Price Current 




1782 


Leader Sept. 21, 


1867 


Public Opinion 


Oct. 5, 


1861 


Licensed Victuallers' Guardian, 




Punch 


July 17, 


1 841 


Feb., 


1861 


Queen 


Sept. 7, 


1861 


Literary Churchman May 5, 


1855 


Racing Times 


Feb. 26, 


1851 


Lloyd's Weekly Newspaper, Nov., 


1842 


Railway News 


Jan. 2, 


1864 


London Commercial Record, 




Railway Record 


April 13, 


1844 


June 29, 


1842 


Railway Times 




1837 


London and China Express 


1858 


Railway Gazette 




1845 


London and China Herald 


1867 


Record 


Jan., 


1828 


London and China Telegraph 


1858 


Reporter 




1847 


London and Provincial News 


i860 


Reynolds' Weekly New 


spaper. 




London Mercantile Journal 


1832 




May 5, 


1850 


London Mercury . . Jan. 4, 


1868 


Rock 


Jan. 17, 


1868 


London New Price Current 


1812 


Saturday Review 


Nov. 3, 


1855 


London Review ... July 7, 


i860 


Shoreditch Advertiser 


Jan. , 


1857 


London Scotsman ... July 15, 


1867 


Shoreditch Observer 


Jan. , 


1857 


Magnet ... ... March, 


1837 


Solicitors' Journal ... 




1857 


Mark Lane Express Dec, 


1832 


South London Chronicle 


1859 


Maryleboae Mercury 


1857 


South London Journal 


Oct. 2, 


1855 


Mechanics' Magazine Dec. 31, 


1858 


South London Press 


Jan. 7, 


1865 


Medical Press ... Jan. 14, 


1850 


Spectator 


July 5, 


1828 


Medical Times ... July 6, 


1850 


Sporting Life 


March 16, 


1859 


Methodist Recorder April 4, 


1861 


Sporting Gazette 


Oct., 


[862 


Methodist Times 


1849 


Sportsman 


Aug., 


[865 


I\Iiddlesex Chronicle Jan., 


1859 


Sunday Times 




[822 


Mining Journal ... Aug. 29, 


1S35 


Tablet 




[840 


Mitchell's Maritime Register, 




Tomahawk ... 


... 


[867 


Sept. 27, 


1856 


Tower Hamlets' Express Aug., 


[861 


Mitchell's Steam Shipping 




Tower Hamlets' Independent, 




Journal ... Aug. 19, 


1859 




Nov. 17, 


866 


Money Market Review 


i860 


Train 


July 13, 


[866 


Musical Standard ... Aug., 


1862 


United Service Gazette 


Feb. 9, 


833 


Musical Times ... June, 


1844 


Universe 


Dec. 8, 


860 


Musical World 


1836 


Universal News 


Dec. 29, 


860 


Naval Chronicle ... March, 


1853 


Volunteer Service Gazet 


eOct. 26, 


859 


Naval and Military Gazette, 




Watchman 


Jan. 7, ] 


835 


Feb. 9, 


1838 


Weekly Budget 


Jan. 5, ] 


860 


News of the World ... Sept. 29, 


1S43 


Weekly Review 


April, I 


862 


Newspaper Press 


1865 


Weekly Times 


Jan. 24, ] 


847 


Nonconformist ... April 14, 


1841 


Wellington Gazette 


I 


857 


Notes and Queries ... Nov. 3, 


1849 


West London Observer 


I 


855 


Netting Hill and Bnyswater Times 


1861 


W.est London Times 


I 


860 


Orb Aug., 


1863 


West Middlesex Advertiser, 




Orchestra Oct., 


1863 




Nov. I, I 


S56 



Nov., 


1867 


Aug. II, 


1711 


July 1 8, 


1761 


May 2, 


1720 




1720 




1706 




1710 


Nov. 23, 


1772 


June, 


1719 


Jan. 2, 


1790 


July 2, 


1724 



606 NEWSPAPERS 

West End News ... ... 1856 Witness 

Westminster Gazette Dec. 29, 1866 

Country Newspapers of the last century. 

Bath Chronicle 1757 Nevi'castle Courant 

Cambridge Chronicle ... 1748 Norfolk Chronicle 

Chester Courant 1730 Northampton Mercury 

Derby Mercury ... ... 1732 Norwich Mercury 

Hereford Journal ... ... 1739 Norwich Postman 

Hereford Times ... June 30, 1832 Nottingham Journal 

Leeds Mercury ... May, 1718 Shrewsbury Chronicle 

Lincoln, Rutland, and Stamford Worcester Journal ... 

Mercur}'-, 1695 York Herald 

(and is still continued). Yorkshire Post 
Liverpool Courant ... ... 1712 

NEWSPAPERS were first printed at Constantinople, 1797; in Holland, 1605 ; in 
Germany, 161 5 ; New South Wales, 1803. The United States of America : 
the first paper was published at Boston, Sept., 1690; the 'Penny Press' 
was introduced at New York; the first being 'The Daily Sun,' Sept. 23, 
1833; the 'New York Tribune,' edited by Horace Greeley, established, 185 1, 
daily circulation 29,000 copies ; in New York alone there ai-e now 300 differ- 
ent papers published every week. A great sensation was producd in New York 
by the publication of an extra sheet of the ' Sun,' giving an account of an 
aerial voyage across the Atlantic performed in three days. May 28, 1844 ; of 
course it turned out a Yankee hoax. The number published in Austria is 
271; Bavaria, 190; Germany, 900; Hanover, 99; Italy, 302; Saxony, 230; 
Wurtemberg, 1 19; the ' Venetian Gazette,' 1570 (this is the oldest in the British 
Museum). 

NEWSPAPERS, French. When, between 1820 and 1830, the arbitrary system of 
rule in England disappeared, the advance of the free press became rapid and ex- 
traordinary ; so in France, after the exclusion of the Bourbon dynasty, and its 
arbitrariness, the same kind of advance was observable ; the first French paper 
was the 'Gazette,' published by Renaudot, May, 1631 ; ' Journal des Savans,' 
1665 ; ' Mercure Galant,' 1672 ; the ' Nouveau Journal de Paris,' 1777 ; the 
' Moniteur,' 1789; the 'Journal des Debats,' 1789; the 'Gazette,' 1790; the 
' Quotidienne,' 1792 ; the 'Constitution,' 1815 ; the ' Press,' 1836 ; the ' Siecle,' 
1S36. In 1816, the 'Moniteur' published, 1650, ' Journal des Debats,' 8coo, 
' Gazette de France,' 3000, 'Journal de Commerce,' 3500, ' L'ami de la Religion 
et du Roi,' 3300, 'Quotidienne,' 3100, 'Journal des Maires,' 4300. The liberty 
of the press ceased on the accession of Louis Napoleon, 1852-3. 

NEWSPAPERS, Irish. There were 102 issued in 1850; advertisement duty at u., 
^11,806 ; stamps, 6,302,728 at \d., and 43,358 at j^r/. ; the first Irish newspaper, 
' Pue's Occurrences,' published 1700; the Flying Post, 1708; 'Faulkner's Journal, 
1728; Dublin 'Evening Post,' 1725; Dublin 'Freemasons' Journal,' 1763; 
' Dublin Gazette,' 1711 ; ' Clare Journal,' 1776; ' Limerick Chronicle,' 1766; 
'Londonderry Journal,' June 3, 1772. In 1867, 128 newspapers were published. 

NEWSPAPERS, Scotch. There were 94 in 1850; stamps, 7,643,045 at \d., 
241,264 at Yzd. The first newspapers of Scotland were published in London and 
sent down ; the oldest are the 'Aberdeen Journal,' 1748 ; Caledonian Mercury,' 
1720; the Edinburgh ' Evening Courant,' 1718; 'Edinburgh Gazette,' 1690; 
' Glasgow Courant,' 1715 ; 'Glasgow Gazette,' 1782; the ' Dumfries Journal,' 
1750. In 1867, 138 journals were published. 



Feb. 23, 


1838 


Aug. 7, 


1795 


Sept. 27, 


1800 


Jan. I, 


1810 


Jan. 20, 


1788 


March 6, 


i860 



NEW SOUTH WALES NEW YORK 607 

NEW SOUTH WALES, Australia. First founded as a convict settlement ; a 
fleet of eleven sail with 757 convicts left Portsmouth, May 13, 1787. Three 
ships arrived at Botany Bay, Jan. 18 — 20, 1788, and Captain Arthur Philip made 
governor, Jan. 26, 17S8 ; the colony then contained 1060 inhabitants ; increased 
to 5547, 1801 ; first grant of land made to convicts, 1790 ; a newspaper printed, 
1803 ; a rebellion broke out among the convicts, but they were defeated, 1804 ; 
\.\\Q Sydney Gazette first published, March, 1803 ; made a free settlement, 1821 ; a 
local council appointed, 1823 ; an act passed for the more effectual government 
of, 9 Geo. IV. c. 83, July 25, 1828 ; first legislative council proclaimed, July 
13, 1829 ; transportation abolished, 1839 ; coal raised m the colony valued at 
;!fl4,647, 1849 ; gold discovered, April 3, 185 1; Sydney University inaugurated, 
Oct. II, 1852 ; separated from Victoria, 1854, and a constitution granted, 1855. 
An attempt to assassinate the Duke of Edinburgh was made at Clontarf, Sydney, 
March 12, 1868 ; O'Farrell, the assassin, executed, April 21. The prince laid 
the foundation-stone of the town-hall at Sydney, April 4. 
Governors of: — • 

Belmore, Earl of Aug. 22, 1867 Gipps, Sir Geo. 

Blyth, Capt. Wm. Aug., 1806 Hunter, Capt. 

Bourke, Sir R. April 27, 1831 King, Capt. P. G. 

Brisbane, Su- T. M. Feb. 10, 1821 Macquarie, Gen. 

Darling, Sir R. Dec. 19, 1826 Philip, Capt. Arthur 

Denison, Sir Wm. Sept. 19, 1854 Young, Sir John 

Fitzroy, Sir Chas. Aug. 3, 1826 

NEWSTEAD ABBEY, Nottinghamshire, built, 11 70. 

NEWSTEDE PRIORY, Lincolnshire, founded by William de Albini III., circa 
1 166. 

NEW STYLE. &^ Calendar. 

NEW TESTAMENT translated into the Coptic, 3rd century ; into the Chinese 
language by the East India Company's Translator at Canton, and printed, 18 14. 

NEWTOWNBARRY, Ireland, riot at, on the clergy seizing stock for tithes ; the 
yeomanry fired on the people, and 35 men, women, and children were killed and 
wounded ; the coroner's inquest could not agree on a verdict, June 18, 1831. 

NEWTON BUTLER, battle. Lord Mountcashel defeated by the Protestants of 
Enniskillen, the former being taken prisoner, Aug. i, 1689. 

NEW YORK, America, discovered by Henry Hudson, an Englishman, 1609 ; set- 
tlement made at Manhattan's Island, 1614 ; at Albany, 1615 ; the Dutch West 
India Company colonized the central portion of the State, 1624 ; Charles II. 
granted it to the Duke of York, Sept. 8, 1664 ; retaken by the Dutch, 1673 ; sur- 
rendered to England, 1674 ; the first congress met, Oct. 7, 1765 ; part of the 
town burnt, Dec. 29, 1773, again Nov. 20, 1776 ; the British Gen. Burgoyne 
and 6000 troops surrendered to the State Militia at Vv'hite Plains, Oct. 17, 1777 ; 
300 houses destroyed by fire, Aug. 7, 1778; the Colonial Government was sus- 
pended, May, 1775 ; a provincial Government administered the State to April 20, 
1777 ; constitution agreed to April 20, 1777 ; ratified by the State legislature, 
July 26, 1778 ; revised, 1821 ; fire at, which destroyed property valued at 
20,000,000 dollars, Dec. 15, 1835 ; the Old Bowery Theatre burned down for the 
fourth time, April 25, 1845 ; riot at the Astor-PIace Opera House to prevent 
Macready playing. May 10, 1849 ; a new constitution granted, 1846, and came 
into operation, Jan. i, 1847 ; amended, 1854 ; the Park Theatre burnt, Dec. 16, 
1848 ; a new charter given to the city. May i, 1857 ; suspension of the banks, 
Oct. 14, 1858 ; the Crystal Palace erected and opened by the President, July 14, 
1853 ; was destroyed by fire, Oct. 5, 1858 ; serious riots at, in attempting to en- 



6o3 NEW ZEALAND NICOLAITANS 

force the conscription, property destroyed valued at ^80,000, 76 persons killed, 
20 negroes murdered by the mob, and 300 persons wounded, July 13 — 17, 1863; 
Barnum's Museum burnt, July 13, 1865. 
NEW ZEALAND, discovered by Tasraan, 1642 ; Captain Cook visited the island, 
1769 and 1774 ; first settlement made by the English, 1815 ; government estab- 
lished, 1833 ; New Zealand Company formed, 1837 ; received its charter, 1839 ; 
dissolved, 1851 ; made a colony by charter, Nov. 16, 1840; separated from New 
South Wales, May 3, 1841 ; Capt. Hobson, the founder, and first governor, from 
Jan., 1840, to Sept., 1842 ; Bishopric established, 1843; war declared against the 
Kaffirs, April 4, 1846 ; legislative council opened by Sir George Grey, Dec. 20, 
1848 ; a representative constitution granted to the colony by 15 & 16 Vict. c. 
72, June 30, 1852 ; gold fields discovered near Goulburn, Jan. 17, 1853 > term- 
ination of the Kaffir war, Feb. 22, 1853 ; great distress amongst the Kaffirs, 
Nov., 1857 ; war again declared in consequence of a dispute about land, May 3, 
i860 ; the natives submit to the English, March 19, 1861 ; war renewed, 1863. 

NGAMI, Africa. This lake is to be found set out on Portuguese maps, as early as 
1508; visited by Livingstone, Murray, and Oswell, July 28, 1849. 

NIAGARA, North America, the fort near the celebrated falls of that name, in North 
America, taken by the English, July 24, 1759; the largest of the falls is the horse- 
shoe, 1800 feet broad, having a fall of 165 feet ; the American fall is about 600 feet 
broad ; Mr Weld was among the first who ventured under the cataract to within 
six yards of the water, 1796 ; the suspension bridge over the falls, opened, Aug. 
I, 1848; M. Blondin crossed upon the tight-rope, Aug., 1859; part of the Table 
Rock blown away, July 26, 1867. 

NICARAGUA, America, discovered by the Spaniards, 1503; revolted from Spain, 
Sept. 21, 1821 ; joined the republic, 1824 ; an earthquake at, which did much 
damage to the town, Jan. 23, 1835 ; withdrew from the Central American con- 
federation, 1852 ; the cathedral of Leon was finished, 1743, at a cost of ;!^ 1,000, 000 
sterling ; Walker, the American filibuster, landed at Scott's Wharf, Nov. 25, 
1857; treaty of commerce with Great Britain, Feb. 11, i860; two volcanoes 
broke out at Leon, Nov. 14, 1867. 

NICE, France, founded by the Greeks in the middle ages ; it was strongly fortified ; 
taken by the Goths, A.D. 262 ; a marble cross built to commemorate the recon- 
ciliation of Charles V. and Francis I., 1538 ; plundered by the Turks, 1543 ; 
overrun by the troops of the republic, 1792 ; incorporated with France, Dec, 
1792 ; formally ceded to France by Italy, 1796 ; the Austrians took the town, 
May II, 1800; restored to Sardinia by the treaty of, 1814 ; ceded to France, 
March 29, i860, to take effect, June 14. 

NIC^A, Bithynia. The Nicene Creed composed at the council of Nice, held at, by 
the command of the Emperor Constantine ; first sitting held, July 14, the last, 
Sept. 9, A.D. 525 ; here the Arians were condemned, and 318 bishops settled the 
time to observe Easter. The Creed, that part which asserts the ' Divinity of the 
Holy Ghost,' M^as added at the council of Constantinople, 381, and the words 
'and the Son,' coming after 'who proceedeth from the Father,' added by the 
Spanish bishops, 447 ; adopted at Rome, 883 ; a second council was held who 
declared the worship of images to be lawful, 787- 

NICKEL, a metal used in the composition of German silver, first named by Cron- 

stedt, 1751 ; published, 1775. 
NICOLAITANS, a sect founded by Nicholas, one of the first deacons of the Church, 

who, taking a vow of continence, bade his wife many whom she pleased ; hence 

his followers maintained the doctrine of a community of wives ; the Nicolaitans 

about the year 68 denied the Divinity of Christ. • . 



NIGER NINEVEH 609 

NIGER, Africa. The French geographers devoted much attention to find out the 
sources of; De Lisle published his plan of, 1714; D'Anville, 1749; the African 
Association formed in England to discover the course and source of, Mungo Park 
was employed by them, he left England, May 22, 1795 ; he traced it for 300 miles, 
and returned, June 10, 1797 ; he was afterwards sent out by H. M. Government, 
Jan. 30, 1805 ; drowned at Boussa, in Dec. The brothers Sanders discovered the 
mouth of the river, Nov. 18, 1830; the Government sent an expedition of three steam 
vessels, 1841, but they only ascended to Egga. Mr Macgregor Laird was sent 
out in the Pleiad iron-screw steamer, May 20, 1854, and ascended the river 
within about 50 miles of the confluence of the Benne and Faro, they were 1 18 
days on the river. 

NIGHTINGALE, MISS. A meeting held at Willis's Rooms, Hanover-square, in 
order to raise a fund for establishing an institution for the purpose of training 
nurses after the Crimea war, Nov. 29, 1855. 

NIJNI NOVGOROD, Russia, founded, circa 1222; occupied by the Tartars, 1237; 
added to Moscow, 1418 ; the cathedral of the Transfiguration founded, 1221 ; of 
Archangel, 1222 ; rebuilt, 1620 ; a fair for mercantile purposes was held here, as 
early as 1366; became the property of the state, 1751 ; removed to its present 
site, 1824. 

NILE, Egypt. Mercator's map of Africa, published 1593, gave the source of the 
Nile to be two large lakes ; Mr Browne and Dr Beke attribute the source to be 
in the Mountains of the Moon in 10° lat. N. ; Bruce thought he had reached the 
source, Nov., 1770, but Capt. Speke is said to have discovered the source to be 
the Lake Nyanza, July 28, 1862 ; reported his discovery to the Royal Geo- 
graphical Society, June 24, 1863 ; Capt. Baker discovered the Albert Nyanza, 
Jan. 22, 1864; the river overflowed, killing 30,000 people, 1829. 

NILE, naval battle. Nelson discovered the French fleet, anchored in the bay of 
Aboukir close in shore, consisting of 18 ships of war, 11 78 guns; the English 
fleet consisted of 15 ships, 942 guns ; the French were totally defeated ; the battle 
begun at 6 p.m. ; by 8 o'clock p.m. four of the French van had struck ; between 
9 and 10 the Admiral's ship, the L'Orient, blew up ; the battle continued dur- 
ing the night, only four of the enemy's ships escaped, Aug. i and 2, 1 798. 

NILOMETER. An instrument used among the ancients to measure the height of 
the water of the Nile ; it is said to have been erected hyyoseph during his regency 
in Egypt ; it measures 16 cubits ; some authorities attribute it to the Sultan Soli- 
man in the 8th century. 

NIMEGUEN, Holland. An ancient Roman town built by Julius Csesar ; the 
castle rebuilt by Charlemagne, 775 ; united to Holland, 1248 ; sold by William 
III., King of the Romans, to Otho the III., 1270; the town -hall built, 1554; 
taken by the French, 1672 ; the treaty between Louis XIV. and Charles II. of 
Spain, signed in the town-hall, July 31, 1678 ; again taken by the French, Nov. 
8, 1794. 

NINEVEH, Assyria. First mentioned in the loth chapter of Genesis ; it is there 
placed among the primitive cities ; it is next found in the book of Jonah, B.C. 
850 ; it was the residence of Sennacherib, King of Assyria, circa B.C. 710 ; de- 
stroyed by the Medes, B.C. 626. M. Botta, the French Consul at Mosul, exca- 
vated the mound Kouyunjik, where he found a few fragments of ruins, but at 
Khorsabad, 1842, he discovered several upright slabs with figures in bas-relief 
and several halls and chambers. Mr Layard opened a mound at Nimroud, Dec' 
1845, and in the following year discovered several halls with winged lions and 
bulls, also a gigantic head ; first collection arrived in England, Oct., 1850 ; ex- 
cavations continued by M. Place, 1854. 

39 



6io NINGPO NONES 

NINGPO, China, taken by the English, Oct. 13, 1841 ; the Chinese attempted 
to recapture the city, but failed, March 10, 1842 ; evacuated. May 7, 1842 ; 
opened to foreign trade, 1843 ; captured by the Taepings, Dec. 9, 1861, but re- 
taken by the Imperialists, May 21, 1862, 

NISBET, battle, between the English and Scotch, in which the latter were routed, 
and 10,000 slain. May 7, 1402. 

NISI PRIUS. Previously to the statute of Westminster, trials by assizes or juries 
could only be held where the king resided, or before the justices going their 
septennial circuit, but this custom was amended by the writ of Nisi FritLs, com- 
manding the sheriff to empanel a jury at Westminster, 13 Edw. I. c. 30, 1285. 

NISSA, Servia, captured by Amurath II., 1389; by the Austrians, July 28, 
1737 ; retaken by the Turks, Nov. 13, 1737- 

NITHESDALE, Earl of, taken prisoner at Prestonpans, Nov. 13, 1715; con- 
demned to death for high treason, but escaped from the Tower, Feb. 23, 1715-16. 

NITRIC ACID, discovered by the chemist Lully, 1287. 

NITROUS ACID, discovered by Scheele, 1771 ; gas by Dr Hales ; oxide gas by 
Priestly, 1776. 

NITRO-GLYCERINE. See Glycerine. 

NIVE, battles. Wellington attacked the French, under Soult, on the river Nive, 
Dec. 9, 1813 ; series of battles begun, Dec. 10, and continued till the 13th, when 
the latter were defeated. The British lost 5000 men in, killed and wounded; the 
French, 6000 men and two guns. 

NIVELLE, battle. The English army, commanded by the Duke of Wellington, 
defeated the French army, under Marshal Soult, on the banks of this river, after 
a gallant struggle, Nov. 10, 1813 ; the English crossed the river on the 12th ; the 
French lost 4000 men. 

NOBILITY in England permitted to build castles in 1150; the privilege with- 
drawn, and eleven hundred prdled down, 1153 ; patents to nobles of an estate 
granted by Philip the Fair of France, 1095 ; Neville, Duke of Bedford, degraded 
from the peerage for being poor, temp. Edward IV., 1478 ; noblemen's privileges 
restrained, June, 1773. 

NOBILITY of France renounced their privileges. May 23, 1789; liveries and 
armorial bearings abolished, June 18, 1790; recoixls of, destroyed, June 25, 
1792 ; a new nobility created by the Emperor Napoleon, 1808 ; hereditary peer- 
age abolished in France, Dec. 27, 1831. 

NOBLE. Edward III. ordered a gold coin of the value of 6j-. ^d. to be struck, 1344. 

NOCTON PARK PRIORY, Lincolnshire, founded by Robert D'Arcy, circa 1156. 

NOCTON PARK, seat of Lord Ripon, destroyed by fire, July 15, 1834. 

NOLA, Italy. Marcellus attacked Hannibal, under the walls of this town, B.C. 
216 ; destroyed by Alaric, 410 ; Augustus died here, A.D. 14. 

NONCONFORMISTS, Protestant dissenters. An act was passed to suppress, i 
Eliz. c. 2, 1558 ; a congregation of, seized at Plumbers' Hall, London, June 16, 
1567; fines converted into imprisonment, 35 Eliz. c. i, 1593; two acts passed in the 
reign of James I. ; 3 James I. c. 4, 1603 ; 21 James I. c. 4, 1623 ; a new act of 
uniformity passed, 13 & 14 Car. II. c. 4, when upwards of 20CO ministers left the 
Church, refusing to sign the 39 Articles, Aug. 24, 1662 ; declaration of indulgence 
by James II., April 4, 1687 ; act of toleration, by which all Dissenters who did 
not deny the Trinity were relieved, i Will. & Mary, c. 18, May 24, 1689. 

NONES, the 7th of March, May, July, and October, and the Sth of all the other 



NONJURORS NORTHALLERTON 6ii 

months ; the nones are the six days following the above four months named, and 
of the other months, the four days next after the first. 

NONJURORS, or High Churchmen who were attached to the Stuarts and refused 
to take the oath of allegiance to Will. & Mary ; the Archbishop of Canterbury, 
the Bishops of Bath and Wells, Ely, Gloucester, Norwich, and Peterborough, were 
deprived of their sees, Feb. i, 169 1 ; doubly taxed and compelled to register their 
estates. May 27, 1723; on the decease of the Pretender, 1788, they tendered their 
loyalty, and the penal laws against them were withdrawn, 1 792. 

NONPAREIL, an American life-raft, sailed from New York with a crew consist- 
ing of the captain and two men ; reached Southampton, July 25, 1863, being 43 
days on their voyage. 

NON-RESISTANCE. An act passed by the House of Commons 'that it is not 
lawful to take up arms against the king,' June, 1 661, but thrown out in the Lords, 
Oct., 1665. Doctrine of, maintained at Oxford, July 24, 1683. 

NONSUCH, Surrey, the manor purchased by Henry VIII. of Sir Richard de 
Codington, July 10, 1539 ; the palace built by that monarch, 1543 ; exchanged 
by Queen Alary for certain lands in Norfolk to Henry Fitz-Alan, Earl of Arundel, 
1557 ; visited by Queen Elizabeth first, Aug. 5, 1559 ; George Lord Berkeley 
appointed keeper, Sept. 5, 1660 ; given by Charles II. to Barbara, Countess of 
Castlemaine, Jan. iS, 1671 ; pulled down by her orders, 1708. 

NOOTKA SOUND, British North America, discovered by Captain Cook, 1778 ; 
settled by the English, 1786 ; the Spaniards, in 1789, took possession of the set- 
tlement ; a demand of reparation was made and arranged amicably, 1 790. 

NORBERTINES, order of, instituted by St Norbert, 1120. 

NORDLINGEN, battles. The Swedes defeated by the allied Austrians and Ba- 
varians, Sept. 6, 1634 ; the French, under Turenne and Conde, defeated the 
allied Spaniards and Austrians, commanded by Count de Mercy, Aug. 7, 1645. 

NORE, the Mutiny at. The fleet mutinied, calling themselves a floating republic, 
under the presidency of Richard Parker, a sailor. May 20, 1797 ; they returned 
to their duty and delivered up Parker, June 14, who was tried and executed at 
Sheerness, on the 30th. 

NORFOLK ISLAND, South Pacific Ocean, discovered by Captain Cook, 1774; 
made a penal colony, 1787; abandoned and the buildings destroyed, 1810 ; it 
was again made a penal settlement, 1825 ; abandoned, June, 1856 ; the descend- 
ants of the Mutineers of the Bounty settled here, 1856. 

NORFOLK, Virginia, the navy-yard and docks destroyed by the Confederates, and 
the city taken by the Federals, under Gen. Wool, May 10, 1862. 

NORHAM CASTLE, Northumberland, built by Flambard, Bishop of Durham, 
1 121 ; David, King of Scotland, besieged it with a large force, and nearly de- 
stroyed it, 1 138 ; restored, and the great tower built by Bishop Pudsey, 1154 ; 
William the Lion of Scotland met King John at, 121 1 ; Edward I. held a meet- 
ing with the Scottish nobles here, 1286 ; it was taken by the Scots, 1513. 

NORMANDY, France, once part of Neustria, conquered by Rollo, 875; he married 
Gisele, daughter of Charles the Simple of France, who ceded the dukedom to him 
876 ; was succeeded by his son William, 931 ; reduced by the English, 1137 ; 
conquered by the French, 1204 ; purchased of the English by the French, 1259. 

NORMAN LANGUAGE, first used in English courts of lav/, 1079. Norman 
Architecture prevailed in England fi-om 1066 to 1 189. 

NORTHALLERTON, Yorkshire. This Roman station was seriously injured by 
the ravages of Beomredus, 769 ; William II. gave the town to the See of Durham. 
The battle of the Standard was fought here ; the English, commanded by Bishop 



6i2 NORTH AMERICA NORTHMEN 

Ralph and Walter I'Espec, defeated the Scots, led by King David, with a loss of 
ii,ooomen, Aug. 22, 1138; the bishop's palace destroyed, 11 74; the town was 
plundered by the Scots, 1318 ; the Sessions House erected, 1790. 

NORTH AMERICA, discovered by S. Cabot, 1497; the French first settled here, 
1604 ; expelled by the English, 1614 ; granted to Sir William Alexander by 
charter, 1621 ; Scotch settlement made, 1622; the French settlers increased, but 
were subjugated by the English forces, 1654; ceded to France by the treaty of Breda, 
1667; confirmed to England by that of Utrecht, April 11, 1713; the French in- 
creased, 1747 ; the government gave grants of land to emigrants, 1750 ; constitu- 
tion granted, 1758 ; made a bishopric, 1787 ; confirmed to England by the treaty 
of Paris, Feb. 10, 1762 ; Cape Breton annexed to, 1819. 

NORTHAMPTON, battle. The Lancastrians who favoured Queen Margaret, under 
the command of the Duke of Buckingham, defeated by the Yorkists, commanded 
by the Earl of Warwick, Henry VI. being taken prisoner, and the Queen escap- 
ing to Durham, and afterwards to Scotland, July 10, 1460. 

NORTHAMPTON, Northamptonshire, made a Danish station, 921 ; they 
plundered and burnt it, loio ; the town plundered by Tostig, 1065 ; Harold 
made peace here with Morcar and the Northumbrians, Oct. 27, 1065 ; the castle 
built by Simon de St Liz, circa 1085 ; St Sepulchre's church founded by the 
Knights Templars, 1092 ; the barons swore allegiance to Queen Matilda here, 
I131 ; Stephen held a council here, 1 138 and 1144; a parliament held here, 1175; 
and again, 1176 ; the kingdom divided into six circuits for the judges by the 
council assembled at the castle, 1180 ; the town incorporated, 1184 ; Richard I. 
established a mint here, 1209; the castle besieged for 15 days by the barons, 
under Robert Fitzwalter, 1215 ; taken by the royal army, Baron Montford being 
defeated, 1265 ; Henry II. held a parliament here, 1266 ; 50 Jews hanged here, 
1278 ; the last parliament met in the castle by order of Richard II., 1380, and 
established the poll tax. Queen Eleanor died at Hardby, Nov. 28, 1290 ; she was 
brought to Northampton, Dec. 9; and a cross erected to her memory, 1292. St 
Thomas's hospital founded, 1450 ; the Lancastrians defeated by the earls of 
March and Warwick in Hardingstone Fields, July 20, 1460 ; the town ravaged 
by a plague, 1637 ; taken by the Parliamentarians, under Lord Brooke, 1642 ; 
walls destroyed, 1661 ; 500 houses destroyed by fire, 1675 ; restored at the public 
expense, ;^i50,ooo, 1676-7 ; the barracks built, 1796; the theatre erected, 1806; 
the Roman Catholic chapel of St Felix built by Pugin, 1844; the new Town- 
hall erected, from the designs of E. W. Godwin, 1864. 
NORTH BRITAIN paper, Wilkes, No. 45, April 23, 1763 ; it contained a satirical 
commentary on the king's speech ; Wilkes arrested on a general warrant, April 
30 ; released. May 6 ; obtained damages, ;r^300, for false imprisonment, July 6; 
ordered by the House of Commons to be burned by the common hangman, Nov. 
15 ; burnt in the Royal Exchange, Dec. 3. 
NORTH-EAST PASSAGE to Russia discovered, 1553. 

NORTH FERRELY PRIORY, Yorkshire, founded by Lord Eustace Vescy, 1463. 
NORTH, LORD, administration of, under which England lost her North Ameri- 
can colonies ; Earl Gower was Lord- President, Lord Halifax privy seal, &c. ; 
Lord North became premier, Jan. 28, 1 770, and remained in office until March 20, 
1782 ; he then leagued himself with the Whigs, and the Coalition Ministry was 
formed, April 2, 1783 ; he died Earl of Guildford, Aug. 5, 1792. 
NORTHMEN made several permanent settlements in France, 850 ; and under 
Rolf the Ga7tger, or as he is more generally called, Rollo, obtained possession of the 
district around the mouth of the Seine, since called Normandy, 875 ; defeated 
before Paris, 886. 



NORTHUMBERLAND NOSE MANUFACTURE 613 

NORTHUMBERLAND, made a kingdom by Ida, King of Bernicia, 547 ; sub- 
dued by Egbert, King of Wessex, 828 ; conquered by the Northmen, 871 ; 
taken by Athelstan, 925 ; subjugated by Edred, 946 ; divided into counties, 950. 

NORTHUMBERLAND HOUSE, Strand, erected by Henry Howard, Earl of 
Northampton, upon the site of tlie Hospital of St Mary Rounceval, 1606-7 5 first 
called Northumberland House, 1643 > ^'^^ building has been since much altered 
and repaired, but the gateway remains ; a fire destroyed part of the building in 
1780 ; another fire, which did considerable damage, broke out, Aug. 19, 1868. 

NORTH-WEST PASSAGE. Parliament offered a reward of ;!f20,ooo for the 
discovery of, 18 Geo. II. c. 17, 1745 ; confirmed by 16 Geo. HI. c. 20, 1818; 
amended, l & 2 Geo. IV. c. 2, 1821. Captain M'Clure discovered the passage in 
the 'Investigator,' Oct. 26, 1850 ; awarded the gold medal by the Geographical 
Society, May, 1854. 

NORTON PRIORY, Cheshire, built, 1210. 

NORWAY. The crown assumed by St Olaf, 1013 ; he was defeated and slain at 
Vcedal, Aug. 31, 1030 ; slavery abolished, 1329 ; united with Denmark by the 
league of Calmar, 1397 ; visited by an earthquake, July 18, 1686 ; and again, April 
15, 1692 ; ceded to Sweden by Great Britain, March 3, 1813 ; taken possession of 
by Sweden, Jan. 14, 1814, and a new constitution proclaimed, Nov. 4 ; hereditary 
nobility abolished, 1821 ; the order of St Olaf instituted, Aug. 21, 1847 ; Charles 
XV. of Sweden took the oath to the constitution at Christiania, Oct. 6, 1859, and 
was crowned at Drontheim, Aug. 5, i860 ; electoral law amended, March 20, 1863. 

NORWICH, Norfolk, the Venta Icoiorum of the Romans, burned by Sweyn, King 
of Denmark, 1004 ; made an Earldom, 1049 ; the castle built by Canute, 1018 ; 
fortified by Ralph Guador, 1066 ; in 1086 it had 1476 houses ; refortified by 
Hugh Bigod, 1 140 ; the Cathedral begun by Bishop Losing, 1096 ; nave com- 
pleted by Bishop Everard, 1135; spire by Bishop Percy, 1361 ; it is 41 1 
feet long, 72 broad, and the steeple is 313 feet high ; the town incorporated by 
King John, r 199 ; made the sole staple for the wool trade of Suffolk and Norfolk, 
1331 ; the first worsted manufactory established at, 1340 ; suffered from the 
plague, 1348; the chief magistrate first styled mayor, 1430; St Andrew's Hall 
built, 1415 ; noted for its worsteds, 1533 ; the city besieged by the Rebels, under 
Kett, July 22, 1549, who set it on fire, Aug. 5 ; Kett hanged at the castle, Dec. 
7 ; the Flemings settled at, 1565 ; charter granted to the town by Charles II., 
1663; the public library established, 1784 ; weavers' riots, 1826 ; and again, June 
12, 1828 ; the new canal and harbour opened, June 3, 1831 ; free library, 1857. 

NORWICH, the See of, founded at Dunwich, Suffolk, 630 ; divided into two by 
Bisi, 669 ; the second to be at Elmham, 673 ; removed to Thetford, 1070 ; 
transferred to Norwich, 1092. 

NORWOOD CEMETERY, Surrey, the chapels built, from the designs of Mr Tite; 
consecrated, Dec. 6, 1837. 

NOSE MANUFACTURE. This art invented by Gasper Taliacotius, born at 
Bononia, 1553; professor of physic and surgery ; he died, 1599. His statue 
stands in the Anatomy Theatre there, holding a nose in his hand. He wrote 
Chirurgia Nota, in which he teaches the art of engrafting noses, ears, lips, &c. 
He shows that Alexander Benedictus, a writer on surgery, described the operation 
for lost noses before him ; and the great anatomists, Vesalius and Mr Charles 
Barnard (Sergeant Surgeon to Queen Anne), assert, that it has been practised with 
dexterity and success, from authorities not to be contested. Dr Fludd, a Rose- 
crucian philosopher and physician, informs us of a nobleman in Italy who lost 
part of his nose in a duel : he was advised by one of his physicians to take one of 
his slaves, and make a wound in his arm, and to join the little remainder of his 
nose to the wounded arm of the slave, and continue it there for some time, till the 



6i4 NOTABLES NOVARA 

flesh of the arm was united to his nose. The nobleman prevailed on one of his 
slaves to consent to the experiment, by which the double flesh was united, and a 
piece of flesh was cut out of the slave's arm, which was so managed by a skil- 
ful suro-eon as to serve for a natural nose. The slave, being rewarded and set 
free, went to Naples, where he fell sick and died ; at the same instant a gangrene 
appeared on the nobleman's nose ; upon which that part of the nose which be- 
longed to the dead man's arm was, by the advice of his physicians, cut off, and, 
being encouraged by the experiment, he was prevailed upon to have his own 
arm wounded in the like manner, and to apply it to the remainder of his nose, 
which was done, and a new nose was cut out of it, which continued with him till 
his death. Again practised, 1815-24. Slitting or cutting the nose off made felony, 
by the Coventry Act, 22 & 23 Car. II. c. i, s. 7, 1670. 
NOTABLES of France. RicheUeu called a meeting of, to advise as to the state 
of the kingdom, 1614 ; convened by the minister Calonne, to take into con- 
sideration the financial condition of the country, Feb. 22, 1 787 ; they were dis- 
missed by the king, May, 17S8. Notables of Spain, assembled at Bayomie, May 
25, 1808, conformably toa summons issued by the Emperor Napoleon to that effect. 

NOTARIES PUBLIC, originally appointed by the Fathers of the Church to collect 
the acts and the remains of Martyrs, in the 1st century ; afterwards changed to a 
commercial office ; an act passed to regulate their transactions, 41 Geo. III. c. 
79, June 27, 1801 ; amended, 3 &4 Will. IV. c. 70, Aug. 28, 1833 ; again 
amended, 6 & 7 Vict. c. 90, Aug. 24, 1843. 

NOTRE DAME, church of, at Paris, begun, 1160 ; choir completed, I182 ; made 
the Temple of Reason, 1 793 ; bell in, baptized and named after the Duke and 
Duchess of Angouleme, the Prince de Foix and Duchesse Damas acting as proxies, 
Nov. 15, 1816; captured by the Insurgents, July 28, 1830; defaced by them, 
Feb. 14, 1831 ; the Archbishop's Palace adjoining entirely destroyed, Feb. 15 ; 
the cathedral restored, 1845-7. 

NOTTINGHAM, England, invaded by the Danes, circa 867 ; town burned, 1140 ; 
a parliament held here by Richard I., March 11, 1 1 94; Plumptre's Hospital 
founded, 1390 ; Charles I. erected his standard of civil war, Aug. 22, 1642 ; an 
act passed to rebuild the town, 27 Hen. VIII. c. i, 1535 ; the lace trade exten- 
sively carried on, 1778 ; Mr Lee invented the stocking machine here, 1589; 
General Hospital built, 1781 ; bobbin-net machine invented, 1799 ; subsequently 
improved, 1823. Luddites riots broke out, March 11, again, Nov. 24, 181 1, and 
Jan. and April, 1812 ; finally ceased, Oct., 1816. Watch and Ward Act enforced, 
Dec. 2, 1816; Inclosure Act passed, June 30, 1845; the People's College 
founded by Mr Gill, 1847 ; the foundation-stone of the Lunatic Asylum laid by 
the Duke of Newcastle, Oct. 30, 1857. 

NOTTINGHAM CASTLE, said to have been built by William the Conqueror, 
1068 ; a parliament held at, by Richard I., 1189 ; the Earl of March taken here 
by surprise, Oct. 19, 1330, and hung at the Elms in Smithfield as a traitor, Nov. 
29; a parliament held by Edward HI., 1340, and Richard II., 1386; enlarged 
by Edward IV., 1461 ; repaired by Richard HI., 1485 ; Henry VII. held a 
council of war at, 1487 ; besieged by the Parliamentarians under Col. Hutchin- 
son and taken, Sept. I, 1642 ; rebuilt by the Duke of Newcastle, from the 
designs of Robert Smithson, 1674 ; burnt in the Reform riots, Oct. 10, 1831. 

NOVA CASTELLA, Italy, and a number of villages near, destroyed by an earth- 
quake, Sept. 30, 1789. 

NOVARA, battle. The Austrians, under the command of Marshal Radetsky, de- 
feated the Piedmontese, March 23, 1849 ; a treaty of peace signed. Piedmont 
renouncing all pretensions to Lombardy, Parma, and Modena. 



NOVA ZEMBLA NUREMBERG 615 

NOVA ZEMBLA, Arctic Ocean, discovered by Sir Hugh Willoughby, 1553; 
visited by Steven Burrough, 1556. 

NOVEMBER, the ninth month of the Roman calendar, and thus the eleventh from 
the year 713 B.C. 

NOVGOROD, Russia, founded by the Sclavonians in the 5th century ; Ruric, a 
Norman prince, took up his residence here and founded the Russian monarchy, 
864 ; cathedral of St Sophia built, 989 ; the present one, 1045 ; the town 
made a republic in the I2lh century ; captured by Ivan Vassilievich I., 1477, and 
incorporated with the grand-duchy of Moscow, 1478 ; the Swedes, under 
Delagardie, killed two priests in the cathedral of St Sophia, and destroyed their 
charter, 1504; 25,000 of the inhabitants massacred by Ivan IV., 1570; a de- 
structive fire at, June 16, 1864. 

NOVI, battle, between the French, vmder General Joubert, and the Russians, 
under Suwarroff, Aug. 15, 179S ; the French were defeated with the loss of Gen. 
Joubert, and 1500 killed, 5500 wounded, and 3000 prisoners. A second battle be- 
tween the French and Austrians took place at Novi, Jan. 8, 1800, when the 
former were defeated. 

NOYON, France, an ancient Roman town, Noznoinagiis. Made a bishopric, 531 ; 
cathedral built, 1137, and finished, 1167; treaty of peace between Charles of 
Austria and Francis I. of France, signed, Aug. 13, 1516, putting an end to the de- 
structive wars engendered by the League of Cambrai ; John Calvin born here, 1509. 

NUBIA, Egypt. The temple of Rameses VII. built, B.C. 1289 ; the temple of 
Aboo-Simbel visited and opened by Belzoni, after being closed 3000 years, 
Aug. I, 1816 ; assigned by treaty to Mehemet Ali, Feb. 13, 1841. 

NUGENT, The Lady, a government troop ship, foundered in a hurricane with 350 
rank and file, Sept., 1854. 

NUISANCES, an act passed to prevent, 'The Nuisances Removal and Diseases 
Prevention,' II & 12 Vict. c. 123, Sept. 4, 1848 ; amended, 12 & 13 Vict. c. in 
Aug. I, 1849 ; and again, amended by the 18 & 19 Vict. c. 121, Aug. 14, 1855 ; 
and 23 & 24 Vict. c. 77, Aug. 6, i860. 

NUMBERS, the fourth book of the Pentateuch, written by Moses, B.C. 1490 ; takes 
its name from the double numbering or census of the people ; the first of which is 
given in ch. i. — iv. ; the second in ch. xxvi. It is a general history of the Is- 
raelites from the time of their leaving Sinai, in the second year of the Exodus, till 
their arrival at the borders of the Promised Land. 

NUMISMATIST SOCIETY, established by Dr Lee, 1836 ; first meeting held, 

Jan. 26, 1837. 
NUNEATON NUNNERY, Warwickshire, built, 1170. 
NUNNERY, the first in France founded at Poictiers, by the sister of St Marcellina, 

360 ; the first in England established at Folkestone, by King Edbald, 630. 

NUNS. They were established by St Syncletica, circa 363 ; existed in England in 
630, and called the Lord's handmaidens, 745 ; married nuns anathematized at 
Rome, 721 ; allowed to wear lamb's -wool or cat's-skin, 1127 ; forbidden to wear 
grey, 1138 ; ordered to wear black, 1200 ; expelled from their convents by Henry 
VIII. in England, who seized their property for his own use, 1545 ; many ex- 
pelled from their convents in Germany, 1 785, and from those of France, Jan. , 1 790. 

NUREMBERG, Bavaria, castle built by the Emperor Conrad II., 1030 ; made a 
free market town by Henry III. in the nth century; made a free city, 1219 ; 
the church of St Sebald erected in the loth century ; the Catholic church built, 
1361 ; a manufacture of porcelain established here, 1470-2, and became celebrated 
for a certain glaze used ; the Town-hall erected, 1619 ; it is adorned with paint- 



6i6 NURSERY FOR ACTORS OATES'S PLOT 

ings by Albert Diirer ; the town ceded to the King of Bavaria by Napoleon, 
1806 ; the castle of Com-ad presented to the king, 1855. 

NURSERY FOR ACTORS. A patent granted by Charies II. to William Legge, 
groom of the bedchamber, giving him the privilege of instituting a nursery for 
young actors, March 3, 1664 ; one, according to Pennant, was established in 
Golden Lane, Barbican, and another in Hatton Garden : this is mentioned in 
Killigrew's Diary, Aug. 2, 1664. 

NUTLEY ABBEY, Buckinghamshire, built by Walter Giffard, second Earl of 
Buckingham, 1 162. 

NYMPHENBURG, treaty of. Louis XV. engaged to take the field with two 
armies, one of which was to watch George II. the Elector of Hanover, the other 
to unite itself with the troops of the Elector of Bavaria, 1741. ' 



o 



OAK sawdust first found to be useful in tanning, as well as the bark, 1765 ; 
the timber best adapted for ship-building ; named by Dr Halley the royal oak, from 
Charles II. having hid in one, 1676. The ilex, or evergreen oak, brought from 
the south of Europe to England in the 1 6th century ; the scarlet oak, from the 
north, in the 1 7th century ; the chestnut-leaved oak, from North America in the 
i6th century ; the Turkey oak, from the south of Europe, 1735. 

OAKEN-CROWN, order of merit founded by King WiUiam III. of the Nether- 
lands, Dec. 29, 1 841. 

OAKHAM, Rutlandshire, castle built by Walcheline de Ferrars, 1162 ; grammar- 
school founded, 1584 ; Geoffrey Hudson, a page to Queen Henrietta Maria, a 
dwarf, 3 feet 9 inches high, was born here, 1619 

OAKHAMPTON, or Okehampton, Castle, Devonshire, built, 1058, by Baldwin de 
Brioniis, one of William I.'s favourites ; the town incorporated by Jas. I., 1623 ; 
confirmed by Chas. II., 1685. 

OAK OF NAVARRE, order of knighthood instituted in Spain by Ximenes, 722. 

OAKS, roses first grafted on, by M. Borrowsky, 1825. 

OAKS COLLIERY, at Bamsley, explosion at, 450 persons killed, Dec. 12, 1866; 
the pit re-opened, Aug. 31, 1867 ; a second explosion at, Nov. 5. 

OAKS STAKES ran for at the Epsom races, originated by Edward Smith Stanley, 
I2th Eari of Derby, May 14, 1779. 

OATES'S PLOT. Titus Oates, a chaplain of a man-of-war, was dismissed the 
service for immoral conduct, became a public lecturer, and, in conjunction with 
one Tongue, invented a plot, affecting to be the discovery of an intention to 
assassinate King Charles II., for which several persons of the Romish faith were 
tried and executed, 1678 ; lie declared Sir Edmondbury Godfrey to have been 
murdered by the Romanists, Oct. 1 5 ; a parliamentary committee appointed to ex- 
amine the plot, Oct. 21 ; the Earl of Powys, Lords Strafford, Petre, Arundel, 
and Belasyze, Romish peers, committed to the Tower, Oct. 23 ; Coleman, secre- 
tary to the Duke of York, condemned, Nov. 27, and executed, Dec. 3 ; Whit- 
bread and four other priests tried, and three executed, Jan. 24, 1679 ; Bedloe, an ac- 
complice of Oates, gave further particulars of the plot, and endeavoured to show that 
the Queen was concerned in it ; Hill, Green, and Berry, her servants, executed as 



OATHS OCEAN MAIL 617 

the murderers of Sir Edmondbury Godfrey, Feb. 21 — 27 ; Oates received a pen- 
sion, which was taken from him, April 21, 1681 ; ^100,000 damages given 
against him for scandal respecting the Duke of York, June 18, 1684 ; convicted 
of perjury, whipped from Newgate to Tyburn, and fined 2000 marks, to be 
stripped of his canonical habits, to stand in the pillory five times a year, and to be 
imprisoned for life. May 16, 1685 ; pardoned, and pensioned with ;i^300 per 
annum, May 31, 1689 ; died, July 23, 1 705. 

OATHS. The practice of using oaths on important occasions has been always ob- 
served : Abraham charged his servant to swear. Gen. xxiv. 2, 3, 37 ; the first 
judicial oath occurs in Levit. vi. 3, 5- The Greek nation also had oaths, as ap- 
pears from Herodotus, &c. First used in England by the Saxons, circa 600 ; ad- 
mitted in decisions, 824 ; administered to a judge, 1344 ; of supremacy, first ad- 
ministered to the English by Henry VHL, 1535 ; refused by all the bishops but 
one, 1559 ; of allegiance, first framed, 1605, temp. James I. ; of engagement, im- 
posed by parliament, Feb., 1648; of abjuration, enjoined, 13 Will. HI., March 
2, 1 701 ; ' So help me God and all the saints ! ' concluded every oath until 1550 ; 
oath modified on repeal of the Test and Corporation Act, 1828 ; certain oaths abol- 
ished in the customs and excise departments, substituting declarations, 1831 ; 
affirmations in place of oaths by Separatists, 1833 — 1837 ; Quakers were admitted 
to an affirmation, 1702 ; altered and modified, 1721 ; since again altered ; a com- 
mission appointed to inquire into. May 17, 1866; a second commission issued, 
July 16, 1866 ; report giving the various oaths issued, 1867 ; declaration against 
transubstantiation abolished in civil offices, franchise, or right, 30 & 31 Vict. c. 62, 
July 25, 1867 ; religious disabilities removed, and the law relating to the oaths of 
office amended, 30 & 31 Vict. c. 75, Aug. 12, 1867. 

OBELISKS. The largest is called the 'Lateran,' from its situation at Rome ; 
it was brought from the Temple of Ammon Ra, Pliny says, during the reign of 
Rameses, King of Egypt, B.C. 1200 ; Ungarelli assigns to it an antiquity of B.C. 
1740 ; removed by Constantine's order to Rome, A.D. 357 ; it was discovered 
buried, 1588 ; re-erected by Pope Sixtus V. The next in size is the one at the 
entrance of the temple at Karnak . There are 22 in various places in Europe, re- 
moved from Egypt ; one erected on the spot where the Emperor Joseph II. and 
General Lacey ploughed an acre of land, Aug. 19, 1769. 

OBIDOS, battle. The advance guard of Wellington's army defeated the division 
of the French army, under Thiebault, Aug. 17, 1808. 

OBLATIONS, offerings in kind for the maintenance of the Ministers of the Church, 
and divided by the Rules of Pope Simplicius, 476 ; and by order of the Council of 
Meacon the communicants brought theirs every week, 1582. 

OBOLUS, an old Greek coin in silver and brass, of about five farthings in value ; 
noted in the record of the ungrateful treatment of Belisarius by the Emperor 
Justinian, who, after all his public services, was forced to beg alms at the gates of 
Constantinople, — ' Give an obolus to Belisarius,' about the year 560. Two were 
placed in the mouth of a dead person to pay his passage over the Styx. 

OBSERVATORIES, for astronomical purposes and the aid of nautical science. One 
anciently in Egypt, on the tomb of Osymandias ; at Benares ; in Alexandria ; the 
first at Cassel, 1561 ; Tycho Brahe's at Uraniburg, 1676 ; at Copenhagen, 1656 ; 
Royal French, at Paris, 1671 ; at Greenwich, 1676; Nuremberg, 1678; Utrecht, 
1690; Berlin, 1711 ; Bologna, 1714; St Petersburg, 1725; Oxford, 1772; 
Dublin, 1783 ; Armagh, 1793 ; Cambridge, 1824. 

OBSTETRICAL SOCIETY, instituted in London, 1858; Report first published, 
1859- 

OCEAN MAIL, trading-vessel, lost in the China seas, with a cargo valued at 
^100,000, Sept. 18, 1863. 



6i8 OCEAN MONARCH OHIO 

OCEAN MONARCH, American emigrant ship from Liverpool to Boston, with 
the Prince and Princess de Joinville, and the Duke and Duchess d'Aumale, and 
396 passengers on board, took fire near Great Orme's Head, North Wales, and 
of those on board 178 perished in the flames or in the sea, Aug. 24, 1848. 

OCHOTSK, Siberia, a dreadful gale of wind at, from the south-east, came on to- 
wards the end of Jan., 1810, which lasted two days : the waters of the Ochotsk 
rose 12 feet, flowed over the tops of the houses, and a transport was driven into 
the middle of the town. 

OCTOBER, the eighth Roman month tmder Romulus, B.C. 753 ; and tenth after- 
wards, both among Roman and Christian nations in general. 

OCTOBER CLUB, established at Bell Tavern, King-street, Westminster, 1712. 

OCTROI, duties under, levied in France in the 14th century ; abolished, 1789 ; re- 
imposed, Oct. 18, 1798 ; extended to the line of fortification, Jan. I, i860. 

OCZAKOFF. The Russians besieged and captured this town, and after suffering 
great hardships for five months, 15,000 Turks perished, Dec. 17, 1789. 

ODESSA, Russia. The Empress Catherine of Russia took possession of this town, 
1791 ; added to Russia by the treaty of Jassy, 1792 ; visited by Alexander, 1818 ; 
made a free port, 1819 ; the 'Furious' under a flag of truce fired upon, April 14, 
1854; bombarded by the Allied Fleet, April 22 ; the 'Tiger' war-steamer ran 
ashore at, in a heavy fog, the crew, 200 in number, taken by the Russians, May 
12 ; bombarded by the English and French fleets again. May 23. 

ODIHAM CASTLE, Hants, built by Walkdine, bishop of Winchester, 1093 ; 
granted in dower to Eleanor, the Queen of Edward I., 1298 ; David Bruce con- 
fined in, for 13 years, 1346-59. 

ODOMETER, a degree of the meridian, measured with an instrument ; one by 
Fernel, 1550 ; one described by Hulsius of Frankfort, 1604; the most perfect 
made by one Iloklfield in Saxony, 1765 ; the most complete now used, having an 
index and dial-plate, invented by Mr Payne of Bond-street, the watchmaker. 

ODONTOLOGICAL SOCIETY, London, instituted, 1856; Vol I. of their Trans- 
actions published, 1858. 

CENOPH YT A, battle. The Athenians defeated the Boeotians at Bceotia, by which 
Thebes fell under their power, B.C. 456. 

OESEL, belonged to the Teutonic Knights ; ceded to Sweden by the Danes, 1645 ; 
taken by Russia, circa 1705 ; ceded to them, 1721. 

OFF A, King of the Mercians, 757 ; made England tributary to Rome, 790. 

OFFA'S DYKE, an intrenchment from the Wye to the Dee river, made by Offa 
the Saxon, to secure the country from Welsh incursions, 774. 

OFF AN, Stratford-on-Avon, damaged greatly by fire, May 14, 1754. 

OFFERINGS first instituted by Pope Pelagius II., 558. 

OFFICERS of the board of works, great wardrobe, treasurer of the chamber and 
jewel office, and cofferer of the household, abolished by parliament, July, 1781. 

OFFICERS, GENERAL COUNCIL OF, appointed by the army, 1659 ; obtained 
the supreme authority after the dissolution of the parliament, Aprfl 22. 

OFFICERS' WIDOWS, corporation founded for their relief, Oct. 23, 1732. 

OHIO, North America, settled by the French under D'Iberville, 1673-4. The 
English Ohio Company's settlement formed, 1750 ; destroyed by the French, 
1752 ; ceded to England, 1763 ; a great portion of the country ceded by the 
Indians, 1795 ; the first meeting of the legislature held, Sept., 1799; admitted 
into the Union, 1803 ; the legislature met, 1803 ; the Indians defeated, 181 1 ; 
constitution adopted, 1851. 



OIL OLYMPIADS 619 

JIL. In the reigii of Appius Claudius 12 pounds of oil sold for anas, 505 ; and in 
680, 10 pounds for an as. — Vegetable oils: many inventions for pressing adopted ; 
Mr Blundell's double hydrostatic press generally used. The oil of the Dahlia dis- 
covered by Mr Payen, 1S24 ; lard oil made in America, 1830. Oil wells described 
by Strabo in his Geography ; springs of oil discovered in America, 1863-4. 

OILCLOTH first made in England, 1660 ; Nathan Taylor established the first floor- 
cloth manufactory at Knightsbridge, 1 754. 

OLD BAILEY Sessions-house, London, built, 1773; enlarged, 1809; sessions 
held at, twelve times in the year for the county of Middlesex and city of London ; 
the lord mayor, one alderman, two judges, the greatest part of the jury, and 
numbers of spectators, caught the jail distemper and died. May, 1750; again 
fatal to several, 1772. Old Bailey, the place of execution removed here from 
Tyburn: first person hung, Dec. 9, 1783; the last, May 26, 1868; 30 persons 
killed during the execution of Mr Steel's murderers, Holloway and Haggerty, Feb. 
22, 1807. 

OLD BUCKENHAM PRIORY, Norfolk, founded by William de Albini, Earl 
of Chichester, circa 1 140. 

OLDCASTLE, Sir John, Lord Cobham, burned, under pretence of heresy, before 
his own residence in Smithfield, Dec. 25, 141 7. 

OLDENBURG, Germany, made a Dukedom, 1156; became part of Denmark, 
1667 ; made a Duchy by Joseph II. of Austria, 1777 ; conquered by Napoleon, 
1810; restored, 1813. The Duchess of, visited England, March 31, 1814 ; left 
with the emperor of Russia and king of Prussia, June 27, 1814 ; married the 
Duke of Wurtemberg, Jan. 23, 1816. Peter I. succeeded to the title of Grand 
Duke,Feb. 27, 1853. Constitution granted, Feb. 18, 1849; revised, Feb. 22, 1855. 

OLD FORT, Crimea. The allied English and French army disembarked here 
when invading the Crimea, Sept. 14, 1854. 

OLD MAN OF THE MOUNTAINS, king of the assassins, or assassinians, in 
the vicinity of Tyre, in Syria ; his people were Mahometans, and trained up their 
children to kill such as their chief devoted to die ; he gave the French king, 
Louis IX., notice that he spared him on account of his virtues, 1235. 

OLD STYLE. See Calendar. 

OLERON, Laws of, regarding maritime affairs, said to have been made by Richard 
I., King of England, when at the Isle of Oleron, in France, 1194; by some 
authorities they are attributed to Louis IX. of France, circa 1265-6. 

OLIVE, first planted in Italy, B.C. 562 ; the Romans limited their culture to Italy ; 
the Cape Olive introduced into England, 1730-1 ; from Madeira, 1785. 

OLIVENZA, Spain, captured by the Spaniards, 1801 ; ceded to Spain, June, 1801 ; 
taken by the French, Jan. 22, 181 1 ; retaken by the English under Beresford, 
181 1 ; reoccupied by the French, who destroyed the fortifications, June 25, 181 1 ; 
by the treaty for the settlement of Europe, 181 5, this country was ordered to be 
returned to Portugal, but this has not been carried out. 

OLIVES, GARDEN OF, an order of knighthood founded at Jerusalem, by Baudoin, 
King of, 1 197. 

OLTENITZA, battle. The Turkish army under Omar Pacha defeated the Russian 
force of 12,000 with a loss of 1200, the foiTner lost 120 men, Nov. 4, 1853. 

OLVESTON PRIORY, Lincolnshire, built, 1058. 

OLYMPIA, an ancient Grecian town founded by the Eleians, B.C. 572; temple 

erected, B.C. 457. 
OLYMPIADS, the old Greek measure of time : the first, B.C. 776 ; 2nd, 772 ; 3rd, 

768; 4th, 764; 5th, 760; 6th, 756; 7th, 752; 8th, 748; 9th, 744; loth, 740; iitli. 



620 OLYMPIC GAMES OPERAS 

736; I2th, 732; 13th, 728; 14th, 724; 15th, 720; i6th, 716; 17th, 712; i8th, 
708 ; 19th, 704 ; 20th, 700 ; 2 1st, 696 ; 22nd, 692 ; 23rd, 688 ; 24th, 684 ; 25th, 
680 ; 26th, 676 ; 27th, 672 ; 28th, 668 ; 29th, 664 ; 39th, 624 ; 431-d, 608 ; 46th, 
596 ; 55th, 560. This mode of computation ceased after the 364th, a.d. 440. 
OLYMPIC GAMES, one of the great festivals of the Greeks, founded by Heracles, 
at Olympia, a city in Elis ; it lasted for five days. Revived by Iphitus, King of 
Elis, and Lycurgus the Spartan legislator, B.C. 776; finally abolished by the 
Emperor Theodosius, a.d. 394: it was celebrated every four years, and the in- 
terval vi'hich elapsed between each celebration was called one Olympiad. 

OLYMPIC THEATRE, Wych-street, Drury Lane, built by Philip Astley on the 
site of Craven House, and opened, Sept. 18, 1806; destroyed by fire, March 29, 
1849 ; rebuilt and opened, Dec. 26, 1849. 

OLYNTHUS, Greece, the early Bottiaean town, became of importance, B.C. 392; 
attacked by the Spartans, with a force of 10,000 men, who were defeated, but the 
Olynthians were compelled to submit, 379 ; concluded a peace with Athens, 352 ; 
war renewed, 350 ; captured by Philip, and all that survived, men, women, and 
children, were sold unto slavery, and the town destroyed, 347. 

OMAGH, Ireland. The castle of Omy destroyed, 1498 ; rebuilt, and again de- 
stroyed by Sir Phelim O'Neil, 1641 ; burnt by James II., 1689, and again suffered 
from an accidental fire, 1743. 

OMER, ST, France. Cathedral built, 645; taken by the French, 1487; ceded to 
France, Aug. 10, 1678. 

OMNIBUSES established in Paris by a decree of Louis XIV., to hold eight per- 
sons, and first used, March 18, 1662 ; they ceased running after a few years ; re- 
established, 1819 and 1827 ; a large one tried in London with six wheels and 
four horses, but failed, 1800 ; Mr Shillibeer first introduced the present vehicle, 
and started two to run between the Yorkshire Stingo, New-road, and the Bank, 
July 4, 1829 ; first used in Amsterdam, 1839 ; the London General Omnibus 
Company first began their operations on the Holloway line, Jan. 7, 1856. 

O'NEIL, Irish Rebellion headed by : attempt to surprise Dublin Castle failed, but 
upwards of 40,000 Protestants of both sexes massacred, between Sept. 23, 1641 
and 1643. 

OODEYPORE, Hindustan. The town founded, 1568 ; the Rajpoots declared 
their freedom, and expelled the Moguls, 1713 > besieged by Scindiah unsuccess- 
fully, 1768; made a tributary of the English, 1818. 

O. P. RIOTS at Covent -garden theatre, O. P. meaning old prices, Sept. 18, 1809, 
oir opening the new theatre ; the performances for many weeks could not be 
heard ; a committee was appointed by the proprietor, who reported that the 
profits were only three per cent. , Oct. 4, when the theatre re-opened ; at last the 
manager, who had raised the prices, gave way, and peace was restored, Dec. 
15, 1809 ; O. P. riots at the Liverpool Theatre, July, 1810. 

OPERA HOUSE. ^^^ Haymarket. 

OPERA HOUSE, The Italian. See Covent Garden. 

OPERAS invented by one Rinuccini, of Florence, 1597 ; they were performed in 
1600 in Italy ; and one in 1607, called I'Orfeo, by Monteverde, was the first pub- 
lished. Operas were introduced into Paris, 1669 ; in 1672 'Pomona' was got up 
there ; Sir William D'Avenant introduced them into England, and they were per- 
formed at the houses of the nobility, 1685 ; performed in York building, 1692 ; the 
first theatre for the performance of, built on the site of the present Haymarket, 
1704 ; opened, April 9, 1705 ; the first at Drury-lane was in 1705 ; first Italian 
opera performed at the Opera House was ' Almahide,' Jan., 1710; Flandel's 
'Rinaldo' appeared in 1711. 



OFHITES OPTICS 621 

OPHITES, a religious sect which believed that the serpent which tempted Eve 
was a god, 187. 

OPHTHALMIC HOSPITAL (Royal) for diseases of the eyes, founded in Moor- 
fields, 1804 ; the Royal Westminster, established at Charing Cross, 1816 ; the 
Central Hospital, Gray's Inn Lane, 1843. 

OPIUM, cultivated in Tui-key in the 15th century ; it now forms a great staple of 
our East India trade ; the East India Company assumed the monopoly of, 1773 ; 
the contract exposed to public competition, 1785 5 transferred to the Board of 
Trade, 1793 ; several regulations concerning the cultivation of, were published, 
1799 ; introduced from Turkey, 1815 ; the revenue derived from the sale of, 
annually was ;^4,ooo,ooo; a club of opium-smokers founded in Paris, 1849. 

OPORTO, Portugal, founded by the Alani, and called Castrum Novum, A.D. circa 
350 ; taken by the Goths, 540, and by the Moors, 716 ; they were defeated by 
Alfonso I., and the city captured, 820 ; again taken by the Moors, 870 ; retaken 
by the knights of Gascony, 1092 ; noted for a species of wine strengthened with 
brandy, drank out of the country almost exclusively by the English, a duty being 
paid of a third less upon it than on other wines, by a treaty called the Metliuen 
treaty, Dec. 27, 1703 ; a company monopolizing the trade was formed here, 1753, 
which regulated the exports, so as to keep up prices ; dissolved in 1834 by Don 
Pedro, but re-established, 1 841. Insurrection at, 1756 ; the English factory erected, 
1790 ; the town taken by Marshal Soult, with great carnage, April 29, 1809 ; Soult 
was surprised here by Wellington, and defeated, May 12, 1809 ; the town, naturally 
very strong, was besieged by the partisans of Don Miguel, but they were obliged 
to retire, Sept. 19, 1832, 16,000 persons killed ; an insurrection, in which the in- 
surgents entered Oporto, 1847 ; a Spanish force entered Oporto on behalf of the 
Queen, and the insurgents capitulated, June, 1847 ; 28,000 pipes of port wine 
were imported into England in 1854. 

OPTICS. The early history of this science is obscure, but Aristophanes in his 
Comedy of ' the Clouds ' speaks of burning glasses, B.C. 424 ; Euclid published 
his first treatise upon, B.C. 300 ; Aristotle improved upon several branches of this 
science,B.C. 412 ; Seneca, A.D. 67, and Cleomedes, 49; but to Claudius Ptolemy 
we are indebted for our present system : he published his treatise in five books, 
circa 120. Alhazen greatly improved the science, 1108, and Vitello, 1270; 
Roger Bacon suggested the microscope and telescope in his Opus Majus, circa 
1270 ; spectacles invented by Salvinus Armatus at Florence, circa 1292 ; Mauro- 
lycus published his ' Theoremata de Lumine,' 1525 ; camera obscura invented 
by Baptista Porta, 1560 ; telescopes said to have been invented by Leonard 
Digges, about 1571 ; telescope made by Lippershey of Germany, 1608, who also 
invented the ' binoculus ; ' the same instrument constructed by Galileo, without 
knowing the invention of Lippershey, 1609 ; Harriot made several drawings of 
the moon's disc by, i6lO ; astronomical telescope suggested by Kepler, 161 1 ; 
microscope, according to Huygens, invented by Drebelius, about 1621, but it is 
generally acknowledged that they were invented by Galileo, 1612 ; Cassegrainian 
reflector, 1621 ; law of refraction discovered by Snellius, about 1622 ; re- 
flecting telescope, James Gregory, 1660 ; the inflection of light discovered by 
Grimaldi, 1660 ; and by Newton, 1666 ; motion and velocity of light discovered by 
Roemer and Casini, 1667 ; double refraction explained by Bartholinus, 1669 ; 
Newton's discoveries, 1674 ; telescopes with a single lens, by Tschirnhausen, 
about 1690; polarization of light, Lluygens, about 1690; structure of the eye ex- 
plained by Petit, about 1700 ; achromatic telescope constructed by Mr Hall, 1733 ; 
and by Dollond, 1757 ; the different degrees of light explained by Lamlsert, 
1760; Herschel's great reflecting telescope erected at Slough, Aug. 28, 1789; 
camera lucida, DrWollaston, 1807; M. Malus discovered the polarization of light 
by reflection, March, 181 1 ; M . Arago made several further discoveries in the polar- 



622 ORAN ORDNANCE 

ization of light, and invented a polarimeter, 1814 ; Ramage's reflecting telescope 
erected at Greenwich, 1820 ; Sir David Brewster discovered the spectrum, 1820 ; 
Sir John Herschel made several discoveries in light, 1820, and Professor Airy, 
1827-36. 

ORAN, Algeria, taken by the Spaniards, 1509, and colonized by them ; driven out 
by the Moors, 1707; they recaptured the town, 1732; almost destroyed, with 
its inhabitants, by an earthquake, Oct. 8, 1790 ; taken by the French, 1830, and 
made a French colony. 

ORANGE, Family of. The title came with the Nassau family by the marriage of 
Claude de Chalons with the Count of Nassau, 1530. William, the first Prince of, 
the founder of the Dutch Republic, assassinated, June 30, 1584. William, Prince 
of this house, subsequently William III., married the Princess Mary, Nov. 4, 
1677 ; landed in Torbay with an army, Nov. 5, 1688 ; proclaimed King of Eng- 
land, France, and Ireland, Feb. 13, 1689 ; crowned with Mary, daughter of 
James II., April 11, 1689. The Prince of, excluded from his right in Zealand, 
1732 ; made knight of the garter, 1733 ; arrived in England, 1733 ; married the 
Princess Mary, March 14, 1733-4; attended the House of Commons and was 
naturalized, March 21, 1733-4 > returned to Holland, April 22, 1734 ; his 
princess visited England, July 2, 1734 ; returned, Nov. 9 ; had a princess, Dec. 10, 
1739; the Prince got possession of the principality of Nassau-Dittingburg, Aug. 16, 
1739 ; elected Stadtholder, July 14, 1746. Prince of, embarked at Deal for Hol- 
land, Nov. 25, 1813 ; made his entry into Amsterdam, as sovereign prince of the 
United Netherlands, Dec. 2, 1813 ; his sovereignty confirmed by the allied princes, 
Feb., 1815 ; inaugurated at Brussels, Sept. 21, 1815 ; hereditary prince of, married 
to the grand duchess Anna Paulowna, sister of the Emperor of Russia, June, 1816. 

ORANGEMEN, a party in Ireland affecting great attachment to Protestantism, 
and continually concocting broils with their Roman Catholic fellow-countrymen, 
dressing up the statue of King William in Dublin, and promoting party feuds ; 
they formed a lodge in Armagh, Sept. 21, 1795, and others in Dublin, 1798- 

ORANGE TREES, carried to Spain by the Moors, and cultivated at Seville in the 
1 2th century, Rome in the 13th century, and England in 1500 ; planted in St 
James's Park, 1664. 

ORANSEY ABBEY, Scotland, built, 567. 

ORATORIANS, priests so called at Rome, from the place where they officiated, 
1564 ; they also appeared in France, 1612. 

ORATORIOS known as early as 1520 ; Stradella's ' Oratorio di S. Gio. Battista ' 
was played in 1670 ; the species of music was introduced into England by Handel, 
1720 ; ' Esther ' was performed at the King's Theatre, Haymarket, May 2, i73i> 
and several at the Lincoln's Inn Theatre, March and April, 1732. 

ORBITS OF THE PLANETS first determined by a Saxon clergyman, 1681, 

ORBITS PARABOLIC, of comets, explained, 1680. 

ORDEAL. This ancient mode of trial was known before the Christian era ; it was 
abrogated about A.D. 829; revived in the loth century; held in high esteem 
by the Hindoos ; abolished by a decree of the fourth Lateran Council, 1215 ; 
ordeal by fire and water abolished, 3 Hen. HI., 1218, according to Rymer ; 
the last trial by battle was waged in Tothill-Fields, Westminster, 1511 ; abolished 
by Henry II., and in France by Louis the Pious, 1260 ; formally abolished by 59 
Geo. III. c. 46, June 22, 1819.' See Battle, Wager of. 

ORDNANCE, England famous for. The first hand-guns were called hand-cannons 
and Coulouverines ; the hand-guns were limited to one yard in length, and the 
haquebutte to % of a yard; an act passed for the" maintenance of artillery, 



ORDNANCE ORISSA 623 

33 Hen. VIII. c. 9, 1541-2; bayonets introduced in France, circa 1671 ; the 
present bayonet described, 1728; the musket-lock introduced, 4 Will. III., 
1693 ; 612 pieces or ordnance cast in the forest of Dean, 1629. 

ORDNANCE. This office is mentioned as early as 1213 ; the office burnt, 1788 ; 
rebuilt subsequently on its present site, Pall Mall. 

ORDNANCE SURVEY, begun in 1784, by Gen. Roy, continued by Col. Colby, and 
completed by Col. James, 1S56 ; the publication of the Maps begun, 1819. 

ORDO DISCIPLINARUM, an order of knighthood in Bohemia, begun by the 
German Emperor Sigismund, in the year 1412. 

OREGON, North America, discovered by Drake, 1579 ; visited by Capt. Cook, 
March, 177S; first entered by Capt. Baker, 1792, and Capt. R. Gray,May'ii, 1792; 
first mission established, Oct., 1835; colonized by the United States, 1842-4; 
framed their constitution and legislature, July, 1843 ; ceded to the United States, 
June 12, 1846; constitution adopted, Aug. 14, 184S; admitted into the Union, 1859. 

OREL, Russia, 1237 houses and 4 bridges destroyed by fire, June 7, 1848. 

ORGAN. This is an ancient instrument. It is mentioned in Genesis iv. 21, Job 
XXX. 31, and in Psalm cl. 4. The hydraulic organ invented by Ctesibus of Alexan- 
dria, circa B. C. 520 ; introduced into Christian churches, ciixa 700 ; St Aldhelm, 
who died in 709, described one with golden pipes in England ; the Emperor 
Constantine V. sent one to King Pepin, which was placed in the church of St Cor- 
nelius at Compiegne, 757 ; one erected at Winchester with 400 pipes, 40 keys, 
and 26 bellows, by Bishop Elphege, 951 ; the key-board remodelled in the 12th 
century. The largest known is at Weingarten, Germany : it has 66 stops, and 
6666 pipes ; the next in size is of York minster, 4500 pipes. Imported generally from 
Flanders in the last century : a pair cost in 1500, ^13 6j. 8^/. Azzolino della 
Ciaja built one in Italy with 100 stops and four rows of finger keys, in 1733. 
The Enharmonic Organ built by Mr Robinson, in 1856. 

ORIANO, at Naples, nearly destroyed by an earthquake, Nov. 20, 1782. 

ORIEL COLLEGE, Oxford, founded by Adam de Broni, April 20, 1324 ; chartered 
by the king, Dec. 6, 1324; statutes agreed to. May 23, 1326; quadrangle rebuilt, 
1640 ; library erected from the designs of Mr Wyatt, 1788. 

ORIENTAL CLUB, founded by Sir John Malcolm, in Hanover Square, 1824. 

ORIENTAL GARDEN, fonned at Brighton, 1826. 

ORIENTAL TRANSLATION FUND, instituted in London, 1828. 

ORIFLAMME, the royal banner of France, first adopted, 1124 : it was the sacred 
banner of the Abbey of St Denis. Felibien states that in 1535 it was still pre- 
served in the Abbey. 

ORIGENISTS, a sect that grounded its opinions upon the works of Origen, main- 
taining that Christ was the Son of God only by adoption and grace ; that souls 
were created before bodies ; that the sun and planets had souls ; that the damned 
and fallen angels shall ultimately be saved. This sect existed in the 4th, 5th, and 
6th centuries ; condemned by popes and councils, and forbidden to read the works 
of their founder, 553. 

ORIHUELA, Spain. The Roman town taken by Don Alonso, King of Castile, 
1265 ; the city partially destroyed, 1520 ; devastated by plague, 1648, by an in- 
undation, 1 65 1, by an earthquake, March 21, 1829 ; the bishop's palace erected, 
1733 ; the cathedral, 1829 ; the university founded, 1568 ; suppressed, 1835. 

ORISSA, Bengal, ceded to Gt Britain, 1803 ; famine at, from Sept., 1865, to Jan., 
1866; 700,000 persons died, 1500 children left orphans; a subscription raised 
in England for their support, June 19, 1867. 



624 ORKNEY OSNABURG 

ORKNEY and SHETLAND ISLANDS, 57 in number, of which 29 are in- 
habited. Of tlie Shetland Islands, above 100 in number, only 32 are inhabited. 
Sold by Denmark to Scotland, 839 ; re-granted for a sum of money to James III., 
1468 ; to Robert Stuart, who was made Earl of, granted by parliament, 1592 ; 
once were called Orcades ; bishopric of, founded by St Servanus, now united with 
the see of Aberdeen ; the parliamentary constituency in 1845 was 546 ; the county 
town is Kirkwall, the only royal burgh in the shire, situated in Pomona, one of the 
Orkneys ; Natural History Society founded, 1837. 

ORLEANS, France. The town was burnt by Caesar, B.C. 52 ; besieged unsuc- 
cessfully by Attila, A.D. 451 ; besieged by the English, commanded by John 
Talbot, Earl of Shrewsbury, Oct. 12, 1428, raised. May 8, 1429; again besieged 
by the Duke of Guise, who was killed, Feb. 24, 1563 ; the cathedral built, 1601 ; 
the bridge, 1089 feet long, on 9 arches, erected, 1761 ; the statue of Joan of Arc 
destroyed by the revolutionists, 1792; the fortifications destroyed, 1830. 

ORLEANS. See New Orleans. 

ORLEANS, Duke of, assassinated at Paris, Nov. 23, 1407, by order of the Duke 
of Burgundy. 

ORLEANS, royal house of, called to the French throne, 1830, in the person of 
Louis Philippe, son of the Duke of Oideans, beheaded during the French revolu- 
tion, and well known as Egalite ; King Louis Philippe reigned 18 years, when 
monarchy was once more abolished, and the king and royal family obliged to 
leave France, March 3, 1848; they landed at Newhaven, in Sussex, March 4; 
Louis Philippe died at Claremont, Aug. 26, 1850, aged 77. 

ORRERY, said to be invented by Lord Orrery, circa 1696 ; after several machines 
approaching to it in character were upon record, — as a planetary clock by Finee, 
1553, the planetarium of de Rheita, 1650, — modern mechanism has greatly in- 
creased the utility of this instrument. Doubt exists as to the real inventor. 

ORPHEUS, H.M. steam corvette, 21 guns, wrecked at Manukau, New Zealand, 
the commander. Commodore Burnett, C.B., with 23 officers and 166 of the crew, 
were lost, 70 only were saved, Feb. 6, 1863. 

ORSEILLE, discovery of the colouring principle of, by a Fi^ench chemist, 1829. 

ORSINI, Rudio, Pieri, and Gomez, attempted the life of Napoleon III. and the 
Empress on their way to the opera, through the Rue Lepelletier, Jan. 14, 1858. 
Orsini and Pieri executed, March 12 ; the other two sent to the galleys for life. 

ORTHEZ, battle, between Wellington and Soult, Feb. 27, 1814, when the latter 

was defeated with considerable loss. 
OSBORNE and his wife murdered at Tring, in Hertfordshire, from being suspected 

of witchcraft, April 22, 1751. 
OSBORNE HOUSE, Isle of Wight, the marine residence of the Queen, purchased 

by Her Majesty, 1845 ; rebuilt from the designs of Mr Cubitt ; the Empress of 

the French visited the Queen at, July 22, 1867. 

OSENEY ABBEY, Oxford, founded by Robert D'Oylly, 1129. 

OSNABURG, Hanover, first fortified, 1082 ; the bishop's palace destroyed by the 
people, 1647 ; formed part of Westphalia ; restored by the treaty of Paris, May 
30, 1 814. 

OSNABURG, Bishopric of, founded by Charlemagne, 780 ; by the treaty of 1642 
the House of Brunswick received the alternate nomination of the Bishopric ; the 
brother of George I., who held it, made Duke of York, June 29, 1716 ; this 
bishop received the order of the garter, July 3, 1 716 ; died, Aug. 3, 1728 ; the last 
bishop, the Duke of York, commander-in-chief of the English army, who died, 
1827; the duke only retained the title after the secularizations of these German 



OSSIANIC SOCIETY OTTOMAN EMPIRE 625 

abuses, 1S02 ; by the Treaty of Vienna the bishopric was made an integral part 
of llae kingdom of Hanover. 
OSSIANIC SOCIETY instituted at Dublin for the preservation and publicatiori'df 
Irish MSS., 1853. 

OSSORY, Bishopric of, translated to Agadoe, in Upper Ossory, 1052 ; united to 
the bishopric of Ferns Leighlin, 1 822, in pursuance of the provisions of the Church 
Temporalities' Act, 3 & 4 Will. IV. c. 37, Aug. 14, 1833. 

OSTEND, Belgium. The old town was destroyed by the sea, 1334 ; made a walled 
town, 1445 ; fortified by the Prince of Orange, 1583 ; endured a siege of three 
years, and the garrison and inhabitants reduced by famine ; capitulated to the 
Spaniards, 1604, after losing 50 men and the besiegers 80,000; the French en- 
deavoured to take the tovra on the death of Charles II. of Spain, but the scheme 
miscarried, with great loss to them, owing to the minister having been deceived 
by his agents, 1658 ; taken by the allies after the battle of Ramillies, 1706 ; India 
Company chartered, 1722 ; suppressed by the treaty at Vienna, 1731 ; taken by 
the French, 1745, but restored, 1748; garrisoned by the French for Maria 
Theresa, 1756; made a free port, June 15, 1784; surrendered to the French, 
1 792 ; taken by the English, 1 793 ; and in 1 794, with all the Netherlands, sur- 
rendered to the French ; restored to, by the treaty of Paris, May 30, 1814. 

OSTROGOTHS, their kingdom began in Italy, 489 ; ended, 554. 
OSTROLENKA, battle, between the Poles and Russians, May 26, 1831 ; the Poles 
remained masters of the field; the Poles lost 7000 men and the Russians 10, oca 
OSULVESTON ABBEY, Leicestershire, built by Robert Gumbald, area 1180. 

OSWEGO, N. America, founded, 1722 ; fort, on Lake Ontario, built, 1727 ; cap- 
tured, 1756 ; rebuilt, 1759 ; captured by the English, May 6, 1814. 

OSWESTRY CASTLE, Salop, built by Alan Fitz Fleald, circa 1076; nearly de- 
stroyed by fire, 1216 ; rebuilt by Edward I., circa 1280; taken by the Parlia- 
mentarians and demolished, 1644. 

OSYTirS, ST, PRIORY, Essex, built, 1120. 

OTAHEITE, Island of, in the Pacific, more correctly Tahiti, discovered by Capt. 
Wallis, 1767 ; visited by Cook, to observe the transit of Venus, 1768, and twice 
subsequently; in 1799, the king, Pomare, ceded the district of Matavia to Eng- 
lish missionaries ; Queen Pomare placed herself under the protection of England, 
Sept. 9, 1843 ; taken possession of by the French, Nov., 1843 5 Mr Pritchard, the 
English consul, seized at, March 5, 1844. 

OTTAWA, Canada, made the capital to\Am, 1854. 

OTTERBURN, battle, celebrated in the ballad of ' Chevy Chase,' between the 
English, under Percy of Northumberland and his two sons, and the Scotch, under 
Sir William Douglas, who was slain by Henry Percy ; but young Percy, sur- 
named Hotspur, was made prisoner ; the English lost 1800 men killed and 3000 
wounded, and the Scots obtained the victory, according to Alaitland, July 21, to 
Burton, Aug. 19, 1388. 

OTTERBURN CASTLE, Northumberland, built, «>ra 1370 ; besie"-ed bv the 
Scots, 1388. ^ J- 

OTTERY, ST MARY, Devon, prioiy of, built, 1060 ; a great part of the town 
destroyed by fire. May 25, 1866. 

OTTOMAN EMPIRE, founded, on the downfall of the Greek empire at Adriano^ 
pie, by Othman I., 1298 ; Mahomet II. besieged Constantinople, April 6, 1453, 
with 258,000 men ; it was captured after a siege of 53 davs, May 29, and made 
the capital of the empire. See Constantinople and Turkey! 

40 



626 



OUDE 



OXFORD 



OUDE, Hindustan, first colonized, circa B.C. 1366 ; invaded by the Mahmud of 
Ghazni, A.D. 1018 ; taken by the King of Dellii, 1195 ; made an independent 
kingdom, 1559 ; half tlie territory ceded to the English by treaty, Nov. 10, i8oi ; 
the whole annexed to our Indian empire, Feb. 7, 1856. 

OUDENARDE, battle, between the allied army, commanded by the Duke of Marl- 
borough and Prince Eugene, and the French, under the Duke of Burgundy and 
Vendome, July 11, 1708, when the latter were defeated with great loss. 

OULART, Ireland, battle between the rebels and the king's forces, in which the 
North Cork militia were nearly all cut to pieces, May 27, 1798. 

OURIQUE, battle between Alfonso of Portugal and a vast army of Moors, fought 
on the plains of Ourique, July 25, 1139, when the latter were totally defeated. 

OUTINIAN SOCIETY, first called the Matrimonial Society, founded by John 
Penn ; the first lecture was delivered by the Rev. Dr Rivers, at Saville House, 
Leicester Square, March 9, 1818 ; the present title taken in May ; the lectures 
were subsequently delivered at Mr Penn's, Stoke Park, Dec. 31, and at New 
Street Spring Gardens, July 3, 1819. 

OUSE BRIDGE, York, rebuilt, 1566. 

OVERBURY, SIR THOMAS, poisoned, through theinstigationof the Countess of 
Somerset, in the Tower of London, Sept. 15, 1613. 

OVERLAND ROUTE. ^^^ India. 

OVERSEERS first appointed in boroughs by 43 Eliz. c. 2, 1601 ; in townships, 
13 & 14 Car. II. c. 12, s. 21, 1662 ; their authority limited by 4 & 5 Will. IV. c- 
76, Aug. 14, 1834 ; and by 7 & 8 Vict., c. loi, s. 22, Aug. 9, 1844. 

OVIEDO, Spain. The fortress, 'The Real Castillo,' built by Alonso III., a.d. 
913 ; almost destroyed, 1818 ; the cathedral built in the 8th century ; restored by 
Bishop Gutierrez de Toledo, 1388 ; the town partially burnt, 1521 ; the university 
founded by Philip III., 1604 ; library founded, 1764 ; a junta formed here, May, 
1808 ; captured by the French, under Marshal Ney, May 19, 1809. 

OWEN GLENDOWER, the celebrated Welsh chieftain, born, 1348, died, 1415. 

OWHYHEE, Island of, discovered by Capt. Cook, 1778 ; that brave officer killed 
here, in consequence of a dispute with the natives, Feb. 14, i779' 

OXFORD AND CAMBRIDGE BOAT RACE. A list of the winners from 
1829 to 1869, from the ' Rowing Almanack : ' — 
y Year. 



Date 




Winner. 


June 


10 


Oxford 


June 


17 


Cambridge 


April 


3 


Cambridge 


April 


15 


Cambridge 


April 


14 


Cambridge 


June 


II 


Oxford 


Mar. 


15 


Cambridge 


April 


3 


Cambridge 


Mar. 


29 


Cambridge 


Dec. 


15 


Oxford 


April 


3 


Oxford 


April 


8 


Oxford 


Mar. 


15 


Cambridge 


April 


4 


Oxford 



Place. 


Time. 


Won by 


Henley 


14 m. 30 S. 


easy 


W. to P. 


36 m. s. 


I min. 


W. to P. 


3 1 m. s. 


I m. 45 s. 


W. to P. 


29 m. 30 s. 


S lengtJi 


W. to P. 


32 m. 30 s. 


I m. 4 s. 


W. to P. 


30 m. 45 s. 


13 sec. 


p. to M. 


23 m. 30 s. 


30 sec. 


M. to P. 


21 m. 5 s.* 


2 lengths 


P. to M. 


22 m. s. 


easy 


P. to M. 


a foul 


foul 


P. to M. 


21 m. 36 s. 


27 sec. 


P. to M. 


25 m. 29 s. 


II strokes 


M. to P. 


25 m. 50 s. 


Yi a length 


P. to M. 


22 m. 55s.t 


35 sec. 



1829 
1836 
1839 

1840 

1 841 

1842 

1845 

1846 
1849 
1849 
1852 

1854 
1856 

1857 

* The first University race rowed in outriggers. 

t The first race in which eitlier University rowed in the present style of eights without keel ; also 
the first time either rowed with round oars. Both used the same kind of oars and boats. 



OXFORD 



627 



Year. 


Date. 


Winner. 


Place. 


Time. 


1858 


Mar. 27 


Cambridge 


P. to M. 


21 m. 23 S. 


1859 


April 15 


Oxford 


P. to M. 


24 m. 30 S. 


i860 


Mar. 3 1 


Cambridge 


p. to M. 


26 m. 5 s. 


i86i 


Mar. 23 


Oxford 


p. to M. 


23 m. 28 s. 


1862 


April 12 


Oxford 


p. to M. 


24 m. 41 s. 


1863 


Mar. 28 


Oxford 


M. to p. 


23 m. 10 s. 


1864 


Mar. 19 


Oxford 


P. to M. 


22 m. 15 s. 


1865 


April 8 


Oxford 


P. to M. 


21 m. 24 s. 


1866 


Mar. 24 


Oxford 


P. to M. 


25 m. 48 s. 


1867 


April 13 


Oxford 


P. to M. 


22 m. 39 s. 


1868 


April 4 


Oxford 


P. to M. 


20 m. 56 s. 


1869 


Mar. 1 7 


Oxford 


P. to M. 


20 m. 22 s. 



Won by 

22 sec. 
Cam. sank 
I length 
48 sec. 
30 sec. 
43 sec. 
26 sec. 
4 lengths 
15 sec. 
j4 a length 
3 lengths 
6 lengths 

OXFORD, Oxfordshire. Council held at Burford, by the kings Etheldred and 
Burthwald, 682 ; Ethelbald, King of Mercia, defeated by Cuthred, King of Wes- 
sex, at Battle Edge, 752 ; a wittenagemot held at Woodstock, 866 ; one at Shif- 
ford, by Alfred the Great, 885 ; Thorne plundered by the Danes, loio ; Edmund 
Ironside murdered at Oxford, Nov. 30, 1016 ; great council at Oxford, held by 
King Canute, confirming the edicts of King Edgar ; Harold Harefoot crowned at 
Oxford, 1036 ; William I. stormed the city, 1069 ; Parliament held by King 
Stephen, at, when dane-gelt was abolished, 1136; the public schools first 
founded at, 1439. The Empress Maude besieged in the Castle by Stephen, for 
three months, when the ground being covered with snow, and the water frozen, 
she made her way out with three knights, dressed in white, and escaped on foot 
to Abingdon, 1142. Church of St Frideswide's Priory erected, chra 1180; the 
priory surrendered to Wolsey, 1522, and the church transferred to the See of Ox- 
ford. A council held at, by Stephen, when he adopted Henry II. as his heir, Jan., 
1 154; one at Wallingford, March 27, 1 155, and at Oxford, April 24, June 12, 
I177, Dec. 7, 1197, Feb. 9, 1207, Nov. 15, 1213 ; at a council held, Feb., 1227, 
King Henry III. declared himself to be of age. A female of the city being killed 
by a student, the towns people seized and hung three students, 1209 ; a Parlia- 
ment held, the statutes of which settled the popular representation, three meetings 
to beheld annually, June 11, 1258; annulled, Jan. 23, 1264. St Mary's church 
built, 1492-98. A public disputation held : Cranmer, Ridley, and Latimer stated 
their opinions, April 16 — 18, 1554; burned for heresy, 1555. Three hundred per- 
sons, the sheriff, and others, died of the gaol distemper, 1577 ; the Botanic 
Gardens founded by Henry Danvers, Earl of Danby ; the first stone of the walls 
laid, July 25, 1632 ; the city occupied by the Royalists, under Charles I., 1642 ; 
negotiations for peace carried on with Charles I., Jan. 30 to April 15, 1643 ; the 
Mongrel Parliament met at, Jan. 22, 1644 ; seriously damaged by fire, Oct. 6, 
1644 ; Parliament held at, on account of the plague, Oct. 9, 1665 ; the Courts 
of Law also held at, in this year. Theatre built, July 9, 1669 ; again part of the 
town destroyed by fire, April 25, 1671 ; Parliament summoned to meet by Charles 
II., which ended in a dissolution, March 21, 1681 ; William HI. visited the to-^vn 
and university, Nov. 10, 1695 ; Queen Anne and Prince George, Aug. 26, 1702 ; 
a riot broke out at, Oct. 22, 1716 ; serious bread riots at, Nov. 9 — 11, 1867. 

OXFORD, the See of, established by Henry VIIL, and Robert King elected first 
bishop, 1541. 

OXFORD, Earl of, his administration : Harley, Earl of Oxford, First Lord of the 
Treasury ; Sir Simon Harcourt, Lord Keeper ; Lord Bolingbroke and Lord Dart- 
mouth, Secretaries of State ; the Hon. Robert Benson, the Chancellor of the Ex- 
chequer, &c.. May 29, 1711 ; resigned, July 27, 17 14. 



628 OXFORD OXFORD UNIVERSITY 

OXFORD AND CAMBRIDGE CLUB, built from the designs of Sir Robert 

Smirke, R.A., 1835-38. 
OXFORD ASHMOLEAN SOCIETY, instituted, 1828. Oxford Architectural 

Society, instituted, 1839. 
OXFORD CANAL, opened, Jan. 2, 1790. 
OXFORD CASTLE, Oxfordshire, built by Robert D'Oiley, 1074. 

OXFORD, EDWARD, fired two pistols at Queen Victoria, on Constitution Hill, 
June 10, 1840; tried at the Central Criminal Court, and found insane, and 
sent to Bethlehem Hospital, July 9 ; released, but prohibited from residing in 
England, Nov., 1867. 

OXFORD MUSIC HALL (Oxford Street), destroyed by fire, Feb. 11, 1868. 

OXFORD SCIENTIFIC SOCIETY established by Sir William Petty, Dr Ward, 
and others, 1 65 1. 

OXFORD-STREET, London. The bazaar burnt. May 27, 1829 ; an act passed 
for making New Oxford-street, 3 & 4 Vict. c. 87, Aug. 7, 1840 ; the Princess 
Theatre built, sold for ^16,400, Sept. 8, 1841 ; first opened for dramatic per- 
formances, Dec. 26, 1842 ; 'King Henry VIII.' represented for lOO nights, 1855. 

OXFORD UNIVERSITY. John Russell, Bishop of Lincoln, was elected chancel- 
lor, 1483, and held that office until 1494 ; five professorships were founded by Henry 
VIIL, 1546; the office of public orator established, 1564; incorporated by 13 
Eliz. c. 29, 1570; provisions made for the extension of, 17 & 18 Vict. c. 81, Aug. 
7, 1854, and commissioners appointed to inquire into, extended by 20 & 21 Vict. 
c. 25, Aug. 10, 1857 ; ordinances made for the government of Christ Church 
repealed, 30 & 31 Vict. c. 76, Aug. 12, 1867; the degree of Passive Obedience 
published, July 21, 1683; the King's order for electing a Romanist master of 
Magdalen College rejected, April il, 1687 ; several of the fellows expelled, and 
their places filled by Romanists ; Dr Hough and some of the rejected fellows 
restored, Oct. 17, 1688 ; the Bodleian library opened, Nov. 8, 1602 ; the Rad- 
cliffe, April 13, 1749; George HI. visited the university, Oct. 12, 1785; the 
Emperor of Russia and King of Prussia, 1814; the Prince and Princess of 
Wales, and the degree of D. C.L. conferred, June 16—18, 1863. 

PROFESSORSHIPS. 

Name. Founder. Date. 

Anatomy Richard Tomlins 1624 

Anglo-Saxon Richard Rawlinson, D. C.L. 1795 

Arabic Archbishop Laud 1636 

Botany Henry Dan vers. Earl of Danby 1669 

Divinity Margaret, Countess of Richmond 1502 

Geometry and Astronomy Sir Henry Savile 1619 

Hebrew Scriptures Edward Grindfield, M. A. 1859 

Hindustani University 1859 

History, Ancient William Camden 1622 

History, Modern George I. 1724 

Latin Literature President & fellows of Corpus Christi 1 854 

Law, English Charles Viner Dec. 20, 1755 

Law, International University 1859 

Logic University 1839 
Medicine : The Clinical Lecture George Henry Lee, Earl of Lichfield 1780 

Medicine, The Practice of George Aldrich, D.M. Jan. 26, 1798 

Mineralogy and Geology Prince Regent 1813 

Music William Heather 1626 

Philosophy, Experimental Nathaniel Lord Crew 1 747 



OXYGEN GAS TADDINGTON 629 

Name. Founder. Date. 

Philosophy, Moral Thomas Whyte, D.D. 1621 

Philosophy, Natural Sir William Sedley Oct. 29, 1618 

Physiology President, &c., of Merton College 1858 

Poetry Henry Berkhead 1708 

Political Economy Henry Drummond 1825 

Sanskrit John Boden 1830 

Zoology Frederick William Hope 1861 

OXYGEN GAS, discovered by Priestley, Aug. 17, 1774, the principle of atmo- 
spheric air. 
OYER AND TERMINER, and Gaol Deliveiy, court of, to whom the writ shall be 
granted, 13 Edw. I. s. I, c. 29, 1285 ; no lawyer to be upon the commission in 
his own county, 8 Rich. II. c. 2, 1384, and 33 Henry VIII. c. 24, 1541 ; the 
former acts repealed, and any man permitted to be on the gaol delivery, by 12 
Geo. II. c. 27, 1739. 
OYSTER CLUB, established at Preston, 1771. 

OYSTERS. The fishery in the River Medway regulated by 2 Geo. II. c. 19, 1729; 
stealing oysters from beds or fisheries made larceny, 7 & 8 Geo. IV. c. 29, s. 36, 
June 21, 1827 ; an immense bed of, discovei-ed off Brighton, 1824. 



PACIFICATION, Edicts of, in France, the name given to royal concessions from 
time to time in favour of Protestantism, to appease public disturbances on account 
of religion. Edict published by Charles IX , allowing his subjects free exercise 
in all religious matters, within his realm 1561-62 ; the lords, justiciaries, and 
other distinguished persons permitted to think for themselves, 1563 ; the revoca- 
tion of all decrees, and all Protestant ministers ordered to leave the kingdom in 
15 days, 1568 ; certain lords and others allowed to have domestic sei'vice in their 
houses, and granting public service to be held in certain towns, 1 5 70- 1 ; the 
massacre of St Bartholomew authorized, Aug. 24, 1572. Heniy III. issued the 
celeljrated edict for pacification, April, 1576 ; revoked, Dec. 26, 1576, but sub- 
sequently renewed for six years, Oct., 1577. Henry IV. of France issued the 
Edict of Nantes, granting full toleration to his Protestant subjects, April 15, 1598; 
registered by the French Parliament, Feb. 25, 1599 ; this edict was confirmed by 
Mary de Medici, 1610 ; also by Louis XIV., 1652 ; revocation of the Edict of 
Nantes by Louis XIV., Oct. 17, 1685. The edict for the pacification of Ghent 
signed, Nov. 8, 1576. The treaty between the Scotch and Charles I., known 
as the Pacification of York, June 18, 1639. 

PACIFIC STEAMER lost between Liverpool and New York, with all her pas- 
sengers and crew of 186 persons ; she sailed from the former port, Jan. 23, 1856, 
supposed to have been lost in March. 

PADDINGTON, Middlesex, the manor of, purchased by Sir John Frederick, 1742; 
the old church taken dovm, 1791 ; the first stone of the new church laid, Oct. 20, 
178S; consecrated, April 27, 1791 ; the canal begun, 1796 ; opened, July 10, 
1801 ; the Grand Junction Waterworks Company established, 51 Geo. HI. c. 
169, 181 1 ; Regent's Canal Company established, 52 Geo. III. c. 195, 1812; the 
canal finished in Aug., 1820 ; the Church of the Holy Trinity built in Bishop's 
Road, 1846, cost ;^ 1 8,458 ; St Mary's hospital instituted, 1843; the first stone 
laid by Prince Albert, June 8, 1845. 



630 



PADERBORN 



PAINTERS 



PADERBORN, Prussia, cathedral erected, 1 143 ; the bishopric of, ceded to Prussia 
by treaty. May 23, 1802 ; tlie state ceded to France by tlie treaty of Tilsit, July 
9, 1807 ; restored to Prussia, 1813. 

PADLOCKS were used by the Romans. Greatly improved by Hans Ehrman of 
Nuremberg, 1540. 

PADUA, Italy, built, B.C. 1269 ; destroyed by Attila, 452, and by King Agilulf, 
601 ; destroyed by an earthquake, A. D. 1 117 5 formed a league with Verona, 
1 164; joined the Great Lombard League, 1.167 ; acknowledged by the peace 
of Constance, 1183 ; taken by Eccelino da Romano, 1239 ; he was defeated, 
1256, and the town became an independent state ; taken by Prince Carrara, 1337 ; 
by Venice, 1405 ; the church of St Antonio began, 1231 ; finished, 1307 ; walled 
round by the Venetians, who united it to their dominion, 1406 ; it was admirably 
fortified by the Venetians ; the bastion of Cornaro constructed in 1534 by San 
Micheli, much boasted of; the first bishop said to have been the disciple of St 
Peter ; Marcils, bishop, 1 123 ; noted for its brilliant fete of St Anthony, on the 
13th of June; the Specola or observatory erected, 1767 ; ceded to Austria by 
treaty, 1797; capitulated to the Austrians, June 12, 1848. 

PAGANISM overthrown under the Roman empire, in ihe reign of Theodosius the' 
younger, 388 and 395 ; the Emperor Constantine had previously ordered the pa- 
gan temples in his empire to be destroyed. 

PAGEANTS, the Lord Mayor's. — See London Pageants. 

PAINTERS, the most celebrated artists of Italy, France, Flanders, and Holland, 
have long had their positions in art assigned to them by De Piles, in the following 
table, as to their various merits ; the dates of their birth and decease are added : — 



School. 



Lorn. 

Flem. 

Rom. & Flor. 

Rom. 

Ven. 

Ven. 

Fr. 

Fr. 

Ven. 

Lom. 

Lom. 

Rom. 

Flem. 

Lom. 

Rom. 

Ven. 

Lom. 

Lom. 

Flem. 

Flem . 

Flem. 

Lom. 

Rom. 

Flem. 

Rom. 

Lom. 



Name, Birth, and Decease. 



Albano,F., March 17, 1578, Oct. 4, 1660 
Albert Durer, May 30, 1471, April 6, 1528 

Andrea del Sarto, 1488, 1530 

Baroccio, F., 1528, 1612 

Ponte Bassano, 1510, 1591 

John BeUini, 1422, 1512 

Sebastian Bourdon, 1616, 1671 
Charles Le Brun, 1619, 1690 ... 
Claude Lorraine, 1600, 1682 ... 
Annibale Caracci, 1560, 1609 ... 
Antonio Coreggio, 1494, 1534 •■■ 
Daniel da Volterra, 1509, 1566 
Abraham Van Diepenbeck, 1607, 1675... 
Zampieri Domenichino, 1581, 1641 

Giulio Romano, 1492, 1546 

Giorgione, 1478, 1511 

Giovanni Guercino, 1590, 1666... 

Guido Reni,i574, 1642 

Hans Holbein, 1498, 1554 

James Jordaens, 1594, 1678 
Luca Giordano, 1629, 1704 
Giovanni Lanfranco, 1581, 1647 
Leonardo da Vinci, 144S, 1520 

Lucas of Leyden, 1494, 1533 

M.Angelo Buonarroti, 1474, Feb. 17, 1563 
Michael da Caravaggio, 1569, 1609 ... 



Com- 
posi- 
tion. 


De- 
sign. 


Co- 
lour- 
ing. 

10 


Ex- 
pres- 
sion. 


14 


I 


6 


8 


10 


10 


8 


12 


16 


9 


8 


14 


15 


6 


10 


6 


8 


17 





4 


6 


14 





10 


8 


8 


4 


10 


16 


8 


16 


18 


18 


16 





15 


17 


13 


13 


13 


13 


15 


12 


12 


15 


5 


8 


II 


10 


14 


6 


15 


17 


9 


17 


15 


16 


4 


14 


8 


9 


18 


4 


18 


10 


10 


4 





13 


9 


12 


9 


10 


16 


13 


10 


8 


16 


6 


13 


12 


9 


6 


14 


13 


10 


5 


15 


16 


4 


14 


8 


6 


6 


4 


8 


17 


4 


8 


6 


6 


16 






PAINTERS 



PAINTER STAINERS' COMP. 



631 







Com- 


Dc- 


Co- 


Ex- 


School. 


Name, Birth, and Decease. 


posi- 


lour- 


pres- 






lion. 


Sign, 


ing. 


sion. 


Veil. 


Girolamo Muliano, 1528, 1509 


6 


8 


15 


4 


Flem. 


Otho Veniiis, 1556, 1634 


13 


14 


10 


10 


Ven. 


Palma the Elder, 1548, 1556 


5 


6 


16 





Ven. 


Palma the Younger, 1544, 1628 


12 


9 


14 


6 


Rom. 


Fran Parmegiano, 1503, 1540 ... 


10 


15 


6 


6 


Ven. 


Paul Veronese, 1532, 1588 


15 


10 


16 


3 


Rom. 


Pierino del Vaga, 1500, 1547 ... 


15 


16 


7 


6 


Rom. 


Pietro da Cortona, 1596, 1669 


16 


14 


12 


6 


Rom. 


Pietro Perugino, 1446, 1524 


4 


12 


10 


4 


Rom. 


Polidoro da Caravaggio, 1495, 1543 ■-. 


10 


17 





15 


Ven. 


Gio Pordenone, 1484, 1540 


8 


14 


17 


5 


Fr. 


Poussin, Nicli., 1594, 1665 


15 


17 


6 


IS 


Rom. 


Fran Primaticcio, 1490, 1570 ... 


15 


14 


6 


10 


Rom. 


SanzioRaffaelle, Mar. 28, 1483, Ap. 7, 1520 


17 


18 


12 


18 


Flem. 


Van Rembrandt, 1606, 1674 


15 


6 


17 


12 


Flem. 


Peter Paul Rubens, 1577, July, 1640 ... 


18 


13 


17 


17 


Rom, 


Fra. Salviati, 1510, 1563 


13 


15 


8 


8 


Fr. 


Eustace Le Sueur, 161 7, 1655 ... 


15 


15 


4 


15 


Flem. 


David Teniers, 1582, 1649 


15 


12 


13 


6 


Rom. 


Pietro Testa, 1611, 1650 


II 


15 





6 


Ven. 


G. Tintoretto, 15 12, 1594 


15 


14 


16 


4 


Ven. 


T. V. Titian, 1477, 1576 


12 


IS 


18 


6 


Flem. 


Sir A. Vandyck, Mar. 22, 1 599, Dec .9, 1641 


15 


10 


17 


13 


Rom. 


F. C. Vanni, 1563, 1610 


13 


15 


12 


13 


Rom. 


Zucchero, Taddeo, 1529, 1566 ... 


13 


14 


10 


9 



Barry, James 
Cooper, Samuel ... 
Dobson, William 
Gainsborough, Thomas .. 
Haydon, Benjamin R. 
Hogarth, William 
Hudson, Thomas .., 

Lely, Sir Peter 
Mortimer, John H. 
Oliver, Isaac 
Opie, John 
Reynolds, Sir Joshua 
Romney, George 
Turner, J. M. W. 
West, Benjamin 
Wilkie, Sir David 
Wilson, Richard 
Wright, Joseph, of Derby 



THE ENGLISH SCHOOL OF PAINTERS 
Born. 



Oct. II, 1 741 

1609 

1610 

1727 

Jan. 25, 1786 

Nov. ID, 1697 

1 701 

1617 

1 741 

1556 

1761 

July 16, 1723 

Dec. 15, 1734 

1774 
Oct. 10, 1738 
Nov. 18, 1785 

1714 
Sept. 3, 1734 



Died. 

Feb. 22, 1806 

May 5, 1672 

1646 

Aug. 2, 1788 

June 22, 1846 

Oct. 26, 1764 

Jan., 1779 

1680 

Feb. 4, 1779 

1617 

April 9, 1807 

Feb. 23, 1792 

Nov. 15, 1802 

Dec. 19, 1851 

March 11, 1820 

June I, 1 84 1 

May, 1782 

Aug. 29, 1797 



PAINTERS, Society of British, in Suffolk-street, formed, 1824 ; new society of, 
in water colours, 1825. 

PAINTERS IN WATER COLOURS, Society of, London, founded, 1804 ; In- 
stitute of, 1831. 

PAINTER STAINERS' COMPANY, f^rst regulated by Edward I., 1283 ; incor- 
porated by 23 Eliz., July 19, 1581 ; reincorporated by James II., 1685 ; most of 



632 PAINTING PALEMBANG 

the celebrated painters were members of this company ; an art exhibition first 
held at the Hall of this company, June I, i860, since held annually ; hall built in 
the reign of Henry VII.; destroyed in the fire of 1666 ; but rebuilt. 

PAINTING, the art of, first attributed to the Egyptians, in relation to the exploits 
of Osymandias, then pictured, B.C. 2200 ; introduced into Rome from Etruria, by 
Quintus Fabius ; the paintings of the town of Phocsea are mentioned on the 
capture of that city by Harpagus, B.C. 544 5 the passage of Darius over the 
Bosphorus with his army, painted for Mandrocles, B.C. 508 ; Cimon of Cleonee 
was well known for his skill in this art, B.C. 560 ; the best pictures came to Rome 
from Greece; the first Grecian painter of renown was Polygnotus, B.C. 463 ; he 
first painted the open mouth, to show the teeth ; Apollodorus of Athens first 
introduced light and shade, B.C. 455 ; no painters of note appeared for a long 
time after the Emperor Augustus ; painting in oil introduced into England, 1 230 ; 
one of the earliest pictures was 2m. Ecce Homo, 1455 ; painting introduced into 
Venice, by Venetiano, 1450 ; into Italy by Antonello, 1476 ; Uccello said to have 
been the first who studied perspective. 

PAINTING, British Institution for Exhibition of, formed, June 4, 1805. 

PAINTING, English Royal Academy of, established, 1768; first exhibition held, 
April 26, 1769; National Gallery of Paintings, March, 1824. 

PAISLEY, Scotland, a monastery founded, 1163 ; grammar school established by 
James VI. and chartered, Jan. 3, 1576; visited by James VI., 1597; five persons 
burned for witchcraft, 1697 ; one member given to, by the Reform bill of 1832. 

PALACE COURT, instituted to administer justice between the king's domestics ; 
it was originally held before the steward and marshal of the king's house ; the 
jurisdiction confined to within 12 miles of the king's residence, by 13 Richard II. 
c. 3, 1389-90. According to Kerr's Blackstone, Charles I. in the sixth year of his 
reign, 1630-31, erected by letters patent a new court of record, called Curia Palatii 
or Palace Court; abolished by 12 & 13 Vict. c. loi, s. 13, Aug. i, 1849, 
powers to cease, Dec. 31, 1849. 

PAL^ONTOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY, instituted in London for figuring and 
describing the British fossils, 1847. 

PALAIS ROYAL. Great part of this palace destroyed by fire, 1765 ; restored, 
1781 ; the signal given for the insurrection of 1789 from this place ; plundered 
by the mob, 1848. 

PALATINATE, Germany : the Elector took refuge in England, 1635 ; Cromwell 
settled ;^8ooo per annum upon him, 1644 ; he visited London, 1680 ; restored to 
the palatinate, Oct. 19, 1708; protested against the Elector of Hanover taking 
the title of arch-treasurer of the empire, May 29, 1735. 

PALATINE, a dignity of German origin ; Hugh d'Avranches made Palatine of 
Chester, 1070 ; conferred upon Hugh Lupus by William the Conqueror, 1077 ; 
abolished by li Geo. IV. & i Will, IV. c. 70, s. 14, July 23, 1830 ; a palatine of 
Lancaster created by Edward III., 1376 ; Pembroke disenfranchised, 27 Hen. 
VIII. c. 26, 1535-6 ; the bishoprics of Ely and Durham were made palatinates ; 
ElizalDeth abrogated that of Hexham, made by her father, 14 Eliz. c. 13, 1572 ; the 
palatinate of Durham was separated from the crown as to its jurisdiction, and 
vested in the crown by 6 & 7 Will. IV. c. 19, June 21, 1836. 

PALE. The territory called the English Pale in Ireland comprehended the counties 
of Louth, Dublin, Meath, and Kildare, in 1 641. 

PALEMBANG, Sumatra. The Dutch settled here, 181 1, but were barbarously 
murdered by the Sultan; the Dutch regained their possessions, 1816; the Em- 
peror restored, 181 8 ; the Dutch factories attacked unsuccessfully, 1820-21. 



PALERMO PALL MALL 633 

PALERMO, Sicily. This ancient town was captured by Hamilcar and his Car- 
tliaginian troops, B.C. 4S0 ; and by Pyrrhus, 276 ; taken and retaken during the 
first Punic war, 254; taken by the Saracens, A.D. 855. Cathedral erected, 1180; 
palace erected, 1 129 ; university founded, 1394 ; nearly destroyed by an earthquake, 
Aug. 21, 1726 ; revolution at, July 15, 1820 ; massacre of Prince Catolica and 
the nobles, by the revolutionists, July 16, 1820 ; suppression of, by Gen. Pepe, and 
capitulation of the city, Oct. 5 ; revolt of, Jan. 12, 1848; bombardment of the city 
by the royal fleet, Jan. 16 ; a constitution given to, Jan. 28 ; an amnesty granted 
to political offenders, Feb. I ; parliament declared for a constitutional monarchy, 
July II ; insurrection in, against Ferdinand IL, and a provisional government 
proclaimed, Dec. 12 — 16; a new constitution given to, Feb. 28, 1849; insurrection 
renewed, in March ; the town surrendered, April 22 ; taken by Garibaldi, May 
27, i860 ; annexed to Sardinia, Nov. 3 ; insurrection again in Sept., 1866. 

PALESTINE, Syria. Abraham and his nephew, Lot, emigrated here by Divine 
command, B.C. 1921 ; the country invaded by Chedorlaomer, who took Lot 
prisoner, 1912 ; Abraham rescued him, and defeated the king near the source of 
Jordan; Sodom and Gomorrah destroyed, 1897; kingdom overthrown by Ne- 
buchadnezzar, 588; conquered by Pompey, 63; conquered by Saladin, A.D. 1 197. 

PALESTINE EXPLORATION FUND, formed at Cambridge, in the early part 
of 1865 ; an exploring party left England under the command of Captain Wilson 
and Lieut. Anderson, and landed at Beyrout, Dec, 1865 ; they surveyed most of 
the country. A second expedition left England to survey Jerusalem in the begin- 
ning of 1867. 

PALESTRO, battle. The combined army of Sardinia and France, commanded 
bv the King of Sardinia, defeated the Austrian army, taking iioo prisoners. 
May 30, 1859. 

PALISSY_ THE POTTER, a French artist. Palissy ware first made by him, 
1545 ; discovered the method of placing the enamel upon stone ware, 1559 ; he 
died, 1590. 

PALL, or PALLIUM. A long strip of fine woollen cloth ornamented with 
crosses, the middle of which was formed into a loose collar resting on the shoulders. 
It was at first a badge given by the emperors to patriarchs ; St Mark gave it to 
the Bishop of Ostia, 336 ; when it came to be given by popes it was for some 
time nothing but a synibolum frateniitatis, a mark of communion with Rome. It 
was no necessary part of the archiepiscopal dignity, and many archbishops never 
had it ; ordered by the Council oi Maco7i to wear it, 581. At length, however, it 
was imposedhy Rome as essential to them, about a.d. 1235, and was sold for vast 
sums of money. It was first worn by an Irish archbishop in 1152. Pope Gregory 
sent one to St Augustine of Canterbury, 734. 

PALLAS frigate wrecked, together with the Nymphe, of 36 guns, below Dunbar, 
and several lives lost, Dec. 19, 1810. 

PALLAS. This planet discovered by M. Olbars, at Bremen, March 23, 1807. 

PALL MALL. This fashionable game, Pailee Maille, known in France, 1598 ; in- 
troduced into England in the early part of the 1 7th century ; King James recom- 
mends it to his son. Prince Henry, in his * Basilicon Doron,' or instructions for his 
son, 1610 ; a favourite game of Charles II. , a mallet and ball long presei-ved by 
Mr Vulliamy ; Pepys in his Diary, April 2, 1661, speaks of seeing the Duke of 
York playing in St James's Park. 

PALL MALL, London, first laid out in walks, circa 1660 ; Nell Gwyn lived here, 
1670 ; Marlborough House built, 1709 ; the first street lighted with gas, Jan. 28, 
I So 7. 



634 PALMA NUOVA PANOPTICON 

PALM A NUOVA, captured by the French, March 17, 1797 ; Napoleon issued his 
declaration of war against Venice, May 3 ; restored to Austria, Oct. 18, 1797 ; 
besieged by Austria, Dec. 9, 1813 ; surrendered to the allies, April 17, 1814 ; 
surrendered to the Italians, March, 1848. 

PALMERSTON administrations, first formed after the resignation of the 
Aberdeen Ministry, Feb. 16, 1855 ; second, upon the resignation of the Derby 
administration, June 30, 1859 ; Lord Palnierston died, Oct. i8, 1865. 

PALM SUNDAY, Pascha floTidum, and observances of the Church, in honour 
of the day when Christ made his triumphal entry into Jerusalem, April i, A.D. 30 ; 
this observance on the Sunday before Easter was instituted in the Greek Church 
in the 4th century, in England the 8th century, and ordered to be continued by 
Henry VIIL, 1536. 

PALMYRA, Syria, an independent city under the early Roman empire, submitted 
to the Emperor Adrian, A.D. 130; besieged and destroyed by Aurelian, 273 ; 
plundered by Tamerlane, 1400 ; discovered by some English travellers from 
Aleppo, 1678, and again, 1691 ; Wood and Dawkins visited these ruins, 1751, 
and published an account of them, 1753 ; Cap. Mangles examined the ruins, 1816; 
when visited by the Rev. J. L. Porter, the village contained only 60 people, 1851. 

PAMPELONA, Spain. The cathedral built, 1397 ; the citadel constructed by 

Philip II., 1 571 ; besieged by Andre de Foix, 1 521 ; by the Spaniards, 1379, 

but relieved by the British ; taken by the French on their invasion of Spain, Feb. 

9, 1808 ; besieged by the British, 1813 ; surrendered, Oct. 31, after being three 

months invested ; surrendered to the French, Aug. 27, 1823 ; taken by O'Don- 

nell, Sept., 1841. 
PANAMA, Central America, discovered by Columbus, A.D. 1502 ; colonized by 

Spain ; burnt by Sir Henry Morgan, 1670 ; rebuilt and destroyed by fire, 1737 ; 

revolted and proclaimed a free State, 1810 ; the railway opened, 1854. 
PAN-ANGLICAN SYNOD of bishops, met at Lambeth Palace, Sept. 24—27, 

1867 ; address of the bishops to the clergy, Sept. 28. 
PANDECTS, the digest of the civil law compiled by the command of Justinian, in 

3 years, A.D. Dec. 15, 530, to Dec. 16, 533 ; discovered at Amalphi in Italy, 1137 ; 

then removed to Pisa, 1416 ; they promoted the revival of the Roman law from 

the excellence they exhibited. 
PANDORA, sloop of war, struck on a rock off the coast of Jutland, and 29 of 

the crew perished from the severity of the weather, Feb. 13, 1811. 

PANIC, Commercial, in London. Failure of Overend, Gurney and Co. (Limited), 
with liabilities for ^^10,000,000, May 10, 1866 ; the directors committed for trial 
for defrauding the shareholders, Jan. 27, 1869 ; bank discount raised to 9 per 
cent, May 11, 1866. Peto and Betts stopped for ^4,000,000, May 11. ImjDerial 
Mercantile Credit Association, stopped. May il. The Bank Charter Act, sus- 
pended, and discount raised to 10 per cent.. May 12. The European Bank stop- 
ped. May 19 ; the Bank of London, May 23 ; the Consolidated, May 28 ; reopened, 
July I ; consuls at the lowest 85 )i, June 4. Agra and Masterman's stopped, 
June 6. The London and Chatham Railway failed to keep its engagements, July 
2. The Bank's rate reduced to 8 per cent., Aug. 16; to 7, Aug. 23; to 6, Aug. 30; 
to 5, Sept. 6 ; to 4^^, Sept. 27 ; to 4, Nov. 8; and to 3>4, Dec. 20. 

PANOPTICON, Leicester Square. This scientific institution was incorporated by 
charter, Feb. 20, 1851 ; built, 1854, from the designs of Mr Lewis. Afterwards 
opened for various entertainments ; re-named the Alhambra Palace, and opened 
for the performance of sacred music, 1858 ; changed into a concert hall, 1863 ; 
leased to R. Strange, 1864. 



PANORAMA PAPER 635 

PANORAMA, a species of exhibition, the invention of Robert Barker, 1788 ; by 
some ascribed to Sir Geo. Beaumont ; first shown in Edinburgh, and subsequently 
in Leicester Square. 

PANORMUS, battle. The Roman Consul, Metellus, defeated the Carthaginian 
General, Hasdrubal, in the first Punic war, with great slaughter, B.C. 250. 

PANTALOON SA, the brother of the Spanish ambassador, executed for murder, 
July 6, 1764. 

PANTHEON, Oxford-street, London, opened, Jan. 27, 1772 ; turned into an 
opera-house, 1791 ; wholly destroyed by fire, Oct. 3,1792 ; rebuilt, 1795 ; taken 
down, 1812, and the present erected; finally converted into a bazaar, and opened, 
April 24, 1834 ; closed, 1867. 

PANTHEON, a circular temple at Rome, built by Agi-ippa, with niches to contain 
the images of the gods ; the gates were of brass, as well as the interior of the 
roof, B.C. 25 ; Pope Boniface mutilated it, and converted it into a church dedicated 
to the Virgin Mary, calling it the Santa Maria de Rotunda, circa 608. 

Px\NTOMIMES, originally introduced on the Roman stage by Pylades, in the 
time of Augustus Cassar, in plays acted by gesture only, being the most difficult 
species of action. The modern pantomime introduced into England from Italy, and 
first performed by grotesque characters in this country at Drury-lane Theatre ; 
it was composed by Mr Weaver, and called the Tavern Bilkers, 1702 ; the first 
harlequinade composed by William Rich, and performed at the Lincoln's Inn 
Fields' Theatre, Dec. 26, 17 16. 

PAPAL AGGRESSION, a new phrase applied to the appointment of bishops and 
cardinals of the Church of Rome to places in England, Sept. 30, 1850, at a con- 
sistory held at Rome by Pius IX. ; in consequence of this a letter was written to 
the bishop of Durham, by the premier. Lord John Russell, which detached the 
Romanists from the number of his supporters, Dec. 31, 1850, and an act of parlia- 
ment was passed to disallow their titles, 14 & 15 Vict. c. 60, Aug. i, 185 1. Dr 
Wiseman made a cardinal by the pope, Sept. 30, 1850 ; enthroned as Archbishop of 
Westminster at St George's Cathedral, Southwark, Dec. 6, 1850 ; died, Feb. 15, 
1865 ; buried with great pomp at Kensal Green, Feb. 23, 1865 ; he was suc- 
ceeded by Dr Manning, June 8, 1865. 

PAPAL AUTHORITY abolished in England by 23 Henry VIIL c. 20, 1531-2. 

PAPAL STATES, Italy, first recognized, 1278 ; some of the states annexed, by 
Napoleon I., to the Cisalpine Republic, 1797 ; the Roman Republic founded, 
March 20, 1798 ; annexed to Italy by Napoleon, May 21, 1808 ; restored by the 
treaty of Vienna, 1814 ; consist of 20 provinces, governed by the Corpus Juris 
and the Jus Canonicum of Gregory XVI., passed, July 10, 1831. — Gates: Porta 
Tiburtina, 402 ; Porto del Popolo, erected 1561 ; Porta Pia, 1564. Insurrection, 
Feb., 1831 ; suppressed, March 31 ; a Constitution proclaimed, Jan. 28, 1848; 
a Republican Government appointed, Feb. 8, 1849 ; Rome, with the Two Sicilies, 
annexed to the kingdom of Italy, Nov. , 1 860. See Rome. 

PAPER, made by the Egyptians from a reed called Papyrus, ctj'ca B.C. 167 ; knoMTi 
to the Chinese about the same time ; Montfaucon proves that the Greeks made 
paper from rags, 1050; first used in Europe, mrs 1300 ; there is a Book of 
Customs in the Record Office written on paper in England, 1307-27 ; the 
first mill erected at Stevenage, Hertford, by John Tate, jun., mentioned by 
Wynkyn de Worde in Bartholomeus de Proprietatibus Rerum, printed, 1495. 
The next paper-mill was erected at Dartford, 1588 ; the manufacture of, en- 
couraged, 1690 ; greatly improved by Watson, 1713 ; paper-mills erected in 
America, in Elizabethtown, New Jersey, by William Bradstreet, 1728 ; made 
of asbestos, in America, 1792; Fourdrinier's machine for making, patented, 1802, 



636 PAPIER MACHE PARIS 

and although continued improvements are made, still the principle of the ma- 
chine remains. Machines erected in France, 1815. A sheet made 13,800 feet long 
and four feet wide at the Whitehall mills, Derbyshire, 1830. — Paper-hangings : 
flock paper made, 1620 ; Louis Roberts invented an endless paper for paper- 
hangings, patented in France, 1 799, and in England at Chelsea, by Messrs Echardts, 
1786; since much improved, and satin paper introduced, 1840 ; Messrs Potter 
invented a machine for printing, 1841. Duty on foreign paper reduced from 
£6 \os. per cwt. to ;!^3 loj. ; to -^d. per pound, 1803 ; to lYzd., 1841 ; bill passed 
the House of Commons for the abolition of, but thi-own out in the Lords, i860 j 
duty repealed, 24 Vict. c. 20, June 12, 1861. 

PAPIER MACHE, made in France in the 17th century ; first made in Germany, 
1743 ; Frederick II. of Prussia established a manufactory at Berlin, 1765. 

PAPISTS, encouraged in England under Charles I., 1640; forbid from attending the 
ambassadors' chapels, 1641 ; licensed in Ireland, Feb. 16, 1671 ; forbid the court, 
June 24, 1673 ; admitted to places of trust, 1685 ; one made a judge, Aug. 26, 
16S6 ; made privy counsellors, July 17, 1687 ; justices of the peace, April 28, 
1687 ; obliged to register their names and estates, 1717, 1762, 1780, 1781, and 
1784 ; registered to the value of ;i^375, 284, 1719 ; taxed ^100,000, Nov. 3, 1722; 
ordered by proclamation to be apprehended, Dec. 7, 1745 ; indulgences granted 
to, by parliament, 1779 ; admitted to seats in parliament, April 10, 1829 ; chap- 
lains admitted to the gaols, 1861. 

PARACHUTES first tried by Blanchard at Lisle, Aug., 1785 ; M. Garnerin de- 
scended in London, Sept. 2, 1802 ; Mr Cocking killed in descending at Lee, 
Kent, July 24, 1837. 

PARAFFIN, discovered by Reichenbach, 1830, and by Christison of Edinburgh, 
who named it Petroleum, 1831. 

PARAGUAY, S. America, discovered by the Spaniards, 1525 ; founded a colony at, 
1535 ; the Jesuits expelled, 1767; became a province of Rio de la Plata ; de- 
clared its independence, 1810; Dr Francia appointed dictator, 1814 ; constitution 
agreed to, 1844 ; treaty of commerce with Gt Britain, signed Nov. 2, 1853 ; a 
French colony established, i855) hut afterwards abandoned ; Don Lopez elected 
president, Sept. 10, 1862 ; war with Brazil begun, March, 1865 ; Angostura 
taken, Dec. 27, 1868. 

PARC-AUX-CERFS established by the Duchess of Pompadour, the Duke of 
Richelieu suggested it to her ; ' the girls, after the king had done with them, re- 
ceived fortunes and married ' a la haute bourgeoisie des fermes et de la finance ; 
the Dli chess died, April 14, 1764. — Notes and Queries. 

PARCHMENT, invented by Eumenes, King of Pergamos, B.C. 197 — 159. Vegeta- 
ble parchment invented by Mr Gaine, April, 1857. 

PARDONS, the first granted at coronations, 1327, by Edward III.; no one 
allowed to pardon but the king, 27 Flenry VIII. c. 24,1535-6 ; one for of 70 Scotch 
prisoners passed, Aug. 10, 1748. 

PARGA, Turkey, captured by the French, 1797; besieged by Ali Pasha, 1814 ; 
ceded to Turkey, the town evacuated by the whole of the inhabitants, June 10, 1820. 

PARIAN MARBLES, chronology of, put together 264 years before Christ, dis- 
covered in the Isle of Paros, 16 10, and presented to Oxford University by Lord 
Arundel, 1667. ■St'^ Arundelian Marbles. 

PARIS, France, the ancient Lutetice Parisiorum, the city of the Parisii. An assem- 
bly of the tribes held here by Csesar, B.C. 54 ; captured by the Franks, under 
Clovis, 494 ; Clovis made it his capital, 507; burned, 574 ; St Denis built, 613 ; 
taken by the Normans, 841, and again, 857 ! fortified, 880 ; the Normans be- 
sieged unsuccessfully by Rollo, Nov., 8S5 ; paved with stone, 1 186; the city 



PARIS PARIS GARDEN THEATRE 637 

rebuilt, 1231 ; Notre Dame begun, iioo, completed, 1312 ; first Parliament 
held, 1302 ; insurrection against Le Bel, 1306 ; the Jews banished, 1307 ; the city 
fortified, 1367 ; conquered by the English, 1380 ; the bridge of St Michel built, 
1384 ; that of Notre Dame, 1414 ; in possession of England by the treaty of 
Troyes, 1420 ; taken by the French from the English, April, 1436 ; the Louvre 
begun, 1522; the Hotel de Ville, 1533; the Boulevards cleared, 1536; the 
Tuileries erected, 1 560-4 ; wars with the Huguenots and the massacre of St Bartho- 
lomew, Aug. 24, 1572 ; Pont Neuf, 1578; barricades erected over the town to 
oppose the Duke of Guise, 1588. Besieged by Henry IV., May, 1590; i3,ocx) 
persons perished; surrendered, March 22, 1594; and again, 1648. The Hotel 
Dieu built, 1606 ; the Luxemburg, 1612 ; the Hotel des Invalides founded by Louis 
XIV., 1670; the Palais Royal erected, 1610 ; the military school, 1751 ; 
peace concluded which put an end to the Seven Years' War at, Feb. 10, 1763 ; 
the church of St Genevieve, 1764; the corn-market begim, 1763; opened, 
1767 ; the Pantheon, 1764 ; the Bourse begim, 1808 ; finished, 1826 ; riots 
on account of the dearness of provisions, April and May, 1775 > the Bastile 
captured and burnt, July 14, 1789. Buonaparte proclaimed Emperor, May 18, 
1804 ; Rue de Rivoli commenced by, 1807, and the Arc de I'Etoile from the de- 
signs of M. Chalgrin, 1806; stopped, 1815 ; re-commenced, 1825. The Emperor 
Alexander and the King of Prussia entered Paris, March 31, 1814 ; the entry of 
Louis XVIII., June 8, 1815 ; tlie allied sovereigns, July 8 and 11, 1815 ; 
treaty of peace signed, Nov. 20 ; attempt to assassinate the Duke of Wellington 
by M. Cantillon, Feb. 11, 1818 ; the Emperor Alexander of Russia visited, Dec. 
2 ; financial crisis at, Dec, 1818 ; the execution of the Rochelle conspirators at, 
Feb., 1821 ; the entry of Charles X. into, Sept. 27, 1824 ; the National Guards 
disbanded, April 13, 1827 ; insurrection in, July 27, 1830 ; contest in the streets, 
July 28, 29; the Louvre and Archbishop's palace sacked, July; abdication of Charles 
X., Avig. I; outbreak of cholera, March 29, 1832; insurrection, June 5, the city de- 
clared in a state of siege, June 6 ; attempt made to assassinate Louis Philippe by 
Fieschi, July 28, 1835; execution of, Feb. 19, 1836 ; 24 persons crushed to death, 
June 14, 1837; the Italian Opera burnt, Jan. 15, 1838; Palais de Justice captured 
by the insurgents. May 12, 1839 ; fortified, 1840; re-interment of the remains of 
Napoleon I. in the church of the Invalides, Dec. 15, 1840; riots, Sept., 1840; Pro- 
visional Government appointed, 1848; the Palais Royal sacked, Feb. 23, 1848; 
suspension of the Savings' Banks, March 27, 1848; insurrection. Tune 22, 1848 ; 
Cavaignac appointed dictator, June 24 ; fighting in the streets, June 25 ; the 
Archbishop of Paris shot, June 25 ; constitution proclaimed, Nov. 4 ; return of 
Louis Napoleon to, Sept. 17 ; elected president, Dec. 20 ; Coup d'Etat, Dec. 2, 
185 1 ; Napoleon elected president for 10 years, Dec. 20, 21 ; elected emperor, 
Dec. I, 1852 ; attempt upon his life by Orsini, Jan. 14, 1858 ; peace with Russia 
signed, March 30, 1S56; M. Sibour, the archbishop of, murdered by a clergyman, 
Louis Jean Verger, at the church of St Etienne du Mont, Jan. 3, 1857 ; the Eng- 
lish permitted to visit without passports, Jan. 1861 ; the remains of Napoleon I. 
removed to a tomb erected by Napoleon III. in the Invalides, March 31, 1861. 
See France. 
PARIS. The Industrial Exhibition, opened by the Emperor Napoleon III., May 
^fS) 1S55 ; visited by Queen Victoria, Aug. 24, 1855. The Universal Exhibition 
erected in the Champ de Mars, from the designs of M. Alphaud, begun, Sept. 
25, 1865 ; opened by the Emperor and Empress, April i, 1867 ; prizes distributed 
by the Emperor in the presence of the Sultan, July i ; closed, Nov. 3. 

PARIS GARDEN THEATRE, Bankside, leased by Henslow and Alleyne, April 
27, 1592 ; the manor of Paris Gardens was given to the monastery of Bermondsey, 
1113 ; conveyed to Henry VIII., 1537 ; constituted the parish of Christ Church, 
22 & 23 Charles II. c. xxviii., 1670. 



638 PARISH APPRENTICES PARLIAMENT. 

PARISH APPRENTICES may be bound by consent of churchwardens, 43 Eliz. 
c. 2, s. 5, 1601 ; new law respecting, making the assent of two magistrates 
necessary to bind them, Oct. i, 1816, and 8 Vict. c. loi, s. 12, Aug. 9, 1844. 

PARISH CLERKS' COMPANY, incorporated, 17 Hen. III., 1233; arms granted, 
March 30, 1582. 

PARISHES, Bounds of, fixed by Honorius, arclibishop of Canterbury, 630 ; 
mentioned in the laws of Edgar, 970 ; reduced to 10,000 in the 15th century. The 
parishes of England and Wales given, with some variations, in one statement, 
England, 14,397; Wales, 1212; in others, in England 14,353 parishes; others, 
in Wales, 1182 ; making a total of 15,535. 

PARISH REGISTERS commenced, 1586. 

PARKER, RICHARD, hanged for inciting the sailors onboard the Fleet at Sheer- 
ness to mutiny, June 30, 1797. 

PARKER SOCIETY, established at Cambridge for the publication of works by 
the Fathers of the Reformed Church, 1840. 

PARKS. The first in England made by Henry I. at Woodstock, 1123. St James', 
91 acres, drained by Henry VIII., 1537 ; planted, 1688 ; improved, 1774; deer 
removed and drains filled up, 1775 ; improved further, and ornamented, 1825. 
Hyde Park, 388 acres, 1500 ; enclosed, 1670; the Serpentine river made about 
1730. Regent's Park, 472 acres, 1793. Battersea Park, begun, 1854-56. Vic- 
toria Park, 265 acres, laid out under 4 & 5 Vict. c. 27, June 21, 1S41. Ken- 
sington Park, 34 acres, 185 1 -3. Green Park, 60 acres, 1767. 

PARLIAMENT of England, succeeded the council or curia. The council of Merton 
held, 1235-6. The Parliament assembled in London, in the reign of Henry III., 
Feb. 9, 1248 ; Henry III. issued a writ commanding two knights of the county, 
chosen by the men of the county, to assemble at Westminster, April 15, 1255 ; two 
knights for every county, and two burgesses for cities, to be elected and sent to the 
Parliament to be holden Jan. 20, 1265 ; a meeting summoned at Shrewsbury by 
Edw. I., II earls, 99 barons, two knights for each county, and 21 cities to send two 
citizens — they met, and passed the statute ' de Mercatoribus,' Sept. 30, 1283 ; at 
first only a deliberative assembly, but they subsequently became a legislative power, 
whose assent was essential to constitute a law, 1307, and to be called together once 
every year, and the king not to leave the kingdom without their assent, Aug. 8, 131 1. 
A writ addressed to Rich. Damery, Justiciary of North Wales, to cause 24 repre- 
sentatives of Wales to be summoned to the Parliament at Westminster, Jan. 7, 
1327. The Blessed Parliament passed the Statute of Treason, 1351 ; the character 
of the two houses of Lords and Commons made perfectly distinct, and to hold separ- 
ate meetings, Nov. 23, 1373 ; the Good Parliament met in the reign of Edward 
III., 1376 ; the Wonderful Parliament was dissolved after a session of one hun- 
dred and 22 days, June 2, 1388 ; the votes of supplies accorded to the Commons, 
1399; 400 lawyers excluded from the House, 1404 ; the Illiterate Parliament met, 
1404 ; a statute passed settling the mode of election, and who shall be electors, 
17 Hen. IV. c. 15, 1405-6; members obliged to reside at the place they repre- 
sented, 141 7 ; freeholders only to elect knights, 1413 ; the Journals of the Com- 
mons commenced, 1 501; Acts of Parliament printed, 1483 ; members protected 
from arrest, Jan. 16, 1542 ; Francis Russell, son of the Earl of Bedford, was the 
first peer's eldest son who sat in the house, 1549 ; denied the authority of the Lords 
to levy taxes, 1593 5 the Addled Parliament met, 1614 ; the court and country 
party first formed, June, 1620 ; the meeting held at Oxford on account of the 
plague in London, Aug. i, 1625 ; the Long Parliament, which voted the House 
of Lords useless, assembled, Nov. 23, 1640; triennial parliaments established, 
16 Charles I. c. I, 1640; attempted arrest of the five members by Charles I., 
Jan. 4, 1642 ; ordered a new seal to be made, and declared that of Charles 



PARLIAMENT 639 

1. void, seized the regalia and plate, and sold them, Nov. il, 1643 j the Mongrel 
Parliament met at Oxford, Jan. 22, 1644 ; the members entertained at Grocers' 
Hall, June 17, 1645 ; voted the deposition of the king, Sept. 22, 1646 ; 41 mem- 
bers seized and imprisoned by the army, Dec. 6, 1647-8 ; the trial of the king 
ordered, Jan. I, 1649 ; resolved that mider God the people are the origin of all 
just power, Jan. 4; styled themselves the Commonwealth of England, Jan. 30 ; 
voted the Peers useless, and the House of Lords abolished, Feb. 6 ; abolished 
kingly government, Feb. 7 ; law proceedings ordered to be in English, Oct. 25, 
1650 ; a seal for the Commonwealth ordered, Jan. 22, 165 1 ; incorporated Scot- 
land into the commonwealth, March 19, 1652 ; the Scotch sent 21 members, 
Aug. 16, 1652 ; the Barebones Parliament turned out by Cromwell, April 20, 
1653 ; met at the summons of Cromwell, July 4; dissolved, Dec. 12 ; a new 
Parliament summoned, Sept. 4, 1654 ; dismissed, Jan. 22, 1655 ; the members 
invited to dine with the Lord Mayor at Grocers' Hall, April 6, 1659 ; the Long 
Parliament, or Rump, restored. May 6, 1659 ; restored a third time, Dec. 26, 
1659 ; dissolved, March 16, 1660 ; Convention Parliament met, April 25, 1660 ; 
the first sitting of the Pensionary Parliament, May 8, 1661 ; the Triennial Act 
repealed, April 5, 1664 ; controversy with the Lords for making amendments to 
money bills, April 17, 1671 ; act for triennial parliaments, 6 & 7 Will. & Mary, c. 

2, 1694; the meeting held at Oxford on account of the plague, Oct. 9, 1665 ; the 
Duke of Buckingham, Lord Wharton, and the Earl of Shaftesbury, sent to the 
Tower for contempt, Feb. 15, 1676-7 ; made a breach of privilege to publish 
their proceedings, Feb. 27, 1698-9 ; Queen Anne refused her assent to an act 
for the Scotch militia, March li, 1707 ; the Triennial Act repealed, and the Sep- 
tennial passed, 1 Geo. L st. 2, c. 38, May i, 1715 ; expelled the members who 
were directors of the South Sea Company, Jan. 23, 1720 ; deprived them of their 
estates. May 17, 1 72 1 ; expelled Sir R. Sutton and Sir A. Grant for defrauding 
the charitable corporations. May 4, 1732; summary of debates first published 
by Boyer, in the 'Political State,' Jan, 1710-11 ; the Irish Parliament 
merged with the English at the Union, and called the Imperial Parliament ; 
the first Parliament of Great Britain met, Oct. 24, 1707 ; the journals 
ordered to be printed, 1752 ; the first Parliament of the United Kingdom 
of Great Britain and Ireland met, Jan. 22, 1801 ; Sir Francis Burdett com- 
mitted to the Tower, April 6, 1810; return of Mr O'Connell for Clare County, 
Ireland, the first Roman Catholic elected since the revolution, July 5, 1828; the 
Duke of Norfolk took his seat in the House of Lords, being the first Roman 
Catholic Peer, April 28, 1829; the Reform Act, 2 Will. IV. c. 45, passed, June 
7, 1832 ; the Reform Parliament met, Aug. 7, 1832 ; both houses destroyed by fire, 
Oct. 16, 1834; Mr Abercromby, the Speaker, resigned. May 15, 1839; Mr Shaw 
Lefevre elected. May 27 ; Mr Stockdale committed for a breach of privileges, 
Jan. 17, 1840 ; Prince Albert naturalized, Jan. 20, and ;!^5o,ooo per annum 
granted to his Royal Highness, Jan. 27 ; the bill to extend the County Franchise 
brought in by Locke King, July 9, 1850 ; Baron de Rothschild, member for the 
City of London, presented himself to take the oaths, but substituting ' on the true 
faith of a Christian ' for ' so help me God,' the Speaker decided that he could not 
sign the roll, July 30, 1850 ; Mr A. Gage and Mr C. Cream committed by the 
House of Lords to Newgate, for fraudidently obtaining names to a petition, Aug. 
13, 1850 ; Mr Solomans, a Jew, member for Greenwich, claimed to take his seat 
in the House, was removed by the serjeant at anns, July 21, 1851 ; Pier Majesty 
opened the House, entering for the first time by the Royal entrance, Victoria 
Tower, Feb. 3, 1852 ; a Reform Bill introduced by Lord Russell, Feb. i, 1854 ; 
Mr J. E. Denison elected Speaker, May 7, 1857 ; the Jews' Relief Bill passed, and 
the oaths altered, July 23, 185S; Mr Washington Wilks committed for a breach of 
privilege. May 28, 1858 ; an act passed abolishing the observance of the 5th Nov. 
and 29th May, March 25, 1859 ; the prorogation of Parliament simplified during 



640 



PARLIAMENT 



the recess, 30 & 31 Vict. c. 810, Aug. 12, 1867; an act for amending the re- 
presentation of tlie people in England and Wales, 30 & 31 Vict. c. 102, Aug. 15, 
1867; the same for Ireland, c. 49, July 13, 1868; Scotland, c. 48, July 13, 1868; 
an act passed for amending the laws relating to election petitions, and for the 
prevention of corrupt practices at elections, 31 & 32 Vict. c. 125, July 31, 1868. 
Mr J. E. Denison re-elected Speakei", Dec. 10 ; Bill for the disendowment of the 
Protestant Church in Ireland, brought in by Mr Gladstone, March 8, 1869 ; the 
second reading carried by a majority of 1 18, March 23. 

THE DURATION OF THE SESSIONS OF PARLIAMENTS SINCE THE REIGN 
OF HENRY VIII. 



Reign. 



Henry VIII. 



Edward VI. 
Mary ... . 

Elizabeth 



James I. 



Charles I. 



Commonwealth 



Charles II. 



Day of Meeting. 



ril 



21 Jan. 

4 Feb. 

5 Feb. 

15 April 

3 Nov. 
8 June 

28 April 

16 Jan. 
23 Nov. 

4 Nov. 

1 March 

5 Oct. 

2 April 
12 Nov. 

21 Oct. 

20 Jan. 
23 Jan. 

11 Jan. 

2 April 
8 May 

23 Nov. 

29 Oct. 

12 Nov. 
19 Feb. 

24 Oct. 
27 Oct. 

19 March 

5 April 

30 Jan. 

12 Feb. 

17 May 

6 Feb. 
17 March 

13 April 

3 Nov. 

4 July 

3 Sept. 
17 Sept. 

20 Jan. 

25 April 



1510 
1512 
1515 

1523 
1529 
1536 
1540 
1542 
1546 
1547 
1553 
1553 
1554 
1554 
1555 
1558 
1559 
1563 
1571 
1572 
1584 
1586 
1588 
1593 
1597 
1601 
1604 
1614 
1621 
1624 
1625 
1626 
1628 
1640 
1640 
1653 
1654 
1656 
1658 
1660 



When Dissolved. 


23 Feb 


• 1510 


7 Nov 


■ 1513 


22 Dec 


• 1515 


13 Aug 


• 1523 


4 April ... . 


• 1536 


18 July ... . 


■ 1537 


24 July ... . 


• 1541 


29 March 


• 1544 


31 Jan 


• 1547 


15 April ... . 


• 1552 


31 March 


• 1553 


5 Dec 


• 1553 


S May ... . 


• 1554 


16 Jan 


■ 1555 


9 Dec 


• 1555 


17 Nov 


• 1558 


8 May ... . 


■ 1559 


2 Jan 


• 1567 


29 May ... . 


. 1571 


19 April ... . 


• 1583 


14 Sept 


• 1585 


23 March 


. 1587 


29 March 


. 1589 


10 April ... . 


- 1593 


9 Feb 


. 1598 


19 Dec 


. 1601 


9 Feb 


. 1611 


7 June ... 


. 1614 


8 Feb 


. 1622 


27 March 


• 1625 


12 Aug 


■ 1625 


15 June ... . 


. 1626 


ID March 


. 1629 


5 May ... . 


. 1640 


20 April ... . 


• 1653 


12 Dec 


■ 1653 


22 Jan 


• 1655 


26 June ... 


• 1657 


22 April ... . 


• 1659 


29 Dec 


. 1660 



PARLIAMENT 



641 



Reign. 


Day of Meeting. 


When Dissolved. 


CHARLES II 


8 May .. 


1661 


24 Jan. ... 


... 1678 




6 March .. 


1679 


12 July ... 


... 1679 




17 Oct. 


1679 


18 Jan. ... 


... 1681 




21 March .. 


1681 


28 March 


... 1681 


James II 


19 May 


1685 


2 July ... 


... 1687 


William III 


22 Jan. 


1688 


20 Jan. ... 


... 1689 




20 March .. 


1689 


II Oct. ... 


... 1695 




22 Nov. 


• 1695 


7 July ... 


... 1698 




6 Dec. .. 


. 1698 


19 Dec. ... 


... 1 700 




6 Feb. ' .. 


. 1 701 


II Nov. ... 


... 1701 




30 Dec. 


. 1701 


7 July ... 


... 1 702 


Anne 


20 Oct. 


. 1702 


23 April ... 


... 1705 




25 Oct. 


• 1705 


5 June ... 


... 1707 




23 July .. 


. 1707 


17 April ... 


... 1708 




16 Nov. 


. 1708 


21 Sept. ... 


... 1710 




25 Nov. 


. 1710 


8 Aug. ... 


... 1713 




16 Feb. .. 


1714 


5 Jan. ... 


... 1715 


George I ... 


17 March .. 


1715 


10 March 


... 1721 




9 Oct. 


1722 


7 Aug. ... 


... 1727 


George II 


23 Jan. .. 


1728 


18 April ... 


■-. 1734 




14 Jan. 


1735 


28 April ... 


... 1741 




I Dec. 


1 741 


18 June ... 


... 1747 




10 Nov. 


1747 


8 April ... 


- 1754 




31 May 


1754 


20 March 


... 1761 


George III 


19 May 


1761 


12 March 


... 1768 




ID May 


1768 


30 Sept. ... 


... 1774 




29 Nov. 


1774 


I Sept. ... 


... 1780 




31 Oct. .. 


1780 


7 April ... 


... 1784 




18 May .. 


1784 


6 July ... 


... 1790 




25 Nov. 


1790 


20 May ... 


... 1796 




27 Sept. .. 


1796 


29 June . . . 


... 1802 




16 Nov. 


1802 


24 Oct. ... 


... 1806 




15 Dec. 


1806 


27 April ... 


... 1807 




22 June 


1807 


29 Sept. ... 


... 1812 




24 Nov. 


1812 


10 June ... 


... 1818 




14 Jan. 


1819 


28 Feb. ... 


... 1820 


George IV 


21 April .. 


1820 


2 June . . . 


... 1826 




14 NOA'. 


1826 


24 July ... 


... 1830 


William IV 


26 Oct. 


1830 


II May ... 


... 1831 




14 June 


1831 


3 Dec. ... 


... 1832 




5 Feb. ... 


1833 


30 Dec. ... 


... 1834 




19 Feb. 


1835 


17 July ... 


... 1837 


Victoria 


15 Nov. 


1837 


30 June ... 


... 1841 




19 Aug. ... 


1 841 


23 July ... 


... 1847 




18 Nov. ... 


1847 


22 Aug. ... 


... 1852 




4 Nov. 


1852 


21 March 


... 1857 




30 April ... 


1857 


23 April... 


... 1859 




31 May ... 


1859 


6 July ... 


... 1865 




6 Feb. ... 


1866 


II Nov. ... 


... 1868 




10 Dec. 


1868 






PARLIAMENT HOUSE, V 


k^'estminster, des 
41 


gns advei 


■tised for, June, 


1835, to be 



642 PARLIAMENTS PARTITION TREATIES 

sent in, Nov. i ; the Commissioners awarded the prize to C. Barry, Feb. 29, 1836; 
tlie unsuccessful designs exliibited, March 21; committee upon, March 10 ; petition 
against Mr Barry's design presented to tlie House of Commons by Mr Hume, 
June 22 ; considered, July 22 ; first vote of money for the building, July 3, 1837; 
the first stone laid privately, April 27, 1840 ; a commission appointed to superin- 
tend its completion, March 17, 1848 ; Dr Reid appointed to superintend the 
warming of the building, Jan., 1840 ; the House of Lords first occupied, Feb., 
1847 ; Her Majesty made her first public entrance through the Victoria Tower,Feb. 
3, 1852 ; Mr Barry knighted at Windsor, Feb. 1 1, 1852 ; the first meeting held in 
the New House, Feb. 3, 1852; total cost of the building with fittings and purchase 
of ground, £l,gg'J,246 i^s. iid. ; power given to purchase land in connection with 
the New Palace, 30 & 31 Vict. c. 40, July 15, 1867. The bell called Big Ben, 
tried for the first time, Nov. 13, 1856 ; the clapper weighed 16 cwt., the sound 
was pure natural E; found to be cracked, Sept. 24, 1857 ; recast, and fii'st begun 
to strike, in July, 1859 ; cracked again, in Sept. 28. 

PARLIAMENTS, France. There were twelve different parliaments in France 
anciently : one at Aix, 1501 ; Besanfon, 1422 ; Bordeaux, 1460 ; Doway, 1668 ; 
Dijon, 1476 ; Grenoble, 1453 ; Metz, 1633 ; Pau in Beam, 1519 ; Paris, 1254, 
and Nov. 12, 1774; Rennes, in Bretagne, 1553; Roesen, 1499; Tholouse, 1302. 

PARLIAMENTS, Ireland, abolished, and joined to the English Parliament by the 
Act of Union, 39 & 40 Geo. HI. c. 67, July 2, 1800 ; first meeting under the new 
system, Jan. 22, 1801. 
PARLIAMENTS, Scotland. The first National Council called the Parliament 
. by John Balliol, and met at Scone, Feb. 9, 1292 ; Bruce held his famous Parlia- 
ment at Cambuskenneth, July 15, 1326; united to the English Parliament, 5 
Anne, c. 8, May i, 1707. 

PARMA, Italy, founded by the Etruscans ; made a Roman colony, B.C. 187 ; de- 
stroyed m the wars of the Triumvirate, and rebuilt by Caesar ; cathedral built, 
1106; ceded to Leo X., 1515 ; made a duchy, and given by Paul HI. to his 
bastard son, Pier Luigi Farnese, 1545 ; came to Spain by marriage, 17 14; 
given by the treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle to the son of Philip V., 1748; library 
established, 1769 ; taken by the French, 1796 ; the duke of, raised to the 
throne of Tuscany, 1801, as King of Etruria ; united to France by treaty, May 
23, 1802 ; incorporated with the empire, 1805 ; captured by Prince Eugene, 1814; 
conferred on the Empress Marie Louise, April 5, 1814 ; the duchy conferred on 
the duke of, by treaty, May 5, 181 7 ; the duchess of, abdicated, Feb. 8, 183 1 ; 
restored, March, 1831 ; annexed to Tuscany, 1847 ; revolt in, March 9, 1848 ; 
the duke fled the city, appointing a Regency, March 20 ; the duke of, assassinated 
in his own capital, March 26, 1854, and died the next day ; an insurrection against 
the Regent, April and May, 1859 ; annexed to Italy, i860. 

PARMA, battles. The Confederates against the Emperor, indecisive, June 29, 
1734; between the French and Russians, in which the former were defeated, 
JiUy 12, 1799. 

PARTIES, the first distinction of, in the English Court, in a political sense, by the 
titles of ' town and country parties,' 18 James I., Jan. 20, 1621 ; of Whigs and 
Tories, 21 Charles II., 1682, occasioned by the meal-tub plot ; of High and Low 
Church, caused by the prosecution of the notorious Sacheverel for seditious ser- 
mons, 8 Anne, 1710 ; of Jacobites, from 17 16, those who appeared in arms for, 
or expressed their wishes in behalf of, James II. 

PARTITION TREATIES between England and Holland signed, Oct. i, 1698 
settling the Spanish succession ; another, between England, France, and Holland, 
signed in London, Feb. 21; at the Plague, March 14, 1700, declaring the Arch- 



PASSARO- PATRAS 643 

duke Charles presumptive heir ; for the partitions of Poland, secret and infamous, 
between Russia and Prussia, Feb. 17, 1772, and the same with Austria, Aug. 5, 
1772 ; a third, to the same unworthy end, between Austria, Russia, and Prussia, 
Nov. 25, 1795. 

PASSARO, naval battle. Adm. Byng, vi'ith 20 ships-of-the-line, defeated the 
Spanish fleet off Cape Passaro, taking or destroying most of them, Aug. 11, 1718. 

PASSAU, Bavaria, treaty of, between the Emperor Charles V. and the Protestant 
princes of Germany, Aug. 2, 1552 ; a large part of the town consumed by fire, 
1662 ; occupied by Austria, Aug., 1802 ; ceded to Bavaria, Feb. 25, 1803 ; forti- 
fied by Napoleon, 1809. 

PASSION OF JESUS CHRIST, order of knighthood in France, began, 1382. 

PASSOVER, an historical and typical festival of the Jews, held in commemoration 
of the destroying angel passing over the houses of the Egyptians, Exod. xii. 13, 
B.C. 1491 ; it was to be celebrated in the mouth of Nisan, from the 14th to the 
2ist ; the second kept in the Desert, Num. ix. ; third, celebrated by Joshua at 
Gilgal, Josh. v. ; fourth, kept by Hezekiah upon the restoration of the National 
AVorship, 2 Chron. xxx.; fifth, by Josiah, 2 Chron. xxxv. ; sixth, by Ezra after 
the return from Babylon, Ezr. vi. ; seventh, the Last Supper. 

PASSPORTS granted by Queen Anne for permission to travel, 1713 ; abolished 
between France and England, Jan., 1861, between Italy and England, June, 1862. 

PASTOUREAUX, an insurrection of the peasants, under the guidance of * Le 
Maitre de Hongrie,' committing great excesses against the Church, 125 1 ; they 
rose a second time against the Jews, murdering a great number, 1320-21. 

PATENT ROLLS. Rotulus Cancellarii, an account of the king's revenue in the 
third year of King John, A.D. 1201, 1202; Rotuli Chartarum in Turri Londi- 
nensi asservati, from A.D. 1199 to 1216 ; Rotidi Litterarum Patentium Clausarum 
in Turri Londinensi asservati, from A.D. 1204 to 1224 ; Rotuli Literarum Patentium 
in Turri Londinensi asservati, from A.D. 1201 to 1216. 

PATENTS granted for titles, first, 1344, by Edward III.; for printing books, 
1591 ; one, for copper and brass coins in England, granted, 1636; the Letters 
Patent of the King to be granted by warrant, 18 Hen. VI. c. I, 1439 ; for general 
purposes, gi-anted for 14 years by 5 & 6 Will. IV. c. 83, Sept. 10, 1835 ; Patent 
Law Amendment Act, 15 & 16 Vict. c. 83, July i, 1852 ; amended by 16 & 17 
Vict. c. 115, Aug. 20, 1853. 

PATHOLOGICAL SOCIETY, instituted in London, 1846 ; Transactions pub- 
lished, 1848. 

PATNA, Plindustan, conquered by the Emperor of Delhi, and annexed to his em- 
pire, II94 ; several English factories were early established here ; a dispute arose 
between Meer Cossim and the English traders ; he captured several boats laden 
with arms for the English at Mongheer ; Mr Ellis, the chief of the English factory, 
with a small force, captured Patna, but they were subsequently driven out, not 
only from the city but from their factory, and most of them destroyed ; Mongheer 
taken, Sept., 1763, when Mr Ellis, with 200 prisoners, were executed in cold 
blood by the orders of Meer Cossim, bySumroo, a Swiss, Oct. 3, MrFullarton, a 
surgeon, alone escaping ; the town taken by storm, Nov. 6, 1763 ; attacked by a 
large native force, but without success. May 13, 1764. 

PATRAS, Greece, sold to the Venetians, 1408 ; taken by the Turks, 1446 ; re- 
taken by Doria, 1532 ; captured by the Turks, 1714; destroyed by an earthquake, 
April 1 8, 1785 ; revolt of the inhabitants, April 2, 1821 ; captured by the Greeks, 
April 6, 1821 ; retaken by the Turks, 15,000 Greeks perished, April 15 ; cap- 
tured by the Greeks, 1847. 



644 PATRAY PAUL'S CROSS, ST 

PATRAY, battle, in which the brave Joan of Arc, the maid of Orleans, was pre- 
sent, and the Earl of Richmond defeated the English, and took the celebrated 
Talbot, Earl of Shrewsbury, prisoner, June i8, 1429 ; Sir John Fastolf was dis- 
graced for cowardice, Charles VII. entered Rheims in triumph, and was crowned, 
July 17 ; Joan carried the sword of state upon the occasion. 

PATRICK, ST, Order of, instituted by George III. in Ireland, a grand-master 
and 15 knights elected, Feb. 5, 1783 ; number of knights increased to 22, 1833. 

PATRICK, ST, the Irish apostle, said to have been born 373 ; consecrated circa 
440 ; died, 493, and buried at Down-patrick. 

PATRIOTIC FUNDS. The first established by the subscribers to Lloyd's by a 
vote of ;!^2o,ooo, 1803, ^5000, 1809, and ;!^ 1 0,000, 1812, for the relief of those 
engaged in the defence of this country during the war ; one for the relief of the 
orphans and widows of soldiers and sailors killed in the war with Russia, 
;^i, 000,000 raised, June 13, 1854 ; a commission appointed, Prince Albert and 
others being the commissioners, Oct. 7 j report presented, March 26, 1858 ; 
better provisions made for, 30 & 31 Vict. c. 98, Aug. 12, 1867. The Indian 
Mutiny Fund established at a meeting held at the Mansion House, under the 
presidency of Thos. Q. Finnis, lord mayor, Aug. 25, 1857 ; ;if434, 729 raised. 

PATTEN-MAKERS' COMPANY incorporated, 22 Car. II., Aug. 2, 1670; 
ordinances allowed by the Lord Keeper, June 20, 1674 ; livery granted by the 
Court of Aldermen, March 26, 171 7. 

PATTENS, worn by the clergy. Two pair of, left for the use of the priest of St 
Mary-at-Hil], London, 1491. 

PAUL JONES, Commander of an American privateer, burnt the shipping in 
Whitehaven harbour, April 10, 1778 ; landed in Scotland, and took the house- 
hold plate of Lord Selkirk, April 23 ; he took two vessels of the navy, with which 
he entered a port of Holland, and the Dutch refused to deliver them up, i779- 

PAUL, SIR JOHN DEAN, and Mr Strahan, bankers, found guilty of misdemeanor, 
and sentenced to 14 years' transportation, Oct. 27, 1855 ; released after four years' 
penal servitude, Oct. 22, 1859. 

PAUL, ST, converted, A.D. 35; according to Gresiuell, he wrote his First and Second 
Epistles to the Thessalonians, 50 ; i and 2 Corinthians and Galatians, 55 ; Ro- 
mans, 56 ; Ephesians, Colossians, Philippians, and Philemon, 60 ; Hebrews, 63 ; 
Titus, 64 ; I Timothy, 65 ; 2 Timothy, 66 ; visited Athens ancl Corinth, 50 ; 
died, 67. These dates are traditional only. Festival of, instituted, 813 ; order 
of, instituted at Rome, 1549. 
PAUL'S CATHEDRAL, ST, London, said to have been the Temple of Diana ; 
first church founded by Ethelbert, A.D. 610 ; burnt down, 1087 ; rebuilding 150 
years, finished, 1240 ; partially destroyed by lightning, 1443 ; almost destroyed 
by fire, 1561 ; repaired and re-opened by the lord mayor, Nov. i, 1561. Inigo 
Jones built a classic portico to the Gothic church, 1633 ; destroyed in the great fire 
of 1666; first stone of the present church laid, June 21, 1675 ; first service in, 
Dec. 2, 1697 ; the last stone laid, 1710 ; cost ^736,752 2s. i\d., and paid for by 
a tax on coals ; the organ built by Schmydt, 1694 ; the clock erected, 1708 ; first 
lighted with gas. May 6, 1822 ; suicide of Mr Alex. Smart from the whispering 
gallery, March 14, 1856 ; the first service held under the dome, Nov. 28, 1858 ; 
fund raised for the ornamentation of, 1860-61 ; the churchyard iron balustrade 
encloses two acres of land, and cost ^11,202. 
PAUL'S CROSS, ST. William Fitz-Osbert preached against the government of 
Rich. I., 1 191 ; Henry III. summoned a Folksmote to meet him and his brother 
Richard here in 1259; defaced by lightning, 1382; rebuilt by Bishop Kemp, 
1456; repaired, 1595 ; pulled down by order of parliament, 1643. 



PAUL'S SCHOOL PEEP-OF-DAY BOYS 645 

PAUL'S SCHOOL, London, founded by Dean Colet for the education of 153 boys 
of all countries, 1509, and placed under the management of the Mercers' Company; 
school-house built, 1508 — 15 12 ; destroyed in the fire of 1666 ; rebuilt by Wren, 
1667 ; taken down, 1824 ; rebuilt from the designs of George Smith, 1826-27. 

PAVIA, Italy, taken by the Lombards, 568 ; the miiversity founded by Charle- 
magne, 774; restored, 1361 ; citadel iDuilt, 1469; cathedral begian, 1488 ; taken 
by Austria, 1706; university buildings repaired by the Emperor, 1787; taken 
by the French, 1796 ; the inhabitants rebelled against their harsh rule, 1796 ; 
ceded to Austria, 1814 ; insurrection in, March 23, 1848 ; taken by the Austrians, 
Aug. 5, 1848; annexed to Italy, 1859. 

PAVIA, battle between the French, under Francis I., and the Imperialists, when 

the latter gained the victory, and Francis was taken prisoner, Feb. 24, 1525. 
PAVILION THEATRE, Whitechapel, London, damaged by fire, Julys, i^So; 

totally destroyed by fire, Feb. 13; 1856 ; rebuilt, and opened, Oct. 30, 1858. 
PAWNBROKERS begun their trade in Italy about 1458 ; regulated by various 

statutes ; their rates of profit fixed, 39 & 40 George III. c. 99, July 28, iSoo ; 

declarations substituted for oaths, 5 & 6 Will. IV. c. 62, s. 12, Sept. 9, 1835 ; an 

act to amend, 19 & 20 Vict. c. 27, June 23, 1856. 

PEABODY, MR GEORGE, an American merchant, presented ;/"i5o,ooo to 
ameliorate the condition of the poor and needy in London, March 12, 1862 ; 
presented with the freedom of London in a gold box by the corporation, July 10 ; 
gave a second donation of /"ioo,ooo, Jan. 29, 1866 ; letter from Queen Victoria 
to, thanking him, March 28, 1866 ; reply of Mr Peabody, April 3 ; portrait of 
the Queen presented to. May, 1867 ; a further sum of ;i^ioo,ooo presented, Dec. 
5, 186S ; died in London, Nov. 4,1869. 

PEACE, great ceremonies at the proclamation of, in London, 1814 ; procession to 
St Paul's on thanksgiving day, for the restoration of, July 7, 1814; national 
jubilee in the parks in celebration of, Aug. I, 1814 ; at the termination of the 
Russian war in the parks and other places. May 29, 1856. 

PEACE CONGRESS, a society thus denominated for the purpose of promoting 
peace between different nations, and sending deputations to other countries for 
that pui-pose ; the sittings of the society commenced at Exeter Hall, Oct. 30, but 
there had been a previous meeting at Paris, Aug. 22, 1849 ; the society also met at 
Frankfort, Aug. 22, 1850; at Birmingham, Nov. 28, 1850 ; at Manchester, Jan. 
27> 1S53 ; at Edinburgh, Oct. 12, 1853 ; a deputation received by the Emperor 
Nicholas I., Feb. 10, 1854. 

PEARL, a substance found in a particular species of the oyster, highly valued for 
ornamental purposes ; one, said to have been found in 1574, as large as a pigeon's 
egg, valued at ^13,996 ; a very large one spoken of by Tavernier, belonging to 
the Shah of Persia, valued at ;^i 10,000 ; artificial, first invented and manufac- 
tured, 1686 ; a Joint Stock Company formed for the fishery of pearls, Jan., 1825. 

PEARL ASHES, manufactory of, established in Ireland, 1783. 

PEEL CASTLE, Isle of Man, built before 1245. 

PEEL CASTLE, Lancashire, built by the Abbot of Furness, 1 140. 

PEEL, SIR ROBERT, first administration, Dec, 1834 ; resigned office, April 8, 
1835 ; second administration, Sept. 8, 1841 ; Sir Robert resigned, June 29, 1846; 
thrown from his horse, June 29, and died, July 2, 1850. 

PEELITES, the Conservative party who remained folloAvers of Sir Robert Peel after 
the repeal of the Corn Laws, July, 1846. 

PEEP-OF-DAY BOYS, in Ireland, a species of banditti, who visited houses to 
rob them of arms ; they first appeared, July 4, 1784. 



646 PEERS PENAL LAWS AND TESTS 

PEERS, first created in England by William the Conqueror, 1066, in the person 
of William Fitzosborne, made Earl of Hereford ; the first made by patent was 
Lord Beauchamp of Holt Castle, by Richard IL, Oct. 10, 1387 ; in Ireland, Sir 
John de Courcy was- the first made, as Baron Kinsale, 1181 ; in Scotland, Gil- 
christ was created Earl of Angus by Malcolm IH., 1037 ; eldest sons of, first 
permitted to sit in the House of Commons, 1550 ; protection of, cancelled, Jan. 
17, 1723-24. 

PEERS OF FRANCE begun to be created, 778; 12 appointed by Philip Augustus, 
1205 ; abolished, 1790 ; renewed by Napoleon, 1801 ; made hereditary, Aug. 19, 
1815 ; abolished, 1848. 

PEGU, Asia, captured by the British, 1824 ; taken by the British army, Nov. 21, 
1852 ; invested by the Burmese force, Dec. 3 ; annexed to the British frontier, 
June 30, 1853. 

PEIHO, China. The English and French squadrons, under Adm. Hope, repvdsed 
by the Chinese force, the allies lost 89 killed and 300 wounded, June 24, 25, 1859, 
and compelled to retire ; returned, and the entrance forced, Aug. 21, i860. 

PEKIN, China, taken by Genghis Khan, 12 10 ; made the capital in the 13th century ; 
Lord Macartney, the English ambassador, visited, Sept. 14, 1793; the allied English 
and French forces entered the city, Oct. 12, i860, the prisoners given up ; conven- 
tion signed, Oct. 24 ; the troops evacuated the city, Nov. 5 ; British plenipoten- 
tiary, Mr Bruce, arrived, and took up his residence, Feb. 26, 1861. 

PELAGIUS, the founder of the Pelagian sect, a native of Britain, 400 ; he main- 
tained that Adam was mortal by nature, whether he had sinned or not ; that the 
consequences of his sin were confined to his own person ; that new-born infants 
were in the same state as Adam before he fell ; that the law qualified men for 
heaven, and was founded upon equal promises with the gospel ; that the general 
resurrection does not follow in virtue of the Saviour's, &c. ; these doctrines were 
held to be most dangerous heresies by the Church ; he was a disputant with St 
Augustine ; arraigned before the council of Jerusalem and Diospolis, 415 ; ana- 
thematized by Pope Lmocent I., 417. 

PELEW ISLANDS, Pacific Ocean. The Antelope wrecked upon, 1783 ; the King 
Abba Thulle permitted Captain Wilson to bring his son Lee Boo to England, 
where he died, 1784, of the small-pox. 

PELHAM ADRHNISTRATION, called the Broad Bottom, having in its ranks 
nine dukes of all party colours, Aug. 17, 1743 ; ceased, March 3, 1754. 

PELOPONNESIAN WAR. The Lacedaemonians summoned a general meeting of 
the confederacy at Sparta, B. C. 432 ; the meeting decided for war in the begin- 
ning of the next year ; hostilities commenced in the spring of, B.C. 431 ; terminated 
by the entire destruction of the Athenian fleet at vEgospotami, B.C. 406. 

PEMBRIDGE CASTLE, Herefordshire, built by Ralph de Penebruge ; custody 
of, granted by King John to William de Cantelupe, 1216 ; taken for the Parlia- 
mentarians by Gen. Massy, 1644. 

PEMBROKE COLLEGE, Cambridge, founded by Mary de St Paul Valence, 
Countess Pembroke, 1324. 

PEMBROKE COLLEGE, Oxford, founded by Thomas Tesdale, June 29, 1624 ; 
the chapel was consecrated by Bishop Potter, 1732 ; the hall rebuilt, 1848. 

PEMBROKE PRIORY, Pembrokeshire, founded by Arnulph, Earl of Pembroke, 
cb'ca 1098-9. 

PENAL LAWS, treaty of, Limerick ; this treaty signed, Oct. 3, 1691, was rati- 
fied by William III., April 5, 1691, and by parliament, 1697. 

PENAL LAWS AND TESTS, attempted repeal of, as far as related to Protest- 



PENAL SERVITUDE PENSIONERS 647 

ants, 1732 ; Test and Corporation Acts' repeal argued against by Pitt, 1792; sub- 
sequently repealed by 9 George IV. c. 17, May 9, 1828. 

PENAL SERVITUDE. An act passed to substitute penal servitude for transporta- 
tion, 16 & 17 Vict. c. 99, Aug. 20, 1853 ; and amended, 20 & 21 Vict. c. 3, June 
26, 1S57, 27 & 28 Vict. c. 47, July 25, 1S64. 

PENANCE introduced into the Church, 157 ; in the English, at present, only ad- 
judged for scandal, brawling, or fornication. 

PENDENNIS CASTLE, Cornwall, built by Henry VIII. for the defence of Fal- 
mouth, 1530 ; fortified by Queen Elizabeth, 1560 — 1570 ; Henrietta Maria took 
refuge in, on her way to France, 1644 ; captured by the Parliamentarians after a 
desperate defence, 1646. 

PENDRAGON CASTLE, Westmoreland, built by Robert de Vipout, Earl of 
Westmoreland, circa 1227 ; burnt by the Scots, 1341 ; repaired by the Dowager 
Countess of Pembroke, 1661 ; destroyed by the Earl of Thanet, 1685. 

PENINSULAR WAR, begim by Murat entering Madrid, March 23, 180S ; ended 
by the treaty of Paris, May 14, 1814. 

PENISCOLA, Spain, formerly belonged to Knights Templars ; Benedict XIII. 
took refuge here from Dec. i, 1415, to Jan. 29, 1428 ; fortified, 1578 ; betrayed to 
the French, under Suchet, Feb- 12, 1812 ; besieged by Spaniards, March, 1814. 

PENITENTIARY HOUSE, Milbank, for the imprisonment of convicts, act for 
the erection of, 52 Geo. HI. c. 44, Aug. 12, 1812 ; name altered to Milbank, 6 & 
7 Vict. c. 26, June 27, 1843 ; convicts removed into, June, 1816. 

PENITENTS, in the Roman Church, of many orders ; Magdalens, &c. The order 
of St Magdalen penitents was founded at Marseilles, 1272 ; those of Jesus, in 
Spain, 1556; those of Orvieto became an order of nuns, 1662; there were others 
in Italy and Germany. 

PENNAN CASTLE, Anglesey, built, 540. 

PENNARVON PRIORY, Anglesey, built, 540. 

PENNSYLVANIA, North America, colonized by Swedes, 1638 ; taken by Dutch, 
1658 ; ceded to England, 1664 ; granted to William Penn by charter of Charles 
II., March 4, 1681 ; Philadelphia erected, 1683 ; first jmy empanelled, 1688 ; 
first rules for the good government of, made, 1682. A number of Irish people 
settled here, 1730 ; constitution adopted, Dec. 13, 1787 5 amended, 1838. 

PENNY, the first English coin current among the Anglo-Saxons, first mentioned 
in the laws of Ina ; in the reign of Edward I. it was struck with a cross, that it 
might be parted into halfpence and farthings ; the first struck in copper by order 
of George III., for the Isle of Man, 1786; a new coinage for England ordered, consist- 
ing of penny and tvs^openny pieces, besides halfpence and farthings, Dec. 4, 1799. 

PENNY POSTAGE.— &^ Postage and Post-office. 

PENRITH, Cumberland. The Roman town was destroyed by the Scotch, 1385 ; 
captured by them, 1715 and 1745 ; the castle built by Ralph de Nevill, 1390; 
repaired and fortified by Richard HI., 1476. 

PENRUDDOCK'S REBELLION in favour of Charles I. suppressed, and Mr 
Penruddock beheaded at Exeter, May 16, 1655. 

PENRYN, Cornwall, incorporated, 1610 ; surrendered to the Parliamentarians, 

under Fairfax, 1646. 
PENS, first made from quills, 635 ; from steel, 1845. 

PENSHURST CASTLE, Kent, built by John de Pulteney, 1346 ; the Hall, 1349. 
PENSIONERS, the band of, first established, 1590. 



648 PENSIONS PERSECUTIONS 

PENSIONS, Government, restricted by the i Anne, c. 7, 1701 ; pensions on the 
civil list to be paid by the Exchequer, 22 Geo. III. c. 82, 1782 ; an act passed to 
enable His Majesty, George III., to recompense the sei-vices of persons holding 
civil offices, 57 Geo. III. c. 65, July 7, 1817 ; amended, 6 Geo. IV. c. 90, July 
5, 1825 ; amended, 4 & 5 Will. IV. c. 24, July 25, 1834; superannuation, 22 
Vict. c. 26, April 19, 1859 ; civil service, 23 & 24 Vict. c. 89, Aug. 13, i860 ; re- 
stricted in Ireland, 1 75 7 ; limited to ^80,000, 1793; reduced to 2"50. 000, 1820. 

PENTATEUCH, The, the five books written by Moses, circa B.c. 145 1. 
PENTECOST, a Jewish feast established by Divine command by Moses, Lev. xv. — 

xxii., to be celebrated seven weeks after the Passover, B.C. 1490. 
PENZANCE, Cornwalljburnt by the Spaniards, July, 1595 ; incorporated by James 

I., 1614 ; plundered by Parliamentaiy army, 1646 ; harbour constructed, 1766. 
PERCEVAL'S, SPENCER, administration commenced, Oct. 30, 1809 ; it ter- 
minated with his death, being assassinated in the lobby of the House of Commons 
by a person named Bellingham, May li, 181 2. 
PERCUSSION CAPS, invented and patented by the Rev. A. J. Forsyth, April 
II, 1807 ; improvement in, by Mr Wright, 1820; published his invention, 1823. 
PERCY SOCIETY, established for the publication of Early English poetry, 1840; 

94 books published, the last in Feb., 1852. 

PERED, battle. Hungarians, under Georgey, defeated by Austrians, June 20, 1849. 

PERE-LA-CHAISE Cemetery, Paris, given to the Jesuits, by a lady, and Pere 

la Chaise appointed Superior, 1705 ; purchased by the city of Paris for 160,000 

francs, 1800 ; laid out as a cemetery, the first burial, May 21, 1804 ; the remains of 

Moliere and Fontaine removed here, 1805 ; Abelard and Helo'ise removed here, 

and tomb erected, 181 7. There are in it upwards of 16,000 stone monuments. 

PERFUMERY, a stamp tax upon, and a licence required by the vendor of, 26 

Geo. HI. c. 49, 1786. 
PERKIN WARBECK, the impostor, personated Richard Duke of York, and 
landed at Cork, 1492 ; acknowledgedby Charles VIII. of France, 1493 ; married 
Catherine Gordon, daughter of James IV. of Scotland, 1496; raised a rebellion 
in Cornwall, Sept. 7, 1497 ; hanged at Tyburn, Nov. 28, 1499. 
PERJURY punished with the pillory, or imprisonment for six months, 5 Eliz. c. 9, 
1562 ; made perpetual, 29 Eliz. c. 5, 1587 ; seven years' transportation, 2 Geo. 
II. c. 25, s. 2, 1729 ; made perpetual, 9 Geo. II. c. 18, 1736 ; amended, 14 & 
15 Vict. c. 100, s. 19, Aug. 7, 1 85 1. 
PERONNE, France. The church of St John built, 1374; treaty of, between 
Louis XL of France and the Duke of Burgundy, confirming Arras and Conflans 
to the duke, 1468 ; taken by the Duke of Wellington, June 26, 1815. 
PERPIGNAN, France. The university founded, 1349 ; taken by Louis XL, 1474, 
and restored to Spain ; besieged and taken by Marshal la Meilleraie, Sept. 9, 
1642 ; ceded to France by the treaty of the Pyrenees, 1659. 
PERRAEU, Robert and Daniel, executed for forgery, Jan. 17, 1776. 
PERROTT, MR, a bankrupt, hanged for embezzling his estate and effects, Oct. 

26, 1761. 
PERSECUTIONS : the first, A.D. 33; the second, 44; the first general persecution 
of the Christians was under Nero, 64 ; under Domitian, 95 ; under Trajan, 106 ; 
under Adrian, 118; under Marcus Aurelius, 166; under Severus, 198; under 
Maximus, 235 ; imder Decius, 250 ; under Valerian, 257 ; under Aurelian, 272 ; 
under Diocletian, 303 ; by the Arians under Constantine, 337 ; under Sapor, 340 ; 
under Julian the Apostate, 361. 



PERSEPOLIS 



PERU 



649 



PERSEPOLIS, Persia, the capital of Persia in the temp, of Alexander, founded, 
circa B.C. 1341 ; taken by Alexander, B.C. 330, and burnt the next year. 

PERSHORE MONASTERY, Worcestershire, founded by Oswald, nephew of 
King Ethelred, A. D. 689. 

PERSIA, founded by the Medes, B.C. 880; Artaxerxes made king of, 235; sub- 
jugated by the Greeks, 238; conquered by the Saracens, 30,000 perishing, A. D. 641; 
taken by the Turks, 1068 ; Timour, 1370 ; the Afghans, under Mahmud, defeated 
the Persians, and he usurped the throne, Oct. 21, 1722 ; Nadir Shah assassinated 
by his nephew at Korassan, 1736 ; the eyes of Looft-Ali-Khan plucked out, and 
the Emperor afterwards killed, 1789 ; Aga-Mahomed Khan assassinated, 1794; 
Georgia subdued, 1800 ; treaty of commerce with Gt Britain, Feb., 1801 ; treaty 
of peace with Russia, 181 5 ; war with Russia, July, 1826 ; treaty of peace with, 
Oct. 29, 1827 ; Herat besieged by Persia, Oct., 1837 ; the siege raised after the 
place had been invested for 10 months, July, 1838 ; treaty of commeixe with Gt 
Britain, Oct. 28, 1841 ; Mr Murray, the Bi-itish minister at the Court of Persia, 
insulted, and the mission withdrew, Dec. 5, 1855; Herat captured, Oct. 26, 1856; 
the British declared war against, Nov. i, 1856 ; Kharg occupied by the British, 
Dec. 3 ; Bushire taken, Dec. 10 ; the Persians defeated at Khoosh-aub, Feb. 8, 
1857 ; treaty of peace signed at Paris, March 3 ; Mahammerah captured, March 
26 ; Awaz, April i ; cessation of hostilities, April 5 ; marriage of the heir to the 
throne, Mosaffer Eddin Mirza, to his cousin, Oct. 6, 1867. 



Began to reign, a.d. 
Hassein ... ... 1694 

Mahmud ... 1722 

Ashrof 1725 

Thamasp II. ... 1730 
Abbas HI. ... 1732 

Thamasp Kouli 

Khan ... 1736 

Adil Shah ... 1747 

Shah Rokh ... 1748 
Kureem Khan ... 1753 
Abool-Fatteh-Khan 1779 
Ali-Moorad-Khan 1781 
JaffierKhan ... 1785 
Aga Mahmud Khan 1789 
Feth AH Shah ... 1798 
Muhammad Shah 1834 
Nasiru'd-din Sep. 4, 1834 



PERTH, Scotland, founded by Agricola, a.d. 70 ; made a burgh, 1106 ; fortified, 
1300; besieged by Robert Bruce, 131 1 ; a Parliament held at, 1367; in this 
year a great scarcity of provisions prevailed, and many persons died from starvation; 
visited by a plague, 1512 ; again in 1645, when 3000 persons perished. The hos- 
pital erected by James VI., 1569 ; the town takenby Oliver Cromwell, 1651; the 
Gowry conspiracv discovered, Aug. 5, 1600 ; bridge over the River Tay erected, 
1771. 

PERU, S. America, discovered by Spaniards, 1511 ; visited by Pizarro, 1524; 
an expedition for conquest of, commanded by Pizarro, left Panama, Jan., 
1531 ; the Inca wounded and the Indians massacred by the Spaniards, Nov. 16, 







EMPERORS OF : 




Began to reign 


, A.D. 


Began to reign, A.D. 


Artaxerxes I. 


223 


Chosroes II. 


523 


Sapor I. 


242 


Hormisdas HI. ... 


580 


Hormisdas I. 


272 


Chosroes HI. 


591 


Varanes I. 


272 


Siroes 


628 


Varanes II. 


276 


Ardesyr 


629 


Varanes HI. 


293 


Sarbarazas 


629 


Narses *■ • 


294 


Tourandokht 


629 


Hormisdas II. ... 


301 


Hormisdas IV ... 


632 


Sapor II. 


309 


Genghis Khan ... 


1218 


Artaxerxes II. ... 


380 


Tamerlane 


1395 


Sapor HI. 


384 


Ismael I. 


1 501 


Varanes IV. 


3S9 


Thamasp I. 


1525 


Isdigertes I. 


400 


Ismael II. 


1575 


A-^aranes V. 


420 


Mohamed 


1577 


Varanes VI. 


441 


Hamzeh 


1585 


Perozes ... 


457 


Abbas I. 


1586 


Obalas 


482 


Sefi Mirza 


1628 


Cabades 


486 


Abbas II. 


1642 


Zambades 


498 


Solyman I. 


1666 



6so PERUGIA PETER'S, ST 

1532; Inca ransomed for ;^3,50o,ooo sterling, but subsequently garotted by 
Pizarro, Aug. 29, 1533, who entered the capital, Nov. 15, 1533 ; the town of 
Rimac founded, Jan. 6, 1535 ; Cuzco besieged by the Indians, Feb., 1536 ; 
Cuzco taken by Almagro, July 12, 1537 ; his forces defeated by Pizarro's, June 
26, 1538 ; assassinated, June 26, 1541 ; Viceroy appointed by Spain, March 4, 
1544 ; Gonzalo Pizarro defeated the Viceroy, Jan. 18, 1546 ; defeated and exe- 
cuted, Dec, 1547; Quito annexed to New Grenada, 1718 ; insurrection, 1780; 
declared independent, July 28, 1821 ; Bolivar appointed dictator, Sept. i, 1823 ; 
Spaniards driven out, Jan. 19, 1826 ; constitution agreed to, June 18, 1827 ; 
war declared against Chili, May 17, 1837 ; a new constitution promulgated, Nov., 
1839 ; insurrection in, March, 1858 ; commercial treaty with Gt Britain, April 
10, 1850 ; exchanged, Oct. 15 ; Pezet elected president, April 3, 1863 ; civil war 
in, 1865 ; a treaty agreed to with Chili in Dec; bombarded by the Spanish fleet, 
under Adm. Nunez, fleet driven off, much damaged. May 2, 1866. 

PERUGIA, Italy. This ancient colony was besieged and taken by the Romans, 
under Octavius, and destroyed, B.C. 41 ; taken by Totila, a.d. 547 — 549 ; de- 
vastated by a plague, 1348, and again, 1524-25 ; united to the Papal See by Pope 
Julius II., 1512 ; insurrection against that power, May, 1859 ; put down by the 
Papal forces in June ; captured and annexed to Italy, Sept. 14, i86o. 

PERUKE, the first used in France and Italy, 1620 ; brought into England, 1660. 

PESCHIERA, Italy, seized by the French, 1796; restored to Austria, Oct. 18, 
1797; besieged by the Austrians, April 26, 1799; surrendered. May 9, 1799; 
blockaded by the French, Dec, 180 1 ; surrendered, June 16, 1801; restored by the 
treaty of Paris, May 30, 1814 ; besieged by the Sardinians, May 18, 1848, and 
captured. May 31 ; surrendered to the Austrians, Aug. 9; invested, 1859 ; given 
up to Italy, Sept., 1866. 

PESHAWAR, Hindustan, Governor of, and best part of his army killed by Patans, 
1673 ; ceded to Runjeet Singh, June 26, 1838; captured by Sikhs, July i, 1848. 

PESTALOZZI, J. H., established a system of education in Switzerland, in 1775 ; 
adopted by the State, 1798 ; he died, Feb. 17, 1827. 

PESTH, Hungary, occupied by the Hungarians after the siege of Vienna, 1684 ; a 
dreadful flood which almost destroyed the town, March, 1838 ; the Grand 
Theatre destroyed by fire, Feb. 2, 1847 ; attacked successfully by the Austrians, 
Jan. 5, 1849 ; evacuated by them in April ; the Town-hall erected, 1844 ; the 
Emperor Francis Joseph visited the town, June 6, 1865, and again, Jan. 30, 1866. 

PETARD, a species of mortar, consisting of a conical chamber, with a rim to sus- 
pend it against gates intended to be blown open ; said to have been first used by 
the Huguenots, 1580, at Cahors ; applied for breaching under some circumstances. 

PETER, First Epistle of, addressed to the churches of Asia Minor, circa A. D. 60 ; 
the Second Epistle, A.D. 66. 

PETER I. of Russia, born, June li, 1672 ; visited England, 1697; married 
Catherine, March 17, 1 71 1 ; disinherited his eldest son, Feb. 14,1718; condemned 
him to death, June 21, 1717 ; took the title of Empei-or, Oct., 1721 ; died, Jan, 
28, 1725. 

PETER II., married the daughter of his Prime-minister, Nov. 30, 1729 ; died of 
the small-pox, Jan. 29, i730- 

PETER III. crowned, Jan. 5, 1762, and strangled, July 16, 1762. 

PETER, ST, festival of, established, 813. 

PETER, ST, order of knighthood, instituted by Leo X. at Rome, 1520. 

PETER'S, ST, Church, at Rome, begun in 1514; finished, 1629. 



PETER-PENCE PETROPAULOVSKI 651 

PETER-PENCE, originally presented by Ina, King of the West Saxons, to the 
pope, for the endowment of an English college there, 720 ; it was paid at the 
feast of St Peter, and levied on all families possessing 30(/. per annnm in land, 
yearly rent ; confirmed by Offa, 777, and afterwards claimed by the pope as an 
annual tribute; ordered not to be gathered and paid to Rome by Edw. III. c. 21, 
1366 ; again revived, but finally suppressed by Henry VIII., 1534. 

PETERS, Hugh, a fanatical regicide, who for having signed the sentence of Charles 
I. was executed, 1660. 

PETER THE WILD BOY, a youth found in a state of nature in a forest of Han- 
over, in the reign of George I., in Nov., 1725 ; he was supposed then to be about 
13 years old ; he preferred for food wild plants, leaves, and bark, to the luxuries 
of the royal table • he was never known to articulate a syllable, nor vary in his 
savage habits, but died as he had lived, Feb., 1785, aged 72. 

PETERBOROUGH, Northamptonshire, founded, 633 ; Peada, King of Mercia, 
built an abbey at, dedicated to St Peter, 689 ; destroyed by fire, Aug. 3, 1116 ; 
rebuilt, and Queen Catherine buried in, Jan. 26, 1536 ; the monastery turned into 
the cathedral by Henry VIII., and made a bishop's see ; the first bishop was the 
last abbot of the monastery, John Chamber, 1541. The foundation of the monastery 
laid, 1 1 17; choir finished, 1143; transepts, 1 150; nave, 1 1 77; west front, 1250; 
length 471 feet, transept 203 feet wide. 

PETERHEAD, Scotland, erected into a burgh, 1593 ; municipal charter granted, 
1593; the seat of the Greenland whale fishery, 1787; the south breakwater 
erected, 1773; the north, 1818 ; partially destroyed by a storm, 1819 ; com- 
pleted, 1822. 

PETERHOUSE COLLEGE, Cambridge, founded by Hugh de Balsham, Bishop 
of Ely, 1257; chartered, 1284. 

PETERLOO, Manchester. At apolitical meeting held 'near Peter-street, 60,000 
persons being present, the soldiers attacked the crowd, five persons were killed, 
and 70 were wounded, Aug. 16, 1819. 

PETERSBURG, North America. Four hundred houses destroyed by fire, 1815 ; 
attacked by the Federals, 15,000 strong, under Gen. Baldy Smith : they at first 
carried the outer works, but upon attempting to carry the inner lines they were 
defeated with great loss, June 15, 1864 ; Gen. Grant made a general assault, but 
was defeated with serious loss, July 30, 1864; abandoned by the Confederate 
army, April 2, 1865. 

PETERSBURG, ST, Russia. The foundation of the fortress laid by Peter the 
Great, May 16, 1703 ; first brick house built, 1710 ; the Admiralty built, 1711 ; 
compulsory emigration to, 1717 > the public offices removed to, 1721 ; the Winter 
Palace completed, 1762; the hermitage built, 1765 ; completed, 1780; made a 
picture gallery ; library built, 1795 j reading-room added, 1862. 2000 houses de- 
stroyed at, by fire, Aug. 12, 1736, and 11,000 in 1780; inundated, Sept. 10, 
1777, and again, to the height of lO/^ feet, Nov. 7, 1824; the Winter Palace 
destroyed by fire, 1837 ; rebuilt, 1839 ; a large magazine of stores and 100 sail of 
vessels burned, June, 1796 ; extensive fires at, June 10, 1862. 

PETERS WALSDEN, Convention of, between Great Britain and Russia, at which 
they planned a decisive course of action against France, July 6, 1813. 

PETROLEUM, several springs of, discovered in N.W. Pennsylvania and Ohio, 
1859-60 ; an act passed for the safe keeping of, in England, 25 & 26 Vict. c. 
66, July 29, 1862. 

PETROPAULOVSKI, Kamschatka. The allied fleet of France and England, 
7 sail, assaulted the town unsuccessfully, Aug. 31, 1854 ; and again, when they 



653 PEVENSEY PlilLIPHAUGH 

were repulsed with the loss of 52 killed ; they retired on the 6th ; on the 7th they 
captured two vessels ; the Russian garrison of, escaped to the Amoor, April 19, 

1855- 

PEVENSEY CASTLE, Sussex, built on a Roman fortress, which existed in 
1088; escheated to the crown, 19 Hen. I., 11 18; besieged unsuccessfully by 
King Stephen ; granted to the Earl of Pembroke by Hen. III., 1235. John Pel- 
ham made constable of, 1394, afterwards confirmed by Henry IV., Feb. 12, 1400 ; 
succeeded by his son John, 1415. 

PEWS. The open benches were so called in the will of William Wintringham, 
1458, and in Bishop Bale's work, 1497 ; provisions respecting, and of rents made, 
58 Geo. HI. c. 45, s. 75, May 30, 1818 ; 59 Geo. HI. c. 134, s. 6 & 26, July 13, 
1819 ; 3 Geo. IV. c. 72, s. 23, July 22, 1822 ; 5 Geo. IV. c. 103, s. 18, June 24, 
1824; I & 2 Will. IV. c. 38, s. 4 & 22, Oct. 15, 1831 ; I & 2 Vict. c. 107, s. 18, 
Aug. 15, 1838 ; a permanent provision being secured, pew rents may cease, 14 & 
15 Vict. c. 97, s. I, Aug. 7, 185 1. 

PEWTERERS' COMPANY, incorporated by 13 Edw. IV., Jan. 26, 1474 ; con- 
firmed by 20 Hen. VII., May 19, 1505 ; by 4 Hen. VIII., Jan. 4, 1513 ; by 2 
& 3 Philip & Mary, Oct. 14, 1555 ; by 2 Eliz., Nov. 20, 1577, and re-incorpor- 
ated by I Anne, Sept. 19, 1702 ; arms granted to, 19 Edw. IV., May 20, 1479 ; 
hall built in lime-street. 

PFAFFENDORF, battle, between the Prussians and Imperialists, when the latter 
were defeated by the King of Prussia with great slaughter, which prevented the 
junction of the Russian with the Austrian, Aug. 15, 1760. 

PHARISEES, the most important of the Jewish sects, existed B.C. 150 ; they 
are mentioned in St Luke's Gospel as a strictly religious sect. 

PHARMACEUTICAL SOCIETY, founded in London, June i, 1841 ; charter 
granted to, Feb. 18, 1843 ; regulated by 15 & 16 Vict. c. 56, June 30, 1852 ; an 
act passed for regialating the qualifications of pharmaceutical chemists, 15 & 16 
Vict. c. 56, June 30, 1852 ; amended, 31 & 32 Vict. c. 121, July 31, 1868. 

PHAROS, Egypt, celebrated for the lighthouse erected at the entrance of the port 
of Alexandria, from the design of Sostratus, at the command of Ptolemy. ' The 
upper stories had windows looking seawards, and torches of fire were kept burn- 
ing in them by night;' cost 800 talents, B.C. 280. 

PHILADELPHIA, North America. The plan of this city laid out by Penn, 1683 ; 
the hospital built, 1752; National Independence declared, July 4, 1776; taken 
by the English under Lord Cornwallis, Sept. 26, 1777 ; retired from, June 18, 
1778 ; the Constitution of the United States agreed to by a convention, Sept. 17, 
1787 ; the United States' Bank established, 1797 ; the theatre destroyed by fire, 
Dec. 28, 1799 ; the capital removed to Washington, 1800 ; a college for orphan 
boys founded by Stephen Gerard, Dec. 26, 1831 ; the town consolidated, 1854. 

PHILANTHROPIC SOCIETY, instituted in St George's Fields, 17S8 ; incor- 
porated, 1806. 

PHILEMON, the Epistle of Paul to, written A.D. 63 or 64. 

PHILHARMONIC SOCIETY, established, 1813; first concert held, Mar. 8, 1813. 

PHILIP IL, of Spain, bom at Valladolid, May 21, 1527 ; married the Princess 
Mary of Portugal, 1543 ; crowned King of Spain, Jan. 17, 1556; married Maiy, 
Queen of England, June 23, 1554; Princess Elizabeth of France, 1559; refused 
the order of the Garter sent to him by Queen Elizabeth, 1559 ; married Anne of 
Austria, 1571 ; died, Sept. 13, 1598. 

PHILIP HI. published his renunciation of the crown of France, July 8, 1712. 

PHILIPHAUGH, battle. The Scots under Montrose defeated at Selkirk by Les- 



PHILIPPIANS PHRENOLOGY 653 

ley, Sept. 13, 1645 ; the prisoners were all butchered in cold blood without trial 
as Irish rebels. 

PHILIPPIANS, Epistle to the, written by St Paul from Rome to the Church of 

Philippi, A.D. 62 or 63. 
PHILIPPICS. The orations of Demosthenes delivered against Philip II. , b. c. 35 1 

and 344. Cicero delivered 14 ; he accused Marcus Antonius, B.C. 44 — 43. 
PHILIPPINE ISLANDS discovered by IVIagalhaens, a Spaniard, 1521 ; taken 

possession of by PhiUp II., 1565 ; colonized, 1571 ; Manilla taken by the British, 

Oct. 5, 1762 ; restored, 1763. 
PHILIPPOLIS, Turkey. This ancient town founded by Philip, the father of 

Alexander the Great ; 4000 persons destroyed by an earthquake, Feb., 1749 ; the 

town almost destroyed by another, 1818 ; visited by a terrible fire, which burnt 

three parts of the town, 1 846. 

PHILIPPSBURG, Germany, taken by the Imperialists, July 9, 1676 ; the French 
under Prince Eugene besieged the town ; Eugene was killed by a cannon-ball 
whilst examining the progress of the operation in one of the trenches, June 12, 
1734 ; evacuated by the Austrians, 1798 ; besieged by the French, May, 1799 ; 
raised, and afterwards resumed, Aug. 26, 1 799 ; besieged by Napoleon and taken, 
1800 ; restored to Prussia, 1802. 

PHILOLOGICAL SOCIETY, instituted in London for investigating the structure 
of ancient languages, 1842. 

PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY of Great Britain, or the Victoria Institute, estab- 
lished in London, 1866, to investigate fully and impartially the most important ques- 
tions of Philosophy and Science, but more especially those that bear upon the great 
truths revealed in Holy Scripture, with a vieAV of defending those truths against 
the oppositions of science falsely so called ; inaugural address delivered by the 
Rev. Walter Michell, M.A., May 24, 1866. 

PHILPOT, JOHN, a divine of England burnt in Smithfield, Dec. 18, 1555. 

PLIOSPHORIC BAROMETER, phenomena of, discovered, 1699. 

PHOSPHORUS, discovered by Brandt, 1667 ; Scheele prepared it from bones ; 
Kunckel, a Saxon chemist, 1670, and by Boyle, in England ; Canton's phos- 
phorus, so named from its discoverer, 1678 ; proto-phosphoretted hydrogen dis- 
covered by Sir Humphrey Davy, 1812. 

PHOTOGALVANOGRAPHY, invented by M. Paul Pretsch of Vienna, presented 
by the Society of Arts with their gold medal for his invention, June, 1856. 

PHOTOGLYPHIC ENGRAVINGS, discovered and patented by Mr Fox Talbot, 
Oct. 29, 1852. 

PHOTOGRAPHY, known, 1780. A considerable trade in picture-copying carried 
on by Mr Boulton at Soho Square, 1 781 ; Mr Wedgewood made several discoveries 
in the art ; Mr Fox Talbot succeeded in fixing the pictures, 1834 ; Daguerreotype 
invented, 1839; Talbotype, 1839; another patent granted to, Feb. 8, 1841 ; 
collodion process introduced, 1850. Mr R. Price of Worcester, Mass., United 
States, patented his invention of photographing on wood, May 5, 1856 ; the Pho- 
tographic Society established in London, Jan. 20, 1853. 

PHOTOZINCOGRAPHY. This art of transferring photographs to zinc, or stone, 
first brought to perfection by Col. James of Southampton, i860. 

PHRENOLOGY, one of the principal sciences in which Germany has been so fer- 
tile, promulgated by Dr Gall, 1796 ; in England, 1815 ; Spurzheim followed the 
steps of Gall, and in 1812 published a work on ' Anatomy and Physiology of the 
Nervous System ; ' and societies have been established for the same pursuit in Eng- 
land. Mr Combe published some essays upon this subject, 1819. 



654 PHYLACTERIES PIANOFORTE 

PHYLACTERIES, or FRONTLETS, strips of parchment on which were written 
four passages of Scripture rolled up in a case, Ex. xiii. i6 ; Matt, xxiii. 5. 

PHYSIC. Hypocrates is said to be the founder of this science, circa B.C. 420 ; the 
practice of, confined to ecclesiastics from 1206 to 1500 ; school of, established in 
Dublin, 1 8 14. 

PHYSIC GARDEN, the first cultivated in England, by John Gerard, at London, 
1567 ; one endowed at Oxford by the Earl of Danby, 1652 ; one at Chelsea begun 
by Si'r Hans Sloan e, given to the Apothecaries' Company, 1721 ; the botanic 
garden, Dublin, commenced, 1763. 

PHYSICIANS. Celsus is the earliest known physician, he practised in Rome, 
A.D. I ; Galena, native of Pergamos, succeeded him; Paulus Agimeta was the 
first who wrote upon small-pox and measles, circa 640 ; Avicenna appointed 
physician to the court of the Caliph of Bagdad, 980 ; physicians to be examined 
and approved by the Bishop of London, or Dean of St Paul's, 3 Hen. VIII. c. 11, 
1511-12 ; their number limited to 12 in the city of London, and excused from 
certain civil duties, 5 Hen. VIII. c. 6, 1513-14; discharged from serving certain 
offices 32 Hen. VIII. c. 40, 1540 ; the right to practise physic extended to the 
graduates of Oxford and Cambridge and London, by 17 & 18 Vict. c. 114, Aug. 
II, 1854; new charter granted to, 21 & 22 Vict. c. 90, Aug. 2, 1858; and 
amended, 23 & 24 Vict. c. 66, Aug. 6, 1890. 

PHYSICIANS, College of, projected in London by Dr Linacre, who obtained a 
patent, constituting it a corporate body of regular physicians, Oct. 23, 1518, he being 
the first president ; Dr Harvey elected president, 1654, but refused to serve ; 
built them a library and public hall, bequeathed his books and instruments to ; 
their college at Amen Corner burnt down in the fire of 1666 ; the college in 
Warwick-lane, built by Sir Christopher Wren, and opened in 1689 ; new college 
erected, from the designs of Sir R. Smirke, R. A., in Trafalgar-square, and opened, 
June 25, 1825. 

PHYSICIANS, Society of, instituted in London, 1763. 

PHYSICIANS, Dublin, College of, founded by Charles I., 1626 ; reincorporated, 
1692 ; Royal College of Physicians, Edinburgh, Nov. 29, 1681. 

PHYSIOGNOMY, the discovery of the mental passions by the natural form and 
expression of the features of the face, in 1776 ; Lavater, of Zurich, carried re- 
searches on the subject the farthest, for the idea was not new. 

PIACENZA, Italy, became a Roman colony, B.C. 219 ; plundered by the Gauls, 
A D 200; the cathedral founded, 324; rebuilt, 1104; the campanile begun, 1333 ; 
the citadel erected, 1395 ; the town ceded to Leo X., 1515 ; given by Paul HI, 
to his son Farnese, 1545 ; the Austrians defeated the French and Spaniards, June 
16, 1746 ; invaded by Napoleon, 1796 ; ceded to Austria, 1812 ; annexed to the 
kingdom of Italy, 1863. 

PIANOFORTE. One made by Tschudi, 1765 ; first used on the stage of Covent 
Garden Theatre, 1767 ; this is the earliest public notice of this instrument known: 
' On Saturday next, being the i6thof May, 1767, the Beggars' Opera, &c.; end of 
Act I , Miss Brickler will sing a favourite song from Judith, accompanied by Mr 
Dibdin on a new instmrnent, called Piano-Forte-' Invented by Christofali of Venice, 
171 1 ; another by a Frenchman, Marius, Feb., 1716 ; Schroeter, a German, made 
a model of one, 1717 ; Silberman of Saxony constructed two pianofortes, and sub- 
mitted them to Sebastian Bach, who praised them very much, circa 1736 ; M, 
Zumpe established a manufactory, in England, 1 760; Gluck used one made by 
John Pohlman, 1772 ; Broadwood patented his grand pianoforte, July 18, 1783 ; 
Stodart patented his improvements upon, Nov. 21, 1777 ; the grasshopper action 
invented by John Gieb, 1786 ; additional keys from F to C suggested by Francis 



PICCADILLY PILGRIMAGES 655 

Panormo, cbxa 1700 ; Robert Womum improved the upright or cottage piano, 
181 1 ; Collard's patent for his improved instrument, 1811 ; Erard established a 
manufactory at Strasbourg, 1797 ; patenteed his repetition action, 1821. 

PICCADILLY, St James's, first mentioned by Gerald in his Herbal, 1596 ; first 
paved, 1721 ; Half-Moon-street built, 1730; Berkeley-street built, 1642; 
Clarendon House erected by Lord Chancellor Clarendon, 1664 ; Bond-street, 
1686 ; Arhngton-street, 1689. 

PICHEGRU, GENERAL, conspiracy of, against Bonaparte, detected ; arrested 
with Georges and Moreau, Feb. 4, 1 797, and confined in the Temple ; escaped, 
but again taken, Feb. 17, 1804; he strangled himself, April 5-6, 1804, aged 43. 

PICKERING CASTLE, Yorkshire, built, circa 1280 ; Elizabeth imprisoned in, 
during the reign of Queen Mary, 1553-58. 

PICKETT, WILLIAM, revived the art of painting on glass, died Oct. 14, 1795. 

PICQUIGNY, Amiens, treaty of, between Edward IV. of England and Louis XI. 
of France, Aug. 29, 1475. 

PICQUET, the first known game on cards, invented ciixa 1390. 

PICTS, first mentioned in history — the Scots being the mountaineers, and the Picts 
the lowlanders, supposed to have been a German colony ; defeated by the 
Romans, A. D. 47 ; penetrated as far as London, but were defeated by Theodosius, 
318 ; they were subdued by the Scotch, under Kenneth, who extended the terri- 
tory of Scotland nearly as far as Newcastle, 842. 

PICTS' WALL, the first from the Forth to the Clyde, built by Agricola, A.D. 85 ; in 
Northumberland, from the town of Newcastle to Carlisle, in Cumberland, for 74 
miles, 8 feet thick and 12 high, erected by Adrian, to defend the south from the 
incursions of the northern barbarians, 121 ; that of the Emperor Severus, from 
the mouth of the Tyne to Bowness, on the Solway Frith, 209. 

PIEDMONT, Italy, established by Peter, Count of Savoy, 1220 ; Ivrea ceded to, 
1248 ; and Ceva, 13 13 ; and Nice, 1388 ; the lordship of Vercelli ceded, 1427 ; 
the duchy of Montferrat, 1630; Arona by the treaty of Worms, 1743; confirmed 
by the treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, 1748 ; occupied by the French, 1813 ; made a 
monarchy, 1848 ; made a part of the kingdom of Italy, Sept. 9, i860. 

PIE-POUDRE COURT, or Dusty-Footed Court, a tribunalfor doing justice between 
buyers and sellers, at fairs and markets, a Saxon institution ; by the 17 of Edw. 
IV. c. 2, 1477, and i Rich. III. c. 6, 1483, the conti^act to be made in fair time. 
The justice of, was called the justice of the pavilion, 1476. One of these courts 
was held at Bartholomew fair from time immemorial ; it was subsequently held at 
the Hands and Shears in Cloth Fair ; the officers of the court were the two 
sergeants at mace for the Lord Mayor, two for the Poultry, and two for the 
Giltspur-street Compters, and a constable was appointed by the steward of Lord 
Kensington ; the last court held, Tuesday, Sept. 6, 1853 ; the court book pre- 
served in the Guildhall library commences Sept. 3, 1790 ; the last entry is Sept. 
2, 1850: ' The Lord Mayor not having proclaimed Bartholomew fair, the Court 
of Pie-Powder consequently was not held. George Martin, Steward.' 

PIKE. This weapon was known in Scotland as early as 1 165 ; the price of one was 
fixed at 4J. 6^., 1631. 

PILGRIMAGE OF GRACE, an English insurrection in Yorkshire, so denomin- 
ated, headed by Robert Aske of Doncaster, Edward Lee, Archbishop of York, 
Lord Darcy, Latimer, Scroop, Sir Thomas Percy, and 40,000 followers, against 
Henry VIII. ; they were subdued by the Duke of Norfolk, when a great number 
suffered death, 1536-7. 

PILGRIMAGES began in the middle ages of i-eligious superstition, but were most 



656 ■ PILGRIM FATHERS PINS 

in repute aboiat the year 1 100 — kings, nobles, and common people performed the 
most painful journeys ; some to Rome, others to more distant shrines, even to 
Palestine. The foundation of hospitals was owing to their necessities, about the 
year 840 ; licences were issued to vessels to take the pilgrims abroad, 1428 ; regu- 
lations made for, by 9 Edw. III. st. 2, c. 8, 1335 ; 12 Rich. II. c. 7, 1388, and 
13 Rich. II. St. I, c. 20, 1390. 
PILGRIM FATHERS left Delft Haven in the ' Speedwell' and arrived at South- 
ampton ; this vessel proving unseaworthy, they embarked in the ' Mayflower,' 
Sept. 6, 1520, and landed at Plymouth, Massachusetts, Dec. 20, 1620. 

PILGRIMS. The number of pilgrims who visited Rome in 1750, when a jubilee 
was proclaimed, was, at the opening of the Holy Gate, 1300 — and in the week 
which followed Christmas, 8400. In 1850, only 36 pilgrims attended the opening 
of the Holy Gate, and but 440 arrived during the ensuing week. 

PILLORY. This mode of punishment instituted for the punishment of bakers, 
butchers, forestallers, and others, who gave short weight ; also for perjury and 
forgery, 51 Hen. III. s. 6, 1266. Alex. Leighton, a divine, pilloried and his ear cut 
off and his lips slit, for printing 'Zion's plea against Prelacy,' 1638 ; Lilburn, for 
seditious works, April 18, 1638 ; Titus Gates nearly pelted to death while stand- 
ing in one — ^he was sentenced to stand every year of his life in the pillory on five 
different days, 1685 ; Daniel Defoe pilloried for three days, July 29 — 31, 1703 ; 
abolished in all cases except perjury and subornation, 56 Geo. III. c. 138, July 2, 
1816 ; the punishment of, totally abolished in England by 7 Will. IV. and I Vict. 
c. 23, June 30, 1837, and in France, 1832. 

PILNITZ, near Dresden. A conference took place here between the Emperor 
Leopold and the King of Prussia, at which it was agreed to seize and reappro- 
priate the territories acquired by Louis XIV. of France, in the Netherlands and 
Bavaria, Aug., 1791. 

PILOTS, a society for the training of, founded at Deptford, 1514 ; now regulated 
by the Merchant Shipping Act, 17 & 18 Vict. c. 104, Aug. 10, 1854. 

PIMLICO, Middlesex. Buckingham House erected, 1703, on the site of the 
Mulberry Gardens ; purchased for the Queen by a parliamentary grant of 
^21,000, 1761; madean ecclesiastical district, July,i830; St Peter's church begun, 
Sept., 1824; opened, 1827; the railway bridge cost 2'90, 000 ; opened, 1859-60. 
An act to make improvements in, and in the neighbourhood of Buckingham 
Palace, 15 & 16 Vict. c. 78, June 30, 1852 ; amended by the 16 & 17 Vict. c. 44, 
Aug. 4, 1853 ; and again, by 20 & 21 Vict. c. 17, Aug. 25, 1857. 

PINES, these trees were introduced into England at different periods ; the stone 
and cluster pine, and other sorts, it is uncertain when, but the Weymouth pine 
was introduced from North America, 1705 ; the frankincense pine, before 1713. 

PINGO, BENJAMIN, the York Herald, crushed to death at the Haymarkct 
theatre, Feb. 3, 1794. 

PINKIE, near Musselburgh, battle, between the English, commanded by the Pro- 
tector Somerset, and the Scotch, when thelatter were defeated with the loss of 10,000 
men and 1200 prisoners, while the victors did not lose 200, Sept. 10, 1547. 

PIN-MAKERS' COMPANY, London, incorporated by 1 1 Car. I., Aug. 20, 163&. 

PINS first used in England, and mentioned in our statutes as articles of foreign 
commerce, 1483 ; made of brass wire brought from France, 1540 ; they were 
previously made of bone. An act of parliament passed for the true making of, 34 
& 35 Hen. VIII. c. 6, 1542-3 ; repealed, 37 Hen. VIII. c. 13, 1545 ; machinery 
patented for making, by Mr Wright, an American, 1824. 



PIPES FIX 657 

PIPES of lead for water conveyance, and by the Romans, first cast by the Rev. 
Robert Brook, 1539. 

PIPPINS first planted in Lincohishire, 1525. 

PIRATES. In the reign of Elizabeth the English seas were infested with them. 
William Iloldstock, comptroller of the navy, sent against them and captured 20 
ships with 9000 men. The English and Irish coast infested by them, 1634 ; an 
act passed for the suppression of, 27 Hen. VIII. c. 4, 1535 ; and 28 Hen. VIII. 
c. I'S, 1536 ; an act passed for the suppression of, 8 Geo. I. c. 24, 1721 ; another 
passed for encouraging the capture of piratical vessels by giving a bounty on the 
number of pirates taken or killed, 6 Geo. IV. c. 49, June 22, 1825 ; fitting re- 
wards provided for services against, 13 & 14 Vict. c. 26, June 25, 1850. 

PIRMASENS, battle. The French defeated by the Prussians with a loss of 4000 
men and 22 pieces of cannon, Sept. 14, 1793. 

PIRNA, Germany. The fortress stormed by the Swedes, 1639 ; captured by the 
Prussians, 1758; fortified by Napoleon, 1813 ; taken by the allied Russians and 
Prussians, 18 13. 

PISA, Italy. A Roman colony founded here, B.C. 180; afterwards held by the 
Goths and Franks ; the cathedral founded, a.D. 1067; consecrated, 1118 ; injured 
by fire, 1 596; the famous leaning tower is at the end of this cathedral, 1 79 feet high, 
and overhangs its base more than 13 feet,begim, Aug., 1 174 ; republic of, founded, 
1403 ; the harbour destroyed, 1290 ; Sardinia seceded from, 1326; the university 
ibunded in the 14th century; made a republic, 1403; captured by Florence, 1406 ; 
the town captured again, June 8, 1509, and united to Florence ; taken by the 
French, 1799 ; annexed to the kingdom of Sardinia, March 12, i860. 

PISTOLS, invented by Camillo Vitelli at Pistoria in the reign of Henry VIII. ; 
wheel-locks used, 15 10 ; used at the battle of Ivry, 1590 ; Henry II. of France 
passed an ordinance respecting the use of, 1549 ; flint-locks used, 1560 ; tricker- 
lock invented, 1629. 

PITCAIRN'S ISLAND, in the Pacific, discovered by Capt. Carteret, 1767; in- 
habited by the descendants of the mutineers of the Bounty, Capt. Bligh, 1790, 
imknown until 1814; emigrated to Otaheite for want of water, March, 1831, but, 
disgusted with the Otaheitan manners, returned again, 1832 ; left for Norfolk 
Island, where they arrived, June 8, 1856. 

PITCH AND TAR first made from pit coal, at Bristol, 1774. 

PITTSBURG, N. America. The French erected a fort here, 1754 ; captured by 
the Enghsh, under Gen. Forbes, Nov. 25, 1758 ; besieged by the Indians, 1765; 
the town founded, Dec, 1765; incorporated, 1806; chartered as a city, 1816 ; 
the canal opened, 1829 ; more than iioo houses and ;!{^i40,ooo worth of property 
destroyed by fire, 1845 ; Gen. Johnston attacked the Federals, 40,000 strong, under 
Gen. Grant ; the Confederates were defeated. Gen. Johnston being killed, April 
6, 1862 ; the battle was renewed the next day when the Confederates retired. 

PITT'S MINISTRY, the first formed, Dec. 18, 1783 ; dissolved, Feb. 16, 1801 ; 

the second formed. May 12, 1 804 ; Pitt died, Jan. 23, 1806. 
PITT'S STRAITS, in the East Indies, discovered, April 30, 1760. 
PIUS, order of knighthood, instituted at Rome, June 17, 1847. 
PIX, the box that contains the Host, as ordered by the Lateran Council, 12 15. 

FIX, the trial or assay of. This generally takes place at Westminster upon th e is- 
sue of a new coinage ; the wardens of the goldsmiths select a jury of freemen of 
their company with their assay master ; they are presided over by the Lord 
Chancellor; this custom was known previous to 1281. 

42 



658 PLAGUE 

PLAGUE. Numerous visitations of tliat scourge occur before the Christian era. At 
Rome, 10,000 persons perished, a.d. 78 ; again ravaged the Roman Empire, A. D. 
167 ; and from the year 250 to 265, 500 persons died in one day at Rome. In 
Britain a plague raged so formidably, and swept avi^ay such multitudes, that the 
living were scarcely sufficient to bury the dead, A.D. 430 ; one began in Europe, 
extended all over Asia, Africa, and Constantinople, when 200,000 of its inhabit- 
ants perished ; it lasted for 52 years, from 542 to 594. At Chichester, in England, 
an epidemical disease carried off many persons, 762. In Scotland, 40,000 persons 
perished of a pestilence, a.d. 940. In London, a great mortality, 1094 ; and in 
Ireland, 1095. Again in London : it extended to cattle, fowls, and other do- 
mestic animals, iiil. In Ireland, after Christmas, Henry II. was forced to quit 
the country, 1172 ; again in Ireland, when a prodigious number perished, 1204. 
A general plague raged throughout Europe, causing great mortality ; in London 
alone, 200 persons were buried daily in the Charterhouse Square, 1235. In England, 
1247 and 1347, when 50,000 died in London, 1500 in Leicester. In Germany, 
90,000 people died, 1348. In Paris and London, a fearful mortality prevailed, 
1361-2, and from May 3 to Sept. 29, 1349 ; and in Ireland, 1370 ; a great pesti- 
lence in Ireland, called the fourth, destroyed a great number of people, 1383 ; 
30,000 persons perished of a dreadful pestilence in London, 1407; again in Ire- 
land, caused by famine, great numbers died, 1466 ; Dublin was wasted by a 
plague, 1470 ; a pestilence at Oxford, 1471 ; and throughout England, which 
destroyed more people than the continual wars for the 15 preceding years, 1478. 
The sweating sickness destroyed gi'eat numbers in London, Aug., 1485 ; the 
plague at London so dreadful, that Henry VII. and his court removed to Calais, 
1500. Again, the sweating sickness : in most of the capital towns in England half 
the inhabitants died, aird Oxford was depopulated, 9 Henry VIII. ; 220 people 
died in Westminster in one day, 1517- Limerick was visited by a plague, when 
many thousands perished, 1522 ; a pestilence throughout Ireland, 1525 ; and the 
English sweat, 1528; in 1529 its i^avages were confined to the Netherlands and 
Germany, breaking up the Conference between Luther and Zwingle. London 
again visited by the sweating plague, 1551, and in 1563, 22,000 died. Broke out 
in Edinburgh, 1 5 13, the year before the battle of Flodden field; disappeared until 
1645; all business and intercourse suspended, from April to Dec; of 5000 inhabit- 
ants in Leith 3000 perished ; a great famine followed. At Stirling the magistrates, 
the executioner, and all the town council died. Pestilence in London, 1582 — 
^587- 30)578 persons perished of the plague in London alone, 1603, 1604 ; an 
act passed for the relief of persons infected, i Jac. I. c. 31, 1603 : 20,000 perished 
of a pestilence at Constantinople, 161 1 ; in London a great mortality prevailed, 
and 35,417 persons perished, 1625 ; memorable plague, which carried off 68,596 
persons in London, 1665 ; 60,000 persons perished of the plague at Marseilles 
and neighbourhood, 1720 ; at Messina, Feb., 1743; at Algiers, 1755 ; Bohemia 
lost half its inhabitants, and it extended to Russia, where 20,000 died, 1770 ; at 
Moscow 120,000 died, 1772 ; at Bassorah, in Persia, when 80,000 persons 
perished, 1773 ; at Smyrna, about 20,000 inhabitants died, 1784 ; and 32,000 
at Tunis, 1784; looo in the Levant, 1786; the yellow fever destroyed 2000 
at Philadelphia, 1793 ; on the coast of Africa, particularly at Barbary, 3000 
died daily. One of the most terrible plagues that ever raged prevailed 
in Syria, 1760. In Egypt more than 800,000 pei-sons died of plague, 1792 ; 
in Barbary, 3000 died daily; and at Fez 247,000 perished, I799; hi Spain 
and at Gibraltar immense numbers were carried off by a pestilent disease, 1804-5; 
at Arta, 181 7, two-thirds of the population taken off after 48 hours' illness. At 
Malta it committed great ravages, 1813 ; in Lesser Asia, Syria, and the adjacent 
islands, by which Smyrna is computed to have lost 30,000 persons, 18 14 ; in 
Napjles, 1816 ; again, at Gibraltar, an epidemic fever much resembling the plague 
caused great mortality, 1828 ; depopulated parts of Russia, Poland, and Hun- 



PLAGUE 



PLANETS 



659 



gary, 1831 ; the Asiatic cholera made its first appearance in England, at Sunder- 
land, Oct. 26, 1831 ; in Scotland, at Haddington, Dec. 23, in the same year; 
and in Ireland, at Belfast, March 14, 1832 ; in Scotland 150, 000 died, 1847 ; again 
visited England, 1848-9. 
PLAGUE in London ; the mortality from this disease- most fatal the last year of 
its appearance, Sept., 1665, when 7165 died in one week ; I person died, Feb. 
14 ; 2, April 25 ; 9, May 9 ; 3, May 16 ; 14, May 23 ; and so it increased up to 
Sept. 17, when 8297 died, of which number 7165 died of the plague ; these fell 
to 281 in the week of Dec. 19, of all diseases, including these cases, 525. The 
great plague years of London gave for deaths of plague, besides other diseases, 
1592, 11,503 of plague; 1603, 30,561; 1625, 35,403; 1630, 1319; 1636, 10,400; 
1664-5, 68,596. In 1625 the total deaths were 54,256 ; of plague, 35,403, includ- 
ing within and without the walls in the liberties in Middlesex and Surrey, the 9 
out-.parishes and the post-house ; 121 parishes were infected, and one was clear. 
Two or three persons were reported annually to die of it for nearly fourscore years 
previous to its extinction, the year of the great fire, 1666. 

PLAINS OF ABRAHAM, battle, Canada, between the French, under the Mar- 
quis of Montcalm, and General Wolfe, Sept. 13, 1759 ; both the commanders fell, 
and have monuments on the field where they died. 

PLANETS, the inferior planetary orb of the earth's system, or rather of the sun's ; 
the primary planets are Mercury, Venus, the Earth, Mars, Jupiter, known 2000 
years B.C.; Saturn, Uranus, discovered 1781, and Neptune. The space between 
Mars and Jupiter being void, while all the distances between the other planets 
were proportional, it was imagined that one was not yet observed ; it was found 
that there were ten or twelve fragments of a planet moving in the vacant space at 
the point where the planet should be that was missing, some being only 400 miles 
in diameter ; these are named Ceres, Juno, Vesta, Pallas ; the satellites of Jupi- 
ter were discovered by Galileo, 16 10, of Uranus by Herschel, of Saturn by Huy- 
gens and Herschel 

PLANETS, list of the, with the name of the discoverer and time of discovery. 



Planet. 


By whom discovered. 


Place of discovery. 


Date of discovery. 


Aglaia 


... Luther 


Bilk 


. Sept. 15, 1857 


Amphitrite 


... Marth 


London ... 


. March i, 1854 


Alexandra 


.. Goldschmidt 


Paris 


. Sept. 10, 1858 


Ariadne 


Pogson ... 


Oxford 


. April 15, 1857 


Asia 


Pogson ... 


Oxford 


. April 18, 1 86 1 


Astrsea . . . 


Hencke ... 


Driesen 


. Dec. 8, 1845 


Atalanta 


. . . Goldschmidt 


Paris 


. Oct. 5, 1855 


Bellona ... 


Luther ... 


Bilk 


March i, 1854 


Calliope ... 


... Hind 


London ... 


. Nov. 16, 1852 


Calypso ... 


Luther ... 


Bilk 


. April 4, 1858 


Ceres 


... Piazzi 


Palerno ... 


. Jan. I, 1801 


Circe 


Chacornac 


Paris 


. April 6, 1855 


Clio 


... Luther ... 


Bilk 


. Aug. 15, 1865. 


Concordia 


... Luther 


Bilk 


. March 24, i860 


Daphne . . . 


. . . Goldschmidt 


Paris 


, May 22, 1856 


Diana 


... Luther 


Bilk 


March 15, 1863 


Doris 


Goldschmidt 


Paris 


Sept. 19, 1857 


Egeria 


... De Gasparis 


Naples 


Nov. 2, 1850 


Eugenia ... 


Goldschmidt 


Paris 


, June 28, 1857 


Eunomia . . . 


... De Gasparis 


Naples 


July 29, 1 85 1 


Euphrosyne 


. . . Ferguson 


Washington 


Sept. I, 1854 


Europa . . . 


. . . Goldschmidt 


Paris 


, Feb. 6, 1858 



:;enet 


PLA£ 


;SY 


Hind 


.. London ... 


.. Nov. 8, 1853 


Luther ... 


.. Bilk 


.. Oct. 5, 1855 


Hind 


.. London ... 


.. Oct. 18, 1847 


Hind ... 


.. London ... 


.. Aug. 22, 1852 


Goldsclimidt 


.. Paris 


.. March 31, 1856 


Hencke ... 


Driesen ... 


.. July I, 1847 


Pogson ... 


.. Oxford ... 


.. Aug. 16, 1857 


De Gasparis 


.. Naples ... 


.. April 12, 1849 


Hind 


.. London ... 


.. May 19, 185 1 


Hind 


.. London ... 


.. Aug. 13, 1847 


Pogson ... 


.. Oxford ... 


.. May 23, 1856 


Harding ... 


. . Lilienthal 


.. Sept. I, 1804 


Chacornac 


Paris 


.. Jan. 12, 1856 


Cliacornac 


Paris 


... Feb. 8, 1856 


Luther ... 


.. Bilk 


... April 18, 1861 


Luther ... 


.. Bilk 


... April 19, 1855 


Goldschmidt 


.. Paris . . 


... Nov. 15, 1852 


De Gasparis 


... Naples ... 


... Sept. 19, 1852 


Graham ... 


.. Mai'kree ... 


... April 25, 1848 


Hind 


. . London ... 


... June 24, 1852 


Laurent ... 


. . Marseilles 


... Jan. 22, 1858 


Luther 


.. Bilk 


... Aug. 13, 1861 


Goldschmidt 


... Paris 


... May 27, 1857 


Chacornac 


. . . Paris 


... Sept. 13, i860 


Goldschmidt 


. . Paris 


... Sept. 19, 1857 


Olbers ... 


. . . Bremen . . . 


... March 28, 1862 


Searle 




... Sept. 10, 1858 


De Gasparis 


. . . Naples . . . 


... May II, 1850 


Chacornac 


. . . Marseilles 


... April 6, 1853 


Chacornac 


. . Paris 


... Oct. 28, 1854 


Goldschmidt 


. . . Paris 


... Oct. 26, 1854 


Luther . . . 


... Bilk 


... Mays, 1853 


Pogson . . . 


... Oxford ... 


. . . May 2, 1 864 


Hind 


... London ... 


... Dec. 15, 1852 


De Gasparis 


. . . Naples . . . 


... April 5, 1853 


Luther 


... Bilk 


... April 17, 1852 


Ferguson 


. . . Washington 


... Sept. 14, i860 


Hind 


... London ... 


... July 22, 1854 


Olbers ... 


. . . Bremen . . . 


... March 28, 1802 


Hind 


. . . London . . . 


... Sept. 13, 1850 


Ferguson 


. . . Washington 


... Oct. 4, 1857 



660 PLA^ 

Euterpe ... 

Fides 

Flora 

Fortuna ... 

Harmonia 

Hebe 

Hestia 

Hygeia ... 

Irene 

Iris 

Isis 

Juno 

Leda 

Letitia 

Leto 

Leucothea 

Lutetia . . . 

Massilia ... 

Metis 

Melpomene 

Nemansa 

Niobe 

Nysa 

Olympia . . , 

Pales 

Pallas 

Pandora 

Parthenope 

Phocea . . . 

Polyhymnia 

Pomona ... 

Prosperine 

Sappho . . . 

Thalia 

Themis . . . 

Thetis 

Titania 

Urania 

Vesta 

Victoria . . . 

Virginia . . . 
PLANT AGENET kings of England, fourteen in number, from Henry II., 11 54, 

to Richard III. , 1485 ; the name was derived from Planta Genista the Spanish 

broom plant, a sprig of which was commonly worn by Geoffrey, Heniy's father, in 

his hat. 
PLASTER OF PARIS, properly gypsum, Andrew Verocchio invented the method 

of taking a mask with, 1470- 
PLASTERERS' COMPANY, incorporated, 16 Hen. VII., March 10, 1501 ; their 

hall built in Addle-street, 1667. 
PLASSY, battle, between the English under Lieutenant-Colonel Clive, and the 

natives under Surajah Dowlah, June 23, 1757 ; the English, with only 100 Eu- 
ropeans, and 2000 Sepoys, with 10 field-pieces, vanquished the Surajah at the 

head of 50,000 men, and 40 pieces of artillery, and thus laid the foundation of the 

Indian empire ; the Surajah lost all his artillery and baggage. 



PLATA ' PLEBEIANS 66 1 

PLATA, LA, South America, discovered by Juan Dias de Soils, 1516 ; Cabol 
visited it, 1526; Buenos Ayres founded, 1535, was subsequently burnt by the 
Indians ; rebuilt, 1542 ; made a vice-royalty, 1778 ; captured by the English 
under Sir Home Popham, June 26, 1806 ; retaken by Spain, Aug. 12 ; Monte 
Video stormed by the British, Feb., 1807 ; convention between the Government 
and England, and the troops withdrawn. May, 1807; Republic established, 
May 25, 1810 ; declared independent, 1816 ; recognized by England, 1824; in- 
surrection in, 1842; a treaty of peace agreed to, Jan., 1855. 

PLATyEA, Greece, founded by the Thebans. Allied with Athens, R. c. 519; captured 
and burnt by the Persians, 480. The Athenians under Pausanias defeated the 
Persians under Mardonius with a loss of 200,000 men, and all their camp equip- 
ages, 479; town rebuilt, 431 ; besieged by the Peloponnesian army, under Archi- 
damus, which 500 Athenians kept at bay for 2 years, when they surrendered, 
and were murdered in cold blood, 427. The Plata^ans recovered the city, but 
were again driven out, 372 ; restored by Philip, 338. 

PLATE and PLATING. The privilege of assaying gold and silver plate con- 
ferred upon the Goldsmiths' Company, by 28 Edw. I., 1300 ; confirmed by Par- 
liament, 1379 ; the use of, prohibited at inns, with the exception of spoons, by 
8 Will. III., 1696 ; no silver plate to be made of less fineness than 11 oz. 10 
dwts. of fine silver in every pound troy, 8 & 9 Will. III. c. 7, 1697 j Plate Act 
passed, 29 Geo. II. c. 14, April 15, 1756 ; an additional duty of 8j. per ounce on 
gold, and 6d. on silver-plate, fixed by 25 Geo. III., c. 64, July 20, 1785 ; the 
laws for marking, amended, 7 & 8 Vict. c. 22, July 4, 1844 ; of assaying, amended, 
17 & 18 Vict. c. 96, Aug. 10, 1854, and the 18 & 19 Vict. c. 60, July 23, 1855. 
Plating early used on tombs ; a contract for gilding with gold the Latone sta- 
tues upon the tombof Richard Beauchamp, Earl of Warwick, signed, June 13, 1453. 

PLATE GLASS manufactory established in Lancashire, 1773 ; first made in 
France, 1688. 

PLATINA, first described by Mr Wood, 1 750. 

PLATOMETER for reading figures, invented by John Long, Dec. 24, 1851. 

PLATONIC YEAR, that which the equinoxes occupy to complete their revolu- 
tions, at the end of which time the stars and constellations will have the same 
place in regard to the equinoxes as they had at first; it would require 25,816 years 
of the common time to complete this precession ; some making it a century more, 
some the same term less. 

PLATTSBURGH, North America. The expedition undertaken by Sir George 
Prevost against that town on Lake Champlain, was abandoned in consequence 
of the defeat of the British naval force, Sept. 11, 1814. 

PLAY-GROUNDS, village greens to be protected, 15 & 16 Vict. c. 79, June 30, 

1852; grants of land for adults and children, 22 Vict. c. 27, April 19, 1859; 

power to levy rates for the purchase and maintenance of, 23 & 24 Vict. c. 30, July 

3, i860. 
PLAYS first performed in England, 1378; those by the clergy or clerks, 1390; 

suppressed by parliament, 1647 ; permitted again, 1659; subjected to a censorship, 

1737, called 'the Playhouse Bill.' 

PLEADINGS in the law courts introduced, 786 ; changed from the Saxon into 
French, 1066 ; into English, 1327 ; Cromwell ordered all law proceedings to be 
in English, 1650 ; Latin was used in deeds of conveyance until 1731. 

PLEBEIANS, the commonalty of Rome, divided by Servius Tullius into 26 
tribes; they gained many advantages, B. c. 494; reconciled with the Patricians, 286. 



662 PLEURES POET LAUREATE 

PLEURES, Switzerland, destroyed by the falling of the part of a mountain upon 
it, when 2000 persons perished, Aug. 22, 1618. 

PLUM, a native fruit of England; other and better kinds introduced about 1522 ; 
the date-plum brought from Barbary in the 1 6th century. 

PLUMBERS' COMPANY, incorporated by 9 James I., April 12, 161 1. 

■PLURAL PRONOUN 'we,' as used by the kings of England, first adopted by 
John, 1 1 79. 

PLYMOUTH, Devonshire. The French attempted to burn the town, but were re- 
pulsed after burning 300 houses, 1339; again attempted, 1377 ; incorporated by 
Henry VI., 1439 ; fortified, 1512 ; besieged by the Royalists for three months 
unsuccessfully, 1647 ; the Royal Naval Hospital founded, 1762 ; fortified by order 
of Parliament, 1786; the Channel Fleet mutinied, Sept., 1797; the Dockyard built, 
1 728- 1 762 ; the Victualling Office burned, July 22, 1779 ; the Breakwater, first 
stone of, laid, Aug. 12, 1812; completed, 1840; the Town-hall built, 1822; arrival of 
Napoleon in the ' Bellerophon ' at, Aug. , 1815 ; the Royal Hotel and Theatre built, 
1818 ; the Athenaeum, 1819 ; the Royal William Victualling Yard, designed by 
Rennie, finished, 1835, cost ;!fi, 100,000 ; the Lighthouse began, 1841 ; finished, 
1844 ; the Roman Catholic Cathedral fell down, June 3, 1857 ; the 72-gun ship, 
'Talavera,' and the 28-gun frigate, 'Lnogene,' destroyed by fire in the dockyard; the 
hotel assembly rooms and theatre destroyed by fire, Jan. 6, 1863 ; the town visited 
by the Prince and Princess of Wales, July 18, 1865. 

PLYMOUTH, North Carolina. The Pilgrim Fathers arrived, in the ' Mayflower,' 
Dec. 15, 1620, and landed, Dec. 20; the town captured by the Confederates, 
under Gen. Hoke, with 2500 prisonei's, April 17, 1865. 

PLYMOUTH BRETHREN, first appeared in the town of Plymouth, circa 1830, 
under their leader, John Darby ; they had 130 places of worship in 1850. 

PLYMPTON PRIORY, Devonshire, founded by William Warwas, bishop of 
Exeter, 1121. 

PNEUMATIC DESPATCH COMPANY, formed under 22 & 23 Vict. c. cxxxvii , 
Aug. 13, 1859 ; the first line of tubes from Euston Station to Eversholt Street, 
opened for the transmission of letters and parcels, Feb. 20, 1863 ; from Eversholt 
Street to Holborn, Nov. 7, 1865. 

POACIHNG. Several measures passed by the legislature, punishing all persons for 
night poaching, and fixing the term of imprisonment, 9 Geo. IV. c. 69, July 19, 
1828 ; 7 & 8 Vict. c. 29, July 4, 1844 ; penal service substituted for transporta- 
tion, 16 & 17 Vict. c. 99, Aug. 20, 1853 ; 20 & 21 Vict. c. 3, June 26, 1857. An 
act passed for the prevention of, 25 & 26 Vict. c. 114, Aug. 7, 1862. 

PODOLL, battle. The Austrians defeated by the Prussians, under Gen. Home, 
June 26, 1866. 

POET LAUREATE, the first, 1251, temp. Henry L; Chaucer appointed, 1389 ; 
James I. granted to the laureate, 161 5, a hundred marks as a pension ; augmented 
by Charles I. to ^100, with a tierce of canary wine out of the royal cellar annu- 
ally. 

Gibber, Colley I730— 1757 Southey, Robert ... 1813— 1843 

Davenant, Sir W. Dec. 13, 1638 — 1668 Spencer, Edmund ... 1591— 1599 

Dryden, John Aug. 18, 1670 — 1689 Tate, Nahum Dec. 24, 1692— 1714 
Eusden, Nicholas Dec, 17 18 — 1730 Tennyson, Alfred ... 1850 

Jonson, Ben 1630 — 1637 Warton, The Rev. Thos. 1785 — 1790 

Pye, Henry James ... 1790 — 1813 Whitehead, William 1757 — 1785 

Rowe, Nicholas ... 1716 — 1718 Wordsworth, William 1843 — 1850 

Shadwell, Thomas ... 1689 — 1692 



POITIERS POLAND 663 

POITIERS, France, an ancient Roman town ; Clovis defeated the Visigoths, and 
slew their king Alaric, 507 ; Charles Martel defeated the Saracens, 732 ; the 
cathedral founded by Hen. II. of England, on his marriage with Eleanor of 
Guienne, 1153 ; the town captured by Philip II., 1204 ; retaken by the English, 
1360, who held it for 12 years. 

POITIERS, battles. Edward the Black Prince defeated John, King of France, 
who commanded a force of 60,000 of the chivalry of France, 10,000 fell in the 
battle, and about the same number were made prisoners with the king, Sept. 19, 
1356 ; the king was brought to England as a prisoner, and resided at the Savoy 
Palace, May 24, 1357 ; liberated, July 8, 1360 ; returned, Jan., 1362 ; died, 
April 8, 1364. 

POITOU, France. The Vendean revolt begun, 1791 ; the peasants massacred at, 
1793- 

POLAND, anciently the country of the Vandals, made a duchy, 694 ; Piastus, a 
peasant, elected to the ducal dignity, 830 ; he lived to 120, and his reign was so 
prosperous, that every succeeding native sovereign was called a Piast. Christianity 
introduced, 965 ; the Russians under Jarislas invaded Poland, 1018 ; Red Russia 
added to Poland, 1059 ; Boleslas II., in his reign the bishop of Cracow was mur- 
dered, for which the kingdom was laid under an interdict by the pope, 108 1 ; 
Uladislas 1. deposed, 1102 ; war renewed with Russia, I153 ; Premislas assassin- 
ated, 1296 ; the University of Cracow founded, 1362 ; Louis of Hungary came 
to the throne, 1370 ; war upon the Teutonic knights proclaimed, 1447 ; the Wal- 
lacliians carried off by fraud 100,000 Poles, and sold them to the Turks as slaves, 
1498 ; reign of Sigismund II., 1548; Stephen raised a force called Cossacks, a 
race of semi-barbarians, he gave them in trust the Ukraine, 1575 ; Courland 
ceded to, by Russia, 1582; peace concluded with Sweden, 1660; abdication of 
John Casimir, 1669 ; 150,000 Turks, under Mahomet IV., take Podolia, but 
were defeated by Sobieski, 1672 ; he again defeats them, 1674 and 1685 ; Sobieski 
elected king, 1674; massacre of the Protestants at Thorn, 1724; Stanislaus 
crowned, 1763 ; the punishment by torture abolished, 1770-2 ; 250,000 people 
destroyed by a severe pestilence, 1770 ; the frequent civil wars made the country 
fall an easy prey to the royal robbers, Catherine of Russia, Joseph II. of Austria, 
and Frederick the Great of Prussia, and the first partition treaty signed, Feb. 1 7, 
1772 ; the public partition treaty agreed to, Aug. 5, 1772 ; a new constitution 
adopted by Stanislaus I., May 3, 1791 ; war with Russia begun, Jvme 10, 1791 5 the 
Russians defeated at Zaslow, June 1 7 ; the second partition of, 1 793 ; insurrection, 
under Kosciusko, proclaimed at Cracow, March 3, 1794 ; defeated the Russians, 
April 4 ; Warsaw declared independent, April 1 7 ; besieged by the Russian and 
Prussian armies, July and Aug. ; siege raised ; Kosciusko, wounded and taken, 
was carried prisoner to Russia, Oct. 10, 1794 ; battle of Warsaw, 30,000 Poles 
killed, Oct. 12 ; defeated by Suwarroff, who entered Warsaw, Nov. 6 ; Courland 
added to Russia, 1795 ; King Stanislaus formally resigned his crown — final parti- 
tion of Poland, Nov. 25, 1795 ; Kosciusko libei-ated, Dec. 25, 1796 ; arrived in 
London, May 30, 1797 ; Stanislaus, ex -king of Poland, died at St Petersburg, 
Feb. II, 1798 ; treaty or peace of Tilsit, July 7, 1807 ; the Austrians invaded the 
countiy, April 15, 1809 ; occupied Warsaw, April 23 ; defeated at Thorn, May 
14 ; Warsaw evacuated, June l ; duchy of Warsaw formed, and general diet held 
at Warsaw, July, 1812 ; the new kingdom of, formed, and the Emperor Alex- 
ander I. proclaimed at Warsaw, June 20, 1815 ; new constitution granted, Nov. 
27, 1815 ; Cracow declared to be a free city, Nov., 1815 ; the Polish diet held 
its first meeting, Sept., 1820 ; a revolution broke out at Warsaw, Nov. 29, 1830, 
provisional government appointed ; the army and people united, Nov. 29, 1830 ; 
the throne of Poland declared vacant, Jan. 25, 1831 ; battle of Grochow, the 
Russians defeated with a loss of 6000 men, Feb. 20 ; the Russians again defeated 



664 POLAND 

at the battle of Wawz, with a loss of 10,000 men, March 31 ; the insurrection 
broke out at Wilna and Volhynia, April 3 ; battle of Zelichow, Russians suffered 
a severe defeat, their commander narrowly escaping, April 6 ; battle of Ostro- 
lenka fought, and the Poles again successful, May 26 ; General Diebitsch, com- 
manding tlie Russian forces, died very suddenly, June 10 ; battle of Wihia, the 
Polish army defeated, June 19 ; the death of the Grand Duke Constantine by 
cholera, July 30 ; Warsaw captured by the Russians after two days' fighting, Sept. 
6-8, 1831 ; the kingdom of Poland imited to the Russian empire, Feb. 26, 1832 ; 
Poland again in revolt, Feb. 22, 1846 ; the treaty of 181 5, constituting Cracow a 
free republic, annulled, and Cracow declared united to Austria, Nov. 16, 1846 ; 
Poland formally incorporated with Russia, June 6, 1847; petition of the Poles 
for the restoration of their nationality refused, March 9, 1861 ; the constitution 
modified, a council of state appointed, March 14 ; tlie kingdom declared in 
a state of siege, Oct. 14 ; a plot discovered in Warsaw, October and November ; 
the Grand Duke Constantine appointed Lieutenant-General of, June 8, 1862 ; 
attempt to assassinate him failed, July 3 ; attempt upon the life of the 
Marquis Wielopolski, in August ; the conscription begun, January 14, 1863 ; 
during the night 2500 young men were carried off ; an invisible power, 
called the Central Committee, issued a manifesto calling upon the nation to re- 
sist, Feb., 1863 ; Langiewicz nominated Dictator ; he fought a desperate battle 
with the Russian forces, March 18 ; gave himself up to the Austrians, March 
20 ; the Polish chiefs appealed to Europe for help, March 24 ; the Central 
Committee declared itself a Provisional Government, May 3 ; the Poles under 
Lelewel, defeated, Sept. 6; Gen. Berg appointed military commander of Warsaw, 
Sept. 17 ; an attempt made to assassinate, Sept. 19 ; execution of most of the 
leaders of the revolution, Aug. 5, 1864 ; the kingdom divided into eight govern- 
ments, Sept. I ; a ukase issued for the fusion of Poland with Russia, March 29, 
1867; a ukase issued for suppressing all central administrative institutions in, and 
assimilating Poland to Russia, Feb. 29, 1868. 

DUKES AND KINGS OF POLAND. 
A.D. 

1 194. Ladlslaus III. 
1200. Miecislaus IV. 
1203. Ladislaus III. 
1206. Leschus V. restored a third 

time. 
1227. Boleslaus V. 
1279. Leschus VI. 

1295. Premislaus. 

1296. Ladislaus IV. 
1300. Wenceslaus, King of Bohemia. 
1304. Ladislaus restored. 
1333. Casimir III., killed by a fall 

from his horse. 

1370. Louis, King of Hungary. 

1385. Hedwige, daughter of Louis, 
and her consort, Jagello, 
duke of Lithuania, with the 
title of Ladislaus V. 

1399. Ladislaus V., united Lithuania 
to Poland. 

1434. Ladislaus VI. 

1445. Casimir IV. 

1492. John, Albert, I. 

1 501. Alexander. 



A.D. 




550. 


Lech. 


700. 
750- 


Cracus. 
Venda. 


760. 


Leschus I. 


776. 


Leschus II. 


804. 


Leschus III. 


810. 

815. 
830. 

86i. 


Popiel I. 
Popiel II. 
Piast. 
Ziemovitus. 


892. 


Leschus IV. 


913- 


Ziemovislaus. 


964. 


Miecislaus I. 


992. 
1022. 


Boleslaus I. 
Miecislaus II. 


1034. 
1041. 


Rixa. 
Casimir I. 


1058. 


Boleslaus II. 


1081. 


Ladislaus. 


1 102. 


Boleslaus III. 


1 138. 


Ladislaus II. 


1 146. 


Boleslaus IV. 


II73- 


Miecislaus HI. 


1177, 


, Casimir II. 



POLAR STAR POLYNESIA 66$ 

A.D. A.D. 

1506. Sigismund I. 1674. John IIL, Sobieski. 

1548. Sigismund IL 1697. Frederick-Augustus I., elector 

1574. Henry III. ofValois. of Saxony. 

1575. Stephen Batthori, Prince of 1704. Stanislaus I. 

Transylvania. 1709. Frederick- Augustus restored. 

1587. Sigismund III. 1734- Frederick-Augustus II. 

1632. Ladislaus VII. 1764. Stanislaus II., Augustus Po- . 

1648. John II., or Casimir V. niatowski, the last monarch. 

1669. Michael - Korybat Wisnio- 
wizky. 
POLAR STAR, order of merit instituted by Sweden, April 28, 1748. 
POLICE of London consisted of different establishments under successive sove- 
reigns. The London watch instituted, 1253; officers and Bow-street establishment, 
under statutes 5, 11, 32, 54 George III.; twenty-one magistrates appointed to 
preside over each of the seven divisional offices, Aug. i, 1792 ; Thames police 
established, 1798; London police remodelled by statute, 10 Geo. IV. c. 44, June 
19, 1829 ; began duty, Sept. 29; amended by 2 & 3 Vict. c. 47, July 4, 1839 ; ex- 
tended to the city of London, 2 & 3 Vict. c. xciv. , Aug. 1 7, 1 839 ; one commis- 
sioner and two assistant-commissioners appointed, 19 & 20 Vict. c. 2, P"eb. 28, 
1856 ; ordered to be employed in H. M. dockyards and military stations, 23 & 
24 Vict. c. 135, Aug. 28, i860 ; an attempt made by Sir George Grey to amalga- 
mate the city with the metropolitan force ; bill brought into parliament, April 22, 
1863 ; subsequently withdrawn; Commissioner Mayne died, Dec. 26, 1868 ; and 
Col. E. Y. W. Henderson appointed, Feb. 12, 1869. 
POLICE, Dublin, commenced, Sept. 29, 17S6; remodelled, 1807 and 1824. 

POLICE, France, established by Louis XIV., March 26, 1667 ; altered and 
amended, Aug. 24, 1 790 ; remodelled, March, 1 800. 

POLITIQUES, or Liberal Catholics, a party formed by the Marshal de Damville, 
in France, 1574 ; signed a league with the Huguenots, Feb., 1575 ; treaty be- 
tween, and Henry III. of France, July 19, 1588. 

POLL ACT, Ireland, a tyrannical act exercised by the Earl of Desmond in Ireland, 
putting a price upon the heads of many native Irish of distinction, 1465. 

POLI> TAX, in England, imposed on every lay person of both sexes over 16 years 
of age, except beggars, a groat a-head, 1377 ; it led to the rebellion under Wat 
Tyler, 1381 ; raised from ()d. to IJ-., 1448; revived, 1518, and by 19 Car. II. c. 
I, 1667, the amount settled : a duke ^100, an earl £(iO, a baron £^0, a baronet 
^30, a knight-bachelor £zo, an esquire ;^io, and persons having an income of 
^100, ;^5, June 18, 1641 ; and also by Charles IL, when every subject was 
taxed by the head, 1666-67, 1678, 1689, a duke ^100, a marquis £"^0, a baron 
^"30, a knight £10, an esquire ;^io, and every private person \s., 1667; levied 
for the purpose of the war with France by the 3 Will, and Mary, c. 6, 169I ; 
abolished soon afterwards. 

POLOTZK, battle, between the French under Marshal Oudinot and the Russians 
under General Wittgenstein, July 30 and 31, i8i2; the Russians were victors the 
first day, but subsequently defeated, and the town taken, Oct. 20, 181 2. 

POLYGAMY, practised in almost all the ancient Eastern nations, general among 
the Jews, but not among the civilized nations of Greece and Rome ; Mark An- 
tony was the first who took two wives, and many followed his example until it 
was forbidden by Arcadius, 393 ; punished in England with transportation ; 
last act against, passed, 24 & 25 Vict. c. lOO, s. 57, Aug. 6, 1861. 

POLYNESIA, Pacific Ocean, first discovered by Magelhaens, March 6, 1521 ; 



666 POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTION PONTUS 

visited by Cavendish, 1588 ; mission sent by the Spaniards, 1668 ; visited by 
Anson, Aug., 1742. 
POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTION, Regent-street, built from the designs of Mr 

Thompson, and incorporated, 1838 ; opened, Aug. 6, 1838 ; enlarged, 1848. 
POLYTHEISM, the plurality of .Gods, taught in the time of Moses, B.C. 1500. 
POMEGRANATE TREE brought to England from the south in the 15th century, 

generally supposed from Spain, about 1584. 
POMERANIA, Prussia, part given to Sweden by the peace of Westphalia, 1648 ; 
the rest given to Brandenburgh by the peace of Stockholm, 1720 ; ceded to Den- 
mark by Sweden, 1S14 ; by Denmark to Prussia, 181 5. 
POMFRET, or Pontefract, castle, Yorkshire, built, 1080 ; Thomas, Earl of 
Lancaster, beheaded here, by his nephew, Edward II., 1322 ; chartered by 
Richard III.; Richard II. confined in, Jan., 1400; Henry IV. desiring his 
death, hired eight assassins, who entered his room, when Richard, with a 
poleaxe wrested from one of the number, killed four of them, but was at last 
struck down himself, 1399 ; here too Earl Rivers, Sir Richard Gray, and Sir T. 
Vaughan, were executed by Gilbert de Lacy, 1483 ; visited by Henry VII., i486, 
and by Henry VIII., 1540; the castle surrendered to the insurgents, under Aske 
(dui-ing the Pilgrimage of Grace), 1536 ; besieged by the Parliamentarians under 
Sir Thomas Fairfax, and after three days' cannonade, one of its towers was knocked 
down, and a breach made in its wall, Jan. 19, 1645, but they were unable to take 
it ; surrendered the following May. It was regained for Charles I- by a clever 
tratagem of Col. Cotterel, who introduced himself and nine other officers into 
the town in waggons loaded with provisions for the garrison ; he mastered the 
protectors of the drawbridge, and so admitted reinforcement, and ultimately cap- 
tured the town, Jan., 1648 ; besieged by the Roundheads under Gen. Lambert, 
Oct., 1648, but boldly resisted for six months ; Morris and five of his associates 
were exempted from pardon ; it was demolished, 1654. 

POMPEII, Italy, mentioned B.C. 310; nearly destroyed by an earthquake, A.D. 
63 ; buried in hot ashes by an eruption of Vesuvius, Aug. 23, 79 ; first discovered, 
1689 ; excavated, and the street of the town discovered, 1755; since then most 
of the buildings have been uncovered ; in 1830 the house of Sallust discovered. 

PONDICHERRY, Hindustan, first settled by the French, 1674 ; taken from the 
French, 1693, by the Dutch, who had first settled there (1574), 1697; besieged 
unsuccessfully by the English, 1748; taken, 1761 ; restored, 1763; taken again, 
Oct., 1778 ; restored, 1783 ; taken again, Aug. 23, 1793 ; restored to the French 
by the peace of, 181 5. 

PONIATOWSKI, Prince, drowned in the Elst.-r after the battle of Leipsic, Oct. 
19, 1813. 

PONSONBY, Miss, and Miss Eleanor Butler, left their friends early in life clan- 
destinely, with a female servant, and settled in Llangollen, in North Wales, where 
they lived in friendship and seclusion. Miss Butler, the survivor, dving, aged 76, 
1832. 

PONT ACHIN, battle. General Pichegru attacked the right wing of the allied 
armies with 100,000 men ; the battle raged from 5 a.m. to 3 p.m., when the Duke 
of York brought the second brigade of British Infantry into the field ; the French 
were totally defeated. May, 22, 1794. 

PONTUS, Asia Minor, the ancient province of, under the emperors, and still more 
ancient kingdom of Mithridates, B.C. 120; annexed to Rome by Pompey, B.C. 
65 ; included by Alexis Comnenus, emperor of the East, in a new empire of the 
Greeks at Trebisonde, 1204 ; this empire continued in existence until the Turks 
overwhelmed that nation and destroyed it, 1459- 



PONY EXPRESS POOR LAWS 667 

PONY EXPRESS, over the Rocky Mountains to San Francisco, started by Messrs 
Russell and Mayor, April 9, i860, the distance of 1900 miles done in 7 days. 

POOLE, Hants, fire at, the custom-house, store-house, and a large inn destroyed, 
April 20, 1813. 

POOLE, Montgomeryshire, the floor of the Sessions' Hall fell in while the court was 

sitting, several persons being killed, Aug. 11, 1758. 
POONAH, Hindustan, granted by the Sultan of Ahmednuggur to Mallojee, 1604; 

confirmed to Shahjee, 1637 ; restored to Savagee, 1667 ; the town taken and 

sacked by Nizam Ali, 1768 ; capitulated to the British forces, Nov. 17, 1817; 

flooded, 1846. 

POOR KNIGHTS OF WINDSOR, instituted on the foundation of St George's 
College by Edw. III., Aug. 6, 1348 ; in number 24, increased to 26 same year ; 
re-established by Elizabeth; dwelling provided for 13 by Henry VIII. in his will, 
dated 1547-8 ; built at a cost of ^2747 Js. 6d., 1558 ; annual allowance increased to 
;^i8 5^. each by James I. The Naval Knights added to, by Geo. III., June 23, 
179S. The named changed by William IV. to Military Knights of Windsor, Sept. 
17, 1834; the 7th canonry appropriated to the Naval Knights of, by 24 & 25 
Vict. c. 116, Aug. 6, 1861. 

POOR LAWS. In every country, and in all states of society, destitution has ex- 
isted, and the relief of the poor was considered an act of prudence, hence the 
establishment of a system of relief. By the laws of Athelstan, lordless men were to 
be found a lord by the Folkmote, 924. Every man to be brought into a hundred, 
and in burgh, loi 7 ; the poor compelled to labour, 23 Edw. III., I349,and 25 Edw. 
III., stal. I, 1350-1 ; but the principal statute for the protection of the poor was 
passed, 12 Rich. II. c. 7, 1388; a sum of money to be provided in every parish for 
the assistance of, 13 Rich. II. c. 8, 1389-90 ; by the 19 Hen. VII. c. 12, the justices 
are to assign to the impotent poor a limit within which they may beg, 1 503-4 ; an act 
passed for the benefit of, 22 Hen. VIII. c. 12, 1530-1, and if found begging without 
to be whipped; poor people to be kept in their respective shires and cities, 27 Hen. 
VIII. c. 25, 1536. The relief of, the first consideration of Edward VI. , i Edw. VI. 
c. 3, 1547, and 5 & 6 Edw. VI. c. 2, 1552 ; alms to be collected in every parish 
for the relief of, 2 & 3 Philip & Mary, c. 5, 1555 ; renewed, 1557 ; collectors of 
alms appointed, and licenses given to beggars to beg in certain districts, 5 Eliz. 
c. 3, 1562-3 ; another enactment for the ease of the poor, 14 Eliz. c. 5, 1572-3 ; 
amended, 18 Eliz. c. 3, 1575-6 ; overseers appointed, 39 Eliz. c. 3, 1597-8 ; an 
act passed for erecting of hospitals, abiding and working-houses for the poor, 21 
James I. c. i, 1623 ; Chariest, issued a commission for the relief of, 1630 ; settle- 
ment and removal of the poor, first established, 13 & 14 Car. TI. c. 12, 1662 ; 
amended by 3 William & Mary, c. II, i6gi ; persons relieved by the parish to 
wear a badge, 8 & 9 Will. III. c. 30, 1696-7 ; a book to be kept in each parish 
to register tire names of all persons receiving relief, and workhouses established, 
9 Geo. I. c. 7) 1722 ; the laws of settlement amended, 31 Geo. II, c. 11, 1758; 
several schemes propounded for their better relief, 1735 — 53 ; poor children pro- 
vided for, by 7 Geo. III. c. 39, 1767 ; Gilbert's act passed for the better relief 
and employment of, 22 Geo. III. c. 83, 1782 ; an act to prevent the removal of 
poor persons, until they shall become chargeable, passed, 35 Geo. III. c. loi, 
June 22, 1795 ; an act passed for the better collection of the poor rates, 41 Geo. 
HI. c. 23, April 18, 1801 ; badges abolished, 50 Geo. III. c. 52, June 9, 1810 ; 
committee appointed to consider the laws, Feb. 21, 1817 ; report of, July 2 ; 
select vestry for the concerns of the poor established, 59 Geo. HI. c. 12, March 
31, 1819 ; the law of settlement amended, 59 Geo. HI. c. 50, July 2, 1819 ; 
amended, 6 Geo. IV. c. J 7, June 22, 1825 ; commissioners appointed to inquire 
into the Poor Laws, Feb., 1832 ; report, Feb. 20, 1834 ; Poor Law Amendment 
Act passed, 4 & 5 Will. IV. c. 76, Aug. 14, 1834 ; Assessment Act, 6 & 7 Will. 



66S POOR, AND POOR LAWS POPE 

IV. c. 96, Aug. 19, 1836 ; Poor Law Commissioners continued, S & 6 Vict. c. 
57, July 30, 1842 ; the law of removal amended, 9 & 10 Vict. c. 66, Aug. 26, 
1846 ; the Poor Law Commissioners continued by 10 & 11 Vict. c. 109, Dec. 17, 
1847, and since continued again, 33 & 34 Vict. c. 148, Aug. 28, i860 ; Mr Bod- 
kin's act for the removal of the poor, 10 & 11 Vict. c. no, July 23, 1847 ; the 
care of the pauper lunatics provided for by 16 & 17 Vict. c. 97, Aug. 20, 1853 ; 
removal of the poor regulated by 25 & 26 Vict. c. 113, Aug. 7, 1862 ; amended, 
27 & 28 Vict. c. 105, July 29, 1864 ; for establishing asylums for the sick, insane, 
and other classes of the poor in the metropolis, 30 & 31 Vict.,c. 6, March 29, 1867 ; 
an act passedfor the relief of the metropolitan houseless, 27 & 28 Vict. c. 116, July 
29, 1864; made perpetual, 28 & 29 Vict. c. 34, June 2, 1865 ; asylums for the 
sick and insane poor, and for the relief generally, 30 Vict. c. 6, March 29, 1867 ; 
the laws for the relief of the poor amended, 30 & 31 Vict. c. 106, Aug. 20, 1867. 
POOR, and POOR LAWS, Scotland. It was ordered, that the aged and infirm poor 
be kept by the parishes, 1 503 ; a statute was passed for the better protection of, 
the whole of the inhabitants to be charged with the maintenance, 1579, and again, 
1592; workhouses established, 1672; report upon the condition of, 1818; com- 
mission appointed to inquire into the state of, 1843 5 report of, 1844 ; there were 
then 13 poor-houses ; an act passed for the amendment and better administration 
of the laws for the relief of the poor, 8 & 9 Vict. c. 83, Aug. 4, 1845 ; mode of 
raising the assessment for the poor in, 24 & 25 Vict. c. 37, July 22, 1861. 

POOR, and POOR LAWS, Ireland. Cosherers and idle wanderers suppressed 
by 10 & II Car. I., 1634-5. The first step for the relief of the poor was the 
erection of a workhouse in Dublin, and maintaining the poor, 2 Anne, c. 19, 1703 ; 
asylums provided for the pauper lunatics, 57 Geo. III. c. 106, 1817 ; commission 
appointed to inquire into the condition of, 1833; reported, 1835-36 ; an act passed 
for the more effectual relief of the poor, i &2 Vict. c. 56, July 31, 1838 ; amended, 
2 Vict. c. I, March 15, 1839 ; again amended, 6 & 7 Vict. c. 92, Aug. 24, 1843; 
: temporary relief act during the famine in Ii-eland, 10 & 1 1 Vict. c. 7, Feb. 26, 1847; 
the relief of the poor amended by 10 & 11 Vict. c. 31, June 8, 1847, and c. 90, 
July 22, 1847 ; another amendment was found necessary, 12 & 13 Vict. c. 104, 
Aug. I, 1849 ; the total expenditure for the poor in 1850 was ^1,430,108 ; the 
law of removal amended by 24 & 25 Vict. c. 76, Aug. 6, 1861 ; again amended by 
26 & 27 Vict. c. 89, July 28, 1863 ; an amendment to the laws for the relief of, 
passed, 25 & 26 Vict. c. 83, Aug. 7, 1862. 

POOR RATES, the equalization of, a parliamentaiy committee moved for to in- 
quire into, but defeated, June 16, 1857. Mr Ayrton introduced a bill into Par- 
liament for the equalization of, March 23 ; read a second time. May 12, and with- 
drawn. 

POPE, from Uawa, father, formerly given to all priests, but since 1073 it has been 
confined to the Pope. Quarrelled with the King of England about the choice of 
the archbishop of Canterbury, June 13, 1207; laid England under an interdict, 
when all the church services ceased, March 23, 1208 ; excommunicated the king 
and absolved his subjects from their allegiance, Nov., 1209 ; proceeded to depose 
King John, and to give away his kingdom, 1213 ; received John's submission, 
and absolved him, upon his resigning into the papal hands the sovereignty of his 
entire kingdom, and becoming a tributary to Rome, May 15, 1213 ; excommuni- 
cation of the barons and the citizens of London removed, Oct. 3, 1213 ; de- 
manded an annual tribute from every monastery and cathedral in England, which 
was resisted, 1226 ; collected the tenths of the kingdom with great rigour, 1229; 
caused great extortion to be practised in this country, 1242, 1244; promised to give 
the throne of Sicily to Edmund the son of Henry III., but involved England in a 
debt of 135,541 marks, 1255 ; their courts protected, 1364 ; tribute to, refused by 
England, 1365 ; sent several presents to the King of England, 1510, 1514 ; taken 



POPES 



669 



prisoner, and his palace pillaged by the Duke of Bourbon, 1527 ; his supremacy 
abolished in England, 1531 ; power in England entirely abrogated,March 30, 1534; 
bull issued against Henry VIII., June 18, 1538 ; power and popery re-establ'ished,' 
Oct. 28, 1553; finally abolished, Feb., 1559; re-established, Sept. 30, 1850, by 
a bull of Pius IX. Pius VII. excommunicated Napoleon, May, 1809 ; Pius IX. 
driven by the Sardinians from Rome, Nov. 24, 1848. Popes are asserted to have 
descended from St Peter, who died, A.D. 42 ; St Clement is said to have suc- 
ceeded him. 



St Anastasius I. 

St Innocent I. 

St Zosimus, a Greek : canon- 
ized. 

Boniface I., a Roman. 

Eulaius : antipope. 

St Celestin I., a Roman: 
canonized. 

St Sixtus III., a Roman. 

St Leo I. the Great. 

St Hilarius : canonized. 

St Simplicius. 

St Felix III. : canonized. 

St Gelasius : canonized. 

vSt Anastasius II.: canonized. 

St Symmachus : canonized. 

Laurentius : antipope. 

St Hormisdas : canonized. 
John I. 

Felix IV. : introduced extreme 
unction as a sacrament ; 
canonized. 
Dioscuros : antipope. 

Boniface II. of Rome. 

John II. : opposed the Euty- 

chians and Nestorians. 
St Agapetus I. 
St Sylverius. 

Vigilius : banished, but re- 
stored. 
Pelagius I. 

St John III., a Roman. 
St Benedict I., a Roman. 
St Pelagius II., a Roman. 
St Gregoryl., called the Great, 
who converted the English 
nation to Christianity. 
Sabinianus. 

Boniface III., a Roman. 
Boniface IV., an Abruzzian, 
Deodotus I. 
Boniface V. 
Honorius I. 
Severinus. 
John IV. 
Theodorus I. 



A.D. 




A.D. 


66 


St Linus. 


398 


78 


St Anacletus. 


401 


91 


St Clement. 


417 


100 


St Evaristus. 




109 


St Alexander. 


418 


119 


St Sixtus. 


420 


128 


St Telesphorus. 


422 


139 


St Higinus. 




142 


St Pius. 


432 


157 


St Anicetus. 


440 


169 


St Soter. 


461 


177 


St Eleutherius. 


467 


193 


St Victor I. 


482 


202 


St Zepherinus. 


492 


219 


St Calixtus. 


496 


223 


St Urban I. : beheaded. 


498 


230 


St Pontianus. 


514 


23s 


St Anterus. 


514 


236 


St Fabian. 


523 


251 


St CorneHus. 


526 


252 


St Lucius. 

St Novatianus : antipope. 




253 


St Stephen I. 




257 


St Sixtus II. 


530 


259 


St Dionysius. 


532 


269 


St Felix I. : martyred, canon- 






ized. 


535 


275 


St Eiitichianus. 


536 


283 


St Cains. 


540 


296 


Marcellinus. 




308 


Marcellus. 


555 


3T0 


Eusebius. 


560 


3" 


St Melchiades. 


574 


314 


St Sylvester I. 


578 


336 


St Marcus I. 


590 


337 


St Julius I. 




352 


St Liberius : banished. 




356 


Felix II., antipope : placed in 


604 




the chair by Constans dur- 


607 




ing the exile of Liberius. 


608 


358 


St Liberius restored. 


615 


358 


Felix became legal pope ; but 


619 




was killed by Liberius. 


625 


359 


St Liberius again restored. 


640 


366 


St Damasus I. 


— 


384 


St Siricius, a Roman. 


642 



670 



POPES 



649 


St Martin I. 


891 


Formosus. 


654 


EugeniusL: canonized. 


891 


Sergius III.: antipope. 


657 


Vitalian. 


896 


Boniface VI. 


672 


Adeodatus II. 


896 


Stephen VII. 


676 


Domnus I. 


897 


Romanus I. 


678 


Agatho. 




Theodoras II. 


682 


St Leo II.: instituted holy 


898 


John IX. of Tibur. 




water. 


900 


Benedict IV. 


684 


Benedict II. 


903 


Leo V. 


685 


John V. 


904 


Sergius III. 


686 


Peter : antipope. 


911 


Anastasius III. of Rome. 


— 


Theodore : antipope. 


913 


Lando, a Sabine. 


— 


Paschal : antipope. 




John X. 


687 


Conon. 


928 


Leo VI. 


— 


Sergius I. 


929 


Stephen VIIL of Rome. 


701 


John VI. 


931 


John XI. 


705 


John VII. 


936 


Leo VII. 


708 


Sisinius. 


939 


Stephen VIIL 


— 


Constantinus. 


942 


Marinus III. 


715 


Gregory II.: canonized. 


946 


Agapetus II. 


731 


Gregory III.: the first pope 


956 


John XII. 




who sent nuncios to foreign 


964 


Leo : antipope. 




powers. 


— 


Benedict V. 


741 


Zacharias, a Greek. 


965 


John XIII. 


753 


Stephen II.: with this pope 


972 


Benedict VI. 




commenced the temporal 


974 


Domnus II. 




power of the Church. 


975 


Benedict VII. 


753 


Stephen III. 




Boniface VII. : antipope. 


757 


Paul I., a Roman. 


983 


John XIV. 


768 


Stephen IV. 


985 


John XV. 


— 


Theophilactus and Constan- 


996 


Gregory V. : antipope. 




tine II. : antipopes. 


998 


John XVII. : antipope. 


769 


Philip : antipope. 


999 


Sylvester II. 


772 


Adrian I.: sanctioned the use 


1003 


John XVI. 




of images. 


— 


John XVII. 


795 


St Leo III. 


1009 


Sergius IV. 


816 


Stephen V. 


102 1 


Benedict VIIL of Tusculum. 


817 


Paschal I. 


1024 


John XVIII. 


824 


Eugenius II. 


1033 


Benedict IX. 


826 


Zinzinius : antipope. 


1044 


Sylvester III. : antipope. 


827 


Valentinus. 


1046 


Gregory VI. : abdicated. 


828 


Gregory IV. 


1047 


Clement II. 


844 


Sergius II. 


1048 


Damasus II. 


845 


Leo IV. 


1049 


St Louis IX. : canonized. 




Between Leo IV. and the next 


1055 


Victor II. 




pontiff, Benedict III., the 


1057 


Stephen X. 




story of ' Pope Joan' is ap- 


1058 


Benedict X. : antipope. 




plied. 


1059 


Nicholas II. 


857 


Benedict III. 


1061 


Alexander II. 


858 


Nicholas I. 


— 


Honorius II. : antipope. 


867 


Adrian II. 


1073 


Gregory VII., the celebrated 


872 


John VIII. 




Hildebrand. 


882 


Martinus II. 


1080 


Clement II. : antipope. 


884 


Adrian III. 


1086 


Victor III. 


8S5 


Stephen VI. 


1088 


Urban II. 



1099 

IIOO 
II02 

ni8 

III9 
1 124 

1 130 

II38 

II43 
II44 
1 145 

"53 
"54 

1159 
"59 
1 164 
1 169 
1178 
1181 
1185 
1187 
1 188 
1191 
1 198 

1216 
1227 
1241 
1243 
1254 
1261 
1265 
1272 



1276 



1276 
1277 
1281 
1285 
1288 
1292 
1294 



1303 
1305 



Paschal II. 
Albert : antipope. 
Theodoric : antipope. 
Sylvester : antipope. 
Gelasius II. 

Gregory VIII. : antipope. 
Calixtus II. 
Honorius II. 
Theobald : antipope. 
Innocent II. 



Anacletus II. : antipope. 

Victor IV. : antipope. 

Celestin II. 

Lucius II. 

Eugenius III. : canonized. 

Anastasius IV. 

Adrian IV. , or Nicholas Brake- 
spear, an Englishman. 

Alexander III. 

Victor IV. : antipope. 

Paschal III. : antipope. 

Calixtus III. : antipope. 

Innocent III. : antipope. 

Lucius III. 

Urban III. 

Gregory VIIL 

Clement III. 

Celestinus III. 

Innocent III. : he excommuni- 
cated King John. 

Honorius III. 

Gregory IX. 

Celestinus IV. 

Innocent IV. 

Alexander IV. 

Urban IV. 

Clement IV., a Frenchman. 

Gregory X. : elected while 
with Edward I. of England 
in the Holy Land. 

Innocent V. 

Adrian V. : Legate to Eng- 
land in 1254. 
John XXI. 

Nicholas III. 

Martin IV., a Frenchman. 

Honorius IV. 

Nicholas IV. 

Celestinus V. : abdicated. 
Boniface VIIL : laid France 
and Denmark under inter- 
dict. 

Benedict XI. 

Clement V. : removed the 
papal seat to Avignon. 



POPES 671 

1316 John XXII. of France : as- 
sumed the triple crown. 

1334 Benedict XII. 

1334 Nicholas V. of France : anti- 
pope at Rome. 

1342 Clement VI. : a Frenchman. 

1352 Innocent VI. 

1362 Urban V. 

1370 Gregory XL, a Frenchman : 
restored the papal chair to 
Rome. 

1378 Urban VI. 

1389 Boniface IX. of Naples. 

1394 Benedict, called XIII. : anti- 
pope at Avignon. 

1404 Innocent VII. 

1406 Gregory XII. : abdicated. 

1409 Alexander V. of Candia. 

1410 JohnXXIIL : deposed. 
141 7 Martin V. 
1424 Clement VIIL : antipope. 
1 43 1 Eugenius IV. 
1439 Felix V. : antipope. 
1447 Nicholas V. of Sarzana. 
1455 Calixtus III. of Spain. 
1458 Pius IL 
1464 Paul II. 
147 1 Sixtus IV. 
1485 Innocent VIIL : persecuted the 

Waldenses. 
1492 Alexander VI. of Spain. 
1503 Pius III. 

— Julius II. 
1513 Leo X., John de Medicis. 

1522 Adrian VI. 

1523 Clement VII. 
1534 Paul IIL 
1550 Julius III. 
1555 Marcellus IL 
155s Paul IV. of Naples. 
1559 Pius IV., cardinal de Medicis. 
1566 St Pius V. 
1572 Gregoiy XIII. : the civilian 

and canonist, he reformed 
the calendar. 
1585 Sixtus V. 

1590 Urban VII. 

— Gregory XIV. 

1 59 1 Innocent IX. 

1592 Clement VIIL 
1605 Leo XL 

— Paul V. 
1 62 1 Gregory XV. 
1623 Urban VIIL: gave the title 

of Eminence to cardinals. 



672 



POPE JOAN 



POPULATION 



1644 

1655 
1667 
1670 
1676 
1689 
1691 
1700 
1721 
1724 
1730 
1740 



Innocent X. 
Alexander VII. 
Clement IX. 
Clement X. 
Innocent XI. 
Alexander VIII. 
Innocent XII. 
Clement XI. 
Innocent XIII. 
Benedict XIII. 
Clement XII. 
Benedict XIV. 



1758 
1769 

1775 
1800 



1823 
1829 
1831 

1846 



Clement XIII. 

Clement XIV. 

Pius VI. 

Pius VII., elevated by the 
interest of Bonaparte : de- 
posed by Bonaparte in 1809; 
restored, 18 14. 

Leo XIL 

Pius VIIL 

Gregory XVI., elected, June 
16. 

Pius IX., crowned, June 21. 



POPE JOAN, a story, asserted on good grounds, that a female named Joan, dis- 
guised in a male habit, entered a monastery, became a learned professor, and on 
the death of Leo IV., 855, was elected pope. 

POPISH PLOT, denounced by Titus Oates, Sept. 28, 1678; Viscount Stafford 
beheaded, Dec. 29, 1680 ; the author, Titus Oates, convicted of perjury and 
ordered to be publicly whipped, and to stand in the pillory. May 8, 1685 ; 
pardoned, June 6, 1689. 

POPLAR TREE brought to England from Italy in the seventeenth century ; the 
American poplar introduced, 1750. 

POPULATION IN ENGLAND AND WALES:— 



1066 At the Conquest 
The number recorded in 

Doomsday book is about 

1381 Richard II. 2, 

141 5 Henry V. 3, 

1509 Henry VII. 4, 

1528 Henry VIIL 4, 

1603 Elizabeth 5, 

1625 James I. 5j 

1660 At the Restoration 5, 



2,150,000 1688 



283,000 


I7I4 


,350,000 


1760 


000,000 




000,000 


1780 


,356,000 




,000,000 


1801 


,500,000 


1803 


,500,000 


I85I 



At the Revolution, 

above 5,500,000 
At death of Anne 5,750,000 
At death of George 

II. 7,000,000 

At end of the Ameri- 
can war 8,000,000 
The first Census 9, 1 72,980 
9,210,000 
The sixth Census 17,927,609 



POPULATION IN IRELAND. 

In 1754 it was 2,376,634; 1767., 2,544,276 ; 1777, 2,690,556; 1785, 2,845,932; 
1821, 6,801,827; 1831. 7>784.536; 1841, 8,175,124; 1851,6,515,794; and in 
1861, 5,792,055. Between 1851 and 1861, 1,230,986 of the inhabitants emigrated 
to America and the colonies. 



POPULATION OF THE 

Algeria 1 86 1 2,966,836 

Argentine Republic 1866 1,465,000 
Austria & Hungary 1857 32,573,003 

Brazil i860 Free 8,307,000 

Slave 1,707,000 

Belgium 1863 4,529,560 
Canada and British 

North America 1867 3,811,000 

CapeofGood Hope 1856 2,671,096 
China 1842 414,686,994 

Chili 1862 1,676,243 

Denmark 1864 1,608,095 

Egypt 1866 5,000,000 



STATES OF EUROPE. 

France 1866 

Germany 1866 

Greece 1861 

Great Britain and 



Wales 
Scotland 
Ireland 
Hong Kong 
India 
Italy 
Japan 
Java 
Liberia 



1861 



1865 
1861 
1864 
1864 
1861 
1865 



38,067,094 

36,585»599 
1,332,508 

20,066,224 
3,062,294 

5,798,967 
125,504 

47,909,199 
24,149,766 
35,000,000 
13,019,108 

560,000 



PORCELAIN 




PORTER 


Mexico 


1857 


7,995.426 


Poland 


1864 


Natal 


1863 


156,165 


Siam 


1865 


Netherlands 


1861 


3,372,652 


Spain 


1864 


New South Wales 


1865 


411,388 


Sweden 


1865 


New Zealand 


1864 


172,158 


Switzerland 


i860 


Norway 


1865 


1,700,245 


Tasmania 


1865 


Papal States 


1861 


1,692,106 


Turkey 


1844 


Paraguay 


1857 


1,337,431 


Roumania 


i860 


Peru 


i860 


2,867,000 


Servia 


1 86 1 


Portugal 


1858 


3,584,677 


United States 1866 


Queensland 


1864 


61,467 


Uruguay 


i860 


Russia 


1864 


61,061,801 


Victoria 


1866 


Finland 


— 


1,798,909 


Western Australia 1865 



673 

5,336,210 

12,000,000 
16,302,625 
4,114,141 

2,534,242 

95,201 

35,350,000 

3,864,848 

1,098,281 

34,505,882 
240,965 

626,639 
20, 26c 

PORCELAIN, first introduced into Eflrope by the Portuguese, 1518. This art had 
arrived at great perfection in China and Arabia in the 12th century. This ware 
first made in Japan, B.C. 27 ; the Alhambra Vase made, 1320 ; a manufactory 
established by the King at Dresden, and M. Bottcher appointed director, 1710 ; 
one opened at Vienna, 1720. — English porcelain manufactories : Bow, china or 
porcelain made at Stratford-le-Bow, 1760 ; at Chelsea, circa 1650 ; at Derby by 
Dewsbury, 1750; Plymouth, by William Cookworthy, 1760 ; he took out a patent 
for his new materials, 1768; Bristol, by R. Champion, 1772 ; Rockingham, 
1757 ; improved by Thomas Bingley, 1778 ; Worcester, by Dr Wall and others, 
1751 ; Shropshire, at Coalbrook Dale, 1770 ; Swansea, 1750. — French manu- 
factories : porcelain first made in France, 1695 ; St Cloud, the first manufactory 
opened, 1695 ; Sevres, 1756. — Italian : Capo di Monte, a manufactory was 
founded by Charles III., 1736. This king upon his accession to the Spanish 
throne, established a manufactory near Madrid, 1759; the duty upon, reduced, 
1825. 

PORCUPINE, Order of Knighthood, began in France, 1393. 

PORT-AU-PRINCE, St Domingo, founded, 1749; nearly destroyed by an eartli- 
quake, 1770 ; 150 houses burned at, June 29, 1784 ; nearly the whole town was 
burned in a riot again, Dec. 1, 1791 ; insurrection and massacre of the whites at, and 
destruction of the town, 1801 ; the British took possession of, June, 1794 ; the 
town destroyed, 1802. 

PORTC HESTER CASTLE, Hants, one of the earlier works of the Romans in 
England, seven miles north of Portsmouth, rebuilt by William I. on the old 
foundations., the walls from 8 to 12 feet thick ; the Keep 115 long and 65 broad ; 
used as a receptacle for prisoners of war from 1794 to 1814. 

PORTCULLIS, a badge derived from the Somersets ; the two offices of Portcullis 
and Rouge-Dragon were erected by Heniy VII. upon the vigil of his coronation, 
Oct. 19, 1485. 

PORTEOUS, CAPTAIN, hung by the populace at Edinburgh ; a smuggler was 
to have been executed ; a fellow-depredator on the revenue kept back the soldiers 
from seizing his companion, and gave him the opportunity of escape, for which 
act he was to suffer ; the crowd sympathized with the men and pelted the guard, 
and Captain Poileous ordered his men to fire on the people, April 14, 1736, 
when 17 persons were killed or wounded ; the captain was tried and found 
guilty of murder, but was reprieved, evidently with the intention of saving him ; 
the people in consequence broke into the prison, took him out and hanged him on 
a sign-post, in defiance of the military and the authorities ; though large rewards 
were offered, no individual concerned in the deed was ever discovered, Sept. 7, 
1736. 

PORTER, first spoken of as a drink for the poor in Nicholas Amherst's Terra 

43 



674 PORTERAGE ACT PORTREEVE 

Filius, May 22, 1721 ; first sold by Ralph Harwood, whose brewhouse was 
upon the east side of High-street, Shoreditch : he called it e^itire, 1730. 

PORTERAGE ACT passed, regulating the tonnage of small parcels, to be taken 
by innkeepers and others in London and Westminster, 39 Geo. III. c. Iviii., June 
21, 1799. 

PORT GLASGOW, purchased from Sir P. Maxwell by the town of Glasgow, 1668 ; 
made a parish, 1695 ; a barony, 1775 ; a burgh, 1832. 

PORTLAND, Dorsetshire ; the Danes landed here, 1404 ; the French laid the 
county waste by fire. May, 1416 ; a castle built upon this island by Henry VIIL, 
1520; Adm. Blake defeated the Dutch fleet under Van Tromp off here, Feb. 18 
— 20, 1653; Portland stone first quarried, 1616; a convict prison erected, 1848 ; the 
Breakwater first suggested by Mr Harvey, 1794 ; an act passed for the construc- 
tion of, 10 & II Vict. c. 24, May 11, 4847 ; first stone laid by Prince Albert, 
July 25, 1849 ; 1500 tons of stone is deposited every day ; the Prince and 
Princess of Wales visited, July 27, 1865. 

PORTLAND, Victoria, between Melbourne and Adelaide, only a whaling station, 
1833 ; raised to a township, 1842. 

PORTLAND, naval battle. The English fleet of 80 sail, commanded by Adm. 
Blake and Gen. Monk, attacked the Dutch fleet of 76 vessels of war and 300 mer- 
chantmen, off Portland ; the battle lasted for 3 days ; Blake gained the victory, 
the Dutch losing 11 ships of war and 200 men, Feb. 18, 19, 20, 1653. 

PORTLAND ADMINISTRATIONS, the first, the well-known Coalition Min- 
istry, of which William Henry Cavendish Bentinck, Duke of Portland, was the 
head, April 5, 1783 ; the second was in March 25, 1807, terminating with the 
death of the Duke, Oct. 30, 1809. 

PORTLAND PLACE, built by the brothers Adam, 1777-9. 

PORTLAND VASE, discovered in the neighbourhood of Rome, in a sepulchral 
chamber, under the mount called Monte de Grano, in the Pontificate of Urban 
VIIL (Barberini), between the years 1623 and 1644, purchased by Sir William Ham- 
ilton, and sold by him to the Duchess of Portland ; purchased by the Duke of 
Portland, upon the sale of her Ladyship's collection, for ^^looo, 1786 ; deposited 
in the British Museum, 1810 ; wilfully broken by William Lloyd, Feb. 7, 1845 ; 
since mended. 

PORTOBELLO, S. America, found by Columbus in his voyage, Nov. 2, 1502 ; 
Admiral Vernon captured it from the Spaniards, Nov. 22, 1739 ; again in 1742, 
and the fortifications of, destroyed ; seized by Sir Gregor M'Gregor in 1819. 

PORTO-FERRAJO, Isle of Elba, fortified by Cosmo of Florence, 1548, finished 
only in 1628 ; became the residence of Napoleon Bonaparte, from May, 1814, to 
Feb., 1815. 

PORTO NOVO, battle. Hyder Ali attacked the British army under Sir Eyre 
Coote, but was defeated with great loss, July i, 1 78 1. 

PORTO-RICO, W. Indies, discovered by Columbus, 1493 ; invaded by the 
Spaniards, 1509; captured by the British, 1780 ; revolution in, 1820; de- 
feated, 1823 ; visited by a hurricane, which destroyed 1000 houses and the crops 
and cattle, Nov. 15, 1867. 

PORT PHILLIP, New Zealand, discovered by Lieut. Murray, and named after 
the governor of the colony, 1802. First convict settlement formed in, 1804, a 
second in 1835. The first public sale of land in, June i, 1837 ; it fetched, on an 
average, £10 per acre ; the same land in 1853 fetched 2^ 120. 

PORTREEVE, the ancient name of the principal magistrate of a town, who 
ultimately became mayor, in the reign of Richard I., 11 89. 



PORT-ROYAL PORTUGAL 675 

PORT- ROYAL, France, founded by the Jansenists, 1644 ; suppressed by Pope 
Clement XL, 1709 ; destroyed by royal decree, 17 10. 

PORT-ROYAL, Jamaica, destroyed by an earthquake, June 7, 1692 ; by a fire, 
1703 ; in 1722 inundated by the sea, and in 1744 ravaged by a hurricane ; after 
these injuries the principal offices were removed, and no market held here after- 
wards ; in 181 1 it was so ruined by a fire that only 200 houses remained, most 
of the inhabitants had removed to Kingston ; the cholera visited it in 1850. The 
harbour is fine ; 1000 vessels might ride in it securely. 

PORTSMOUTH, Hampshire, one of the great naval stations ; charter granted 
to, by Rich. I. in I193 ; church erected, 1220 ; tower added, 1693 ; town burnt, 
1265 ; made a burgh, 1298. The French sacked and burnt the town, 1377 ; at- 
tempted again by the French fleet, but failed, 1545 ; Southsea Castle erected, by 
Hen. VHL, circa 1520; rebuilt, 1814; George Villiers, first Duke of Buckingham, 
murdered by Felton in the town, Aug. 23, 1628; the dockyard supplied with water, 
1 741 ; ^12,000 voted for an hospital at, 1 744-5 ; set fire to, July 3, 1760, and 
damage done to the extent of ;^400,ooo ; another fire, July 27, 1770 ; again, 
Dec. 7, 1776 ; sham naval engagement at, in presence of King George IH., June, 
1773 ; the ' Royal George' sunk, 1782 ; twenty men, women, and children blown 
to pieces at, by an explosion of gunpowder, June 24, 1809 ; at the launch of 
the 'Queen Charlotte,' a dock-gate burst open, and 60 persons drowned, 1805 ; 
basin for steam-vessels excavated at, 1848 ; Queen Victoria reviewed the English 
fleet of 300 vessels of war, carrying 3800 guns and 40,000 men, April 25, 1856 ; 
Mr Cooke's circus destroyed by fire and 8 of the horses burnt, March 7, 1861 ; 
the French fleet visited, the officers being entertained by the Corporation, Aug. 
29 — Sept. 2, 1865. 

PORTSMOUTH, N. America, founded, 1623 ; incorporated, 1633 ; part of the 
town destroyed by fire, Dec, 1813. 

PORTUGAL, Europe, once called Lusitania, made a part of Spain or Iberia under 
the Roman sway. The Alains and Visigoths settled at, A.D. 472 ; invaded by 
the Moors, 713; several episcopal sees established, 900; Affonsus Henriquez 
defeated the Moors, and was proclaimed king, 1139 ; Santarem taken and added 
to the kingdom, 1 145 ; Lisbon captured from the Moors by a fleet of Crusaders 
on their way to the Holy Land, 1 147; Ali-Jacoub, King of Morocco, invaded the 
kingdom, but was defeated with great loss, 1184 ; Sancho I. conquered the Moors, 
and took the kingdom of Algarve, 1 1 89; Dionysius I. ascended the throne, 
during his sway upwards of 40 towns were added to the country, 1279 ; orders of 
Christ and St James instituted by the sovereigns, 1279 to 1323 ; John I., the 
Great, subdued part of Africa, 1414 ; Madeira discovered, 1420, and the Azores, 
1432 ; civfl war, 1446 ; Don Pedro, Duke of Coimbra, defeated by Alphonso V., 
1449 ; passage to the East Indies by the Cape of Good Hope discovered, May 
22, 1498 ; Brazils discovered and a settlement formed, 1501 ; the Inquisition 
established by King John III., 1536 ; the expedition of Sebastian into Africa, 
defeat of, and death of the king, Aug. 4, 1578 ; the kingdom seized by Philip 11. 
of Spain, 1580; the Portuguese chose John, duke of Braganza, to the throne, 
1640 ; the Spaniards defeated at Montigo, in 1644 ; and again at Montesclaros, 
1665 ; Nova Colonia ceded to Spain, 1750 ; Lisbon destroyed by the great earth- 
quake, Nov. I, 1755 ; Joseph I. is attacked by assassins, and nearly killed, Sept. 
3) 175^ ; Joseph, having no male heir, applied to the pope for a dispensation 
to enable his daughter and brother to intermarry, 1760 ; the country invaded by 
the troops of France and Spain, but they were prevented from conquering the 
country, in 1762-63; John, son of Maria, appointed Regent, owing to the Queen's 
lunacy, 1792 ; peace signed with France, 1797; Spain declared war against, 1801; 
invaded by the French under Junot, 1807 ; the King and the members of the 



676 PORTUGAL 

Court on the French invasion emigrated to the Brazils, Nov. 2, 1807 ; the French 
under Marshal Junot entered Lisbon, Nov. 29, 1807 ; Convention of Cintra 
signed, Aug. 30, 1808 ; Oporto besieged and captured by the French under Soult, 
Mar. 29, 1809 ; Sir Arthur Wellesley landed at Lisbon, April 23, 1809 ; the 
parliament of Gt Britain gi^anted ^100,000 to the sufferers in Portugal, 181 1 ; 
Guiana ceded to France, 1814 ; Brazil united to Portugal, Dec. 28, 1815 ; re- 
volution in Oporto, Aug. 23, 1820, and in Lisbon, Sept. 15, became general, 
Aug. 24 ; Constitutional Junta formed, Oct. i ; they abolished the Inquisition, 
Jan. 26, 1821 ; constitution agreed to, Mar. 9 ; return of the Court, July 4 ; 
Brazil declared independent, the prince regent made emperor, Oct. 12, 1S22 ; 
the constitution annulled, June 5, 1823 ; insurrection at Lisbon ; Don Miguel 
leaves. May 1-9, 1824; treaty made with Brazil, Aug. 29, 1825 ; John VL died, 
Feb. 18, 1826 ; a constitution decreed by Pedro IV., April 29 ; the throne of 
Portugal transferred to Donna Maria da Gloria, daughter of Pedro IV., May 2 ; 
Don Miguel took the oath of fealty, Oct. 4 ; insurrection broke out, headed by 
the Marquess of Chaves, Oct. 6 ; the betrothal of Don Miguel and Donna Maria, 
Oct. 29 ; the assistance of Great Britain requested, Dec. 3 ; the first contingent 
of British troops left for the defence of Portugal, Dec. 17 ; bank of Lisbon stopped 
payment, Dec. 7) 1827 ; Don Miguel arrived in I^ondon, Dec. 30 ; returned to 
Lisbon, Feb. 22, 1828 ; made Regent, Feb. 26 ; Don Pedro abdicated. Mar. 3 ; 
the British contingent left the kingdom, April 28 ; withdrawal of the ambassadors, 
May 3 ; Don Miguel usui-ped the title of King, June 28, and dissolved the three 
estates, July 12 ; Madeira captured by the forces of the king, Aug. 24 ; Sir John 
Doyle permitted to leave the kingdom, Sept. 7; the Queen Donna Maria arrived 
at Falmouth, Sept. 24 ; landed, 25 ; arrived in London, Oct. 6 ; received by the 
king at Windsor, Dec. 22 ; failure of the expedition against Terceira, Aug. 11, 
1829 ; Brazil in revolt, April 7, 1831 ; Don Pedro came to England, June 16 ; the 
expedition against the Island of St Michael's defeated the Miguelites and captured 
Ribeira Grande, Aug. 2 ; insurrection in Portugal, more than 300 lives lost, Aug. 
21 ; the expedition commanded by Don Pedro sailed from Belleisle, June 27, 1832; 
he landed at Oporto, July 8 ; Oporto successfully defended against the troops 
of Miguel, Sept. 29 ; Mount Covello captured, April 9, 1833 ; the squadron off 
Cape St Vincent captured by Admiral Napier, July 2 ; Lisbon evacuated by the 
Miguelite army, July 23. Donna Maria II. proclaimed Queen, July 24 ; Oporto 
abandoned, July 25 ; the Queen arrived at Lisbon, Sept. 23. Don Miguel 
surrendered. May 26, 1834 ; allowed to leave the country, June 2 ; serious riots 
and loss of life at Lisbon, June 9 ; the Queen Maria declared by the Cortes to be 
of full age, Sept. 15 ; death of Don Pedro, Sept. 21 ; the marriage of Prince 
Ferdinand of Saxe-Coburg with the Queen, Jan. i, 1836; Lisbon in revolt, Aug. 
9 ; again, Nov. 8 ; the charter given by Don Pedro attempted to be enforced but 
failed, Aug. 18, 1837 ; General Saldanha and the Duke of Terceira escaped to 
England, Sept. 18 ; riots at Lisbon, Feb. 13, 1838 ; a new constitution agreed 
to. Mar. 21 ; insurrection in the northern provinces, April 14, 1846, and in Lis- 
bon, May 18-21 ; Don Miguel proclaimed King, June 16 ; the National Guards 
disarmed, Oct. 7 ; the ministry resigned, Oct. 31 ; the Queen's forces defeated 
the rebellious troops at Evora, Oct. 31 ; British squadron under Admii-al Parker 
anchored in the Tagus, Oct. 31 ; the forces under the Marquess of Saldanha 
were successful at Torres Vedras, Dec. 22 ; the rebels entered Oporto, Jan. 7, 
1847 ; a conference was held in London which advised the joint co-operation of 
France, England, and Spain to put a stop to the civil wai-, May 21 ; the leader, Sa 
da Bandeira, yielded to the Queen, June 11 ; the Junta, which met at Oporto, sent 
in their submission, June 26 ; the Conde de Thomar's ministry tendered their 
resignation to the Queen, in consequence of a military outbreak in Oporto, owing 
to arrests ordered by the Conde Casal, who was overpowered and quitted the 
city, when Marshal Saldanha was recalled, April 25, 1851 ; Marshal Saldanha 



PORTUGAL POSTAGE AND POST-OFFICE 677 

entered the city on the 27th of April, and made it his head-quarters ; Marshal 
Saldanha and 3000 of his soldiers entei-ed Lisbon, and were favourably received 
by the Queen, the Marshal being placed at the head of the ministry, May 22, 
1851 ; constitution amended, July 5, 1852; the Queen Donna Maria II. died 
in childbed, Nov. 15, 1853 ; succeeded by Don Pedro V., his father made 
regent, Nov. 19 ; Pedro V. visited London and was received by Queen Victoria, 
June 3, 1854, and by the Corporation of London, June 19, they left London 
July 3 ; slavery abolished throughout the kingdom, Dec. 30 ; the young King 
assumed the government, Sept. 16, 1855; married the Princess Stephanie of 
Hohenzollern, April 29, 1857 ; the King made a Knight of the Garter, May 27, 
1858; the Queen died, July 17; death of the King from typhus fever in his 25 th year, 
Nov. II, 1861 ; Dom Luis I. proclaimed King, Dec. 23, 1861 ; Macao ceded 
to Portugal by the treaty of Tien-tsin, Aug. 13, 1862 ; the King married to the 
daughter of Victor Emanuel, Oct. 2 ; the birth of a prince is celebrated, Sept. 
28, 1863 ; the abolition of hereditary peerage, May 27, 1864 ; the opening of the 
Inlernational Exhibition at Oporto, July 31, 1865 ; a royal decree promulgated 
opening all the ports for the admission of cereals at reduced duties, Aug. 1 1, 
1867 ; to remain in force to Dec. 31 ; the King and Queen visited France, July 
20, afterwards visited Spain, returned Aug. 23. 

PORTUGAL, Sovereigns of —House OF Burgundy:— Henry of Burgundy, 1095; 
Affonso I., III2; Sancho I., 1185 ; Affonso II., 1212 ; Sancho II., 1223; 
Affonso III., 1248 ; Diniz, 1279 ; Affonso IV., 1325 ; Peter the Severe, 1357 ; 
Ferdinand I., 1367. — House ofCivis: — ^John I., 1385 ; Edward, 1433; Affonso 
v., the African, 1438; John IT., the Perfect, 1481 ; Manoel, the Fortunate, 1495 ; 
John III., 1521 ; Sebastian, 1557, slain in the great battle of Alcazar, in Africa, 
Aug. 4, 1578 ; Henry, the Cardinal, 1578 ; Philip II. of Spain, who united Por- 
tugal to his other dominions, 1580; Philip HI., 1590 ; Philip IV., 1623; John 
IV., Duke of Braganza, dispossessed the Spaniards in a bloodless revolution, and 
was proclaimed king, Dec. i, 1640 ; Affonso VI., 1656 ; Peter II., Regent, 1667; 
made King, 1683; John V., 1706; Joseph, 1750; Maria Frances-Isabella and 
Peter III., 1777 ; Mai-ia, alone, 1786; John, son of the Queen, and afterwards 
King, declared Regent of thekiirgdom, 1792 ; John VI., previously Regent, 181 6, 
— he had withdrawn in 1807, owing to the French invasion, to his Brazilian 
dominions ; the discontent of his subjects obliged him to return in 182 1, died in 
1826; Peter IV., son of John VI., making his election of the empire of Brazil, 
abdicated the throne of Portugal in favour of his daughter, 1826 ; Maria II., 
who became Queen at 7 years of age, 1826 ; Dom Miguel, bi"other to Peter IV., 
iisurped the crown, 1828 ; Maria II. restored, 1833 ; declared in Sept., 1834, to 
be of age, and assumed the royal power accordingly, died in child-bed, Nov. 15, 
1853; Pedro V. succeeded, Nov. 15, 1853; Dom Luis I. proclaimed, Dec. 23, 1861. 

POSEN, Prussia, formerly a part of the kingdom of Poland, given to Prussia at 
the partition of, in 1793 ; insurrection in, Feb. 14, 1846 ; and again in, 1848. 

POSING, in Hungary, 107 houses barned at, Sept. 7, 1784, and in April, 1803, 
285 houses. 

POSTAGE AND POST-OFFICE. There has existed from the earliest times a 
system of postal service under the name of ' Cursus publicus.' A system was 
adopted by Alexander at Rome ; Charlemagne organized one in 807 ; the first 
regular post was instituted by the Hanse Merchants in the 13th century; in Eng- 
land the posting by stages adopted by Henry IV., 1481. Sir Brian Luke ap- 
pointed postmaster, by Henry VIII., circa 1530 ; he was succeeded by Sir W. 
Paget and John Mason, in 1545. An act of parliament was passed for the hire 
of post-horses, and the rate fixed at \d. per mile, 2 & 3 Edw. VI., c. 3, 1548. 
Thomas Randolph appointed postmaster, by Queen Elizabeth, 1581. James I. 
established a system of special posts, 1603 ; and appointed a Postmaster-general 



678 POSTAGE STAMPS POST-OFFICE 

for foreign parts, 1619. An Inland Office established by Charles I., and Thomas 
Witherings appointed postmaster, Jidy, 1635 ; letters carried at the rate of 20 
miles a-day, the postage being at the rate of 40'. and 6d. Mails convey to France, 
Feb., 1638. The revenue farmed for ^5000 in 1644. A postal system establish- 
ed by the Corporation of London, 1649. Mr Edward Prideaux, Attorney- 
General for the Commonwealth, instituted a weekly conveyance to all parts of the 
kingdom, 1649. The Inland and Foreign Posts farmed for ^10,000 per annum, 
in 1653. An act was passed settling the system of postage in England, Scotland, 
and Ireland. An office established and one Postmaster-gen. and Comptroller, 
whose business was the regulating of the carrying of letters, by the Cromwellian 
parliament, 1656 ; confirmed by 12 Car. II., c. 35, 1660. Revenue of the post- 
officesettled upon the Duke of York by 15 Car. II., c. 14, 1663. The first working 
penny post established by Robert Murray, an upholsterer, in 1683, who was suc- 
ceeded by William Dockwra, whose head office was in Lime-street, City, and 6 others 
in London ; the letters were gathered and delivered by carriers ; it became a great 
success, and consequently the Government took it from Dockwra, and gave him a pen- 
sion of ^500 a-year, in 1690, and made him postmaster, 1697. A half-penny post 
established by Mr Povey, in 1708, but abolished by the Government in 1709. 
An act was passed abolishing the previous act and amalgamating the postage 
system of England and Scotland, establishing packet boats and other means of 
carriage — the postage for 80 miles 3^;'., if above, 4^'., and Edinburgh 6d., 9 Anne, 
c. 10, 1 7 10. The amount of franked letters passing through the post in 1763, 
reached ;i{^i 70,000. Mr Palmer suggested the establishment of mail coaches to 
Mr Pitt, who directed the scheme to be tried, the first coach started, Aug. 8, 1 784, 
and Mr Palmer appointed Controller-General. The revenue under the old 
system in 1754 was, income ^214,300, and net revenue ^97,365; in 1785, the first 
year of the new system, the net revenue amounted to ^250,000. An act was 
passed in 1799 facilitating the transmission of ship letters. Robert Wallace, M. P. 
for Greenock assisted by Richard Filkin, M.D,, of Richmond, originated the 
present postal arrangements, 1833-5. Four-penny post adopted, Dec. 5, 1839. The 
penny postage adopted, Jan. 10, 1840. The duties regulated by 2 & 3 Vict. c. 
52, confirmed, and the mails to be conveyed by railways, by 3 & 4 Vict. c. 96, 
Aug. 10, 1840. The first mail run between Manchester and Liverpool, Nov. 11, 
1830. — Scotland: the post-office reorganized in, Sept., 1662; two-penny post 
established in, 1695 ; consolidated with England by 9 Anne, c. 10, 1710. — -Ire- 
land : a post-office established, 1656 ; additional chief letter-offices were estab- 
lished by 9 Anne, c. 10, 1710, in Edinburgh, Dublin, and New York. In 1784, 
the Irish post-office was established independent of that of England, by an act of 
the Irish parliament, 23 & 24 Geo. III. c. 17 (I.), 1783, amended, 59 Geo. III. c. 
108, July 12, 1819 ; but the offices of Postmasters-general of England and Ireland 
were united into one by i Will. IV. c. 8, March 11, 183 1. By 2 Will. IV. c. 15, 
March 24, 1832, the Postmaster-general is empowered to establish a penny-post 
office in any city, town, or village, in Ireland. The new post-office of Dublin was 
opened, Jan. 6, 1818. — Austria : the penny postage adopted by, Sept. 26, 
1849 ; in Belgium, March 8, 1849. The newspaper and book-post reduced to 112'. 
tmder 4 oz., June 4, 1855. The Metropolis divided into ten postal districts, Jan. 
I, 1858. 

POSTAGE STAMPS invented by Lieut. Trekenber, a Swedish officer, but re- 
jected by the Government, March 23, 1823. The Government issued a public 
invitation for a design, with a prize of ^200 and ^100 for the two best designs, 
Aug. 23, 1839. Stamps and envelopes first used. May 6, 1848. Machine for 
perforating, invented by Mr Henry Archer, in 1847, purchased by the Government 
for ^4000, Aug. 5, 1853 ; France adopted it in 1849, and Germany, 1850. 

POST-OFFICE : the first in London established in Cloak Lane, Dowgate Hill, 



POST-OFFICE DIRECTORY POULTRY COMPTER 679 

transferred to the Black Swan in Bishopgate-street, and after the fire of 1666 it 
was removed to Brydges-street, Covent Garden, and afterwards to the mansion of 
Sir Robt. Viners, in Lombard-street, 1748. Post-office erected in St Martin's le 
Grand from tlie designs of Sir R. Smirke, R.A., began, 1825, opened, Sept. 23, 
1829. — Tlie Street Letter-boxes : the first erected at the corner of Fleet-street 
and Farringdon-street, March, 1855. 

POST-OFFICE DIRECTORY. The Little London Directory published by Sam. 
Lee in 1677 ; the first London Directory suggested by Mr James Browia of Kelso, 
Scotland ; published by Mr Henry Kent, "Kent's Directory," 1732. The Post- 
office Directory pure and simple, made its first appearance in 1800, a duodecimo 
of 300 pages. 

POST-OFFICE SAVING-BANKS established, 24 & 25 Vict. c. 14, May 17, 
1861. 

POSTING and POST-CHAISES invented in France ; the price was fixed by 2 & 3 
Edward VI . c. 3, at one penny per mile, 1 548 ; none but the postmaster, or his 
authority, could furnish post-horses for the traveller, 1 660 ; a tax imposed upon 
post-chaises, 1779. 

POTASSIUM, discovered by Sir Humphrey Davy, 1807. 

POTATO, according to some authorities, brought to England by Sir Walter Ra- 
leigh, from Virginia, N. America, 1586 ; first grown in Ireland ; Gerard in his 
' Herbal,' mentions that he had a plant from Virginia, and seedlings of it in his 
garden, in 1590; Sir R. Southwell informed the Royal Society that his grand- 
father first brought potatoes into Ireland, having received them of Sir Walter 
Raleigh ; esteemed a great delicacy, for it was noticed among the different articles 
provided for the Queen's household, 1619 ; first became an object of national im- 
portance to plant, 1662 ; in a report to the Royal Society, Linnaeus endeavoured 
to introduce the use of the root into Sweden more extensively, 1764 ; first intro- 
duced into Kirkcudbright by William Hyland, 1725 ; a royal act issued to 
encourage it; first planted in open fields in Scotland, 1728 ; the cultivation general 
in England, 1 745 ; a disease discovered in this useful vegetable which caused a 
failure of the crops in Ireland, 1845, producing famine and fever there to a vexy 
frightful extent. 

POTSDAM, Prussia, the cathedral of St Nicholas at, built, 1673-6 ; destroyed by- 
fire, Sept. 4, 1795. 

POTTERY. The Hebrews made earthenware vessels in the wilderness, Ps. 
Ixxxi. 6. Majolica or Raifaelle ware made at Majorca in the 12th century ; from 
thence carried to Italy, 1115. Beauvais in France was the principal seat of the 
French potters in the 12th century. Enamelled pottery first manufactured in 
France, 1530; Palissy ware, 1545. Nuremberg had a celebrated manufacture, 
1470-2 ; and they were also noted for a certain kind of glaze. Earthen vessels 
were used among the nobility in England in the 13th and 14th centuries. Wedg- 
wood ware first made at Burslem, 1759. Several Dutch potters settled in Lam- 
beth, and opened a manufactory of delft, 1640 ; one established at Fulham the 
same year ; at Bristol, 1787 ; and at Liverpool, 1674. 

POULTERERS' COMPANY, incorporated, 19 Hen. VII., Jan. 19, 1504 ; con- 
firmed, 17 Charles II., June 13, 1665 ; re-incorporated, 4 Will. & Mary, May 6, 
1692 ; regulated by act of Common Council, Sept. 22, 1820. 

POULTRY COMPTER, London, one of the earliest places of detention for 
debt ; rebuilt after the fire by subscription, and opened, 1670 ; the only prison 
not attacked in the Gordon riots, 1780; an act passed to enable the sheriffs to 
remove the debtors and prisoners in, to another place of confinement within the 
city, 44 Geo. III. c. 84, July 20, 1804 ; the prisoners were removed, Feb., 1813, 
and part of the prison sold by auction, Feb. 10, 1813 ; the rest taken down, 181 7. 



6So POUND PRAGUE 

POUND, in the time of the Saxons was the weight of 240 pence ; it is also said to 
have been in 671 a pound Troy of silver ; in the time of William Rufus, 11 oz. 
2 dwt. of fine silver, and 18 dwt. of alloy, or the weight of fine silver in 20s. ; 
in 10S7, II oz. 2 dwt., worth /^^ 2s. of present money ; the oz. of fine silver 
was I.5-. g^d., twelve times, which was the pound value, and the weight in tale was 

12 OZ. 

POWDERHAM CASTLE, Devonshire, built, temj>. William I. ; settled on Sir 
Philip Courtenay, 1350 ; taken by the Parliamentarians, mider Col. Harrison, 
1645 ; rebuilt, 17 16- 18. 

POWDERING the Hair. The custom is said to have arisen in France before the 
Revolution, and also in England ; ladies used different coloured powders, some 
consisting of gold particles ; taxed first by Pitt, May 5, 1795. 

POWELL, the pedestrian, walked from London to York and back again in six 
days, Nov. 27, 1773, above 402 miles ; he performed the same feat again, June 
20, 1788, when he was 57 years old ; and again in 5 days 18 hours, Aug. 28, 1790. 

POWER-LOOMS, invented by Dr Cartwright, and patented, April 4, 1785 ; a 
second patent, Aug. i, 1787; number of^ in England, 1835, 113,428; 1850, 
288,336. 

POWHATTAN, an American vessel, lost on the Barnegal shoals, when 250 persons 
perished, Api^il 15, 1854. 

POWIS CASTLE, Montgomeryshire, built, mo. 

POYNING'S LAW, one of those disgraceful statutes which once disfigured the 
Irish statute-book, so called from having been passed under the deputyship of Sir 
Edward Poyning, at Drogheda, 10 Hen. VIL c. 22, 1495 ; it gave the power of 
originating all public acts to the Crown, leaving the Irish parliament upon recog- 
nition the right of refusal ; repealed, 1782-5, with sundry others. 

PR^MUNIRE, statute enacting the offence of introducing any foreign power into 
the country, 35 Edward I. s. I, 1306 ; other statutes to the same end were passed 
^emp. Edward III., but the common statute is that of 16 Rich. II. c. 5, 1392 ; it 
is by this statute, so utterly useless in modern times, that the pope is prevented 
from having a proper representative in England, under the invidious pretence 
that it will endanger the monarchy ; repealed, 19 & 20 Vict. c. 64, July 21, 1856. 

PRAGMATIC SANCTION, undertaken to limit the power of the pope, and 
settling the schism in the Church, 1438 ; also for settling the German Empire in 
the House of Austria, 1439 ; in 1 7 14, relative to the settlement of the crown in 
default of male issue ; and in 1722, when Joseph I. settled the crown on Maria 
Theresa, who succeeded to it, 1 740. 

PRAGUE, Bohemia, founded by the Emperor Charles II., 1361. In size and 
beauty it is the third city in Germany, and is strongly surrounded by fortifica- 
tions. The Hussites under Zisca rebelled, 1419, and defeated the emperor, 1421. 
The cathedral of St Vitus begun, 1343 ; finislied, 1385. The university founded 
by Charles IV., 1348. Taken by tlie Saxons, 1631 ; by the Swedes, 1648; 
stormed by the French, 1741 ; by the King of Prussia, 1744- Insurrection in, 
and a provisional government established, June 6, 1848 ; the Princess Windisch- 
gratz shot, June 12 ; desperate street fights, June 16 and 17, and the Assembly 
dissolved. Peace between Austria and Prussia signed here, Aug. 23, 1866. 

PRAGUE, battles. The Imperialists defeated the Bohemians, Nov. 7, 1620 ; the 
Prussians, under Prince Henry, defeated the Imperialists, May 5, 1757 ; the 
Polish army defeated by the Russians, under Suwarrof, when 30,000 Poles were 
killed and wounded, Oct. 10, 1794 ; again defeated by the Russians, Feb. 24 and 
2S> 1831 ; the Russians defeated by the Poles, under Skrzynecki, with the loss of 
4000 killed and wounded, 6000 prisoners, and 12 pieces of cannon, Mar. 31, 1831. 



PRAISE GOD BAREBONES PREMONSTRATENSIANS 68i 

PRAISE GOD BAREBONES, a parliament so called from the peculiar name 
attached to one of the members, July 4, 1653 ; it consisted of 120 members sum- 
moned by Cromwell, who sat for 15 months. 

PRASLIN, Duke of, cruelly murdered his wife, the daughter of Marshal Sebas- 
tiani, in Paris, Aug. 17, 1847 ; the duke, to avoid capital punishment, took 
poison, of which he died. 

PRAYERS for the dead introduced into the Church, 190 ; to the Virgin Mary and 
Saints, by Pope Gregory, 593. 

PREDESTINATION taught by the Stoics and the earlier Christians, the contro- 
versy began about it in 450, in a belief that God has unchangeably appointed all 
that comes to pass ; supported by St Augustin, and taught by Lucidus, 470 ; 
Mahomet introduced the doctrine into the Koran, 614 ; opposed by the Arminians 
from their leader, 1602. 

PREMIERS OF ENGLAND, from 1754 to 1868 :— 











Time in 


1 Office. 


ppointed. 








Years. 


Days. 


1754 •• 


. April 


^5 ■ 


.. Duke of Newcastle ... 


.. 8 


52 


1762 .. 


. May 


29 . 


.. Earl of Bute 





322 


1763 .. 


. April 


17 . 


.. G. Grenville 


2 


87 


1765 .. 


. July 


12 . 


.. Marquis of Rockingham . 


I 


21 


1 766 . . 


• Aug. 


2 . 


.. Duke of Grafton 


.. 3 


179 


1770 .. 


• Jan. 


28 . 


. . Lord North 


12 


34 


1782 .. 


. Mar. 


3 . 


.. Marquis of Rockingham . 





132 


1782 .. 


■ July 


13 . 


.. Earl of Shelburn 





266 


1783 .. 


. April 


5 . 


. . Duke of Portland ... . 





260 


1783 .. 


. Dec. 


27 . 


.. William Pitt 


.. 17 


80 


180I .. 


. Mar. 


17 . 


Lord Sidmoutli 


3 


56' 


1804 .. 


. May 


12 . 


.. William Pitt 


I 


246' 


1806 .. 


. Jan. 


8 .. 


. Lord Granville 


I 


64 


1807 .. 


. Mar. 


13 .. 


,. Duke of Portland ... . 


.. 3 


102 


181O .. 


. June 


28 .. 


,. Spencer Perceval 


I 


350 


1812 .. 


. June 


8 .. 


, . Earl of Liverpool ... . 


.. 14 


307 


1827 .. 


. April 


11 ., 


George Canning 





121 


1827 .. 


. Aug. 


10 ., 


.. Lord Goderich 





168 


1828 .., 


• Jan. 


25 .• 


, . Duke of Wellington ... 


2 


301 


1830 .. 


. Nov. 


22 ., 


.. Earl Grey 


.. 3 


231 


1834 .. 


• July 


II .. 


. Lord Melbourne 





128 


1834 ■• 


. Nov. 


16 .. 


. Duke of Wellington ... . 





22 


1834 •• 


. Dec. 


8 


. Sir Robert Peel 





131 


1835 ■• 


. April 


18 :.' 


Lord Melbourne 


.. 6 


138 


184I .. 


. Sept. 


3 .. 


,. Sir Robert Peel 


• •4 


87 


1845 •• 


. Dec. 


10 .. 


. Lord John Russell failed to 


form a cabinet 


1845 ... 


, Dec. 


20 .. 


. Sir Robert Peel 





180 


1846 .., 


. June 


26 .. 


Lord John Russell 


.. 5 


239 


1852 ... 


, Feb. 


22 .. 


. Earl of Derby 





300 


1852 ... 


. Dec. 


19 .. 


. Earl of Aberdeen 


2 


45 


1855 ... 


. Feb. 


5 .. 


. Lord Palmerston . 


3 


17 


1858 .., 


. Feb. 


21 .. 


. Earl of Derby 


I 


III 


1859 ... 


June 


13 .. 


. Lord Palmerston 


,. 6 


128 


1865 ... 


, Oct. 


20 .. 


. Earl Russell 





249 


1866 ... 


June 


27 .. 


. Earl of Derby 


I 


238 


1868 .. 


, Feb. 


25 .. 


. Mr Disraeli > 





281 


1868 ... 


. Dec. 


3 - 


. Mr Gladstone 







PREMONSTRATENSIANS, a religious order of canons, instituted in England, 



682 PREROGATIVE COURT PRESTON 

II20; approved by Pope Honorius II., 1126 ; a general permission granted to, 
to eat flesh, by Pius II., 1460. 

PREROGATIVE COURT for proving wills ; appeals from that court established 
to the judicial committee of the Privy Council, by statutes of Geo. IV. and Will. 
IV., 1830 ; closed, 20 & 21 Vict. c. 77, Dec. 9, 1857. 

PRESBURG, peace of, between France and Austria, in which Venice was ceded 
to Italy, Austria humbled, and the independence of the Helvetic republic estab- 
lished, Dec. 26, 1805. 

PRESBYTERIAN Meeting-House, the first in England is said by some authorities 
to have been erected at Wandsworth, Surrey, Nov. 20, 1572, but this is doubtful. 

PRESBYTERIANISM, the creed of Scotland, which repudiates the Episcopal 
government, and is ruled, as it maintains, by the New Testament, through 
presbyters, ministers, or elders ; first General Assembly held, 1560 ; the Kirk 
restored to its privileges, 16S9 and 1690 ; and secured in the Act of the Union 
with England, 1707; first adopted in France, 1561 ; the first synod held in Paris, 
1559 ; a synod held at Philadelphia, 1716; first Presbytery constituted, 1774. 

PRESCOTT, battle, between the revolted Canadians and the English ; the former 
were dispersed, with considerable loss on both sides, Nov. 17, 1738. 

PRESIDENT, steam-vessel, started from New York for England, having onboard 
Lord Lennox, Power the actor, and many passengers, April, 1841, but never 
reached England ; her fate is still a mystery. 

PRESIDENT OF THE COUNCIL, first appointed, 12 Charles II., 1660, in the 
person of Lord Ashley. 

PRESNITZ, Bohemia, destroyed by fire, Aug. 14, 181 1. 

PRESS, office of censorship established in France, Oct. 21, 1814 ; last act restrain- 
ing the liberty of, expired, 1694. The Star Chamber in England appointed a 
censorship of the press, and the number of letter-founders limited to 4, July 11, 
1637. Liberty of the press allowed in Denmark, 1770 ; in Tuscany, Dec, 1846 ; 
in Naples, Jan. 19, 1848; in Prussia, Dec. 5, 1848; in Austria, April 25, 
1848; of conscience, published under Queen Mary, 1553; under Charles II., 
1672, but soon revoked ; again published under James II., April 4, 1687. 

PRESS-GANG, first acknowledged by 2 Rich. II. c. 4, 1378; when first made. 
Read, a London alderman, pressed and sent off for refusing to pay a tax, 1544 ; 
punishment in temp. Henry VIII. ; any waterman on the Thames hiding himself 
during the press to be punished, 2 & 3 Phil. & Mary, c. r6, 1555 ; no fisherman 
to be taken before approved of by the Justices, 5 Eliz. c. 5, 1562 ; protection 
granted to seamen under particular circumstances, 4 & 5 Anne, c. 19, 1705 ; 13 
Geo^ II. c. 17, 1740. 

PRESSING TO DEATH. Hugh Calverly, Esq., of Calverly, in Yorkshire, 
having murdered two of his children, and in a fit of jealousy stabbed his wife, re- 
fusing to plead, was pressed to death in York castle, 1605 ; this was called, stand- 
ing mute. 

PRESTON, Lancashire, taken and partly destroyed by the Scotch, under Robert 
Bruce, 1307 ; the Scots defeated by the English under Cromwell and Lambert, 
Aug. 17, 1648; the Jacobites defended the town for the Pretender, but were 
defeated, 1715 ; battle between the Scotch rebels, under Forster, and the British, 
under General Wills, when the latter investing Preston, the rebels laid down 
their arms — the principals were secured, and many shot as deserters ; others were 
sent to London to be tried for high treason, Nov. 12, 1715 ; 7 were transported, 
1716; 7 escaped from the Tower, 1716; 40 were discharged, July, 1716; 30 
transported, mastered the ship, and escaped to France, 1716 ; 100 transported, 
1 71 7 J 200 discharged. Library founded, 1 761. The cotton trade introduced, 1 791. 



PRESTON GUILD PRIMER 683 

The town lighted with gas, 1818-19. Great strike at, which endured for 37 weeks ; 
15,000 persons were out of employment, and involved 40,000 persons and their 
families in ruin, and inflicted a loss of half a million sterling, April 10, 1854. 
Great distress in, 25,000 persons out of employment, Nov. 17, 1857. The town - 
hall built from the design of G. G. Scott ; first stone laid, Sept. 2, 1862 ; opened 
by the Duke of Cambridge, Oct. 3, 1867, and two People's Parks opened the 
same day. The Wellington Mill destroyed by fire, the loss estimated at ^10,000, 
July 20, 1867. 

PRESTON GUILD, established, 11 72. 

PRESTON, Somersetshire, 14 houses burned down, and many much injured by the 
fire, Dec, 1792. 

PRESTONPANS, battle, between the Scotch rebels, led by the Young Pre- 
tender, Charles Stuart, and the English under General Cope, when the latter be- 
haved with great pusillanimity, and were defeated with the loss of 500 men, Sept. 
21, 1745. 
PRETENDER, the, alias the Chevalier St George, alias James III. of England, as 
acknowledged by Louis XIV. of France, 1701, was the son of James II., the 
expelled monarch, and born 1688; he asserted his right, Aug. 29, 1714; 
^100,000 offered to apprehend him, Sept. 15, 1714; attempted to land in 
Scotland, Aug. 30, 1715 — proclaimed by the Earl of Mar, and his standard set 
up at Braemar and Castletown, Sept. 6, 1715 ; at Lancaster, Nov. 9, 17 15 5 
landed at Peterhead, Dec. 26; made a public entry into Dundee, Jan. 5, 1716 ; sent 
an order to the lord mayor of London to proclaim him, Jan. 10, 1716 ; embarked 
for France from Montrose, the rebellion being suppressed, Feb. 5; landed at Grave- 
lines, Feb. 10; deprived Henry Lord Bolingbroke of his secretaryship, Feb. 25, 
1 716 ; obliged by the French regent to remove from Avignon to Italy, 1716 ; 
married the princess Sobieski, grand-daughter of the king of Poland, Aug. 21, 
1718 ; joined Cardinal Alberoni in his scheme to disturb England, Dec. 29, 1718 ; 
received at Madrid as king of England, March 28, 1719 ; his son born, Dec. 20, 
1720 ; in vain attempts again a rebellion in England, 1725 ; his princess retired 
to a convent, 1725 ; the Duke of Parma honoured him as king of England, July, 
1728 ; his eldest son quitted Rome foi France, Jan. 9, 1744 ; died at Rome, Jan. 
12, 1766. 
PRETENDER, the Young, or Prince Charles, born Dec. 20, 1720 ; reached France, 
Jan. 27, 1744 ; ^^6000 offered by the city of Dublin for his apprehension, should he 
land in Ireland, March 7, 1744 ; the same sum by Edinburgh, should he land in 
Scotland, March 25, 1744 ; ^30,000 offered by England for his person, if landed 
in any part of the British dominions, Aug. i, 1745 ; landed at Erisca, July 18, 
1745, and proclaimed his father at Perth, Sept. 4, 1745 ; at Dundee, Sept., 1745 ; 
proclaimed in Edinburgh, Sept. 21, I745 ! defeated General Copeat Prestonpans, 
Sept. 21 ; proclaimed at Ormskirk, Nov. 25 ; entered Derby, Dec. 5 > ^.nd 
worsted General Hawley at Falkirk, Jan. 17, 1746 ; defeated at Culloden, April 
16, losing all his baggage, and becoming a wanderer for six months in the wilds 
of Scotland, and ;!^30,ooo offered for his person; he escaped, after great hard- 
ships, from the Isle of Uist to Morlaix ; and died, March 3, 1788 ; his brother 
(calling himself Henry IX.), Cardinal York, bom, March, 1725 ; died at Rome, 
1807 ; he had received benefices from the pope, to the annual value of 20,000 
crowns, in 1747. 
PRIDE'S PURGE. Colonel Pride, formerly a drayman, seized the Presbyterian 
members in the House of Commons, and confined them in a low room called the 
hell, Dec. 5, 1648. 
PRIMER, the first book used in the instruction of children; so called from a book 
of Catholic devotion printed in English and Latin, circa 1540. 



684 PRIMOGENITURE PRINTING 

PRIMOGENITURE, a usage from feudal times of barbarism, unknown in Eng- 
land before the reign of William tlie Conqueror, 1068 ; before that, the more 
rational mode of gavel-kind prevailed under the Saxons, by which estates were 
equally divided among the sons. 

PRIMROSE HILL, Middlesex, Sir Edmondbury Godfrey murdered at, his body 
discovered, Oct. 17, 1678; first lighted with gas, 1867. 

PRINCE, a steam transport, lost with a cargo valued at a million sterling, consist- 
ing of warm clothing, &c., for the British army in the Crimea, in the Black Sea, 
Nov. 14, 1854. 

PRINCE EDWARD'S ISLAND, N. America, discovered by Cabot, June 24, 
1497 ; made a French settlement ; taken possession of by Great Britain, 1758 ; 
confirmed to, and annexed to the Government of Nova Scotia, 1763 ; constitution 
granted, 1773 ; named Prince Edward's Island, 1799. 

PRINCESS' THEATRE, Oxford-street, built, and opened with promenade con- 
certs, Sept. 30, 1840; sold for ^16,400, Sept. 8, 1841 ; first opened for dramatic 
performances, Dec. 26, 1842. 

PRINT, the earliest known printed from a metal plate by Maso Finiguerra, 1460. 

PRINTERS accused of libels. Wm. Redmayne, for printing 'The State of Schism in 
the Church of England truly stated,' written by tlie Rev. L. Howel, sentenced to 
pay .^300, to be imprisoned 3 years, or till his fine was paid, to be bound in 
;!^iooo and 4 sureties for good behaviour for life ; to lose his gown by the execu- 
tioner's hand, and to be twice whipped, 171 7 — thus did the judges in the reign of 
George I. emulate those of Charles I. and his Star Chamber; Dalton, Dec, 
1716 ; Mist, July, 1718 ; Matthews hanged, Oct. 30, 1719 ; Mist, Feb. 20, 1721 ; 
S. Redmayne, July 2, 1722 ; Richard Phillips, July 2, 1723 ; Mist and Payne, July 
8, 1724 ; Franklyn, for a libel in the Craftsman, Dec. 28, 1727 ; Knell and Clark 
stood in the pillory, protected by the mob, for libel in printing off Mist's Journal, 
one being a pressman, the other a compositor, journeymen, Aug. 24, 1729 ; 
Franklyn, July 20, 1731 ; Henry Haines, May 13, 1738, for printing the Crafts- 
man, that being adverse to the Walpole administration ; the libels generally 
political. These afterwards diminished in number, until the reign of George III., 
the celebrated prosecution of Wilkes, 1763 ; of Woodfall for Junius' Letters, 1769, 
1770 ; between 1790 and 1801, under the Pitt administration, they became very 
nurnerous ; from 1801 to 1807 there were fourteen only ; under the Perceval ad- 
ministration in three years, 42 ex -officio informations against printers were filed, 
and 14 carried on to trial ; Hone for his Pohtical Tracts, 1823. 

PRINTERS, Master : these were limited in number, by the Star Chamber of 
Charles I., 1638; again, under William III., 1693; act expired, 1794. Printers 
to register their presses with the Clerk of the Peace, and to print their name and 
abode on every book, 39 Geo. III. c. 79, ss. 23—33, July 12, 1799; penalty for 
neglect reduced to ^^5, 2 & 3 Vict. c. 12, June 4, 1839. 

PRINTING. The most important of all mechanical arts, and the most generally 
useful. The honour of the invention has been claimed by several countries and 
by different cities, but it appears to rest between Strasburgh, Mentz, and Haarlem. 
The invention was known to the Chinese, a;ra 593, long before it came to Europe. 
The canonical books engraved on wood and printed, circa 982. Movable types in- 
vented in the I ith century. The Emperor Khanghi ordered 250,000 copper types, 
and printed 600 volumes, 1662; Kienlung, 10,000,1773. Roster of Haarlem used 
svooden blocks, 1428 or 1438, and movable type, 1440 ; the leaves when printed 
on were pasted together, as they were only printed on one side. Faust printed 
a book at Mentz, 1442. Guttenberg seems to have been the first who used cut 
metal types, and printed a Bible with them, 1450—55. Faust and Schceffer 



PRINTING 



68s 



printed a Psalter, Aug., 1457 ; first used cast-metal types, 1460 ; first printed in 
Greek types, 1465. Pagination and running titles first introduced at Cologne, by 
Arnold Therhoernen, 1470. 'The Game and Play of Chesse ' was printed by 
Caxton,at Bruges, am? 1475- The 'Diets and Sayings of Philosophers' was the first 
book printed in England, Nov. 18, 1477. Printing encouraged by I Richard III. , c. 
19, 1483-4. The first book printed with numbered pages, 1484. Italic type invented 
by Aldus Manutius, 1501- The first edition of Shakespeare's Plays printed, 1623. 
A decree of the Star Chamber issued for regulating printing and letter-founding, 
July I, 1637 ; first patent granted, 1691 ; all restraints upon, abandoned, 1695. 
The first types cast in England by Caslon, 1720. Next to the types, the/yr.rj- Vi'as 
of great importance ; the construction of, little varied even to the beginning of 
the present century ; the first press set up in London by Caxton, at Westminster, 
1476 ; improved by Blaew of Amsterdam, 1620 ; Nicholson secured a patent for 
one, 1790 ; the Stanhope press first came into use, 1806 ; Koenig introduced a 
new press or printing-machine, 1811, and Applegarth subsequently; Clymer's 
Columbian press used, 1814. Koenig applied steam-machinery for printing The 
Times newspaper ; the first copy of that journal printed by steam appeared, Nov. 
29, 1814, after ^20,000 had been expended in bringing it into working condition; 
rollers were substituted for balls, 1817 ; Messrs Cowper and Applegarth erected 
new machines for printing this journal, 1827, since improved by Hoe ; a machine 
invented by M. Marinoni, which prints 144,000 copies of newspaper an hour, 
1867. The British and Foreign Bible Society printed the Bible in 150 languages, 
1867. Stereotyping invented by William Ged, 1752 ; the present method in- 
vented by Mr Tilloch, circa 1799. Printing for the blind invented by Valentine 
Haiiy, in France, 17S4. Printing by electro-blocks, invented by Mr ColUns, 
March 9, 1835. The art of printing introduced into Batavia, 1707 ; Ceylon, 
1737 j Cape of Good Hope, 1806; Constantinople, 1726; Egypt, 1799; 
Greece, 1822 ; Iceland, 1531 ; Ireland, 1550 ; Lima, 1586 ; Libanus, the 
monks of, were printers, 1610 ; Massachusetts, 1639 ; Mexico, 1549 ; Moscow, 
1553 ; New England, 1639 ; New York, 1693 ; Pennsylvania, 1686 ; Sandwich 
Islands, 1821 ; St Petersburg, 1711. The following list will show the dates of 
some of the earliest printed works :— 

PRINTING INTRODUCED IN THE I5TH CENTURY, AS FOLLOWS : — 



Date, 



1440 
1457 

146 1 

1465 

1467 



1468 
1469 

1470 



PLACES. First Impressions, with known Date. 



Haarlem. Spiegel onser Behoudenisse. 

Mentz. Psalmorum codex, in fol. 

Bamberg. Recueil des fables, germanice, fol. 

Subbiaco. Lactantii opera, 4to. 

Rome. Ciceronis epistol^ familiares, 4to. 

Elfeld. Vocabularium ex quo, 4to. 

Cologne. S. August, de Singul. clericor., 4to. 

Augsbourg. Meditationes vitse Christi, folio. 

Venice. Ciceronis epistolse familiares, fol. 

Milan. Miracoli de la glor. V. Maria, 4to. 

Nuremberg. Comestorium vitiorUm, fol. 

Paris. Epistolce Gasparini Pergamensis, 

4to. 

Foligno. 'Leon. Aretini de Bello Italico, fol. 



Names of the First Printers. 



Laur. J. Costerus. 
Joan.Faust.& Petrus Schoef- 

fer. (Joan. Gutenberg.) 
Albert Pfister. 
Conradus Sweynheim and 

Arnoldus Pannartz. 
The same. 
Henry & Nic. Rechtermunt- 

ze, and Wigandus Spyes. 
UlricusZell,orZell of Hanau 
Ginther Zainer, of Reutlingen 
Joannes de Spira. 
Philippus de Lavagna. 
Joan. Sensenschmidt (1472). 
Ulricus Gering, M. Crantz, & 

M. Friburger, of Col mar. 
Emilien de Orfinis 



686 



PRINTING 



PLACES. 



1474 



Treves. 

Verona. 
Strasbourg. 

Spires. 

Treviso. 

Bologna. 

Ferrara. 

Naples. 

Pa via. 

Florence. 
Cremona. 

Fivizano. 

Padua. 

Mantua. 
Montereal. 

Jesi. 

Munster. 

Parma. 

Brescia. 

Messina. 

Ulm. 

Buda. 

Mersbourg. 

Alost. 

Utrecht. 

Lyon. 

St Ursio. 

Vicenza. 
Coma. 

Turin. 

Genoa. 

Savona. 

Eslingen. 

Basle. 



First Impressions, with known Date. 



Names of the First Printers. 



Hist, de indulgentia B. Francisci, Joan. Reynardus 

4to. 
La Batracomiomachia, 4to. 
Gratiani decretum, folio. 



Postilla super Apocalypsim, 4to. 
Mercurius Trimegister, 4to. 
Ovidii opera, fol. 
Martialis epigi-am., 4to. 
Bartholi de Saxo Ferrato lectura, 

fol. 
Johann. MatthseideGradibus opera 

medica, fol. 
Comment. Servii in Virgil, fol. 
Angeli de Perusio lectura, fol. 

Virgilius, fol. 

La Fiametta di Boccaccio, 4to. 

Tractatus Maleficiorum, fol. 

S. Antonini de instruct, corfes. 
4to. 

Comedia di Dante, fol. 

Roderici speculum, fol. 

Plutarchus de liberis educandis, 
4to. 

Statuta Brixise, fol. 

Vita di S. Hieronimo, 4to. 

Opus de Mysterio missas, 4to. 

Cronica Hnngarorum, fol. 

S. Aug.de QuEestionibus Orosii,4to. 

Speculum conversionis peccator, 
4to. 

Historia scholastica novi Testam. 
fol. 

Lotharii Diaconi cardinalis com- 
pendium breve, 4to. 

J. Duns Scotus, super tertio sen- 
tentiarum, fol. 

Dita mundi, fol. 

Tractatus de appellationibus, fol. 

Breviarum romanum, 8vo. 

Summa Pisanella, fol. 

BoetiusdeConsol. philosophise, 4to. 
Th. de Aquino in Job. fol. 
Der Sassen Spiegel, fol. 



Joan, de Verona (1472). 
Henricus Eggestein (Johan. 

Mentel.). 
Petrus Drach (1477). 
Gei-ardus de Lisa, of Flanders 
Balthazar Azzoguidi. 
Andreas Belfortes. 
Sixtus Riessinger, of Stras- 
bourg. 
Anton, de Carcano, or de 

Carchano (1477). 
Bernard Cennini and son. 
Dion, de Paravisino & Steph. 

de Merlinis de Leucho. 
Jacobus, Baptista Sacerdos, 

and Alexander. 
Barth deValdezochio&Mart. 

de Septem Arboribus. 
PetrusAdam de Michaelibus. 
Ant. Mathise de Antuerpia, 

and Balthasar Corderius. 
Fridericus Veronensis. 
Helias Helye, ordeLouffen. 
Andreas Portilia. 

Thomas Ferrandus. 

Henricus Aiding. 

Joan. Zainer, of Reutlingen. 

Andreas Hess. 

Lucas Brandis. 

Tlieodoricus Martens. 

Nicolus Ketelaer, and Ger. 

de Leempt. 
Bartholomseus Buyer, 

Joannes de Rheno. 

Leonardus Achates, of Basle. 
Ambrosius de Orcho, and 

Dionys. de Paravicino. 
Joh. Fabri and Joanninus 

de Petro. 
Matthias Moravus and Mich. 

de Monacho. 
Johannes Bonus. 
Conradus Fyner. 
Bernardus Rich el (Berthol- 

dus Rodt.) 



PRINTING 



687 



Date. 


PLACES. 


First Impressions, with known Date. 


Names of the First Printers. 


1474 


Val. St Marie. 


Breviarium Mogimtin., 4to. 


Fratres Vitas Communis. 




Valencia. 


Trobes de la S. V. Maria, 4to. 


AJonzo Fernandez de Cordo- 
va and L. Palmar (1478). 





Louvain. 


Commoda ruralia, fol. 


Joannes de Westphalia. 





Westminster. 


The Game at Chess, fol. 


William Caxton. 


1475 


Lubeck. 


Rudimentum Novitiorum, fol. 


Lucas Brandis, of Schass. 




Blauburren. 


Ob ein Man sey zu nemem Weib, 

&c. 
Mafei Vegii de Morte Astianactis, 


Conradus Mancz. 


__ 


Cagli. 


Robertus de Fano and Ber- 






4to. 


nardinus de Bergamo. 


— 


Casole. 


Vitse Sanctorum, 4to. 


Jean Fabri. 





Modense. 


Virgilius, fol. 


Joan.Vu!-ster, of Campidonia. 


— 


Perugia. 


Verulami, de Arte grammatica, 


Henricus Clayn, of Ulm 






4to. 


(1476). 





Pi^ve di Sacco 


Quatuor ordines, hebraic^, fol. 


R. Mescullam, or Kotzi. 





Placenza. 


Biblia Latina, 4to. 


Joan. Petrus de Ferratis. 


— 


Reggio. 


R. Salomon Jarchi in Pentateuch- 

um, fol. 
Valasti de Tarenta, de Epidemia, 

4to. 
Manipulus Curatorum, fol. 


Abraham Garton. 


— 


Barcelona. 


Nicolaus Spindeler (1478). 





Saragossa. 


Matthseus Flandrus. 


1476 


Antwerp. 


Thesaurus pauperum, fol. 


Theodoricus Martins, of Alost 




Bruges. 


Bocace, du Dechiet des nobles, &c. 

fol. 
Gnotosolitos, fol. 


Colard Mansion. 





Brussels. 


Fratres Vitae Communis. 


— 


Rostock. 


Lactantii opera, fol. 


Fratres Vitse Communis. 


— 


Polliano. 


Petrarca, degli huomini famosi. 


Innocentius Ziletus, & Felix 






4to. 


Antiquarius. 


— 


Trent. 


De obitu pueri Simonis, 4to. 


Hermannus Schindeleyp. 


1477 


Delft. 


Biblia, belgice, fol. 


Jacob Jacobs, and Maurice 
Yemants. 





Deventer. 


Reductorium Biblise, fol. 


Richard Paffroet. 


— 


Gouda. 


Epistelem en evangelien, fol. 


Gerard Leu, or Leuw. 


— 


Angers. 


Manipulus curatorum, fol. 


Joan, de Turre, and Joan. 
Morelli. 


— 


Palermo. 


Consuetudines Panormi, 4to. 


Andreas de Warmatia. 





Ascoli. 


Cronica de S. Isidore Menore, 4to. 


Guillelmus de Linis. 


— 


Lucca. 


Les triomphes de Petrarque, fol. 


Barthol. de Civitali. 


— 


Seville. 


Sacramentale, 4to. 


A. M. de la Talk, B. Segura, 
and Alonso del Puerto. 


1478 


Cosenza. 


Dell' immortalita dell' anima, 4to. 


Octavianus Salomonius, of 
Manfredonia. 


— 


CoUe. 


Dioscorides, latin^, fol. 


Joannes Alemanus, of Me- 
demblick. 


— . 


Chablis. 


Des bonnes moeurs, fol. 


Pierre le Rouge. 


— 


Geneva. 


Le livre des Saintes Anges, fol. 


Adam Steynschawer, of 
Schuinfordia (1480). 


— 


Oxford. 


Expositio in simbolum, 4to. 


Theodore Rood (1481). 


— 


Eichstett. 


Summa hostiensls, fol. 


Michel Reyser. 


1479 


Wurtzbourg. 


Breviarium herbipolense, fol. 


Stephanus Dold, Jeorius Ry- 
ser and Joan. Bekenhub. 



688 



PRINTING 



Date. 


PLACES. 


1479 


Zwoll. 
Pignerol. 


— 


Tusculano. 
Toulouse 


— 


Poitiers. 


1480 


Lerida. 

Oudenarde. 

Nonantola. 


— 


Reggio. 





Friuli. 


— 


Caen. 


I481 


St Albans. 


— 


Salamanca. 


— 


Leipsic. 
Casal. 





Urbino. 


1482 


Vienne, 

France. 
Aurach. 
Zamora. 
Aquila. 
Erfuhrt. 



First Impressions, with known Date. 



1483 



Memmingen. 
Passau. 

Reutlingen. 
Vienna, Aust. 
Promentour. 
Magdeburg. 

Stockholm. 

Ghent. 

Troyes. 

Haarlem. 

Culembourg. 

Leyden. 

Pisa. 



— Gironne. 
1484 Bois-le-Duc. 

— KVinterberg. 



Names of the First Printers. 



Sumulae Petri Hispani, fol. 
Boetius, de Consol. philosophise, 

fol. 
^sopi fabulfe, 4to. 
Tractatus de Jure emphiteotico, 

fol. 
Breviarium historiale, 4to. 

Breviariiim Illerdense, fol. 
Herm. de Petra Sermones, fol. 
Breviarium romanum, 4to. 

Nic. Perotti Rudim. gram., 4to. 

Platina de honesta voluptate, 4to. 
Horatii epistolse, 4to. 

Laur. Guil. de Saona, Rhetorica 

nova, 4to. 
Nebrixa, introductiones latinse, 

fol. 
Glosa super apocalipsim, 4to. 
Ovidii Epist. heroides, fol. 

Marii Phileiphi Epistolarium, 4to. 
Nic. de Clemangis de Lapsu Jus- 

titise, 4to. 
Leben der Heiligen, fol. 
Mendoza, vita Christi, fol. 
Vitse de Plutarcho, fol. 
Quajstiones in libros Arist. de 

anima, 4to. 
Fasciculus temporum, fol. 
Epistola deMorte S . Hieronimi,4to. 

Summa Pisani, fol. 
Manipulus Curatorum, 4to. 
Doctrinal de Sapience, fol. 
Officium MisscC, 4to. 

Dialogus creaturarum, 4to. 
Guil., Rhetorica divina, 4to. 
Breviarium Trecence, 8vo. 
Formulse Novitiorum, 4to. 
S peculum human . sal V. b elgice, 4to . 
De Cronike Van Holland, &c. 4to. 
Franc, de Accoltis consilia, fol. 

Memorial del pecador, fol. 
Tondalus Vysioen, 4to. 
Albertus Magnus de Eucharistia. 



Joannes de VoUehoe. 
Jacobus de Rubeis. 

Gabriel Petri. 
Joannes Teutonicus. 

Joan. Bouyer,and Guillaume 

Bouchet (1499). 
Henricus Botel. 
Arnoldus Csesaris. 
Georgius and Anselmus de 

Mischinis. 
Barthol. and Laurentius de 

Bruschis. 
Gerardus de Flandria. 
Jac. Durandits, and Egidius 

Quijoue. 
No name. 

Leo Alemanus, and Lupus 

Sanz (1496). 
Marcus Brand (1484). 
Guill. de Canepa Nova, de 

Campanilibus. 
Henricus de Colonia (1493). 
Pierre Schenck. 

Conradus Fyner. 
Antonius Centenera, 
Adam de Rotwil. 
Paulus Wider de Hornbach. 

Albertus Kunne. 

Conradus Stahel, & Bened. 

Mayr. 
Johan. Otmar. 
Joh. Winterburg (1492). 
Louis Guerin. 
Albertus Rauenstein and Jo- 

achimus Westval. 
Joh. Snell. 
Arnoldus Cassaris. 
Guil. le Rouge (1492). 
Joh. Andriesson. 
Jean Veldener. 
Heynricus Heynrici. 
Laurentius and Angelus Flo- 

rentini (1484). 
Mathieu Vendrell. 
Ger. Leempt, of Noviomago. 
Joannes Alacraw. 



PRINTING 



6S9 



PLACES. 



Chamberri. 
Breand - Lou- 

deliac. 
Rennes. 
Sienna. 
Soncino. 

Novi. 

Heidelberg. 

Ratisbon. 

Vercelli. 

Peschia. 

Udino. 
Burgos. 
Iscar (Ixar). 

Abbeville. 
Brunn. 

Munster. 

Sleswick. 

Chivasso. 

Viqueria. 

Toledo. 

Besangon. 

Gaeta. 

Murcia. 

Rouen. 
Hagenau. 
Kuttenberg. 
Lisbon. 

Orleans. 
Ingolstadt. 
Oporto. 
Dijon. 

Angouleme. 

Hamburg. 

Nozani. 

: Dole. 

Leiria. 

Tzenna. 
; All^a. 

Clugni. 

Fribourcr- 



First Impressions, with known Date. 



Baudoyn, comte de Flandres, fol. 
Le Songe de la Pucelle, 4to. 

Coustumes de Bretagiie, i2mo. 
Paul, de Castro, lectura, fol. 
Delectus Margaritarum, hebraice, 

4to. 
Summa Baptistiniana, 4to. 
Hugonis Sermones, fol. 
Liber Missalis Ratisbonnensis, fol. 

Nic. de Auxmo suppl. sum. Pisan., 
8vo. 

La Confessione de S. Bern, da Si- 
enna, 4to. 

Nic, Perotti Rudim. grammat., 4to. 

And. Guterii opus grammatic, fol. 

Jacobi ben Ascher, liber semitse 
vitae, hebraice, fol. 

La Cite de Dieu de S. Aug., fol. 

Agenda Chori Olomucensis, 4to. 

Rudolphi Langi Carmina, 4to. 
Missale Sleswicence, fol. 
Angeli de Clavasio summa, 4to. 
Alex, de Immola postillce, fol. 
Petri Ximenez confutatorium, 4to. 
Liber de Pestilentia, 4to. 
Formulario epistolare, 4to. 
El Valerio de las Hist, de Espafia, 

fol. 
Croniques de Normandie, fol. 
Cornutus Joan. Garlandia, 4to. 
Biblia, bohemice, fol. 
Rabbi M. Nachmanidis in Pent. 

fol. 
Manipulus curatorum, 4to. 
Rosarium celestis curiae, fol. 
Statuta commun. Ripperise, fol. 
Cisterc. ord. privilegia, 4to. 
Auctores VIII., Cato, Facetus, 

&c., 4to. 
Laudes B. M. Virg., fol. 
P. Turretini disputatio Juris, fol. 

Joan. Heberling de Epidemia, 4to. 
Proverbia Salom., hebraice, fol. 
Psaherium B. M. V., 4to. 
Alex, de Villa doctrinale, fol. 
Missale Cluniacense, fol. 
jS. Bonav. in IV. sentent , fol. 
44 



Names of the First Printers. 



Antonius Neyret. 
Robin Foucquet. 

Pierre Belleesculee & Josses. 
Henricus de Colonia. 
Joshua Salamon & associates. 

Nicol Girardengus. 
Fridericus Misch (1488). 
Joan. Sensenschmidt and 

Beckenhaub. 
Jacobinus Suigus, of St Ger- 

mano. 
Franc. Cenni. 

Gerardus de Flandria. 
Fridericus de Basilea. 
No name. 

Jean Du Pre & Pierre Gerard. 
Conradus Stahel & Mattheas 

Preinlein (1491). 
Joannes Limburgus. 
Stephanus Arndes. 
Jacobinus Suigus. 
Jacobus de Sancto-Nazario. 
Joannes Vasqui (Vasquez). 
Jean Comtel. 
A. F. (Andreas Fritag). 
Lope de Roca. 

Guillaume le Talleur. 
Henricus Gran. 
Martin Van Tischniovva. 
Samuel Zorba and Raban 

Eliezer. 
Matthieu Vivan. 
Joan. Kachelofen. 
Barthol. Zanni. 
Petrus Metlinger. 
No name. 

Joh. and Thomas Borchard. 
Henri de Colonia and Henri 

d' Harlem. 
No name. 
Abraham Dortas. 
No name. 
No name. 
Michael Wenszler. 
Kilianus Piscator. 



690 



PRINTING 



PRINTS 



Date. 



1493 



1494 



1495 



PLACES. 



1496 



1497 
1498 
1499 

1500 
1500 



1501 



Lunebourg. 

Nantes. 

Copenhagen. 

Valladolid. 
Monterey. 

Prague. 

Oppenheim. 

Forli. 

Freisingen. 

Limoges. 

Scandiano. 

Pampeluna. 

Schoenhoven. 

Barco. 

Offenbourg. 

Provins. 

Tours. 

Grenada. 

Avignon. 

Carmagnole. 

Tubingen. 

Treguier. 

Montserrat 

Taragona. 

Cracovia. 

Munich. 

Olmutz. 

Pfortzheim. 
Perpignan. 
Jaen. 

Albi. 

Rhenen. 

Amsterdam. 



First Impressions, with known Date. 



Th. h. Kempis, de Imit. Christi, 8vo. 
Les Lunettes des princes, 8vo. 
Regula3 de fig. construe, grammat., 

4to. 
Notas del Relator, fol. 
Missale, fol. 

Breviarium, fol. 

Wigandi Wirt Dialogus apolog., 

&c., 4to. 
Nic. Ferretti de Eleg. ling, lat, 

sei"vanda, 4to. 
Compendiosa mat. pro Juven. in- 
form., 4to. 
Breviarium Lemovicence, 8vo. 
Appianus, fol. 
Epilogo en medicina, fol. 
Breviarium Trajectense, fol. 
Selicoth, hebraice, fol. 
Quadragesimale de Litio, 4to. 
La Regie des Marchands, 4to. 
La Vie de St Martin., fol. 
Franc. Ximenes de Vita Christ., fol. 
Luciani Palinurus, &c., 4to. 
Pacini Tibergas in Alex, de villa,&c. 
Pauli lectura in primmn Senten., 

fol. 
Le Catholicon, fol. 
Missale Benedictinum, fol. 
Missale Tarraconense, fol. 
Ciceronis rhetor, libri IV., 4to. 
Aug. Mundii Oratio., 4to. 
Ang. de Olomvoz contra Walden- 

ses, 4to. 
Joan. Altenstaig vocabularius. 
Breviarium Elnense, 8vo. 
Petri Dagui, tractatus de diffe- 

rentiis. 
Eneas Sylvii deamorisremedio, 4to. 
Datleevenvan H. maget S. Kunera. 
Dionysius de conversione pecca- 

toris, 8vo. 



Names of the First Printers. 



Joan. Luce. 
Etienne Larcher. 
Gothofricus de Ghemen. 

Johannes de Fraucour. 
Gundilsalvus, Rod. de la Pa- 
sera, and J. de Porres. 
Johannes Gherline. 
No name. 

Hieronymus Medesanus. 

Joan. Schaeffier, 

Joan. Berton. 

Peregrin us de Pasqualibus. 

Arnaldus Guil. de Brocario. 

No name. 

Gerson Mentzlan. 

No name. 

Guil. Tavernier. 

Matthieu Lateron. 

Menardus Ungut. 

Nicol. Lepe. 

No name. 

Joan. Ottmar. 

No name. 

Joan. Luchner Alemannus. 
Joh. de Rosembach. 
(Joannes Haller.) 
Joannes Schobser. 
Conradus Bomgathem. 

Thomas Anselmus Badensis. 
J. Rosembach de Heidelberg. 
No name. 

No name. 
No name. 
D. Pietersoen. 



PRINTING HOUSE, so called, one in Ipswich in Cardinal Wolsey's time, 1538; 
John Osw^en, printer. 

PRINTS and Books, duties on ; by the 7 & 8 Vict. c. 73, Aug. 6, 1844, entitled 
' An Act to Reduce, under certain circumstances, the duties payable upon Books 
and Engravings,' her Majesty, by order in council, may reduce the duties on 
foreign books and prints, in cases in which copyright is allowed to the country 
of export, under 7 & 8 Vict. c. 12, May 10, 1844; and may reduce the 
duties on books and prints, in favour of countries with which her Majesty has 



PRIORIES PRIVY COUNCIL 691 

treaties of reciprocity. Schedule of new duties. — Books : — Works in the lan- 
guage or languages of the country of export, originally produced therein, or original 
works of that country in the dead languages, or other worksin the dead languages 
with original commentaries produced in that country, 15^-. per cwt. ; all other 
works published in the country of export, if printed prior to the year 1801, 20s. 
per cwt.; if printed in or since the year 1801, 50^-.; prints or drawings, plain or 
coloured, yzd. each ; prints or drawings, bound or sewn, ij/id. the dozen. 

PRIORIES existed in England, 722 ; the alien priories seized upon by Edward I., 
1215, when a war broke out between France and England — generally seized on 
the breaking out of war, they were restored at the return of peace ; 1 10 dissolved 
and their estates vested in the crown by Henry V., 1414. 

PRISON DISCIPLINE, Society for the Improvement of, instituted, 1815 ; held 
its first public meeting, 1820. 

PRISONS. The laws regulating prisons, consolidated, 4 Geo. IV., c. 64, July 
10, 1823. An act passed appointing Inspectors to insure, uniformity of practice 
in the government of the several prisons in England and Wales, 5 & 6 Will. IV. 
c. 38, Aug. 25, 1835 

PRISONS in London, with date of building, &c. : — Brixton House of Correction, 
built, 1820. Clerkenwell House of Correction, built, 1616 ; rebuilt in 1826, and 
in 1846 ; enlarged, 1863. Clink, Southwark, burnt down, 1 780. Coldbath 
Fields House of Correction, built under the 26 Geo. III. c. 55, 1786 ; opened, 
1794. Fleet, built, 1780 ; taken down, 1848. Giltspur-street Compter, built, 
1791 ; removed, 1854. Holloway, the city prison, built and opened, Oct. 6, 
1852. Horsemonger Lane, 1791-9. King's Bench, built befoi-e the reign of 
Richard II., partially burnt in 1780 ; and re-built, 1782-3. Ludgate made a 
prison for felons, 1218. Marslialsea, broken into, 1377 ; discontinued, 1842. Mil- 
bank Penitentiary, built, 1812 ; the name changed to the Milbank Prison, 1843 > 
regulated by 6 & 7 Vict. c. 26, June 27, 1843 ; amended, 11 & 12 Vict. 
c. 104, Sept. 4, 1848. Newgate, built, 1218 ; restored after the fire of 1666, 
in 1672; iDurnt down, 1780; re-built, 1782; re-modelled, 1858-9. Pentonville 
model prison, established by 5 & 6 Vict. c. 29, June 18, 1842. Tothill Fields, 
built, 1618 ; new prison erected in 1834. Whitecross-street, Debtors' prison, 
built under the 52 Geo. III. c. ccix. July 29, 1812 ; opened, 1815. Wood-street 
Compter, established, 1555 ; removed, 1791. 

PRIVILEGED PLACES. White Friars, Savoy, Salisbury Court, Ram Alley, Metre 
court. Fuller's Rents, Baldwin's Gardens, Montague Close, or the Minories, Mint 
Clink, orDeadman's Place in Southwark, disenfranchised, 8 & 9 W^ill. III. c. 27, 
s. 15, 1697. 

PRIVY COUNCIL, a council instituted by Alfred the Great, 895 ; limited to 30 
in number by Charles II., fifteen being the principal officers of state, the rest of 
the king's nomination ; only one council to be appointed for Great Britain, 6 
Anne, c. 7, 1707 ; judicial committee of, appointed as a court of appeal, 3 & 
4 Will. IV. c. 41, Aug. 14, 1833 ; the judges are, the president of the 
privy council, the lord chancellor, such members of the privy council as may hold 
the office of lord keeper, or first commissioners of the great seal, lord chief-justice 
of the king's or queen's bench, master of the rolls, vice-chancellor, lord chief- 
justice of the common pleas, lord chief-baron, judge of the admiralty court, chief- 
judge of the court of bankruptcy, and others appointed by the king or queen, 
being privy councillors ; jurisdiction extended, 3 & 4 Vict. c. 65, Auo-. 7, 
1840 ; and again, 7 & 8 Vict. c. 69, Aug. 6, 1844 ; lords justices, if privy 
councillors, to be on the judicial committee, 14 & 15 Vict. c. 83, s. 15, Aup-. 7, 
1851 ; duties of the registrar, 16 & 17 Vict. c. 85, Aug. 20, 1853. 



692 PRIZE-MONEY PROTESTANTS 

PRIZE-MONEY is by Government divided into eight equal parts, and distributed in 
the following proportions : — Captains to have three-eighths, unless under the direc- 
tion of a flag-ofiftcer, who in that case is to have one of the said three-eighths ; — 
Captains of marines and land forces, and lieutenants. &c., one-eighth ;— lieutenants 
of marines, gunners, admiral's secretaries, &c., one-eighth ; — midshipmen, cap- 
tain's clerk, &c., one-eighth ; — -ordinary and able seamen, marines, &c., two- 
eighths. Given at St James's, April 17, I793- — London Gazette. The payment of, 
regulated by 54 Geo. III. c. 93, July 18, 1814. An act passed for consolidating 
and amending the laws relating to the payment of army prize-money, 2 & 3 Will. 
IV. c. 53, June 23, 1832 ; distribution to be made by the commissioners of the 
Admiralty, 2 & 3 Will. IV. c. 40, June i, 1832. 

PROBATE COURT, established under 20 & 21 Vict. c. 77, Aug. 25, 1857; 
amended 21 & 22 Vict. c. 95, Aug. 2, 1858. Power given to make a new court, 
22 & 23 Vict. c. 16, Aug. 8, 1859. Sir Creswell Creswell appointed the first 
judge. Sir J. P. Wilde appointed judge, Aug. 28, 1S63. 

PROBATE COURT, Ireland, established under 20 & 2i Vict. c. 79, Aug. 25, 
1857 ; amended, 22 & 23 Vict. c. 31, Aug. 13, 1859. 

PROFESSORS of Modern Languages and of Modem History, established at Cam- 
bridge by Geo. I., 1724. 

PROME, BURMAH, captured by the British, April 25, 1825 ; the Burmese forces 
defeated before, Dec. i, 1829 ; again taken by the British, Oct. 9, 1852. 

PROMISSORY NOTES, first allowed to be assignable, 1705; to be stamped, 
1782; tax increased, 1804; again, 1808 and 1815 ; an act passed to amend the 
laws relating to, and fixing the duty, 17 & 18 Vict. c. 83, Aug. 10, 1854. 

PROPAGANDA Fide, a celebrated college of the Roman Church, entitled Con- 
gregatio de Propaganda Fide, instituted at Rome by Pope Gregory XV., 1622. 

PROPAGATION of the Gospel in Foreign Parts, the Society incorporated by 
charter, June 16, 1701 ; its annual expenditure is over ;^90,ooo. 

PROPERTY and Income Tax, attempt to inflict, lost in parliament, March 18, 
i8i6; made 6^ per cent., 1805; 10 per cent., 1806 ; produced ;^i6,548,985, 
1807 ; abolished, Mar. 18, 1816; renewed, June 22, 1S42. — &£? Income Tax. 

PROSTRATION at the Elevation of the Mass ordained by the pope, circa 1201. 

PROTECTIONISTS, a section of the Conservative party opposed to the repeal of 
the Corn Laws, separated from Sir R. Peel, 1846 ; dissolved, Feb. 7, 1853. 

PROTECTORATE. The Earl of Pembroke took this oflfice, Oct., 1216 ; ceased 
with his death the same year. The Duke of Bedford entered upon his duties, 1422; 
ceased with his death, Sept., 1435. The Duke of Gloucester took the power, April, 
1483, and assumed the royal dignity, June 26. The Duke of Somerset began, Jan. 
28, 1547 i resigned, 1549. Oliver Cromwell chosen, April 20, 1653 ; died, Sept. 
3, 1658. Richard Cromwell assumed, Sept. 4; resigned. May, 1659. 

PROTESTANTS, the name first given in Germany to the followers of Luther, 
1529 ; in a minority in the 2nd diet of Spires, when they protested against the 
doctrines of the Church of Rome, April 17, 1530 ; first took refuge in England, 
1572; became formidable in France, 1576; they were tolerated in Germany, 
1624; in Bohemia, 1707; in Hungary, 1784; in France, 1792; in Portugal, 
1801 ; a plot discovered in Ireland for the massacre of, Oct. 23, 1641 ; expelled 
by George I., 1718 ; persecuted at Thorn, in Poland, Nov., 1724 ; protected by 
the emperor and king of Prussia, 1731 ; a Protestant minister hanged for assem- 
bling a congregation in France, 1732 ; in Bohemia, many persecuted, 1735 ; leave 
Bohemia for Georgia, and settle there, 1735 5 the number in Ireland, 96,067 
families, Nov., 1741 ; persecuted again in France, 1752, 



PROTESTANT ASSOCIATION PRUSSIA 693 

PROTESTANT ASSOCIATION, connected with Lord Gordon riots, 1780; the 
present society instituted, 1835. 

PROTESTANT COLONIZATION SOCIETY, Irish, estabHshed in Dublin, 

Dec, 1829. 
PROTESTANT CONSERVATIVE SOCIETY of Dublin, an Orange associa- 

tion, formed, Dec, 1 83 1. 

PROTESTANT SUCCESSION regulated by 13 & 14 Will. III. c. 6, 1701 ; 4 
& 5 Anne, c. 8, 1705 ; 6 Anne, c. 7, 1707. 

PROVERBS. The author, Solomon, has divided his work into 5 parts : The first 
9 chapters is the preface, containing admonitions and directions ; his proverbs 
occupy the next 15 chapters, circa B.C. looo ; the proverbs copied by the men of 
Hezekiah from chapter 25 to 30 ; the words of Agur occupy the 30th chapter ; 
and the instructions of Solomon's mother, Bathsheba, the last, B.C. 750. 

PROVISIONS, prices of, temp. Henry I. : wheat, to make bread for 100 men for 
one day, might be had for \s. od. ; a sheep, 40^. ; wine, 6d. per quart, for red ; 
8d. for white, 1200 ; wheat, is. per quarter, 1286 ; wheat sold for 20s. the 
quarter (about £6 sterling now), Oct., I192 ; provisions so scarce in 1316, that 
parliament fixed the prices at i6j. for an ox, 12s. for a cow, a 2-year old hog, 
3J-. 4(f. ; a sheep unshorn, is. Sd., shorn, is. 2d. ; a goose, 2f<.d. ; a capon, 2d. ; 
a hen, id. ; eggs, 24 for id. ; a quarter of wheat, beans, or pease, 20s. Henry 
VIII. enacted that French wine should be sold at 2d. per quart, sack at ^d. : 
a haymaker's wages were id. to l}id. per day : in 2 Henry VII., wheat was 
3J. ^d. the quarter, and in a terrible dearth, only 4s., or about ^2 12^. of modern 
money ; 7 Edward VI., c. 5, no wine of Guienne to be sold for more than 2d. 
per quart, nor that of Rochelle or other French wine to be sold for more than 
2d. The price of provisions, 6 Hen. VIII. , 1514: a fat ox, i3j-. ^d. ; a lean ox, 
13^'. od. ; a sheep, is. Sd. ; a calf, is. Sd. ; a pig, ^s. od. ; a goose, 4^. ; 3 pigeons, 
id. ; a quarter of malt, 4s-. od. The price of provisions to be fixed by the Lord 
Chancellor and other high officers, 25 Hen. VIII. c. 2, 1533-4. ^^ the time of 
Queen Elizabeth, an old household account gives the following statement of prices 
for the two years, 1594 and 1595 : — Paid, 26th March, for 104 lbs. of butter, re- 
ceived out of Gloucestershire, whereof i61bs. at 3/^«'., and the rest at ^d. per lb., 
/^l 6s. Sd. ; salt for the said butter, 6d. ; carriage of the said butter, from Bristol 
to London, 4^. 6d. Paid, 29th March, for a fore-quarter of lamb, with the head, 
2s. 2d. ; a capon, is. 2d. ; nine stone of beef at 181^. the stone, 13^-. 6d. ; a quart 
of Malmsey, 8^/. ; four pounds of soap, lod. Paid, 3rd April, for a lamb, 5^. od. ; 
a dozen of pigeons, 2s. 4d. ; twenty-eight eggs, 8^. Paid, 6th April, for 3 pecks 
of fine flour, 2s. 6d. ; a side of veal, 8s. od. ; a calf's head, lod. ; a pint of claret 
wine, 3(/. Paid, 31st July, for a peck of oysters, 4^. Paid, 19th August, for half- 
a-peck of filberts, 6d. Paid, 9th Feb., 1595, for half-a-hundred oranges, gd. 

PRUSSIA, Europe, inhabited by Germanic tribes of Goths, who gave place to 
the Teutonic tribes, and who were in turn driven out by the Slavonic tribes. 
A kind of military colonies, called Marches, were founded for the defence of 
the frontiers after the treaty of Verdun, A.D. 843 ; the Marquisate of Branden- 
burg, founded by Markgraf Albrecht, 1160; he built Berlin, 1163 ; Konigsberg 
made the capital of Prussia, 1286; Frederick V. of Hohenzollem divided 
the country between John III. and Frederick VI., 1402 ; the Emperor 
Sigismund added the Electorate of Brandenburg, 141 5 ; Cassiniir IV. of 
Poland assisted the inhabitants against the oppression of the Teutonic knights, 
1454 ; Joachim I. founded the University of Frankfort-on-the-Oder, 1506; Albert 
of Brandenburg, grand-master of the Teutonic order, renounced the Roman Ca- 
tholic religion, embraced Lutheranism, and only acknowledged duke of East 
Prussia, to be held as a fief of Poland, 1525 ; Joachim II., elector of Bran- 



694 PRUSSIA 

denburg, embraced the Lutheran faith, and acquired the Archbishoprics of 
Brandenburg, &c., 1539 ; University of Konigsberg founded by Duke Albrecht, 
1544 ; the dukedom of Prussia is joined to the electorate of Brandenburg, and 
so continues, 1594 ; a council of state first established, 159S ; John Sigismund 
created elector of Brandenburg and duke of Prussia, the beginning of the 30 years' 
war, 1618; the principality of Halberstadt, and the bishopric of Minden, transferred 
to the house of Brandenburg, 1648 ; Frederick William succeeded his father, 
1640 ; Poland acknowledged Prussia as an independent state, under Frederick 
William, surnamed the Great Elector, by treaty, Sept. 19, 1657; the Swedes over- 
ran Brandenburg for a season, but were defeated at Fehrbellin, June 28, 1675 ; 
Order of Concord instituted by Christian Ernest, elector of Brandenburg and 
duke of Prussia, 1660; Order of Generosity instituted by Fi-ederick III., 1685 ; 
Frederick III., in an assembly of the states, put a crown upon his own head and 
upon the head of his consort, and was proclaimed king of Prussia, by the title of 
Frederick I., Jan. 18, 1701 ; instituted the Order of the Black Eagle, 1701 ; 
obtained Gueldres from the Dutch for Orange, 1714 ; seized on Nuremburg and 
Valencia, and bought Fecklenburg, 1707 ; Frederick William II., or I. as king, 
ascended the throne, 1713; he abolished all fiefs, 1717; Potsdam founded, 1721 ; 
assisted Austria with a force of 10,000 men, 1735 ; reign of Frederick II., or the 
Great, during which the Prussian monarchy was made to rank among the first 
powers in Europe, May 31, 1740; Breslau ceded to Prussia, 1741; Silesia, Glatz, 
&c., ceded, June 11, 1742; Friesland annexed to the country, 1744; Frederick the 
Great visited England, 1744 ; an alliance is made with England, Jan. 16, 1756; 
the Seven Years' War began, Aug. 31 ; a treaty of partition of Prussia between 
France and Austria signed. May i, 1757 ; Frederick II. defeated at Kolin, June 
18 ; the Russians invaded the country and several battles were fought, 1757 — 1759' 
General Lacy, with the Austrian and Russian forces, marched to Berlin, which 
they took, and levied a contribution upon the citizens of 800,000 guilders and 
1,900,000 crowns; they destroyed the magazines, arsenals, and foundries, Oct. 9-10, 
1760. Treaty of peace of Hubertsberg signed, Feb.2l, 1763; Prussia joins the armed 
neutrality. May 8, 1 781 ; Frederick the Great died, Aug. 1 7, 1 786; an alliance formed 
between Prussia and England, 1790; the order of the Black Eagle founded by Fred- 
erick I. , Jan. 1 7, 1 79 1 ; war declared against France, 1 79 1 ; they invaded that country, 
1 792 ; Poland invaded and Dantzic captured next year ; treaty of peace signed, 
1795; P^i^t of Poland added to Prussia, 1 795 ; the Prussians took possession of Han- 
over, April, 1806 ; joined the allies of England against France, Oct. 6 ; the army 
under Prince Louis defeated by Napoleon at Saalfeld, Oct. 10 ; battle of Jena, 
Oct. 14 ; Berlin decree promulgated, Nov. 20 ; peace of Tilsit, July 9, 1807 ; Con- 
vention of Berlin, Nov. 5, 1808; Prussia joined the allies, March 17, 1813 ; defeated 
at Dresden, Aug. 26 ; the Prussians lost 14,000 in killed alone in this campaign ; 
treaty of Paris sii^ned, April 11, 1814 ; the king visited England, and entertained 
at Guildhall, June 18; union of the Lutheran and Calvinistic Churches, in 1817 ; 
congress of Carlsbad, held Aug. i, 1819 ; Marshal Blucher died in Silesia, aged 
77, Sept. 12 ; formation of the Zollverein, 1823; extended, 1841; the railway from 
Berlin to Kothen opened, Sept., 1 841 ; the Cologne Cathedral opened, Oct. 15 ; 
first meeting of the estates of the whole kingdom, Oct. 19 ; the censorship of the 
press abolisiied, Oct. 10, 1842 ; serious attempt on the life of the king, by an 
assassin named Tesch, July 26, 1844 ; the king visited England and stood sponsor 
for the Prince of Wales, 1842; invasion of Schleswig-Holstein, April 6, 1848 ; a new 
constitution granted. May 22 ; riots in Berlin, June 10; armistice concluded, Aug. 
26; Berlin declared in a state of siege, Nov. 12 ; the Assembly dissolved by force, 
Nov. 13 ; the constituent assembly held their sittings in Brandenburg castle, 
Nov. 29 ; the Assembly is dissolved, the king issued a new constitution, Dec. 5 ; 
Prussia declined the imperial crown offered to it, Jan. 23, 1849 ; renewal of hos- 
tilities in the Duchies, in April ; the German National Assembly elect the king of 



PRUSSIA 69s 

Prussia 'hereditary emperor of the Gei-mans,' March 28 ; the king declined the 
imperial crown, April 28 ; royal ordinance, placing the kingdom under martial 
law, May 10 ; the Prussians entered Carlsruhe, June 23 ; armistice between Prussia 
and Denmark, July 10; Hamburg occupied by a German force, Aug. 14 ; Bavaria 
declared an imperial constitution, with the king of Prussia at its head, Sept. 8 ; 
treaty between Prussia and Austria, Sept. 30 ; Austria protested against the alliance 
of Prussia with the minor states of Germany, Nov. 12 ; constitution granted, Jan. 
31, 1850 ; the king took the constitutional oath, Feb. 6 ; Hanover withdrew from the 
Pi'ussian alliance, Feb. 21 ; treaty signed at Munich, between Austria, Bavaria, 
Saxony, and Wurtemburg, to maintain the German union, Feb. 27 ; Wurtemburg 
denounced the insidious ambition of the king of Prussia, a league made with Wur- 
temburg, Bavaria, and Saxony, March 15 ; attempt to assassinate the king, May 
22 ; Hesse-Darmstadt withdrew from the Prussian league, June 20 ; treaty of 
peace between Prussia and Denmark, July 2 ; a congress of deputies from the 
states included in the Prussian ZoUverein opened at Cassel, July 6 ; Prussia refused 
to join the diet of Frankfort, Aug. 25 ; the king visited the emperor of Russia, May 
18, 1851 ; Exhibition opened at Berlin, May 28, 1852; the king visited Vienna, 
May, 1 853; the naval and military department separated, Nov. 14; International Copy- 
right convention concluded with England, Nov. 9, 1855 ; the constitution amended. 
May 15, 1857 ; treaty of peace signed with Switzerland, May 26 ; the Crown 
Prince made regent on account of the illness of the king, Oct. 23 ; treaty between 
Her Majesty Queen Victoria and the king of, for the marriage of the Princess 
Royal with the Prince Frederick William of Prussia, Dec. 18, 1857 ; marriage 
celebrated, Jan. 25, 1858; visited by Queen Victoria and Prince Albert, Aug. 10 ; 
the Crown Prince made regent, Oct. 9 ; the Princess Frederick William gives 
birth to a son, Jan. 27, 1859; to a daughter, July 24, i860; the military re- 
organized by the Prince Regent, Jan., i860 ; Jews admitted to hold offices, April 
25; the Prussian Chamber declare their intention to aid Schleswig-Holstein against 
Denmark, May 4; meeting of the German sovereigns with Napoleon III., at 
Baden-Baden, June 16, 17 ; William I. ascended the throne, Jan. 2, 1861 ; attempt 
made to assassinate the king at Baden, July 14 ; assumed the title of Dei Gratia, in 
Oct. ; a new Commercial Code passed by the Chamber, June i ; the king crowned 
at Konigsberg, Oct. 18; the parliament dissolved, March 11, 1862; a new one 
assembled. May 19 ; they reject the policy of the government, Sept. 23 ; Count 
Bismarck appointed prime minister, Sept. 28; the Representative Chamber closed by 
a decree of the king, Oct. 13, and the king declared his intention to act without 
them ; the Crown Prince remonstrated against the acts of his father. May 31, 
1863 ; a decree issued suppressing the journals having a contrary view, June l ; 
the Crown Prince protested against it, June 3 ; meeting of the king and the emperor 
of Austria at Gastein, Aug. 2; the decree against the press withdrawn, Nov. 21 ; the 
Chamber declared in favour of recognizing the rights of Schleswig-Holstein, Dec. 
2 ; an ultimatum is addressed to Denmark, Jan. 16, 1864 ; the united Austrian and 
Prussian force entered Holstein, Jan. 21 [see Denmark) ; the Chamber refused 
to vote money for the carrying on of the war, Jan. 22 ; the Chamber closed, Jan. 
25 ; conference upon this question held in London, April 25 ; Count Bismarck 
visited Napoleon III. at Paris, Oct. 21 ; peace concluded with Denmark, Oct. 
30 ; Kiel made an Austrian port in March, 1865 ; a commercial treaty signed 
with England, May 30 ; Kiel made the principal depot of the fleet, June 
24 ; the Gastein convention signed, Aug. 14 ; meeting of the king with the 
emperor of Austria at Salzburg, Aug. 20 ; Count Bismarck visited the Emperor 
Napoleon at Paris, Nov. 4 ; the Chamber of Deputies closed by the king, Feb. 
23, 1866 ; circular despatch sent to the minor states requiring them to decide 
which power they should side with in the coming struggle, March 24 {see 
Austrian Prussian War) ; attempt to assassinate Count Bismarck, the prime 
minister, by Blind, May 7 ; the Germanic confederation dissolved, July 16 ; the 



696 PRUSSIA PRUSSIAN AUSTRIAN WAR. 

order of the Black Eagle conferred on Gen. Von Moltke, July 27 ; the Order of 
Merit given to Prince Charles and Adelbart, July 31 ; fetes given to the army at 
Berlin, Sept. 20, 21 ; the territories of Hanover, Hesse-Cassel, Nassau, and the 
free town of Frankfort annexed to Prussia by vote of the Prussian deputies, Aug. 
17 ; and by treaty, Schleswig-Holstein and Lauenburg were united to Prussia ; 
the territory of Prussia was increased from 127,350 square miles to 160,000; 
her population from 19,000,000 to 23,000,000 ; practically Northern Germany 
was united by the end of Oct., 1866 ; the Czar of Russia arrived on a visit to the 
king at Berlin, May 30, 1867 ; returned to Potsdam, June 16 ; the Sultan conferred 
the order of Osmanlie upon the king, July 27 ; the first diet of the North German 
parliament opened by the king, Sept. 10 ; the new flag of the North German 
confederation hoisted, Oct. I ; circular issued by Count Bismarck with reference 
to the meeting of the emperors of the French and Austria at Salzburg, Sept. 7 ; 
meeting of the king of Prussia with the emperor of Austria at Oss, Oct. 21 ; the 
Prussian Chamber opened by the king, Nov. 15. 
PRUSSIA, rulers of : 

Albrecht I., first elector of Brafi- Joachim II. ... ... ... 1535 

denburg ... ... ... 1157 John-George ... ... ... 1571 

Otho I. ... . . . 1 1 70 Joachim-Frederick ... ... 1598 

Otho II. ... ... ... 1 1 84 John-Sigismund ... l6og 



Albert II 1206 



DUKES. 



John I and Otho III. ... 1221 j^j^^^.sj ;^^^^^„^ ^g^g 

^^!^]\} '^f George-William 1619 

Otho IV 1282 tr^J^ •„!- W,-1K„.„ T,.V „„„ . „,... ^ 



Waldemar ... ... ... 1309 

Henry I. 1319 



Frederick William, his son ; sur- 

named the ' Great Elector' ... 1640 



rieury 1. ... ijiy Frederick, Son of the preceding, 

Louis I of Bavaria 1323 crowned king, Jan. 18, 1 701 .. 

Louis II. 1352 ^' -" ' ' 

Otho V 1365 KINGS. 

Wenceslas of Luxemburg ... 1373 Frederick I., king ... .. 1701 

Sigismund of Luxemburg ... 1378 Frederick William I. ... .. 1713 

Jossus, the Bearded ... ... 1388 Frederic II. (styled the Great) ... 1740 

Sigismund again ; emperor ... 1411 Frederick William II. ... ... 1786 

Frederick I. of Nm-emburg ... 1415 Frederick William HI. ... ... 1797 

Frederick II. ... ... ... 1440 Frederick William IV., son of 

Albert HI. ... ... ... 1470 the last monarch ; succeeded, 

John HI., the Cicero i486 June 7 .. 1840 

Joachim 1 1499 William I., Jan. 2, 1861 

PRUSSIAN AUSTRIAN WAR. Treaty of alliance offensive between Prussia 
and Italy, March, 1866 ; the army placed on a war footing. May ; Prussia in- 
vaded Holstein, May 7 ; the army mobilized, June 14 ; invaded Saxony, June 16; 
a war manifesto issued by Austria, June 17 ; the Austrians defeated at Miinchen- 
gratz, June 28, and at Nachod and Trautenau, June 27 ; the town of Gitschin 
captured ; the forces under Clam Gallas defeated by the Prussians under Prince 
Frederick Charles, June 29 ; the Austrians defeated at Koniggriitz, July 3 ; Hanover 
having sided with Austria, the army was placed on a war footing, and marched to 
join the Austrians ; defeated the Prussians near Merxlelen, June 27, but surren- 
dered at Langensalza, June 28 ; Frankfort occupied, July 14 ; Briim occupied, 
July 12. Italy declared war against Austria, June 20; the army, under General 
del la Marmora, defeated at Custozza, June 23. The Italian fleet, commanded 
by Admiral Persano, defeated at Lissa by the Austrian fleet, commanded by Ad- 
miral Tegethoff, July 20. The volunteers, under Garibaldi, assembled at Como in 
the month of June ; attacked the Austrians at Monte Suello, and were defeated^ 
Garibaldi being wounded, July 3 ; the army, under Gen. Cialdini, took possession of 



PRUSSIAN-BLUE PULTOWA 697 

Padua and Rovigo ; an armistice declared for 5 days, July 22 ; another armistice 
agreed, Aug. 13 ; treaty of peace signed between Prussia and Austria, Aug. 23 ; 
triumplial entry of tlie Prussian army into Berlin, Sept. 20; treaty of peace signed 
with Italy, Oct. 3. 

PRUSSIAN-BLUE, discovered or invented by a native of Berlin, 1707. 

PRUSSIAN COMMERCIAL LEAGUE, called the Zollverein, established 1828 ; 
first made operative, 1834; comprising Prussia, Bavaria, Saxony, Wurtemburg, 
Hesse, Electorate and Duchy of, Thuringia, Baden, Nassau, and Frankfort ; it 
includes 25,324,668 persons ; dissolved, 1866. 

PRUSSIC ACID, first described by Scheele, 1782. 

PRUTH. This river was constituted the boundary between Russia and Turkey by 
the treaty of Bucharest, May 28, 1812. 

PRYNNE, WILLIAM, born at Swainswick, near Bath, 1600 ; persecuted in the 
infamous Star-chamber court for publishing his Histriomastix, reflecting on the 
ministers for countenancing stage-plays, masquerades, and immoralities; fined ;^5oo, 
expelled from Oxford and Lincoln's Inn, disabled from practising the law, sentenced 
to be placed in the pillory, lose both his ears, and to be imprisoned for life, Feb., 
1633 ; the Four Inns of Court got up a masque at Whitehall to please the king by 
showing their contempt for Prynne, who was placed in the pillory. May, 1634 ; 
again stood in pillory, and branded on both cheeks S. L., June 30, 1637 ; took 
his seat in the Long Parliament, 1640 ; arrested by the army, Dec. 6 ; died, Oct. 
24, 1669. 

PSALMANAZAR, GEORGE, a noted impostor, who pretended to be a Japan- 
ese, and actually invented a language after the rules of grammar ; born, 1679 ; 
died 1763, aged 84. 

PSALMS OF DAVID, turned into rhyme by Sternhokl and Hopkins, called the 
Old Version, 1562 ; the New Version, by Tate, published, 1698. 

PUBLIC BATHS AND WASH-HOUSES. Committee appointed to promote 
the establishment of, 1844; an act passed for encouraging the establishment of, in 
England, 9 & 10 Vict. c. 74, Aug. 26, 1846 ; amended by 10& 11 Vict. c. 61, July 
2, 1847 ; in Ireland, c. 87, Aug. 26, 1846 ; the first establishment was opened in 
Liverpool, by Mrs Wilkinson. A list of establishments opened in London : — 
Glasshouse-yard, London Docks, May, 1845; George-street, Euston-square, Aug., 
1846; Goulston-street,Whitechapel, July, 1847; Great Smith-street, Westminster, 
May, 1851; Greenwich, 185 1; Lisson Grove, Marylebone, 1849; Orange-street, 
Leicester-square, Jan., 1849. Several have since been erected, under the acts of 
parliament before recited, in London and many provincial towns , 

PUBLIC FUNDS, originated at Florence, 1344. 

PUBLIC HOUSES. The number of houses licensed in towns fixed: London, 
40 ; York, 8 ; Norwich, 4 ; Westminster, 3 ; Bristol, 6 ; Lincoln, 3 ; Oxford, 3 ; 
Cambridge, 4, &c., 7 Edw. VI. c. 5, 1533. Not allowed to open their houses 
during the hours of 10 till I, on the Sabbath-day, 1536 ; a power of licensing 
them conferred on Sir Giles Mompesson and Sir Francis Mitchel, for their own 
profit, 1621, by James I. ; in 1790, the number in England was 76,000; an act 
passed regulating the hours of closing in London and other large towns, 27 & 28 
Vict. c. 64, July 25, 1864. 

PUDDINGTON HALL, Cheshire, erected, 1757 ; destroyed by fire, Dec. 12,1867, 

PULLINGER, GEORGE, the cashier of the Union Bank, arrested for embezzling 
;^263,ooo, April 26, i860 ; found guilty, and sentenced to 22 years' penal servitude. 

PULTOWA, battle, between Charles XII. of Sweden and Peter the Great of 



698 PULTUSK PURE LITERATURE 

Russia, in which Charles was vanquished, and obh'ged to fly to Bender in Turkey, 

Julys, 1705. 
PULTUSK, battle, between the French and the Russians, Dec. 26, 1806, in which 

the former obtained the victory. 
PULVIS FULMINANS, said to have been discovered by Roger Bacon, 1290. 

PUMPS, in general use in England, 1425 ; air pump invented, 1654 ; improved by 
Boyle, 1657. Mr Appold exhibited his centrifugal pump, 185 1. 

PUNIC WARS. 1st, Rome against Carthage, e.g. 246 ; concluded, 241. 2nd, 
Carthage against Rome, 218; concluded, 201. 3rd, after besieging the city of Car- 
thage for tliree years, they captured and burnt it ; it was in flames for 17 days, 147. 

PUNISHMENTS, CAPITAL. The heads of those executed were ordered to be 
stuck up on Temple Bar or London Bridge ; dozens together were displayed on 
the Bridge ; after the defeat of Faulconbridge, his head, and the heads of nine 
others, were stuck upon ten spears on, 147 1 ; at a later period the head of 
Fisher, Bishop of Rochester, was put up here ; the legs of Sir Thomas Wyatt, 
the son of the poet, were exhibited from the same spot ; Andrew Aubrey, 
Mayor, ordered seven skinners and fishmongers, whose offence was rioting in the 
streets, aggravated by personal insult, to be beheaded without trial ; their heads 
were also exposed on the bridge, 1340 ; Jack Cade, in the fervour of his suc- 
cesses, set up Lord Saye's head at the same place ; Hentzner, the German 
traveller, states, that when he visited England, in 1598, temp. Eliz., he counted 
no less than 30 heads upon this bridge. The following is a bill of a hangman 
for hanging, embowelling, &c., some 34 rebels in the year 1715 : — 

Jan. 1 7, Erecting gallows ; paid for materials, hurdle, fire, cart, 
&c. ; executing Shuttleworth and 4 more, at Preston, 
and setting up their heads, &c. &c. .. . ... ... £12 o 4 

Feb. 9, Dismemberment on executing old Mr Chorly, and set- 
ting up a head, &c. ... 

Feb. 10, Charge at Wigan on executing Blundell, &c. ... 

Feb. II, Charge at Manchester, executing Syddal , &c. 

Feb. 16 I Charge at Garstang and Lancaster on executing at 

and 18, ) either place 

Feb. 25, Charge for executing Bennet and 2 more, at Liveipool 
Payd 2 executions' 

Payd for horses to carry the executioners to the several 
places of execution, and travelling charges 

Total 

The under-sheriff and jailer's expenses not inckided. 
A commission appointed to inquire into, July 28, and Jan. 28, 1864-5 '■> made 
their report, recommending the aboHtion of, Jan. 8, 1866 ; ordered to be carried 
out inside the prison, 31 & 32 Vict. c. 24, May 29, 1868. 

PUNJAUB, Hindustan. The Sikhs crossed the Sutlej, Dec. 11, 1845 ; defeated 
by the English, under Lord Gough, at the battle of Moodki, Dec. 18 ; stormed 
Firuzshahr without success, Dec. 21 ; in the battle of Sobraon the Sikhs were defeated 
with a loss of 5000 killed, and all their guns, Feb. 10, 1846 ; treaty concluded, 
giving up to the English all the territory south of the Sutlej, March 9, 1846 ; in- 
surrection in, Mr Van Agnew and Lieut. Anderson murdered, April 18, 1848; 
MoultantakenbytheEnghsh, Jan.2, 1849 ; the battle of Chilianwala fought, Jan. 
15 ; the Sikhs totally defeated at Guzerat, Feb. 21, 1849 ; the Punjaub annexed 
to the English dominions, March 29 ; the canal of Baree dooab completed, 1854. 

PURE LITERATURE, society instituted in London for the publication of, 1854. 



5 


10 


6 


7 


I 


2 


8 


10 





22 





8 


10 


3 





60 








7 


10 





132 


15 


"^' 



PURGATORY PYRAMIDS 699 

PURGATORY, doctrine of, invented by the Roman Catholics about 250 ; became 
a confirmed article of the Church of Rome, by Gregory the Great, in the 6th cen- 
tury ; positively affirmed as a doctrine, 1 140 ; made an article of faith by the 
Council of Trent ; it implies a middle place between heaven and hell, where the 
soul remains purifying by fire before it can enter heaven. 

PURIFICATION OF THE VIRGIN MARY, feast of, established by the 
Catholic Church, Feb. 2, 552, in honour of the Virgin going to the temple, in 
pursuance of the Jewish custom of making an offering after childbirth ; this cere- 
monial was ordered to be accompanied with wax tapers by Pope Sergius I., 
whence comes the name of Candlemass. 

PURITANS. Upon the accession of Queen Mary the penal laws against heretics 
revived and numbers of the clergy settled abroad. Those settled in Frankfort 
agreed to conduct their worship without answering aloud after the minister, and 
without using the surplice, 1554. The circulation of Puritan works forbidden, 
1566. They chose a minister and deacons, and established a church at Wands- 
worth, 1572. The other refugees agreed to conduct the service according to King 
Edward VI. 's service book, and they were called Conformists by the Act of 
Uniformity, 1662 ; 2000 intruders were obliged to quit the Established Church, 
1662. A considerable number emigrated to America in 1620. The colony of 
Connecticut founded by, 1636. The name changed at the Restoration to Pro- 
testant Non-conformist, 1662. An act passed for the toleration of, i Will. & 
Mary, c. 18, 1688. 

PURPLE, a colour given in great perfection in ancient Tyre, it is said, through a 
dye obtained from a peculiar shellfish ; this colour has been used in all ages for 
the apparel of kings, whence cardinals and bishops adopted it by licence of Pope 
Paul II., 1465. 

PUSEYISM, the term given to a recent attempt to follow the example of Laud, 
temp. Charles I., and approxiinate the Church of England as closely as possible to 
the papal superstition ; so called from Dr Pusey, and originated at Oxford, near 
which an imitation of monastic cells and discipline was set up at Littlemore ; the 
heads of the University condemned the attempt which was thus made, iinder 
the name of Tractarianism, by resolutions. Mar. 15, 1841 ; Puseyism, and a no- 
torious sermon preached by Dr Pusey, again condemned, May 30, 1843; ifiany 
of the clergy who became the disciples of Pusey and Keble have already gone 
over to the Church of Rome. 

PUTNEY, Surrey. Bridge built under an act passed 12 Geo. I. c. 36, 1725 ; 
finished, 1729. David Hartley built a fire-proof house upon the heath, 1776; 
obelisk built by the Corporation of London to commemorate, Nov. 22, 1776. 
Hurricane at, Oct. 15, 1 780. 

PUZZUOLI, or PUTEOLI, Italy, made a fortified town by the Consul Fabius, 
B.C. 500 ; plundered by Totila in the 6th century ; almost destroyed by an earth- 
quake, 1456. The ruins of Serapcon discovered by Charles III., 1750. The 
court was 140 ft. long and 22 wide, su]3ported by 48 columns ; supposed to have 
been a heathen temple ; subsequently the greater part of the old city has been 
discovered and exhumed. 

PYRAMIDS, Egypt. The Great Pyramid of Gizeh supposed to have been erected, 
according to Sir Gardiner Wilkinson, B.C. 2600 ; to John Taylor, B.C. 2160. 
Entered by Caliph Al Mamoun, A.D. 820. Measured by Professor Greaves, 
1638; visited by Belzoni in 1817 ; by Col. Howai-d Vyse, 1837; measured 
by French savants in 1800 ; visited % the Prince of Wales, Mar. 5, 1862. 
Sir John Herschel has fixed the age of the Great Pyramid of Gizeh at the 22nd 
century B.C. 



7O0 PYRAMIDS QU^STOR 

PYRAMIDS, the battle of : the French under Napoleon defeated the Mamelukes 
under Mourad Bey, July 21, 1798. 

PYRENEES, battle, between the English under the Duke of Wellington, and 
the French under Marshal Soult, when the latter was defeated with considerable 
loss, July 27-30, 1813 ; Soult was at the time on his retreat into France, in con- 
sequence of the defeat of his countrymen at Vittoria. 

PYRENEES Orientales et Basses, taken out of the old French province of Rousillon, 
and Lower Navarre and Bearne, two of the most southern departments of France, 
containing together 3760 square miles, formed into two departments by the revo- 
lutionary government of France in 1789- 

PYRENEES, Treaty of Peace signed between the French and Don Haro on the 
part of Spain, by which the latter resigned Alsace, Rousillon, and Artois, while 
France gave up her acquisitions in Catalonia and Etruria, Nov. 7, 1659. 
Spaniards defeated by the French both in Eastern and Western Pyrenees, 1794. 

PYROMETER, invented by Musschenbroek, circa 1730 ; improved by Troughton, 
1794; Wedgwood, 1782-86; Professor Daniell, 1829. Mr Ericsson exhibited 
one in 1 85 1. 

PYTHAGOREAN Philosophy, established by Pythagoras, B.C. 532, taught the 
transmigration of souls. 

PYTHIAN GAMES, said to have been instituted by Apollo. In their early estab- 
lishment they were held every 8th year, but after the 48th Olympic every 4th year ; 
closed A.D. 394. 



Q 

QUACK, from the German Quacksalber or the Dutch Kwaksalver, a goose, applied 
to pretenders in medicine, in England more especially encouraged. Quack 
medicines taxed in 1783, and the tax increased, 1803. A notorious quack, named 
St John Long, was tried for manslaughter of a Miss Casliin, before Mr Justice 
Park, found guilty, and sentenced to pay a fine of ^^250, Oct. 30, 1830 ; another 
victim, Mrs Campbell Lloyd, died, Nov. 8 ; the coroner's jury found him guilty of 
manslaughter, Nov. 11, but he was acquitted on his trial at Newgate, Feb. 19, 
1831. This quack was supported by persons, who, from their position in life, 
might be supposed to be better informed. 

QUADRAGESIMA SUNDAY, the fortieth day before Good Friday. 

QUADRANT, the mathematical instrument introduced into scientific usage before 
the birth of Christ ; the quadrant of Davis produced about 1590 ; Hadley's quad- 
rant, 1731 ; Graham erected a mural one at Greenwich, 1725 ; Bird erected one 
of iron, 1750. 

QUADRATURE, the quadrature of the Parabola described by Archimedes ; Sir 
Paul Neil and Sir C. Wren made some discoveries in the equality of curvilinear 
figures to rectilinear spaces, 1657 ; Leibnitz made further discoveries in 1669. 

QUADRILLE. This dance first introduced from France, circa 1812. 

QUADRUPLE Alliance, between France, Holland, Germany, and England, agreed 
to, July 22, 1718; signed in London, Aug. 2; also Jan. 8, 1744-5 '■> between Eng- 
land and France, 1834. 

QUjFISTOR, the Roman Treasurer ; two appointed from the Patricians, B. c. 42 1 ; 
first elected from the Plebeians, B.C. 409 ; increased to eight, B.C. 265 ; one had 



QUAKERS QUEEN ANNE'S BOUNTY 701 

to provide Rome with corn. Sulla raised the number to 20, and Ccesar to 40 j the 
office abolished, B.C. 49. — SmitKs Antiqicities. 

QUAKERS, or Friends, founded, by Geo. Fox, 1647 ; the names of Penn, Keith, 
and Barclay were equal to the members of any other sect in piety and worth ; 
their first meeting-house in London was erected in Aldersgate-street, 1654 ; com- 
pelled to take lawful oaths, and shall not assemble together more than five at one 
time, 13 & 14 Chas. II. c. i, 1662 ; an act passed, called the Conventicle Act, 
1670 ; 25 died in the jails of London, 1662 ; 52, 1665 ; their meeting-houses 
ordered to be pulled down by Car. II., 1670 ; Toleration Act passed, i Will. & 
Mary, c. 18, 16SS ; allowed to make an affirmation instead of an oath by 7 & 8 
Will. III. c. 34, 1696 ; affirmation to be sufficient in all cases civil and criminal, 9 
Geo. IV. c. 32, June 27, 1828, and i & 2 Vict. c. 15, March 30, 1838 ; marriage 
of, 23 & 24 Vict. c. 18, May 15, i860 ; admitted to parliament, 1833 ; schism 
among, first broke out in America, 1827 ; the rules respecting marriage altered, 
and the Quakers allowed to marry with members of other sects, and the dress 
not to be maintained, Nov. 2, 1858 ; a catalogue of all books published by or 
upon this sect, by J. W. (John Whiting), 1708 ; another, more perfect, by Joseph 
Smith, 1867. 

QUARANTINE, the act of separating persons supposed to be afflicted with pesti- 
lential diseases from the rest of society, originally for 40 days, but since for a 
longer or a shorter time, to prevent the spread of the contagion, first adopted at 
Venice, 1487 ; enforced in England upon ships coming from places infected, 9 
Anne, c. 2, 1710 ; all laws repealed, and new provisions enacted, by 6 Geo. IV. 
c. 78, June 27, 1825-. 

QUARTER SESSIONS, courts established, 34 Edw. III. c. i, 1360-61; regu- 
lated by 2 Hen. V. c. 4, 1414 ; times of holding, regulated by li Geo. IV. and i 
Will. IV. c. 70, July 23, 1830 ; amended by 5 & 6 Vict. c. 53, s. 4, et seq., July 
30, 1842. 

QUATRE BRAS, battle, between the allied army and British, under Sir Thomas 
Picton, and the French, 40,000 strong, under Marshal Ney ; the Duke of Bruns- 
wick fell in this indecisive action, June 16, 181 5. 

QUEBEC, Canada, founded by M. Champlain, 1608 ; recovered by the English, 
1626; restored to France, 1632; the Quebec seminary instituted, 1663; the 
town fortified, 1690 ; besieged unsuccessfully by the English, 171 1 ; the French 
defeated on the heights of Abi-aham, Sept. 13, 1759) when General Wolfe 
fell at the moment of success, and the French commander, the Marquis of Mont- 
calm, at the moment of defeat ; the town taken, Sept. 18, 1759 ; confirmed to 
the English by the treaty of Paris, Feb. 10, 1763 ; besieged in vain by the colon- 
ists in the American war, Dec. 31, 1775 ; suspension of payment by the banks 
of. May 22, 1837; stores and houses in great numbers destroyed by fire, Sept., 
1815, to the extent in value of ;^26o,ooo ; again, May 28, 1845, 1632 houses, the 
dwellings of 12,000 persons, were burned ; another fire broke out, which destroyed 
1365 houses, and made 20,000 persons destitute, June 28 ; a fire at the theatre, 
and 50 lives lost, Jan. 12, 1846 ; cholera broke out at, June 8, 1832 ; the pjarlia- 
mentary building totally destroyed by fire, cost ;^6o,ooo, and had only just been 
finished, Feb. i, 1854; a fire broke out at, which destroyed considerable property, 
Oct. 14, 1866. 

QUEEN, transport, wrecked at Falmouth, and 369 out of 473 persons on board 
perished, Jan., 18 14. 

QUEEN, Indiaman, blown up in the Brazils, July 14, 1800. 

QUEEN ANNE'S BOUNTY, the first-fruits and tenths, formerly part of the re- 
venue of the crown, devoted by 2 & 3 Anne, c. 11, 1703, to the augmentation of 



702 QUEEN ANNE'S FARTHINGS QUEENS TOWN 

poor livings ; consolidated by i & 2 Vict. c. 20, April 11, 1838 ; amended by 4 
& 5 Vict. c. 39, June 21, 1841 ; the income in 1864 was ;i^278, 102. 

QUEEN ANNE'S FARTHINGS. There were two issues of this coin during 
the reign ; the scarcest one is that struck in 17 13 5 two pattern farthings in silver 
(Peace, in a car, with the inscription, ' Pax missa per orbem '), 17 13, and on the 
other, a female figure, standing with an olive branch in her right hand, and a 
spear in the left, inscription, 'Bello et pace,' 1715. 

QUEEN CHARLOTTE, man-of-war, 100 gims, burned off Leghorn, March 16, 
1800, when out of 850 on board nearly 700 perished. 

QUEEN CHARLOTTE ISLANDS, British Columbia, discovered by Mandana, 

1595- 
QUEEN ELIZABETH'S COLLEGE, Lewisham, founded by William Lombard, 
1576, for 20 poor Protestants ; it was the first institution founded for Protestants. 

QUEENHITHE, a Saxon landing-place, given by King John to his mother 
Eleanor, Queen of Hen. II., and was called Ripa Reginos, the Queen's bank, ur 
Queenhithe ; market for corn and wine, circa 1400. 

QUEEN OF THE SANDWICH ISLANDS, died in London of smallpox, July 

14, 1824. 

QUEEN'S COLLEGE, Cambridge, founded by Margaret of Anjou, Queen of 
Hen. VI., March 30, 1446; refounded by Eliz. Woodville, consort of Edw. IV., 
1465. 

QUEEN'S COLLEGE, Ireland. The first stone laid by Sir John Wenlock, April 

15, 1448. 

QUEEN'S COLLEGES, Ireland. Queen's College, Cork, built from the design 
of Sir Thomas Deane ; opened, 1849. Queen's College, Galway, built from the 
design of J. B. Keene ; opened, Oct., 1849. Queen's College, Belfast, opened 
by Dr Henry, 1849. 

QUEEN'S COLLEGE, Oxford, founded by Robert de Eglesfeld, Jan. 18, 1340; 
the library opened, 1692; the principal quadrangle built, 1710-12 ; the founda- 
tion-stone of the present chapel laid, Feb. 6, 1714 ; the west wing destroyed by 
fire, 1778 ; rebuilt at a cost of ;^6ooo. 

QUEENSLAND, Australia, separated from New South Wales, and made a 
colony, Dec. 10, 1859. Population increased to 61,467 in 1864. 

QUEENS OF ENGLAND. See England, Queens of 

QUEEN'S PRISON. An act passed for consolidating the Queen's Bench-Fleet, 
and for regulating the Queen's, formerly the Queen's Bench, 5 & 6 Vict. c. 22, 
May 31, 1842 ; amended, 11 & 12 Vict. c. 7, March 28, 1848 ; 23 & 24 Vict. 
c. 60, Aug. 6, i860. See King's Bench. 

QUEEN'S THEATRE, Tottenham-street, Tottenham-court Road, was originally 
built for Pasquali's concerts ; enlarged for the concerts of ancient music ; made a 
theatre, circa 1800 ; French plays first acted here, 1815 ; name changed to the 
Prince 'of Wales', by Miss Marie Wilton, and opened, April 15, 1865. 

QUEEN'S THEATRE, Long Acre, the New, built from the designs of C. J. 
Phipps, for Mr Alfred Wigan ; it will seat 1984 persons ; opened, Oct. 24, 1867. 

QUEENSTOWN, Upper Canada, on the Niagara river, taken in the last Ame- 
rican war by the United States' army, Oct. 13, 1812, and retaken by the British 
the same day, with considerable loss to the Americans ; retaken by them, June, 



QUEENSTOWN QUOITS 703 

1814; Mr Wills, a settler, his servants, and their families, 19 in number^ mas- 
sacred by the aborigines, Oct. 19, 186 1. 

QUEENSTOWN, Ireland. Pier built, 1805 ; the quay erected, 1848. First called 
Queenstown in honour of the visit of Queen Victoria, Aug. 3 1849. 

QUEEN'S WARE invented by Wedgwood, 1760. 

QUEEN VICTORIA, a passenger steamer, lost on her voyage from Liverpool to 
Dublin, on the Howth Rocks, 59 persons perished, Feb. 15, 1853. 

QUENTIN, ST, France, the Augusta Viromanduorum of the Romans. The 
French defeated by the Spaniards, under the Duke of Savoy, Aug. 10, 1557 ; the 
town taken, Aug. 27 ; restored to France, 1559 ; the walls of the town taken 
down, 1820. 

QUESNE, Fort Du, in N. America, taken by General Forbes, Nov. 24, 1758. 

QUESNOY, France, battle between the English and French, in which the latter 
were defeated, Sept. 11, 1793; taken by the Austrians, 1793; retaken by the 
French, Aug., 1794; surrendered to Prince Frederick of the Netherlands, June 
29, 1815. 

QUIBERON, France, repulse of an English expedition to, 1746 ; Admiral Hawke 
defeated the French fleet of 21 sail, under Admiral De Conflans, in the bay of, 
Nov. 20, 1759 ; taken possession of by emigrant regiments in British pay, July 
3) 1795 ; surprised and retaken by the republicans, July 21, and many of the 
emigrants taken were executed ; 900 soldiers and 1200 of the inhabitants 
effected their re-embarkation, but the rest fell into the enemy's hand, with all 
the stores and ammunition landed ; it is said that the forged assignats made 
in England for the purpose were introduced with this expedition under the 
idea of injuring the French finances in place of the innocent holders. 

QUICKSILVER, a metal in a liquid state except at an exceedingly low temper- 
ature, when it congeals readily; first used in refining silver, 1540 ; it is found in 
Spain, Carniola, Ceylon, and one or two other places ; congealed in England 
artificially, 1787. 

QUIETISTS, a sect originating M^ith Molinos, an ecclesiastic of Saragossa, in 
Spain, that made some noise about 1678 ; they imagined that the purity and 
essence of religion consisted in silent internal meditations upon, and recollections 
of, the merits of Christ and the mercy of God ; Madame Guion of this sect was 
imprisoned in the Bastile for her devotion to this doctrine, and released through 
the intercession of the good Fenelon, archbishop of Cambray, who had a dispute 
with Bossuet, bishop of Meaux, upon the subject, 1657. 

QUILLS first used for pens, 635 ; reeds and stili were used previously ; metallic 
pens superseded these, 1845. 

QUINCE, the fruit first brought into England, as is reported, from Austria, in the 
i6th century ; a species was introduced from Japan, 1796. 

QUINQUAGESIMA SUNDAY, the fiftieth day before Easter. 

QUINTIN, St, battle, between the Spaniards and English, and the French, 
when the latter were defeated ; this victory, owing to a vow before the engage- 
ment, caused Philip II. to build the Escurial, Aug. 10, 1557. 

QUITO, Peru, founded by Sebastian Benalcasar, 1534; incorporated by Charles 
v., 1541 ; made a bishop's see, 1545 ; swallowed up by an earthquake, April 24, 
I755> when 40,000 persons perished ; another, which changed the face of the 
country, Feb. 4, 1797 ; the junta to the number of 300 murdered, June, 181 1. 

QUOITS, the ancient Discus of the Romans ; it was practised in the heroic age. 
Homer's Iliad, ii. 774 ; Od. viii. 129, 186, 188. It was about 10 or 12 inches in 
diameter. 



704 QUO WARANTO RADCLIFFE LIBRARY 

QUO WARRANTO, writ against any person or corporation that usurps any fran- 
chise or liberty against the king; statute of, i8 Edw. I. s. 2& 3, 1289-90 ; 
amended course of proceeding in case of usurpation of franchises, 9 Anne, c. 20, 
1710 ; the law amended, 32 Geo. III. c. 58, 1792 ; again amended, 6 & 7 Vict. 
c. 89, Aug. 24, 1843. 



R 



RAAB, Hungary, taken by Turkey, 1594 ; retaken, 1598 ; fortress erected by Na- 
poleon, June 14, 1809 ; captured by the Austrians, Dec, 1848 ; evacuated by the 
Austrians, 1849; taken by the Hungarians, under Gen. Klapka, Aug. 4, 1849. 

RAAB, battle. The Austrians defeated by the French, with a loss of 6000 men, 
June 14, 1809. 

RABY CASTLE, Durham, built by Gilbert de Nevill, Admiral of William the 
Conqueror's fleet, 1069 ; one of the towers built by Bertram de Boleines, 1162; 
John de Neville obtained a license to crenelate it, 1379 ; the castle forfeited by 
Charles, sixth Earl, 1569 ; purchased from James I. by Sir Harry Vane, 161 1, 
who entertained his Majesty here on his way to Scotland, 1633 ; taken by sur- 
prise, by the Royalists, June 29, 1645 ; recaptured by Sir George Vane, Aug. 
I ; Sir Henry Vane, jun., its owner, was beheaded on Tower Hill, June 14, 1662. 

RACEHORSE, H.M. ship, wrecked off the Chefoo Cape, coast of Shantung, 
Chma, when out of a crew of 100 souls only 9 were saved, Nov. 4, 1864. 

RACES. Strutt says, in his Sports and Pastimes, ' In the middle ages the no- 
bility in England indulged themselves in running horses at Easter and Whitsun- 
tide.' Racehorses were prized in Elizabeth's reign, and in the reign of James I. 
public races were established in many parts of the kingdom. The Chester races 
are of great antiquity ; a bell of silver, valued at 3^. 6d. , was the prize given to 
the winner, April 23, 1624. In the reign of Charles I. races were held in Hyde 
Park and Newmarket, and in Charles II. 's reign, at Datchet Mead, Windsor, the 
bells being converted into cups, 1663 ; the Epsom meeting founded by James 
I. ; the Oaks stakes founded by Edward Smith Stanley, 12th Earl of Derby, 
May 14, 1779- 

RACK, an instrument of torture of great antiquity, said to have been invented by 
John Holland, Duke of Exeter, Constable of the Tower, in the reign of Hen. 
VI. , called ' The Duke of Exeter's daughter ' ; it is still seen in the Tower. 
Though torture to extort confession was declared illegal by law, the officers of 
the crown had no hesitation at using it on the royal command, and without. In 
/»«/. Chancellor Wriothesley, 1546, when the beautiful Anne Askew, charged with 
favouring the Reformation, refused to implicate any ladies at court with partici- 
pating in her creed, she was ordered to be tortured, and when the lieutenant of 
the Tower refused to rack her more, the chancellor worked the instrument him- 
self until her joints were dislocated ; she was then condemned to the stake by this 
miscreant lawyer, and executed in Smithneld, July 16, 1646. In the reign of 
Charles I., the court wanted it to be applied to Felton, the assassin of Charles's 
minion, but the judges declared it was unlawful. 
RACQUETS, or RACKETS, is older than tennis, and is mentioned in the fourth 
book of Chaucer's ' Troilus and Creseide,' 1598, and in the 'Testament of 
Love' ; it subsequently fell into disuse, but was revived by Charles II., 1664. 
RADCLIFFE LIBRARY, Oxford, founded by Dr Radcliffe, physician to Queen 
Anne, leaving ^40,000 to the University for that purpose ; built from the designs 



RADCLIFFE RAILROADS 705 

of James Gibbs, F.R.S. ; the foundation-stone laid, May 17, 1737; the edifice 
opened, April 13, 1749. 

RADCLIFFE, statue erected to Dr John, at Oxford, Dec. 21, 1723. 

RADCLIFFE INFIRMARY, Oxford, founded by DrRadcIiffe'; opened, Oct. 18, 
1770. 

RADCLIFFE OBSERVATORY, founded by George, Duke of Marlborough ; 
built from the designs of Mr Keene and Mr James Wyatt ; the first stone laid, 
1772 ; opened, 1795- 

RADCOT BRIDGE, battle. The Duke of Ireland defeated at this place, in Ox- 
fordshire, by the forces of Richard II., Dec. 20, 1387. 

RADSTADT, Baden, Peace of, between France and the Emperor, signed, March 
6, 1714 ; congress held, to treat of a general peace, Dec. 9, 1797; the neo-otia- 
tion endured until they were dissolved by the Emperor of Germany, April 7, 
1799 ; an atrocious assassination of tlie French plenipotentiaries was perpetrated 
here in cold blood by the Austrian regiment Szeltzler, April 21, 1799. 

RAG COLLECTING BRIGADE, established in London, April, 1862. 

RAGGED CHUJ^CH AND CHAPEL UNION SOCIETY, founded, 1853. 

RAGGED SCHOOLS, first established in London, 1837 ; one opened at the Field- 
lane refuge, 1843 ; the Ragged School Union established, 1844; the Ragged 
School Shoeblack Society, founded, 1851 ; the North-west Society founded, 1857. 

RAGMAN'S ROLL, a deed consisting of four large rolls of parchment, formed by 
stitching 35 smaller pieces together, on which the nobility of Scotland were com- 
pelled to subscribe allegiance to Edw. I. of England, 1296. 

RAGLAN CASTLE, Somersetshire, first built by Gilbert de Clare, 1142 ; re- 
built and fortified, 1467-9 ; fortified and garrisoned for Charles I. ; besieged by 
the Parliamentarians, under Sir Thomas Fairfax, June 28, 1646 ; surrendered, 
Aug. 19. 

RAGUSA, Austria, made an independent state by the King of Hungary, 1368; 
besieged by the Russians, July 12, 1806 ; the town taken by the French, May 27, 
1806, and annexed to the kingdom of Italy by Napoleon, July 16, 1807 ; taken 
l)y the Austrians, Dec. 27, 1813. 

RAID OF RUTHVEN, at which James I. was seized by the nobles of Scotland, 
Aug. 22, 1582. 

RAILROADS, the first of any moment for the carriage of heavy weights or 
goods was laid down in Coalbrooke Dale, Shropshire, 1 786 ; the first, for the 
same purpose, laid down by act of parliament, was that in Surrey, from Wands- 
worth to Croydon, 1801 ; Richard Trevethic made the first experiment with a 
locomotive steam-engine, at Merthyr Tydvil, 1804 ; Mr Blenkinsop, of Leeds 
began running his patent engine at the Middleton collieries, Aug. 12, 1812 ■ 
William Hedley, of Wylam Colliery, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, invented a locomo- 
tive for drawing the trucks, 1813 ; George Stephenson constructed an improved 
locomotive for the Killingworth railway, July 25, 1814 ; Mr Wm. James con- 
structed a railway from Stratford-on-Avon to Moreton-in-the-Marsh, 1814. The 
first English railway prospectus, the Liverpool and Manchester Railway Com- 
pany, was dated Oct. 29, 1824. Mr Edward Pease, of Darlington, with the assistance 
of Stephenson, established the Stockton and Darlington Railway, which was opened 
for traffic, Sept. 27, 1825 ; this was the first public highway on which locomotive 
engines were exclusively employed. The Liverpool and Manchester, the first pas- 

45 



7o6 RAILWAYS 

sengers' railway, was begun, Oct. 1826, and finished so as to be opened Sept. 15, 
1830. The first railway from Paris to St Cloud opened, Sept. 6, 1838 ; to Versailles, 
Aug. 2, 1839. The first in Portugal, from Lisbon to Sauteren, opened, Oct. 16, 1856. 
The Fell Railway over Mont Cenis opened for public traffic, June 15, 1868. 
The Great Northern Railway applied to parliament for a bill in 1845, but was 
opposed by the London and North-Western, and after 82 days' contest, it was 
adjourned ; granted in the following year, June 26. Letter from Queen Victoria 
to the various companies, calling attention to the increasing number of accidents 
upon the railways, Jan. i, 1865. An act passed relating to railway companies, 
30 & 31 Vict. c. 127, Aug. 20, 1867. The length of lines opened in Gt. Britain 
in 1866, 13,854 miles ; the number of passengers conveyed upon, 274,403,895 ; 
receipts,^38, 164,354. The number of accidents to passenger trains in 1863 was 52. 

RAILWAYS, Acts relating to. Abajidonment and dissolution of companies facili- 
tated, 13 & 14 Vict. c. 83, Aug. 14, 1850. Arbitration between companies re- 
gulated, 22 & 23 Vict. c. 59, Aug. 13, 1859. Clearing system established by 13 
& 14 Vict. c. 33, June 25, 1850 ; in Ireland, 23 & 24 Vict. c. 29, May 15, i860. 
Cojupensation to the families of persons killed by accident, 9 & 10 Vict. c. 93, 
Aug. 26 ; amended by 27 & 28 Vict. c. 95, July 29, 1864. Const niction of, re- 
gulated, 7 & 8 Vict. c. 85, Aug. 9, 1844; the Companies' Clauses Act passed, 8 
Vict. c. 16, May 8, 1845 j Land Clai'ises, c. 18 ; Railway Clauses, c. 20 ; the 
gauge of, regulated, 9 & 10 Vict. c. 57, Aug. 18, 1846 ; Land Clauses affecting 
the Irish lines amended, 14 & 15 Vict. c. 70, Aug. 7, 1851 ; made perpetual, 23 
& 24 Vict. c. 97, Aug. 13, i860 ; the Consolidation Act, 26 & 27 Vict. c. 92 and 
118, July 28, 1863 ; the Irish Acts amended by 27 & 28 Vict. c. 71, July 25, 
1864 ; the Improvement of Land Act, 27 & 28 Vict. c. 114, July 29, 1864 ; to 
facilitate the acquiring of further powers by companies, 27 & 28 Vict. c. 120, July 
29; the construction of railways facilitated, 27 & 28 Vict. c. 121, July 29 ; the law 
relating to securities issued by railways regulated, 29 & 30 Vict. c. 108, Aug. 10, 
1866. Mails ordered to be conveyed by, i & 2 Vict. c. 98, Aug. 14, 1838 ; first 
placed under the control of the Board of Trade, 3 & 4 Vict. c. 97, Aug. 10, 1840 ; 
the carriage of the mails facilitated, 10 & 11 Vict. c. 85, July 22, 1847 ; further 
regulations for the conveyance, 17. & 18 Vict. c. 31, July 10, 1854. Telegraphs 
constructed and maintained, 26 & 27 Vict. c. 112, July 28, 1863 ; amended, 29 
& 30 Vict. c. 3, March 6, 1866. Traffic: the duties payable on goods and passen- 
gers, and the stamp duties, regulated by 5 & 6 Vict. c. 79, Aug. 5, 1842 ; better 
regulations made for the traffic on, 17 & 18 Vict. c. 31, July 10, 1854 ; cheap 
trains for, 23 & 24 Vict. c. 41, July 23, i860 ; the carriage and deposit of dan- 
gerous goods regulated, 29 & 30 Vict. c. 69, Aug. 6, 1866. Troops : the con- 
veyance of, regulated, 5 & 6 Vict. c. 55, July 30, 1842. 

GENERAL RAILWAYS, WITH THE DATE OF THEIR ESTABLISHMENT 
AND OPENING : — 
Railways. Established. Opened. 

Aboyne and Braemar 28 & 29 Vict. c. cclxxix., Jul. 5, 1865 
Arbroath and Forfar 6 & 7 Will. IV. c. xxxii.. May 19, 1836 Jan. 3, 1839 
Alexandria & Suez, via 

Azazieh Sep. 6, 1868 

Aylesbury and Bucking- 
hamshire 23 & 24 Vict. c. cxcii., i860 

Basingstoke and Salis- 
bury 9 & 10 Vict. c. CGclxx. Aug. 13, 1846 

Belfast and Co. Down 9 & 10 Vict. c. Ixxxvii., Jun. 26, 1846 Apr. 1850 

16 & 17 Vict. c. Ixviii., T™. 28, 1853 ; 23 
& 24 Vict. c. xlvi., i860 



RAILWAYS 



707 



Railways. 

Birkenhead and Chester 

Birkenhead, Lancashire 
and Chester 

Birmingham and Derby 

Birmingham and Glou- 
cester 

Bishop Auckland and 
Weardale ... 

Blackburn and Preston 

Blyth and Tyne 

Bodmin and Wade- 
bridge 

Bolton and Preston ... 

Bombay, Baroda, and 
Central India 

Bradford and Leeds ... 

Brandling Junction . . . 



Brighton and Chiches- 
ter 

Brighton and Hastings 

Bristol and Exeter ... 

Caledonian 

Cannon-street Station, 
London 

Charing-cross to Green- 
wich 

Cheltenham and Swin- 
don 

Chester and Holyhead 

Cockermouth and 

Workington 
Colchester to Ipswich 
Cork and Bandon 
Cork and Limerick ... 
Cork and Waterford 
Cork and Youghal ... 
Coventry and Leaming- 
ton ... 
Devon and Cornwall 
Devon and Somerset 
Dublin and Drogheda 
Dublin and Kingston 
Dundee and Arbroath 
Dundee and Newtyle 
Dundee and Perth 
Durham & Sunderland 
Eastern Counties. See 

Great Eastern. 
Edinburgh andGIasgow 



Established. Opened. 

7 Will. IV. and iVict. c. cvii., Jul. 12, 1837 Feb. 22, 1840 

9 & 10 Vict. c. xci., Jun. 26, 1846 Feb. 10, 1842 

6 & 7 Will. IV. c. XXXV., May 19, 1836 Aug. 10, 1842 

6 & 7 Will. IV. c. xiv., Apr. 22, 1836 Sep. 17, 1840 

7Will. IV. and I Vict. c. cxxii., Jul.15,1837 Nov. 8, 1843 

8 & 9 Vict. c. xliv., Jun. 30, 1845 J"ii- i> 1846 
15 & 16 Vict. c. cxxii., Jun. 3, 1852 



2 & 3 Will. IV. c. xlvii.. May 23, 1832 
7 Will. IV. and i Vict. c. cxxi., Jul. 15, 1837 
18 & 19 Vict. c. cxiii., Jul. 2, 1855 ; further 

regulated, 22 & 23 Vict. c. cii., 1859 
7&8 Vict. c. lix., Jul. 4, 1844 
17 & 18 Vict. c. clx., Jul. 10, 1854 ; amal- 
gamated with the Great Northern, 28 & 
29 Vict. c. cccxxxi., Sep. 5, 1865 



1834 

Jun. 22, 1843 



Jun. 30, 1846 



Jul. 5, 1865 



7 & 8 Vict. c. Ixvii., Jul. 4, 1844 Jun. 8, 1846 

7 & 8 Vict. c. xci., Jul. 29, 1844 Jun. 27, 1846 
6 & 7 Will. IV. c. xxxvi.. May 19, 1836 May i, 1844 

8 &9 Vict. c. clxii., Jul. 31, 1845 



24 & 25 Vict. c. xciii., 1 86 1 

22 & 23 Vict. c. Ixxxi., 1859 

6 & 7 Will. IV. c. Ixxvii., Jun. 21, 1836 

7 & 8 Vict. c. Ixv., Jul. 4, 1844; and 8 & 9 
Vict. c. xxxiii., Jun. 30, 1845 

8 & 9 Vict. c. cxx., Jul. 21, 1845 

7 & 8 Vict. c. Ixxxv., Jul. 19, 1844 

8 & 9 Vict. c. cxxii., Jul. 21, 1845 

23 & 24 Vict. c. c, i860 

9 & 10 Vict. c. cccxcvii., Aug. 26, 1846 
18 & 19 Vict. c. ci., Jul. 2, 185s 

5 & 6 Vict. c. Ixxxi., Jun. 18, 1842 

25 & 26 Vict. c. clxv., 1862 

27 & 28 Vict. c. cccvii., Jul. 29, 1864 

6 & 7 Will. IV. c. cxxxii., Aug. 13, 1836 
I & 2 Will. IV. c. Ixix., Sep. 6, 1831 

6 & 7 Will. IV. c. xxxii.. May 19, 1836 

7 Geo. IV. c. ci.. May 26, 1826 

8 & 9 Vict. c. clvii., Jul. 31, 1845 

4 & 5 Will. IV. c. xcvi., Aug. 13, 1834 



Sep. I, 1866 

Dec. I, 1863 

May 12, 1845 

Part, 1847 

Apr. 28, 1847 
Jun. 15, 1846 
Dec, 185 1 



Dec. 2, 1844 



May 24, 1844 
Dec. 17, 1834 
Apr. 8, 1841 
Dec, 1831 
May 22, 1847 
Jun. 28, 1839 



I & 2 Vict. c. Iviii., Jul. 15, 1837 



Feb. 21,1842; 
toWilsontown 
and Coltness, 
Jun. 21, 1845 



7o8 



RAILWAYS 



Railways. 
Exeter to Plymouth ... 

East London ... 
Epsom & Leatherhead 
Furness 

Glasgow and Ayr 
Glasgow and Greenock 
Great Eastern 



Great Northern 

Great North of Scotland 
Great Western 



Hammersmith and City 
Lancaster and Carlisle 
Lancaster and Preston 
Leeds and Bradford ... 
Leeds and Derby 
Leeds and Selby 

Leeds Central Railway 

Station 
Liverpool and Man- 
chester 
Liverpool and Preston 
London and Blackwall 
London, Brighton, and 
South Coast 

London, Chatham, and 
Dover 



London and Greenwich 
London and North- 
western 

London and Birming- 
ham (first called the 
London and North- 
western) 

London and South- ' 
Western (incorporat- | 
edas the London and | 
Southampton) 



Established. 
7 & 8 Vict. c. Ixviii., Jul. 4, 1844 

28 & 29 Vict. c. li., May 26, 1865 
19 & 20 Vict. c. xcii., July 14, 1856 
7 & 8 Vict. c. xxii.. May 23, 1844 j 
7Will. IV. andi Vict. c. cxvii., Jul. 15,1837 
7 Will. IV. and i Vict. c. cxvi., Jul. 15, 1837 
6 & 7 Will. IV. c. cvi., July4, 1836; called 
the Eastern Covmties ; amalgamated 
with other railways, and called the Gt 
Eastern, 25 & 26 Vict. c. ccxxiii., 1862 



9 & 10 Vict. c. Ixxi., Jun. 26, 1846 

9 & 10 Vict. c. ciii., Jun. 26, 1846 
Incorporated 5 & 6 Will, IV. c. cvii., Aug. 
31, 1835 



24 & 25 Vict. c. clxiv., 1861 

7 & 8 Vict. c. xxxvii., Jun. 6, 1844 

7 Will. IV. and i Vict. c. xxii., May 5, 1837 

7 & 8 Vict. c. lix., Jul. 4, 1844 

6 & 7 Will. IV. c. cvii., Jul. 4, 1836 

II Geo. IV. and i Will. iv. c. lix., May 29, 
1830 

11 & 12 Vict. c. Ixxi., Jul. 22, 1848 

7 Geo. IV. c. xlix., May 5, 1826 

7 & 8 Vict. c. xxxiv., Jun. 8, 1844 

6 & 7 Will. IV. c. cxxiii., Jul. 28, 1836 

7 Will. IV. and i Vict. c. cxix., Jul. 15, 

1837 

18 & igVict. c. clxxxvii., Jul. 30, 1855; pre- 
sent name, 22 & 23 Vict. c. liv., 1859 
Connected with the Metropolitan Railway 
3 & 4 Will. IV. c. xlvi.. May 17, 1833 

3 & 4 Will. IV. c. xxxvi.. May 6, 1833 



9 & 10 Vict. c. cciv., Jul. 16, li 



Opened. 
Partly, May 
29, 1846 



Jun. 12, 1846 
Aug. 12, 1840 
Mar. 30, 1 841 
To Romford, 
Jun. 18, 1839; 
to Bury St Ed- 
mund's and 
Ipswich, Dec. 
24, 1846 
ToPeterboro', 
Aug. 6, 1850 

To Chippen'm 
May 31,1841; 
to Bristol, 
Jun. 30, 1 84 1 

Dec. 16, 1846 
Jul. I, 1840 
Jul. I, 1846 
Jul., 1840 

Sep., 1834 



Sep. 15, 1830 
Oct. 31, 1848 
Jul., 1840 

Sep. 21,1841; 
to Chichester 
Jun. 8, 1846 

Feb. 6, 1864 
Jan. I, 1866 
Dec. 26, 1S38 

ToTring, Oct. 
16,1837; 
to Liverpool, 
Sep. 17,1838. 



, To Woking, 
( May2i, 18^8: 
\ to S'l 



o TTTMi 1 ••• T 1 o 'to S'hampton, 

4 & 5 Will. IV. c. Ixxxvni., Jul. 25, 1834 s ]yiay n, 1840; 

f to Gosport, 
Nov. 29,1841 



RAILWAYS 

Railways. Established. 

London and Richmond 8 & 9 Vict. c. cxxi., Jul. 21, 1845 
London, Tilbury, and 

Southend ... ... 15 & 16 Vict. c. Ixxxiv., June 17, 1852 

Londonderry and En- 

niskillen ... ... 8 &9 Vict. c. xcviii., Jul. 21, 1845 



Manchester and Bir- 7 Will. iv. and i Vict. c. Ixix., Jun. 30, 

mingham ... ... 1837, Aug. lo, 1842 

Manchester and Bolton i & 2 Will. iv. c. Ix., Aug. 23, 1831 

Manchester and Leeds 6 & 7 Will. iv. c. cxi., Jul. 4, 1836 

Manchester, Sheffield, 

and Lincolnshire ... 7 Will. iv. and i Vict. c. xxi., May 5, 1837 



Metropolitan, to Battle 
Bridge 



Metropolitan District 

Metropolitan and St 

John's Wood 

Mid-Kent 

Middlesbrough and 

Guisbrough... 
Midland 

Midland Counties 

Mid- Wales 

Mont Cenis 



Montreal and Toronto 
Newcastle and Berwick 
Newcastle and Carlisle 
Newcastle and Darling- 
ton ... 
Newmarket to Chester- 
ford 

Newry and Armagh 
Moscow and Kursk ... 

North British 

North-Eastern 



North London 



16 & 17 Vict. c. clxxxvi., Aug. 15, 1853; '\ 
extended 17 & 18 Vict. c. ccxxi., Aug. [ 
17, 1854 ) 

27 & 28 Vict. c. cccxxii., Jul. 29, 1864; ex- 
tended, 28 & 29, c. xxxi., May 26, 1865 

27 & 28 Vict. c. ccciii., Jul. 29, 1864 
18 & 19 Vict. c. clxix., Jul. 23, 1855 

15 & 16 Vict. c. Ixxiii., Jun. 17, 1852 
6 & 7 Will. IV. c. cvii., Jul. 4, 1844 

6 & 7 Win. IV. c. Ixxviii., Jun. 21, 1836 

22 & 23 Vict. c. Ixiii., 1859 

The first train passed over this line, Aug. 

20, 1867 ; the passengers' traffic opened, 

Jun. 15, 1868 

8 & 9 Vict. c. clxiii., Jul. 31, 1845 
10 Geo. IV. c. Ixxii., May 22, 1829 

6 & 7 Will. IV. c cv., Jul. 4, 1836 

9 & 10 Vict. c. clxxii., Jul. 16, 1846 
Extended 20 & 21 Vict. c. clvi., 1857 
Opened for traffic, Sept. 19, 1868 

7 & 8 Vict. c. Ixvi., Jul. 4, 1844 

6 & 7 Will. IV. c. Ixxxi., Jun. 21, 1836 



9 & 10 Vict, c cccxcvi.,Aug.26, 1846; name 
changed to the North London, 16 & 17 
Vict. c. xcvii., Jul. 8, 1853; City branch, 
24 & 25 Vict. c. cxcvi., 1861 



709 

Opened. 
Jul. 27, 1846 

1856 

Londonderry 
to Strabane, 
Apr. 19, 1847 
Nov. 24, 1845 
(Macclesfield 
Branch) 
May 29, 1838 
Mar. I, 1841 ; 
Oldham br'ch 
Mar. 31, 1842 
Jul. 14, 1845 ; 
Sheffield to 
Rotherham, 
Oct. 31, 1838 
( ToFarring- 
■| don-street, 
(Jan. 9,1863 



1868 

Jan. I, 1857 

Jun. 4, 1856 
To Lincoln, 
Aug. 3, 1846 
Jun. 30, 1840 



Oct. 27, 1856 
Ful., 1847 
May, 1835 

Jun. 18, 1839 

Apr. 15, 1848 
Apr. I, i8j4 

Jun. 18, 1846 
York to Scar- 
borough, Jul. 
7,l845;Stock- 
ton to Hartle- 
pool, Feb. 10, 
1841 

Broad-street, 
Dec. 1866 



710 

Railways. 

Northand South- West- 
ern Junction 

North Staffordshire ... 

North-Western 

Nottingham and Gran- 
tham 

Oxford, Worcester, and 
Wolverhampton . . . 

Richmond 

Royston and Hitchin 

Sevenoaks 

Shrewsbury andChester 

Somerset and Dorset... 
South Devon ... 

South-Eastern 



RAILWAYS 



Established. 



South Staffordshire ... 

Staines and Woking... 

Stockton to Witton 
Park CoUiery 

Swansea Vale 

Tafif Vale 

Tottenham and Hamp- 
stead 

Trent Valley 

Vale of Neath 

Victoria Station and 
Pimlico 

WaterfordandKilkenny 

Waterford andLimerick 

West Cornwall 

West Durham 

WestEndofLondon, ) 
or London and the > 
Crystal Palace ) 

WestLondon Extension 

Westminster Terminus 

Whitehaven Junction 

Wimbledon and Croy- 
don ... 

York, Newcastle, and 
Darlington ... 



14 & 15 Vict. c. c, Jul. 24, 1851 

9 & 10 Vict. c. Ixxxvi., Jun. 26, 1846 
9 & 10 Vict. c. xcii., Jun. 26, 1846 

9 & 10 Vict. c. civ., Jul. 16, 1846 

8 & 9 Vict. c. clxxxiv., Aug. 4, 1S45 

8 & 9 Vict. c. cxxi., Jul. 21, 1845 

9 & 10 Vict. c. clxx., Jul. 16, 1846 
22 & 23 Vict. c. xlv., 1859 

8 & 9 Vict. c. xlii., Jun. 30, 1845 

15 & 16 Vict. c. Ixiii., Jun. 17, 1852 
7 & 8 Vict. c. Ixviii., Jul. 4, 1844 

6 & 7 Will. IV. c. Ixxv,, Jun. 21, 1836 



9 cS: 10 Vict. c. ccc, Aug. 3, 1846 
16 & 17 Vict. c. Ixxxv., Jul. 8, 1853 

1 & 2 Geo. IV. c. xliv., April 19, 182 1 
18 & 19 Vict. c. Ix , Jun. 15, 1855 

6& 7 Will. IV. c. Ixxxii., Jun. 21, 1836 

25 & 26 Vict. c. cc, 1862 

9 & 10 Vict. c. cccxvi., Aug. 3, 1846 

9 & 10 Vict. c. cccxli., Aug. 3, 1846 

21 & 22 Vict. c. cxviii., 1858 

8 & 9 Vict. c. Ixxxvii., Jul. 21, 1845 
7 Geo. IV. c. cxxxix.. May 31, 1826 

9 & 10 Vict. c. cccxxxvi., Aug. 3, 1846 

2 & 3 Vict. c. Ixxi., Jul. 4, 1839 

16 & 17 Vict. c. clxxx., Aug. 4, 1853 

22 & 23 Vict. c. cxxxiv., 1859 

18 & 19 Vict. c. cxcviii., Aug. 14, 1855 
7 & 8 Vict. c. Ixiv., Jul. 4, 1844 

16 & 17 Vict. c. Ixxxvi., Jul. 8, 1853 

5 & 6 Vict. c. Ixxx., Jim. 18, 1842 



York and Scarborough 7 & 8 Vict, c Ixi., Jul. 4, 1844 



Opened. 



Jul. I, 1849 



Jul. 27, 1846 
Jul. 9, 1856 

Partly Nov. 4, 
1846 

PartlyMay 29, 
1846 

To Folkstone, 
Jun. 28, 1843; 
to Dover, Feb. 
7, 1844 ; to 
Ramsgate, 
Apr. 13,1846; 
North Kent 
line, 1849 



Apr. 12, 1 84 1 
Jun. 26, 1847 



Jun., 1840 
To Wands- 
worth, Dec. 
I, 1856 



Mar. 18, 1847 

Oct. 22, 1855 

Jan. 4, 1841 ; 
Boro'bridge 
branch, Jun. 

17, 1847 
Jul. 7, 1845 



RAILWAYS RANELAGH GARDENS 711 

RAILWAYS. Wooden rails were introduced, 1646 ; cast-iron rails, 1738 ; iron 
wheels first used, 1752 ; the carriages first linked together, 1763 ; malleable rails 
first used, 1S05. 

RAILWAYS, ATxMOSPHERIC, first patented by Messrs Clegg and Samuda ; 
tried at Wormwood Sci'ubs, June 30, 1840 ; also upon the West London Railway 
the same year ; the Dublin and Kingston Company adopted it between Kingston 
and Dalkey, Sept., 1843 ; by the London and Croydon Company, 1843 ; aban- 
doned generally. 

RAILWAYS, STRP:ET. Mr Curtis patented carriages for street railways, 1856, 
and worked a line in the Mersey Docks, March, 1859 ; Mr Train introduced 
this system first at Birkenhead, July 30, i860 ; in Victoria-street, Westminster, 
April 15, 1 86 1 ; others followed. 

RAINBOW. The true theory of, first given by Antonio, bishop of Spalatro, but 
unknown to him ; the explanation suggested by Roger Bacon, circa 1280 ; after- 
wards by Mauroly in 1560 ; and by Fleschier of Breslau in 1571 ; explained by 
Newton, 161 1. 

RAINE, HENRY, by his will left marriage portions of £iQO each to two young 
women of good character who were to be brought up in his free school, Oct. 17, 
1736 ; the same to be given annually, and ^10 to keep the marriage feast. 

RAISONABLE, man-of-war, taken from the French, May 2, 1758. 

RATCLIFF CROSS, Middlesex, about 900 houses destroyed by fire, and several 
persons injured, July 24, 1794- 

RALEIGH, SIR WALTER, discovered Virginia, 1584; attacked the Spanish settle- 
ments in America, and took a galleon, worth ^150,000, 1592; seduced one of 
the royal attendants, and went out on an expedition to America, 1595 ; tried for 
treason, being detected in a conspiracy to place Arabella Stuart on the throne ; 
seized in July, 1603, but reprieved; sailed to America in search of a goldmine, 
without success, 1617 ; returned in October, and executed by James I., Oct. 29, 
1618. 

RAM, the battering, or Aries, is probably the earliest of war engines, mentioned in 
Ex. iv. 2, xxi. 22. Used by Dionysius at the siege of Rhegium and Moglya, B. C. 
370 and 388 ; and at Rhodes by Demetrius Polycretes, 303 ; this siege continued for 
12 months, and occupied 30,000 men ; used by Hannibal at Saguntum, 219. 

RAMILIES, battle, between the Duke of Marlborough and the French under 
Mai-shal Villeroi, May 23, 1706 ; the French were defeated with loss of 13,000 
men, that of the allies was about 4000 men ; the Duke followed up his success 
by conquest of the whole of Brabant and the greater part of Flanders. 

RAMNUGGER, Hindustan, taken by Maha Sing, 1778 ; the repulse of the 
British army under Lord Gough at, Nov. 22, 1848 ; he subsequently defeated the 
Sikhs with great loss, Dec. 3. 

RAMSAY ABBEY, Hants, founded by Oswald, 986; consecrated by him, Nov. 19. 

RAMSGATE, Kent, a fishing village as late as 1690 ; terrible storm which de- 
stroyed the pier and part of the town, Dec, 1748 ; new harbour built, 1750 — 
1770 ; the new pier built by Smeaton, 1788 ; the harbour constructed by Smeaton 
and Rennie, 1780-95. 

RANELAGH GARDENS, London. This fashionable place of amusement was 
erected in the grounds of Ranelagh House, the residence of Jones, the first Earl 
of Ranelagh, 1691 ; the rotunda was 185 feet in diameter, and was opened 
by Lacy, with a public breakfast, April 7, 1742 ; the last entertainment at, Sept. 
9, 1803 ; taken down, 1804. 



712 RANGOON RAVENS WORTH CASTLE 

RANGOON, Hindustan, first built by Alompra, founder of the Burmese mon- 
archy, 1753; 6000 houses destroyed by fire in 1814 ; captured by the British 
forces, June, 1824; besieged by the Burmese, Dec. i, 1824; the siege raised, 
Feb. 13, 1825 ; partially destroyed by fire, Feb. 14, 1852 ; stormed by the 
British, April 14, 1852 ; and became part of the British dominions in the same 
year. 

RAPE, punished with death by the Saxon law, unless the female consented to re- 
ceive the ravisher as husband ; punished by castration and loss of eyes by Will. 
I. ; punishment mitigated, 3 Edw. I., 1274 ; made felony, 12 Edw. IH., 
1338 ; without benefit of clergy, Eliz., 1575 ; punished by death, 9 Geo. IV. c. 
31, June 27, 1828 ; capital punishment abolished, and transportation for life 
substituted, 4 & 5 Vict. c. 56, June 22, 1841. 

RAPHAEL D'URBINO, the most perfect of artists in the line of painting, in the 
modern school, born, 1483 ; died, 1520. 

RAPHAEL TAPESTRIES exhibited in London, 1825, including two new 
cartoons. 

RAPHOE, an Irish bishopric ; St Eunan said to be the first bishop ; united to 
Derry, 3 & 4 Will. IV., 1833. 

RAPPAHANNOCK, North America, taken by the English under Captain Barrie, 
Nov. 29, 1814. 

RASTADT, Baden, the peace of, signed here, 1714 ; taken by the Austrians 
from the French in 1734 ; a peace congress held here in 1797-9 '> insurrection in, 
1849. 

RATISBON, Bavaria, the cathedral of St Peter begun, 1275 ; finished, 1633 ; 
taken by the Elector of Bavaria, Dec. 6, 1 703 ; peace of, signed between France 
and the Elector of Germany, Oct. 13, 1630; a treaty of peace between France, 
Spain, and the empire signed at, Aug. 15, 1684 ; congress held at, Aug. 3, 1802 ; 
diet held at, when the German princes seceded from the empire and placed them- 
selves under Napoleon, Aug. i, 1806 ; captured by Austrians, March 19, 1S09 ; 
evacuated by them, April 23, 1809 ; taken by the French, July, 1809 ; restored 
to Bavaria same year ; the Walhalla founded by Lewis of Bavaria, begun, 1830 ; 
finished, 1842. 

RATTAN Island, fortified by the Spaniards, 1752. 

RAUCOUX, battle. The French army under Marshal Saxe defeated the Austrians 

under Charles of Lorraine at Raucoux on the Meuse, near Liege, and became 

masters of the whole of Belgium, Oct. 11, 1746. 

RAVAILLAC, Fran9ois, murdered Henry IV. of France, in Paris, May 14, 1610. 
Horribly tortured for the crime, human ingenuity being racked to increase his 
torments ; executed. May 27, 16 10. 

RAVENNA, Italy, taken by the Goths under Alaric, and given up to plunder, 
^"g- 24, 410 ; besieged by Odoacer, and captured, 493 ; conquered by Pepin, 
and given to the Pope, 774 ; placed under the protection of Venice, 1441 ; re- 
stored to the Pope, 1509 ; captured by the French, 1790; captured by the 
allied Russians and Prussians, 1799; occupied by the Papal troops, Jan. 20, 1S32; 
annexed to the kingdom of Italy, i860. 

RAVENNA, battle, between the French and the Spanish and Papal forces, April 
II) 1512; the allies lost 12,000 men ; the French were commanded by Gaston de 
Foix, who fell in the moment of victoiy. 

RAVENSTONE PRIORY, Bucks, founded by Henry III., 1254. 

RAVENSWORTH CASTLE, Durham, rebuilt by Sir H. J. Liddell, from the 
designs of Mr Nash, 1821. 



RAVENSWORTH CASTLE REBELLIONS 713 

RAVENS WORTH CASTLE, Yorkshire, built, 1030. 

RAYMOND, Count of Toulouse, so renowned in the history of his time, died, 1 105. 

RAY SOCIETY, instituted in London for the publication of works on natural 
history, 1844 ; the first work published was 'Observations on Zoology in Europe,' 
by Charles Lucien Buonaparte. 

READ, an alderman of London, pressed for a common soldier, for refusing the 
king an arbitrary benevolence, 1544. 

READING, Berkshire, taken by the Danes, and made the head-quarters oT Ivar 
the freebooter, 868 ; they evacuated it, 872 ; returned, under Sweyn, and burnt 
the town, 1006. The abbey founded by Hen. I., 1120, who was buried therein, 
1 135. The abbey church consecrated by Thomas a Becket, 11 64. The first par- 
liament met at, I171 ; Henry III. granted the town their first charter, 1253. The 
Barons reconciled to the king, and met in grand council, 1389. The parliament 
adjourned here from Westminster on account of the plague, 1452 and 1466. 
Free grammar-school founded, 1556. The town re-incorporated by Charles I., 
1639. Held by the Royalists, 1642; taken by the Parliamentarians, under 
Essex, April 27, 1643. Mechanics' Institute established, 1828. 

READING, N. America, founded by Richard Penn, 1748; incorporated, 1783; 
made a city, 1847. 

REAPING MACHINE. The first invented by the Rev. Patrick Bell, and called 
the Bell Reaper, 1826 ; first used, 1827 ; a trial made with, against the American 
machines, 1852, when the judges awarded the prize to Bell's reapers ; American 
reapers first patented at Washington, 1833-34. 

REASON, the feast of, established in France, after the revolution ; first meeting 
held at the cathedral of Notre Dame, Nov. 10, 1793. 

REBECCA RIOTS, a conspiracy organized in South Wales, led by a chief dressed 
in female attire ; they met at night, and destroyed the toll-gates, 1843. 

REBELLIONS. The Scots and Danes, in favour of Edgar Atheling, against 
Will. I., 1069 ; the same, in favour of Robert, brother of Will. II., against that 
king, 10S8 ; suppressed, 1090. The Welsh against the Normans and Iinglish ; 
the Welsh victorious, 1095. In favour of the Empress Maude, 1139; ended, 
1 153. Richard, son of Hen. II., against his father, Ii79- Of the Barons, when 
they obtained Magna Charta, 1215. The Barons again, 1262 ; ended, 1267. 
The lords spiritual and temporal, on account of the Gavestons, against Edw. II., 
13 12. The rudeness of the collectors of the poll-tax, and the increased oppres- 
sion of the Crown, led to the rising, at Deptford, of the followers of Wat Tyler, 
who was killed in Smithfield, June 14, 1381. Of Llenry, Duke of Lancaster, for 
the deposition of Rich. II., 1399. Against Roger, Earl of March, viceroy of 
Ireland, and presumptive heir to the crown, who was killed, 1399. The rising of 
the Welsh, under Owen Glendower, 1400. Of Owen Glendower, the Earls of 
Northumberland and Salisbury, and their confederates, 1403. The insurrection 
of Cade, at Blackheath, June i, 1450 ; the leader killed by the Sheriff of Kent, 
July II, 1450- The Yorkists, in favour of Edw. IV., against the Lancastrians, 
1452. Of the inhabitants of York, against the proposed encroachments upon their 
municipal rights, 1469. Of Warwick and Clarence, commanding the Lancas- 
trian party, against Edw. IV., 1470. The Yorkists, under Edw. IV., 1471. 
Against Rich. III., led by the Earl of Richmond, afterwards Hen. VII., 1485. 
The followers of Lambert Simnel, the Pretender, i486. The conspirators, under 
Perkin Warbeck, who claimed the throne, 1492 ; he was executed, Nov. 16, 
1499. Of the people of Cornwall, under Flammock, an attorney, against the 
increased taxes, Feb. 13, 1497 ; they marched to Blackheath, where they were 
attacked by Hen. VII., and their leaders hanged, June 22. Against the depreci- 
ation of the currency, inclosure laws, and the oppression of the landlords in most 



714 RECOGNITION BILL RECULVER 

of the English shires, June and July, i549- Of the people of Norfolk, against 
the inclosure laws, led by Robert Kett, June 20, 1549 ; the leader was hanged, 
Dec. 7, 1549. The Dukes of Northumberland, Suffolk, and their adherents, in 
favour of Lady Jane Grey's title to the throne, July, 1553 ; the Earl of North- 
umberland executed, Aug. 21 ; she suffered with her husband, Feb. 12, 1554. 
Sir Thomas Wyatt, Croft, Courtenay, and others, against Queen Mary ; discov- 
ered, Jan. 21, 1554; Wyatt entered Southwark, Feb. 6; taken prisoner, Feb. 
8 ; executed, April 11 ; claims for losses during the riots amounted to ^792,506. 
Rising of the Romanists, against Queen Elizabeth, June and July, 1559. In the 
north of England, 1569. The Irish discontents, commanded by Tyrone, 1599 ; 
the Earl of Essex refused to march against him. May 21 ; made a truce with him, 
Sept. 8; Tyrone submitted, Jan., 1602. The Earl of Essex, against Elizabeth, 
Feb. 2, 1600 ; he was taken and executed, Feb. 25. The Irish in Ulster, Dec. 
3, 1641. The civil war against the despotism of Chas. I. ; standard raised by the 
icing, Aug. 22, 1642 ; executed, Jan. 30, 1648. Of O'Neil, in Ireland, 1648 ; 
suppressed by Cromwell, May 10, 1650. Rising in Cheshire, in favour of the 
Stuarts, Aug. i, 1659. In London, against Chas. II., headed by Venner, Jan. 
9, 1661. The Scotch, under the leadership of the Duke of Monmouth, who 
landed. May 6, 1685 ; arrived at Lyme, in Dorsetshire, June il ; taken, July 
8 ; beheaded, July 15 ; the rebels tried by Jeffreys, Sept. and Oct. In Scotland, 
on behalf of James Edward, the Chevalier de St George, or the Pretender ; the 
forces commanded by the Earl of Mar defeated, Nov. 13, 1715, and those com- 
manded by the Earl of Derwentwater the same day ; the Pretender escaped into 
France, 1716. Of Charles, the Young Pretender, who defeated the Royalists at 
Prestonpans, Sept. 20, 1745 ; defeated at Culloden, April 16, 1746, and escaped 
to France. Of the American colonists, 1775; their independence recognized, 
Nov. 30, 1782. The rising in Ireland, which commenced May 24, 1798 ; sup- 
pressed at the end of the year. In Ireland, under Emmet and others, when Lord 
Kilwarden was put to death by the insurgents, 1803. Again in Ireland, fer- 
mented by Smith O'Brien, who was captured, July 29, 1848- In the Indian em- 
pire ; broke out, April 3, 1857 ; ended, 1858. The United States ; the South 
against the North, 1861. See also Riots. 

RECOGNITION BILL, brought in by the Vv^higs for recognizing their Majesties 
King William III. and Queen Mary, but not carried, 1690. 

RECOLETS, Order of, established in France, 1594. 

RECORDER, the first judicial officer of a municipal corporation ; Jeffery de Nor- 
ton, Alderman, appointed Recorder of London, 26 Edw. I., 1298 ; salary, p^io 
per annum. For List of, see London. 

RECIPROCITY TREATY, between the United States and Canada, signed, June 
7, 1854 ; terminated in accordance with notice given by the former power, March 
17, 1866. 

RECORDS of the Acts of the Crown, regularly kept and preserved from the reign 
of Henry I., 1 100, to the present time ; the earliest written upon paper is in the 
reign of Edward II. ; the Master of the Rolls appointed keeper by i & 2 Vict. 
c. 94, Aug. 14, 1838, and one general depository ordei-ed to be erected. The 
early Scotch records lost on their way from London to Scotland, 1298 ; the Irish, 
burnt, 171 1. An act passed for the safe keeping of, 30 & 31 Vict, c 70, Aug. 12, 
1867. The new buildmg, in Fetter Lane, erected from the designs of Mr Penere- 
thorne ; begun, 185 1. 

RECULVER, Kent, the Regidhiuin of the Romans ; the castrum built by the Em- 
peror Severus, circa 205.. — Kilbuni ^ Kent. Ethelbert built a palace here, 602 ; 
called Raculfcester in a charter of King Edmund, 784. Augustin established a 



REDEEMER REFORM 715 

monastery here, 597 ; dissolved, 949. Church of, built, circa 1080. The new- 
church built, 181 1. 

REDEEMER, Order of Knighthood, estabhshed by King Otho of Greece, in com- 
memoration of the deliverance of the kingdom, June i, 1833. 

REDAN, one of the defensive works of Sebastopol, first attacked by the English, 
under Gen. Brown, but repulsed, June 18, 1855 ; again, under Sir Wm. Cod- 
rington, Sept. 8 ; evacuated, Sept. 9. 

RED EAGLE, order of knighthood, reorganized in Prussia by Prince G. F. Charles 
of Brandenburg, July 13, 1734; regulated by an ordinance of, Jan. 22, 1832. 

REDHILL Reformatory, established in St George's-in-the-Fields, by Mr Young, 
1788 ; removed to Redhill and opened in April, 1849. 

REDHINA, battle, the French army under Massena and Ney defeated the Eng- 
lish, commanded by Wellington, Alar. 12, 1812. 

REDHOUSE, Deptford, burnt down, Feb. 26, 1761. 

REDPATH, LEOPOLD, convicted and transported for life for defrauding the Gt. 
Northern Railway company of £1^0,000, Jan. 15, 1857. 

REFLECTING TELESCOPES invented, 1657. 

REFLECTORS, or concave glasses, or plates of metal of that form, to concentrate 
the sun's rays ; diamonds dissipated by the heat of, 1695. 

REFORM in Parliament, necessity of, tirst pointed out by Mr Pitt (Earl of Chat- 
ham) in 1782 ; his son made a motion for a reform in parliament. May 7, 1782, 
when the House divided, 141 for and 161 against the motion ; Mr Pitt abandoned 
the cause, and declared all supporters of it seditious, 1794 ; Hardy, Tooke, 
and Th el wall arrested for belonging to a reform society, May 10, 1794; tried 
and acquitted, Nov. 5 to Dec. 5, 1794, being accused of pretended high treason 
for its advocacy; Major Cartwright sentenced to pay a fine of ^100 for attending 
a parliamentary reform meeting at Birmingham, June, 1821 ; Lord John Russell's 
motion for a reform in parliament, lost, April 25, 1822. Lord John Russell pre- 
pared the first reform bill, Mar. I, 1831 ; — first division for the second reading 
was taken Mar. 22, the numbers — for, 302 — against, 301, majority, i ; General 
Gascoyne, on the motion for a committee, moved the following amendment, 
' That the number of representatives for England and Wales ought not to be di- 
minished ;' the division being taken, the numbers were, 299 to 291, majority 
8, April 19 ; the bill abandoned, and parliament dissolved, April 22. The new 
parliament assembled, June 14 ; the bill again brought in, June 24 ; numbers on 
second reading — for, 367 — against, 251, majority, I16, July4; numbers on the 
third reading of the bill — for, 349 — against, 236, majority, 113, Sept. 21 ; in 
the Lords— Lord Wharncliffe moved on the second reading, ' That the bill be read 
that day six months ;' — for the amendment, 199 — against it, 158, majority, 41, 
Oct. 8. Prorogation of parliament, Oct. 20, 1831. Lord John Russell's second 
bill read in the Commons a first time, Dec. 12, 1831 ; — second reading, for the 
bill, 324 — against it, 162, majority, 162, Dec. 17 ;— third reading, the numbers 
for the bill, 355 — against it, 239, majority, 116, March 23, 1832 ; read a first 
time in the Lords, on the motion of Earl Grey, Mar. 26 ; — upon the second read- 
ing the numbers were — for the bill, 184 — against it, 175, majority, g, April 14; 
Lord Lyndhurst moved in Lords committee, ' That the question of enfranchise- 
ment should precede that of disfranchisement ; ' — the division b-eing taken, the 
numbers were 151 and 116 — majority against, 35, May 7; resignation of the 
ministers. May 9 ; they resume office, the king giving them power to create new 
peers. May 18 ; in consequence, some of the dissentient lords absented themselves ; 
the bill passed the committee. May 30, 1832 ; the third reading carried by a majority 
of 84. The bill received the royal assent, June 7 ; to the bill for Scotland, July 17 ; 



7i6 REFORM 

and for Ireland, Aug. 7. Lord John Russell introduced a second measure, Feb. 
13, 1854, which was withdrawn. The Tory bill of Disraeli brought in, Feb. 28, 
1859; rejected on the second reading, Mar. 31. Lord John Russell introduced 
another bill, Mar. i, i860, which suffered the fate of its predecessors, June 11. 
A bill introduced by Mr Gladstone, Mar. 12, 1866, reducing the occupation 
franchise to ;^I4, the borough to £"], and the right of voting extended to all 
persons having ^50 in the savings' bank for two years, and to lodgers rented at 
£\o ; the second reading carried by a majority of 5, 318 for, and 313 against, 
April 27. A bill for the redistribution of seats brought in by Mr Gladstone, May 
7 ; second reading carried. May 14 ; Lord Dunkellin moved an amendment, fix- 
ing the borough franchise at a ratable value of £'] ; the government defeated by 
a majority of 11, 315 for, 304 against, June 18; the ministers resigned, June 19. 
Mr Disraeli, the chancellor of the exchequer, asked leave to introduce several 
resolutions upon refonn, Feb. 11, 1867; resolutions brought in, Feb. 25 ; reso- 
lutions withdrawn, Feb. 26 ; Gen. Peel, Lord Cranbourne, and Lord Carnarvon, 
resigned their seats in the Cabinet, Mar. 4 ; leave given to bring in a bill on re- 
form. Mar. 18 ; second reading moved. Mar. 25, carried. Mar. 26. Meeting of the 
Liberal party at Mr Gladstone's residence ; amendment to the bill agreed to, April 
5. Meeting of the Liberal members in the Tea-room ; resolution passed to oppose 
the amendment, April 8 ; the amendment withdrawn by Mr Coleridge ; the 
amendment of Mr Gladstone on personal rating, April 10, defeated by a majority 
of 21, April 12 ; the residential clause carried by a majority of 81, May 
2 ; compound householders abolished upon the motion of Mr Hodgkinson, May 
17. Mr Mill introduced an amendment that the right of voting should be ex- 
tended to women, May 20 ; negatived by a majority of 123. An amendment to 
the redistribution scheme proposed by Mr Laing, adopted by a majority of 52, 
May 31 ; third reading carried, July 15. The ministerial scheme introduced, June 
13 ; read a first time in the House of Lords, July 16 ; the second reading 
moved, July 22, carried, July 23. Lord Cairns moved a clause for the representa- 
tion of minorities, carried by a majority of 91, 142 for, 51 against, July 30 ; Lord 
Grey proposed an amendment, providing that no borough which had a popula- 
tion less than 10,000 at the census of 1861, shall return more than one member, 
defeated by a majority of 12, 86 for, 98 against, Aug. I ; a clause for the use of 
voting-papers, moved by the Marc[uis of Salisbury, carried by a majority of 78, 
Aug. 2 ; the lodger franchise fixed ;i^io, Aug. 5 ; the thii^d reading carried, Aug. 
6 ; the amendments of the Lords considered by the Commons. The representation 
of minorities carried by a majority of 49, 253 for, and 204 against ; the votes of 
the electors for the city of London restricted to 3, carried, and the use of voting- 
papers rejected by a majority of 52, 206 for, and 258 against, Aug. 8 ; report of 
the committee appointed to draw up reasons for disagreeing with the Lords' 
amendments, agreed to, Aug. 9 ; the Lords agreed to the alterations, Aug. 12 ; 
the royal assent given to the bill, Aug. 15. 

DIVISIONS AT DIFFERENT TIMES. 

Negatived by Negatived by 

1793 Mr (afterwards Earl) Grey 241 1 821 Lord John Russell ... 31 

1797 Ditto 165 1822 Ditto 105 

1800 Ditto 142 1823 Ditto 98 

1809 Sir Francis Burdett 59 1824 Ditto Ill 

1810 Honourable T. Brand ... 119 1825 Hon. Mr Abercrombie ... 24 
1812 Ditto 127 1826 Lord John Russell ... 124 

1 81 7 Sir Francis Burdett 188 1829 Marquis of Blandford ... 74 

1818 Ditto 106 1830 Ditto ... 113 

1819 Ditto 95 1830 Mr O'Connell 306 

1821 Mr Lambton 12 



REFORM ASSOCIATION REGENCY BILL 717 

REFORM ASSOCIATION established at Westminster, May 20, 1835. 

REFORM CLUB, established by the Liberals, to aid in carrying the Reform Bill, 
1830-32 ; the club-house built from the designs of Barry, R.A., 1838-9. 

REFORM DEMONSTRATIONS. PubHc meeting held at Trafalgar Square, 
June 29, 1866 ; at the Guildhall, Aug. 8 ; Manchester, Sept. 24 ; Leeds, Oct. 8 ; 
Glasgow, Oct. 16 ; Edinburgh, Nov. 17 ; Beaufort House, Kensington, Dec. 3 ; 
at the Agricultural Hall, Feb. 11, 1867; Bristol, Feb. 18; a deputation of the 
Reform League waited upon the Chancellor of the Exchequer, April 2 ; meeting 
at Birmingham, April 22 ; Hyde Park, May 6 ; the National Reform Union 
Society held a meeting to protest against the lodger franchise, and at St James's 
Hall, May 25 ; another, the representation of minorities, Aug. 7 ; another meet- 
ing held in the Guildhall, to protest against the Lords' amendments, Aug. 8 ; 
Dublin, Sept. 3 ; fete in honour of the passing of the bill, held at the Crystal 
Palace, Sept. 30. 

REFORMATION, begun in England, by Wickliffe, in 1360 ; in Bohemia, 1405 ; 
in Switzerland, 1519 ; Saxony, 1520, favoured by the diet of Spires ; in Denmark, 
1521 ; in France, under Calvin, 1529 ; in Sweden, 1530 ; in Ireland, 1535 ; in 
Spain, 1545 ; in Scotland, 1560; in the Netherlands, 1562 ; in Germany, by 
Jerome of Prague and Luther, 1517 ; in England, completed in the time of 
Henry VIII. , 1534 ; established by Queen Elizabeth, 1558. The Pope consented 
to a meeting of the Council at Trent, to take it into consideration, 1542, but the 
Reformers refused, held, 1546-9. Treaty of Augsburg, Sept. 25, 1555. 

REFORMATION OF THE CLERGY ordered by act of parliament, 1530. 

REFORMATION OF MANNERS, Society for, established 1689 ; it brought a 
vocalist before a judge for singing Dryden's ' Alexander's Feast ; ' the judge 
told the jury that, as he could find nothing to support the indictment in the 
words, he supposed it must be looked for in the singing, which he desired the 
defendant to try ; he obeyed, and was instantly acquitted. 

REFORMATORY SCHOOLS, &c., one founded at Dantzic by Johannes Falk, 
1813 ; a large one established at Berlin, 1824 ; in New York, 1823. An act 
passed legalizing them in Scotland by the generous labours of Mr Dunlop, 1 7 & 18 
Vict. c. 74, Aug. 7, 1854 ; amended by 18 & 19 Vict. c. 87, Aug. 14, 1855 ; an 
act for extending the system to Great Britain, 17 & 18 Vict. c. 86, Aug. 10, 
1854; amended by the 18 & 19 Vict. c. 87, Aug. 14, 1855. County Industrial 
School, regulated and maintained in Middlesex, 17 & 18 Vict. c. clxix., July 24, 
1854. 

REFRESHMENT and PUBLIC HOUSES, wine licences granted to, and the 
duty fixed, 23 Vict. c. 27, June 14, i860 ; an act for regulating the closing of, in 
London and other towns, 27 & 28 Vict. c. 64, July 25, 1864. 

REFUGEES sheltered in England, 1568 ; protected and relieved, Sept. 7, 1681, 
and April, 1687; allowed ;/'i5,ooo per annum, Oct., 1696. 

REGATTA, the first public, held upon the Thames, June 23, 1775 ; the Lord 
Mayor arrived at 6 o'clock, and afterwards went up to Ranelagh. 

REGENCY BILL proposed to parliament on the first attack by insanity of Geo. III., 
Dec. 10, 1788 ; abandoned upon his recovery, Feb. 27, 1789 ; regency act passed 
on the king' s second attack, 51 Geo. III. c. i, Feb. 5, 181 1, and the Prince of 
Wales swoiTi in as Regent of the kingdom the same day ; regency bill, should the 
crown descend to Princess Victoria before she was 18 years of age, i Will. IV. 
c. 2, Dec. 23, 1830 ; regency bill appointing Prince Albert Regent in the event 
of the decease of Queen Victoria, should the next successor be under age on 
such an event, 3 & 4 Vict., Aug. 4, 1840. 



7i8 REGENT'S CANAL REIGN OF TERROR 

REGENT'S CANAL from Paddington to Limehouse, begun, Oct. 14, 1812 ; 12 
men buried by a fall of earth during the construction of, July, 1813 ; opened, 
Aug. I, 1820. 

REGENT'S PARK, the plan of Mr Nash for, adopted, 1812 ; Mr Bishop erected 
his observatory in, 1S37 ; 40 persons drowned through the breaking of the ice on 
the ornamental water, Jan. 15, 1867. 

REGENT- STREET, designed by Mr John Nash in 1813, and named after his 
patron, the Prince Regent ; it is 1 730 yards in length ; the colonnade of the quad- 
rant removed, Sept. II, 1848. 

REGICIDES, 19 surrendered, whose lives were spared, Jvme 6, 1660 ; 27 tried 
and executed, and their estates confiscated, 1660 and 1661. 

REGIFUGIUM, a Romish festival celebrated annually, Feb. 24. 

REGISTRATION of Births, Deaths, and Marriages. Cardinal Pole, in 1554, gave 
directions for a register to be kept in each parish ; ordered to be systematically 
kept in England by Thomas, Lord Cromwell, 30 Henry VIII., Sept., 1543 ; 
confirmed by Queen Elizabeth, 1559 ; to be preserved in a parchment book, 
^597 j by the act passed, the clergy were compelled to keep a registry, 6 & 7 
Will. III. c. 6, 1695 ; the penalty repealed by the 4 Anne, c. 12, s. 10, 1705 ; 
an act passed for the better preservation and regulation of, 52 Geo. III. c. 146, 
July 28, 1812 ; amended, 6 Will. IV. c. 85, Aug. 17, 1836 ; and again amended, 
7 Will. IV. and i Vict. c. 22, June 30, 1837 ; further amended, 19 & 20 Vict. c. 
119, July 29, 1856 ; and by 21 & 22 Vict. c. 25, June 14, 1858. 

REGISTRATION of Deeds and Wills. A public registry provided for all deeds 
relating to York, by 6 Anne, c. 35, 1 707 ; extended to the North Riding, by 8 
Geo. II. c. 6, 1735. A registry for the county of Middlesex, 7 Anne, c. 20, 1708. 
Registry of deeds, of arrangements, of trust, and composition deeds by bankrupts, 
24 & 25 Vict. c. 134, ss. 187 — 194, Aug. 6, 1861. Lord Elcho introduced a 
measure to provide for the better registration in Scotland, 17 & 18 Vict. c. 80, 
Aug. 7, 1854. In Dr Williams's Library there are several registers of Dissenters 
kept, the earliest is 1716. Bunhill Fields registers deposited in the College of 
Arms. 

REGISTRATION of Shipping begun in the Thames, 1786 ; became general, 1787; 
lew act passed for, 8 & 9 Vict. c. 89, Aug. 4, 1845 '■> partially repealed by 12 
& 13 Vict. c. 29, June 26, 1849. 

REGISTRATION of Voters established, by 2 Will. IV. c. 45, June 7, 1832 ; 
amended by 6 Vict. c. 18, May 31, 1843, and temporary for the year 1868, 31 & 
52 Vict. c. 58, July 16, 1868. 

REGIUM DONUM originated in Ireland by Charles II., who gave ;^6oo to Sir 
Arthur Forbes to be applied to the use of the Presbyterian ministers in that countiy, 
1672 ; George I., in 1723, lodged annually a sum of money with the heads of the 
Presbyterians, Independents, and Baptists, to assist the poor ministers ; augmented 
and new arrangements adopted, 1803, and in 1868 reached /40, 548. 

REICHSTADT, Duke of, the title conferred on the son of Napoleon, June 22, 
1818 ; born at Paris, March 20, 1811, and died, July 22, 1832. 

REIGATE, Surrey, overrun by the Danes, in 841. The priory founded, in 1240 ; 
the priory destroyed, and the site given to Lord William Howard, in 1541 ; the 
castle built in the 13th century, and destroyed, 1648 ; the town chartered by Edw. 
II., 1313; made a parliamentary borough, 1294; by the Reforai Act the members 
reduced from 2 to i, June, 1832 ; disfranchised by 30 & 31 Vict. c. 102, s. 12. 

REIGN OF TERROR in Fiance, began in July, 1793, ended April i, 1795. 



RELIGION 



RELIGIOUS ORDERS 719 



RELIGION, Six Articles of, for non-observance of which Protestants and Catholics 
suffered death alike, 1539 ; the Thirty-nine Articles of the Church established, 
1552 ; being reduced from 42 to 39, Jan., 1563 ; sanctioned by parliament, 1571. 

RELIGIOUS CREEDS tolerated among the inhabitants of different States and 
Countries in the 19th century : — 



Austria, Papists. 
Bavaria, Papists- 
Bohemia, Papists and Lutherans. 
Brandenburgh, Lutherans, Calvinists, 

and Papists. 
Brunswick, Lutherans. 
Cologne, an archbishopric, Papists. 
Courland, Papists and Protestants. 
Denmark, Lutherans. 
England, Church of England, and all 

others. 
France, Papists ; but Protestants and 

Jews tolerated. 
Genoa, Papisis ; but the Jews tolerated. 
Germany, Papists, Lutherans, and 

Calvinists. 
Greece, Christians, Mahometans, &c. 
Hanover, Lutherans, Calvinists, &c. 
Hesse-Cassel, Lutherans, Calvinists, 

and Papists. 
Hungary, Papists and Protestants. 
Ireland, all religions tolerated. 
Italy, various states. Papists. 
Lucca, Papists. 

Malta, Papists and Protestants. 
Mantua, Papists. 

Mecklenburg-Schwerin, Lutherans. 
-Strelitz, Lutherans. 



Netherlands, Papists, Calvinists, &c. 

Norway, Lutherans. 

Osnaburgh, Catholics and Protestants. 

Palatine, Papists and Lutherans. 

Parma and Placentia, Papists. 

Piedmont, Papists. 

Portugal, Papists. 

Prussia, Lutherans, Calvinists, & Papists. 

Rome, Papists. 

Russia, Greeks, Calvinists, and Luther- 
ans. 

Sardinia, Papists. 

Savoy, Papists. 

Saxony, Papists, and Lutherans. 

Scotland, Presbyterians, Episcopacy 
tolerated. 

Siberia, Greeks and Arminians. 

Sicily, Papists. 

Spain, Papists and othei-s. 

Sweden, Lutherans, Popery abolished, 

1544- 

Switzerland, 13 cantons, a republic, 6 are 
Protestants, 7 are Papists. 

Tartary, various states, partly in Europe, 
Arminians, Mahometans, and Greeks. 

Turkey, partly in Europe, Mahometans, 
Jews, and Christians. 

Tuscany, Papists. 

Venice, Papists, Greeks, and Jevrs. 

United States of North America, Pro- 
testants, Episcopalians, all creeds. 



Milan, Papists 

Modena, Papists, 

Naples, Papists. 
RELIGIOUS HOUSES in England, 1041, suppressed, 1540; in France, 4500, in 

1790 ; in Germany about 2000, 1785 ; in Italy, 2382, suppressed, 1866. 
RELIGIOUS ORDERS of the Papal Church :— 

Abstinents ... ... ... 170 Anchorites 

Monks ... .., ... ... 328 Celestines 

Augustines ... ... ... 389 Bethlehemites ... 

Benedictines ... ... ... 548 Sack de Penitentia 

Black Friars ... ... ... 1071 De Domina 

Minors ... ... ... ... 1099 Bartholomites 

Carthusians ... ... ... 1084 White Monks ... 

Cistertians ... ... ... 1094 Minimes ... 

Carmelites ... ... ... 1098 Capuchins 

Grey Friars ... ... ... 1122 Barnabites 

Crossed Friars ... ... ... 1169 Begging Friars ... 

Holy Trinity ... ... ... 1197 Theatines 

Ursulines ... ... ... 1198 Trappists 

Franciscans ... ... ... 1206 Ligorists ... 

Dominicans ... ... ... 1215 



1255 
1255 
1257 
1258 
1288 
1307 
1349 
1450 
1525 
1533 
1587 
1594 
1815 
1820 



720 



RELIGIOUS SECTS 



REPEAL OF TPIE IRISH UNION 



RELIGIOUS SECTS :— 

Adamites, or Preadamites ... 130 

Agnacobites, fanatics ... .., 701 

Albigenses ... ... ... 11 60 

Anabaptists ... ... ... 1521 

Antinomians ... ... ... 1538 

Antonines ... ... ... 329 

Arians ... ... ... ... 320 

Arminians ... ... ... 1591 

Bartholomites ... ... ... 1307 

Bohemian Brethren, tlie sect of, 

began in Bohemia ... ... 1467 

Brigantines ... ... ... 1370 

Brownists ... ... ... 1660 

Calvinists ... ... ... 1 546 

. Canons, regular ... ... ... 400 

Dmikers ... ... ... ... 1724 

Episcopalians in Great Britain 1530 

Flagellants ... ... ... 1260 

Huguenots, French Protestants 1561 

Independents ... ... ... 1593 

Jumpers, England ... ... 1760 

Jumpers, America ... ... 1810 

Latter-day Samts, or Mormons 1830 

Lollards ... ... ... ... 1315 

Lutherans ... ... ... 1580 

Mahometans ... ... ... 622 



Methodists 

Moravians, or Unitas Frattum, 
appeared, m Bohemia, 1457 ; 
in England 

Muggletonians, from L. Muggle- 
ton, a journeyman tailor 

Pelagians... 

Predestinarians ... 

Presbyterians 

Protestants 

Puritans ... 

Publican sect, came hrst to Eng- 
land 

Quakers ... 

Quietists ... 

Repentants 

Sabbatarians 

Sacramentarians 

Sandemanians ... ... ... 1728 

Shakers ... ... ... ... 1801 

Southcotians ... ... ... 1792 

Swedenborgians ... ... ... 1 780 

Trinitarians, order of ... ... 11 98 

Tritheites ... ... ... 560 

Ubiquarians ... ... ... 1540 

Unitarians ... ... ... 1553 

carried in 



1729 



1750 

1657 
382 

371 

1572 
1529 
1545 

1162 
1550 
1685 
1360 
1633 



REMONSTRANCE, The Grand, condemning the acts of Charles 

the House of Commons after a debate of 14 hours, by a majority of 11, Nov. 22, 
1641 ; presented to his Majesty, Dec. i, 1641. 

REMONSTRANTS, a religious sect in Holland, Arminians, who were named 
from a i-emonstrance, reducing their doctrine to five articles, presented to the 
States, 161 1 ; the Calvinists persecuted them, and at Dort, when a synod was 
held, it lasted six months, condemned their opinions, 1 618-19. 

RENDSBURG, Denmark, fortified in 1539; rebuilt by Frederick HI., 1669-72; 
taken by the Prussians, 1848 ; the defences destroyed, 1852. 

RENNES, France, the town destroyed by fire, which lasted for 7 days, it consumed 
almost all the public buildings and 850 private houses, 1720; the Palais de Justice 
erected, 1670 ; restored in 1858. 

RENT, in England, first payable in the coin of the realm in place of kind, 1135 ; 
no goods to be removed until the rent is paid by the landlord to the sheriff, 8 Anne, 
c. 14, 1709 ; made recoverable in law, 4 Geo. II. c. 28, 1731 ; the rental of Eng- 
land, including lands, houses, and .mines, in 1600, was supposed to be ^^6,000,000, 
and 12 years' purchase the value ; in 1690 it was estimated at ;/'i4,ooo,ooo rent and 
18 years' purchase ; in 1815, land alone was assessed to the property-tax at 
-^34>330,463; and in 1848, at ^"42, 347,870 for England and Wales only. Scot- 
land was assessed in 1851 on land only, ^5,075,242 ; and in 1848, ^5,634,351, 
including messuages, tithes, manors, fines, quarries, mines, iron-works, fisheries, 
canals, railways, gas-works; in England and Scotland, the total was, in 1815, 
/60, 138,330; in 1848, /"io5,252,895. 

REPEAL OF THE IRISH UNION, association formed for, in Ireland, 1829 ; 
meetings for, prohibited, Oct. 18, 1830; new association for, established, 1841-42, 
and one formed by D. O'Connell, 1843 ; monster meetings held for, at Trim^ 



REPRISALS 



REVENUE OF ENGLAND 721 



March i6, 1843; a meeting at Clontarf, Oct. 8, was suppressed by tlie govern- 
ment ; O'Connell and those concerned with him arrested, and brought to trial, 
Jan. 15, 1844; convicted, and sentenced to pay a fine of ^2000, and one year's 
imprisonment, May 30; sentence reversed by the House of Peers. The Associa- 
tion kept a short time after O'Connell's decease, but ultimately died out ; the sum 
of ;^I34,379 had been collected in support of the object by the end of 1846. 

REPRISALS AT SEA first granted, 1295. 

REPTON PRIORY, Derbyshire, formerly a nunnery, 660 ; refounded by Maud, 
widow of Ranulph, second Earl of Chester, 1 1 72. 

REQUEST. &^ Courts of. 

RESTORATION of Charles II. and monarchy, rvTay29, 1660, after the Common- 
wealth of II years' duration, or from Jan. 30, 1649. 

RESTORATION of Learning in France, 778. 

RESTORMEL CASTLE, Cornwall, built, 1100. 

RETFORD, Nottinghamshire. A charter of privileges granted to the town by 
Edward I., 1279. A fair granted to, by Henry III., 1259. The church founded, 
1208 ; rebuilt, 1658. The town incorporated by Edward III., 1336. Plenry VI. 
increased their privileges, 1424. Returned two members to parliament, 9 Edw. 
II., 13 15, but in 1826, on account of repeated acts of bribery, the borough was 
added to Bassetlaw. 

RETREAT OF THE TEN THOUSAND Greeks, under Xenophon, B.C. 401. 
After the army of Cyrus the Younger had been defeated by tlie Persians on the 
plain of Cunaxa, Cyrus being killed, the Greeks were left without a leader, and 
they chose Xenophon, who led them over the high lands to the Mediterranean. 

REVEL, Russia, founded by Valdem.ar II., King of Denmark, circa 1218. The 
church, the Olaikirche, built, 1329 ; partially destroyed, 1820 ; restored, 184.0. 
St Nicholas Church built, 1317. Two ships captured in the port of, by Capt. 
Wilcox, in the Dragon, May, 1854. 

REVELATION, written by St John the Divine, in the island of Patmos, 

circa 97 ; its authenticity has been doubted by some Biblical writers. 
REVELS . See Master of the. 

Income, from the Conquest : — 



REVENUE OF ENGLAND. 


Income, 


William the Con- 






queror 


1066 ... 


;!^400,000 


William Rufus 


1087 ... 


350,000 


Henry I. 


IIOO ... 


300,000 


Stephen 


"35 ••■ 


250,000 


Henry II. 


1154 ... 


200,000 


Richard I. 


1189 ... 


150,000 


John 


1199 ... 


100,000 


Henry IIL 


1216 ... 


80,000 


Edward I. 


1272 ... 


150,000 


Edward IL ... 


1307 ... 


100,000 


Edward IIL ... 


1327 ... 


154,140 


Richard IL .. 


1377 ••• 


130,000 


Henry IV. 


1399 ••• 


100,000 


Henry V. 


1413 ••• 


76,643 


Henry VI. 


1422 ... 


64,976 


Edward IV. 


1460 ) 




Edward V. 


1483 ... 

1483) 


100,000 


Richard IIL ... 





Henry VII. ... 


1485 


... ^'400,000 


Henry VIIL ... 


1509 


800,000 


Edward VI. . . 


1547 


400,000 


Mary 


1553 


450,000 


Elizabeth 


1558 


500,000 


James I. 


1602 


600, 000 


Charles I. 


1625 


... 895,819 


Commonwealth ) 


1648 


( 1,517,247 


Charles II. \ 


1 1,800,000 


James II. 


1685 


... 2,001,155 


William IIL ... 


16S8 


... 3,895,205 


Queen Anne (at 






the Union) ... 


1706 


... 5,691,803 


George I. 


1714 


... 6,762,643 


George II. 


1727 


... 8,522,540 


George IIL (1 788) 


1760 


•■•15,372,971 


Ditto 


1800 


...36,728,000 


Ditto ... (war) 


1815 


...72,210,512 


George IV. 


1S20 


,..54,282,958 



40 



722 



REVESBY ABBEY 



RUE 



William IV. 


.. 1830 


;/^5o,056,6i6 Victoria 


•• 1853 


^54,430,344 


Victoria 


.. 1837 


46,475,194 „ ... 


. 1854 


56,822,509 


,, 


.. 1838 


47,333,460 ,, ... 


.. 1855 


63,364,605 


,, 


.. 1839 


47,844,899 „ ... 


.. 1856 


68,008,623 


>> 


.. 1840 


47,567,565 „ ••• 


.. 1857 


66,056,055 


>> 


.. 1841 


48,084,360 ,, 


.. 1858 


61,812,555 


»> 


.. 1842 


46,965,631 ,, ... 


.. 1859 


68,226,114 


,, 


•• 1843 


52,582,817 „ ... 


.. i860 


73,717,419 


>j 


.. 1844 


54,003,745 ,, ... 


.. 1861 


73,080,771 


,, 


.. 1845 


53,060,354 „ ... 


.. 1862 


72,575,477 


>> 


.. 1846 


53,790,138 „ ... 


.. 1863 


70,433,620 


j> 


.. 1847 


51,546,265 „ ... 


.. 1864 


70,125,374 


,, 


.. 1848 


53,388,717 „ ... 


.. 1865 


69,196,478 


>> 


.. 1849 


52,951,749 „ ... 


.. 1866 


68,785,662 


»> 


.. 1850 


52,810,680 ,, 


.. 1867 


69,434,567 


,, ... 


.. 1851 

.. 1852 


52,233,006 „ ... 
53,210,071 


.. 1868 


69,600,218 



The consolidation of the revenue was effected b)r 56 Geo. III. c. 98, 1816. 
Supply : The following sums were voted in Supply during the undermentioned 
years:— 1835, ^14,123,255; 1836, ^^ 14, 652, 5 72 ; 1837, ^15,138,576; 1838, 
;^I5,726,987; 1839,^17,219,692; 1840, ;^I7,622,5I3 ; 1S41, ;^i8,949,740 ; 
1842, ^19,585,763; 1843, ^19,921,283; 1844, ^17,732,181; 1845, ^18,736,591; 
1846, ;^20,i98,9i2; 1847, ;i^22,822,709; 1848, ;^22,S8o,658; 1849, ;^2i,072,745; 
1850, ;!^2o,oi2, 735; 1851, ;^I9, 746,941; 1852, ;/^20,98i,6o9; 1853, ^22,237,472; 
1854, ^43,310,665; 1855, ^^62,307,822; 1856, ;^5o,564,624; 1857, ^36,774,300; 
1858, ;^34,26o,i97; 1859, ^39,742,376; i860, ;^45,5ii,i53; 1861, ;^42,i8o,o3i; 
1862, ^^70,341,552; 1863, ;!f 67, 749,000; 1864, ;^66,89o,ooo; 1865,^66,462,206; 
1866, ;^66,474,356; 1867, 268,134,000; 1868,271,236,241. 

REVESBY ABBEY, Lincolnshire, built by Will, de Romare, Eari of Lincoln, 1 142. 

REVOLT of the Bees, an allegory of society, published, Oct., 1829. 

REVOLUTIONS : the Eastern empire founded by Constantine the Great, on the 
final overthrow of the Romans, A.D. 306. The empire of the western Franks began 
under Charlemagne, 802 ; this empire underwent a new revolution, and became 
the German empire under Rodolph of Ilapsburgh, the head of the house of 
Austria, 1273. The empire of the East passed into the hands of the Turks, 1293. 
Revolutions in Portugal, 1640; Poland, 1704, 1795, 1830, 1863 ; in Russia, 1730, 
1762, 1796; Sweden, 1772, 1809; North America, 1775; France, 1789, 1830, 
1848 ; in Holland, 1795, counter-revolution, 1813 ; in Venice, 1797, 1848; Rome, 
1798, and 1848 ; in the Neth^riands, 1830; Brazil, 1831 ; Mexico, 1858; Ba- 
varia, 1848; Sicily, 1848, i860; Spain, 1868-9; Tuscany, 1859; Parma, 1859; 
Naples, i860; United States, i860. 

REVOLUTIONS in England, 1649 ; 1688, Nov. 5, generally called the 'glorious 
revolution of 1688.' 

REVOLVERS. This principle of making fire-arms is of early origin. John the 
Almain (German) invented an arquebuse that contained ten balls, 1580. They 
are also mentioned in ' Ward's Animadversions of Warre,' 1639. Samuel Colt 
of America first introduced his pistol or revolver, 1830 ; and patented it, 1835. 

REYGATE PRIORY, Surrey, founded by William de Warren, Earl of Surrey, 
circa 1236-8. 

RHE, Isle of France, taken by the Huguenots, 1625 ; besieged by the English, 
under the Duke of Buckingham, July 12, 1627 ; the expedition failed through the 
want of generalship of its leader, and the siege raised, Oct. 27. 



RHEIMS RICHMOND 723 

RHEIMS or REIMS, France, an ancient Roman city. The four gates were the 
Porta Martis, Cereris, Veneris, and Bacchi ; Martis alone remains ; it is a 
splendid triumphal arch. Clovis baptized here, 496. Philip Augustus crowned, 
1 179. Cathedral begun, 1212 ; finished, 1241. Charles VII. ci-owned in, Joan of 
Arc bearing the sacred banner, July, 1429. Insurrection at, and atrocities com- 
mitted by the mob, Sept. 2 and 3, 1792. Taken by the Russians, under Gen. St 
Priest, March 12, 1814 ; recaptured by the French, under Napoleon, with 3000 
prisoners and 11 guns, March 13 ; taken by the Prussians, under Blucher, March 
18, 1814. 

RIIEINFELD, battle. The French, under Duke Bernard of Saxe- Weimar, de- 
feated the Austrians at this place, March 3, 1638. 

RHINE, passage of, by the French, under Louis XIV., June 12, 1672 ; again, under 
Massena, and entrance into Switzerland, Feb. 12, 1799 ; the confederation of, 
July 12, 1806. 

RHODE ISLAND, N. America, colonized, 1636 ; Providence settled, 1637 ; 
chartered by Charles II., 1663 ; taken by the English, under Clifton and Parker, 
Dec. 6, 1776 ; besieged unsuccessfully by the Americans, 1778 ; evacuated by the 
British, Oct. 25, 1779 ; constitution adopted, 1790. 

RHODES. The city founded, B.C. 400. St Paul landed at this island on his return 
to Syria, Acts xxi. i. Expedition against, commanded by Demetrius, who, after 
besieging it for 12 months, was forced to retire, B.C. 301. Plundered by Cas- 
sias, B.C. 42. Was a Roman possession until A.D. 616. Granted to the Knights 
of St John of Malta, 1308 ; fortified by them, 1312. Besieged by Mahomet 
II., unsuccessfully, 1480. Taken by the Ottomans, after a desperate siege of four 
months, 1522. Evacuated by the Knights, Jan. i, 1523. 

RHUBARB. The Society of Arts gave a gold medal to Mr Ball for the cultivation 
of this esculent, 1790 ; to Mr Thomas Jones of Enfield, 1793, and again in 1797. 

RHUDDLAN CASTLE, North Wales, built before the Conquest; rebuilt, 1063; 
repaired, 1 23 1. Edward I. resided at, for some time, 128 1-2. 

RHYNOPIyASTIC ART, the revived art of making false or artificial noses, prac- 
tised by the French anew, 1827. See Noses. 

RIALS, or ROYALS, a gold coin issued during the reign of Hen. VIII. , worth I \s. 
id. ; half and quarter rials were also coined. 

RIALTO, the, a noted bridge in Venice, across the great canal, designed by Ant. 
da Ponte, built, 1588, consisting of a single arch of marble, of 91 feet span, 
24>^ feet elevation, and 72 feet wide. 

RIBBONMEN, disorders caused by, in Ireland ; agrarian outbreak. Mar. i, 1820. 

RICCI, LAWRENCE, the last general of the order of the Jesuits ; appointed, May 
21, 1758; imprisoned at Rome, Sepi. 22, 1773; died, Nov. 24,1776, aged 72. 

RICE, cultivated in South Carolina, 1702. 

RICHARD I., IL, and HI. See England, Kings of. 

RICHMOND, America. 100 houses destroyed by fire, Dec. 17, 1786; theatre 
burnt, Dec. 26, i8ri. Made the capital of the Confederate Union, 1861 ; 
the first meeting of the Congress of the States removed from Montgomeiy, in 
Alabama, to, July 20 ; Mr Davis elected President of the South for six years, and 
Mr Stephens, Vice-President, Nov. 30; the Federal army, under Gen. M'Clellan, 
advanced within six miles of Richmond ; they were defeated, at Fair Oaks, May 
31, 1862. President Davis addressed the Congress, which assembled here, Aug. 
18. Surrendered to Gen. Grant, April 9, 1865. 

RICHMOND, Surrey, once called Sheen. A site of one of the royal palaces, 
where Edward III. died. Destroyed by fire, 1497 ; rebuilt by Henry VIL, who 



724 RICHMOND RIO SECO 

died there, 1509 ; Elizabeth kept prisoner here when she was a princess, and 
died in the palace, March 24, 1603; the park enclosed by Charles I., 1636; 
sold by order of the Commonwealth ; the public excluded from, by the ranger, 
1752 ; opened, Dec. 20, 1752, by order of the judge of assize. 
RICHMOND, Yorkshire, held by Edwin, brother of Morcar, by presentation, 
1070-2. The castle was built by Alan the Red, who was made first Earl of Rich- 
mond, 1069-72 ; the keep was erected by Conan, the fifth Earl, 1146-1171. The 
church of, erected, circa 1370 ; since rebuilt by G. G. Scott. The crown estate 
settled by Charles II. upon his son, Charles Lennox, 1675. Tate's Grammar 
School erected, 1850. 

RICHMOND HOUSE, Whitehall, destroyed by fire, Dec. 14, 1791. 

RIDLEY, bishop of London, burnt at Oxford, Oct. 15, 1555. 

RIFLE, first patent granted for, June 24, 1635 ; the Minie system of rifling in- 
vented, 1833 ; the Chassepot invented by M. A. Chassepot, 1866 ; adopted in the 
French army, Aug. 30, 1866; Needle Gun, 1848; several others since introduced. 

RIFLE, The National Association. See National. 

RIFLE VOLUNTEER GROUNDS. An act passed facilitating the acquisition 
of grounds for rifle practice, 23 & 24 Vict. c. 140, Aug. 28, i860 ; amended, 25 
& 26 Vict. c. 41, July 17, 1862. 

RIGA, in the Baltic, founded by a colony from Bremen, I15S; town built by 
Bishop Albert, 1200 ; taken by Gustavus Adolphus, when half the tov/n was 
burnt, 1710 ; serious fire at, 1812 ; great export of flax-seed from, to Ireland, to 
the extent of47, 400 barrels, 1845 ! fortification removed, 1858. 

RIGHT OF SEARCH, settled with America, 1843 ; with France, Russia, Aus- 
tria, Prussia, and England, by treaty, Dec. 20, 1841 ; confirmed with France, 
May 29, 1849. 

RIGHTS, Bill of, extorted by parliament from the king, 3 Chas. I. c. i, after he 
had endeavoured by all means in his power to avoid consenting to it, June 7, 
1628 ; the declaration of rights was made to the Prince and Princess of Orange, 
on their coming to the throne of England, Feb. 13, 1688-9; 3-i'^d. recognized by I 
Will. & Mary, st. ii. c. 2, Nov. 16, 1689. 

RINGS, the inventors of, are said to be the Egyptians, which seems confirmed by 
the gift of a ring from Pharaoh to Joseph, Gen. xli. 42; and Josephus in the 3rd 
Book of Jewish Antiquities, says they (the Israelites) forged the golden calf from 
their wives' rings. The high-priest Aaron wore a diamond ring. Queen Jezebel 
to destroy Naboth used the ring of Ahab, i Kings xxi. 8. The signet-ring was 
worn on the right hand, Jer. xxii. 24. In Rome the bridegroom sent the bride an 
iron ring before marriage. Alexander the Great used the ring of King Darius 
after his death. All rings exempted from assay, except mourning rings, 12 Geo. 
IL c. 26, 1739. 

RIO DE LA PLATA, S. America, discovered by de Solis, 15 15-16 ; surveyed 
by Sebastian Cabot, 1526 ; reciprocity treaty signed with Gt. Britain, 1823. 

RIO JANEIRO, Brazil, first discovered by Martin Affonso de Souza, a Portuguese, 
Jan. 22, 1531 ; taken possession of by the French, 1555, who were expelled and 
the city of Rio- founded, 1567 ; made the capital, 1763 ; made the residence of 
the Court, 1808 ; made the capital of the Independent Empire of Brazil, Sep. 7, 
1822 ; revolution in, Don Pedro abdicated in favour of his son Pedro II., 1831 ; 
the yellow fever carried off 14,000 of the inhabitants, July, 1850 ; the Duke of 
Edinburgh visited the island in the Galatea, July 15, 1867 ; repulse of the 
Paraguayans at Humaita, in Oct. 

RIO SECO, battle, the Spaniards under Gen. Blake and Cuesta were defeated by 
the French under Bessieres, with great loss, July 13, 1808. 



RIOTS IN ENGLAND 725 

RIOTS IN ENGLAND. Theconvent of Westminster Abbey demolished; thering- 
leaders Iianged,and others bad their hands and feet cut off, 1221. Tlie companies 
of goldsmiths and tailors fought in the streets of London, several were killed on 
both sides ; the riot quelled by the sheriffs, and thirteen of the ringleaders 
hanged, 1262. Riot at Norwich, the cathedral and monasteiy burnt, the ring- 
leaders executed, 1271. Riot broke out among several of the city com- 
panies at the entrance of the Princess Philippa into London, 1328. Wat Tyler 
in Southwark and London, June 10, 1381. Serious riots in Cheapside ; the 
Italian merchants' stores plundered, the ringleader hanged at Tyburn, May, 1456. 
The evil May-day riot, 151 7. The apprentices of London and the Tower Warders 
had a severe engagement with stones, and wounded the city sword-bearer and 
several officers, June 29, 1595- A riot in London, and Dr Lamb killed by the mob ; 
another, under pretence of pulling down a brothel, four of the ringleaders hanged, 
June, 1628. Another at Guildhall, at the election of sheriffs, 1682, where they 
seized the lord mayor, but the city lieutenancy raised the militia and released 
him ; the rioters were fined. At Edinburgh and Dumfries, on account of the 
Union, 1707. In London, on the trial of Dr Sacheverel, 1710; of the Whig 
and Tory mobs, called the Ormond and Newcastle mobs, 2 Geo. I., 1715. The 
Mughouse riot in Salisbury-court between the Jacobites, the leader shot by 
the master of the house, quelled by the Guards, 1 716. The Shawfield riots at 
Glasgow, 1725. Riots at Westminster and London upon the excise bill; 
resolutions against, passed by the Commons, April 12,1733. Rioters in Here- 
fordshire demolished the turnpikes, quelled after a snrart engagement with 
the posse comHahis, 1735. At Edinburgh the mob rose, set fire to the prison 
door, took out Captain Porteous (who had been reprieved for letting his soldiers 
fire and kill one of the mob at a former riot), hanged him upon a sign-post, and 
then dispersed, 1736. Of the Cornish tin-miners, on account of the dearness of 
corn, 1737- Of the nailers in Worcestershire, who marched to Birmingham, and 
obliged all the ironmongers to sign a paper allowing them an advanced price 
on nails, 1737. Of the Spitalfield weavers, 1765. Of the people in all parts of 
England, on account of the dearness of provisions, 1766 and 1767. A mob in 
St George's Fields, to see Mr Wilkes in the King's Bench prison ; the military 
fired upon the mob, killing young Allen and several others, 1768. ;i^200,ooo 
damage done to the public prisons and private buildings in London, June (the 
Gordon riots), 17S0. At Glasgow, amongst the cotton manufacturers, when several 
were killed by the soldiers, Sept. 4, 1787. At Birmingham, on account of com- 
memorating the French revolution, when several houses were destroyed, July 14, 
1791- In various parts of Scotland, on account of the militia act, several persons were 
killed, Aug. and Sept., 1797. At Maidstone, at the trial of Arthur O'Connor, and 
others. May 22, 1798; the Earl of Thanet, Mr Ferguson, and others, were active 
in endeavouring to rescue O'Connor, for which they were tried and convicted, 
April 25, 1799. Of weavers, near Manchester, May 24, 1808. At Liverpool, 
occasioned by a quarrel between a party of dragoons and a pressgang, June 27, 
1809. O. P. at Govent-garden theatre, Sept. 17, 1809; terminated Dec. 15, 
1809. In Piccadilly, in consequence of the House of Commons committing Sir 
F. Burdett to the Tower, April 6 and 9, 1810. O. P. riot at the Liverpool theatre, 
July, i8io. Of weavers, under the name of Luddites, Nov., 1811. At Sheffield, 
during which 800 muskets belonging to the local militia were destroyed, April 
14, 1812. Among the sailors at Lynn, quelled without bloodshed, Dec. 9, 1814. At 
St Ives, Huntingdonshire, on account of a proposed increased assessment of the 
property tax, which was appeased by the commissioners relinquishing their pur- 
pose, Dec. 13, 1814. In Westminster, on account of the corn bill, which lasted 
several days, Mar. 6, 1815. At Bishopwearmouth, near Durham, by the keel- 
men, who destroyed an expensive waggon road, and set fire to an immense pile of 
coals, March 20, 1815. At the depot at Dartmoor among the prisoners, in quell- 



726 RIOTS IN ENGLAND 

ing which seven Americans were killed, and 35 others wounded, April 8, 1815. 
By the seamen of Newcastle, Sunderland, and Shields, which, after continuing 
several weeks, terminated without bloodshed, Oct. 21, 1815. By the miners and 
men employed in the iron works at Wolverhampton, on account of wages, quelled 
by the military without bloodshed, Nov. 14, 1815. By the tanners in Bermondsey, 
during which several persons were wounded by Mr Timbrel, whose house they 
attacked, April 7, 1816. At Bridport, on account of the price of bread. May 6, 
1 81 6. On the same account and in the same month, at Brandon, near Bury in 
Suffolk, and the city of Norwich. At Bideford, to prevent the exportation of a 
cargo of potatoes, May 20, 1816. At Bury, to destroy a spinning-jenny, May 20. 
At Littleport and Ely, by a body of insurgent fenmen, on the same day, which, 
was quelled by the military, after some bloodshed. May 20. At Newcastle-upon- 
Tyne, by the pitmen and others. May 28. At Halstead, Essex, to liberate four 
persons who had been taken up for destroying machinery, May 28, 1816. At the 
village of Great Barnfield, Essex, to destroy threshing machines, in which they 
were defeated by the spirited exertions of Mr Spicer and his neighbours, whose 
house they attacked. May 31, 1816. At the Calton, one of the suburbs of Glas- 
gow, on account of the soup kitchens, which was quelled after several had been 
M'ounded by the military, Aug. 2, 1816. At Preston on account of the diminu- 
tion of wages, Aug. 17, 181 6 ; at the same place, by the unemployed and dis- 
tressed workmen, Sept., 1816. Among the convicts in Newgate, which was 
quelled by threatening to withhold their allowance of food, Aug. 26, 1816. At 
Nottingham, by the Luddites, who destroyed more than thirty frames, Oct. 12, 
1816. At Merthyr-Tydvil, in Glamorganshire, by the workmen in the ironworks 
on account of a reduction of wages, Oct. 18, 1816. By the colliers at Calder 
iron-works, near Glasgow, on account of a suspension of wages, in consequence 
of arrests for debt, which continued for several days, Oct. 19, 181 6. In the town 
of Birmingham, Oct. 28, 1 81 6. In the town of Walsall, during which the win- 
dows of several bakers were broken, and the house and mills of Mr Jones com- 
pletely gutted, Oct. 30, 1 816. In London, in consequence of a popular meeting 
in Spafields, for the purpose of presenting a petition to the Prince Regent, from 
the distressed manufacturers and mechanics, the shops of several gunsmiths were 
attacked for arms, and in that of Mr Beckwith on Snowhill, a Mr Piatt was shot 
in the body by one of the rioters, Dec. 2, 1816 ; several of the rioters were appre- 
hended, and one of the name of Watson was tried for high treason and acquitted, 
June 16, 181 7. At Dundee, on account of the sudden rise in the price of meal ; 
upwards of 100 shops of various descriptions were plundered, and the house of 
Mr Lindsay, an extensive corn-dealer, was set on fire, Dec. 7, 1816. In the Park, 
on the Prince Regent going to the House, in which an air-gim was fired at his Royal 
Highness, Jan. 28, 181 7. At Radstock and Poulton, near Bath, by the colliers, 
who assembled to the number of 3000, threatening destruction to the pits and 
buildings, but dispersed without doing mischief at the appearance of the military, 
Feb. 28, 181 7. At Manchester, in consequence of a popular meeting, March 3, 
181 7- At Alfreton, in Derbyshire, being part of an intended general insurrection ; 
it was, however, easily quelled, June 9, 181 7, and Jeremiah Brandreth and othei'S 
concerned in it were convicted in the following Oct. At the Westminster election, 
in which Sir MuiTay Maxwell was severely hurt, June 18, 19, and 20, 1818. In 
Covent -garden, on the chairing of Mr Lamb, who had been returned for West- 
minster, Feb. 13, 1819. At Liverpool, by the Irish, in an attempt to rescue one 
of their countrymen, July i, 1819. At Manchester (Peterloo), in which the 
military killed and wounded many unarmed people, Aug. 16, 1819. . At 
Paisley and Glasgow, Sept. 14, 1819. Among the keelmen at North Shields, 
Oct. 14, 18 19. At Dewsbury and its neighbourhood, by the members of the 
clothiers' union society, Feb. 21, 1820. At Culrain, in Scotland, in consequence 
of the expulsion of several tenants from an estate, March i, 1820. At Grange 



RIOTS IN ENGLAND 727 

Moor, in Yorkshire, April 8, 1820. At Edinburgh, on the acquittal of Queen 
Caroline, Nov. 19, 1820 ; at the funeral of the Queen, in consequence of the 
military opposing the body being carried through the city, Aug. 14, 1821. At 
Knightsbridge, between the military and the populace, on the funeral of Honey 
and Francis, Aug. 26, 1821. In the Isle of Man, on the high price of corn, Oct. 
5, 1821. In various parts of the south of Ireland, for several months in 1821 and 
1822. In Norfolk and Suffolk, to destroy threshing machines, March and April, 
1822. At Chippenham, between the inhabitants and those of a neighbouring 
village, Sept., 1822. Among the keelmen on the river Tyne, Oct. and Nov., 
1822. At the Dublin tlreatre, called the bottle conspiracy, from a bottle having 
been thrown at Lord Wellesley by some Orangemen, Dec. 14, 1822. At Norwich 
13,000 weavers and others took possession of the town, Jan. 24, 1826. In Lanca- 
shire several mills and looms destroyed, April 24 — 28. At Manchester, May 3. 
At Oldham, Oct. 12. At Norwich the weavers destroyed the frames. At 
Wymondham, June, 1827. At Gloucester, the toll house destroyed, Sept. 20. 
The weavers of Macclesfield, April 27 — 29, 1829. At Bethnal Green, May 27. 
At Fermanagh several Romanists killed, July 12. At Ballybay the Orange party 
committed excesses, Oct. 9, 1828. At Limerick, the plunder of provisions by a 
mob, June 15, 1830. At CastlepoUard, between the peasantry and police, at the 
fair, thirteen killed and above twice that number wounded. May 23, 1831. At 
Merthr-Tydvil, South Wales, among the iron-workers, who were fired upon, and 
several killed and wounded, June 3, 1S31. At the forest of Dean, June 8, 1S31, 
v^fhen the fences and plantations were torn down. At Bristol, when great injury 
was done, on the recorder, Sir Charles Wetherell, opposmg the reform bill, the 
Bishop's palace, the Mansion house, and several houses in Queen's Square, burnt, 
and two persons killed, and 60 wounded, Oct. 29, 1831. In Kilkenny, where a 
number of the police were attacked by the people and killed with their inspector, 
Dec. 14, 1 83 1. At Sheffield the medical school destroyed, Jan. 26, 1835. 
Election riot at Wolverhampton, May 27. At Liverpool, Romanists' riots, July 12. 
At Bedford, Poor I^aw riots, July 20. At Boytton, near Canterbury, where a 
man named Thoms, an insane fanatic, was killed. May 31, 1838. AttheGarrick 
theatre, riots caused by the Chartists, suppressed by proclamation, Dec. 12, 1838. 
Riots by the Chartists at Birmingham, July 15, 1839. At Newport, also by the 
Chartists, led by Frost, an ex-magistrate, several persons killed, Nov. 4, 1839. 
At Staleybridge, a mob of Chartists, 5000 strong, held a meeting, Aug. 4, 1842; 
Stockport plundered, Aug. 7; 4 persons wounded at Preston. Glasgow, riots at, II; 
at Blackburn the military fired upon the mob ; the court of requests at Stoke- 
upon-Trent destroyed, 15. Special commissions for the trial at Salford, Sept. 
13; Stafford, Oct. 3 ; Cheshire, Oct. 5; Lancashire, Oct. 11. At Cork, called 
'food riots,' June 10, 1842. The 'Rebecca riots' in Wales, 1843. At Sid- 
well, Exeter, on account of the innovations in the church service, Jan. 19, 1S45. 
At Edinburgh and Glasgow, March 7, 1848. The 'Chartists proposed riots' 
meeting, at Kennington common, April 10, 1848. 'Orange riots ' at Dolly's 
Brae in Ireland, July, 1849. Free-trade riots at Tamworth, May 28, 1851. 
Orange riots at Liverpool, July 14, 185 1. At Stockport 'Roman Catholic' 
riots, June 29, 1852. At Belfast, July 14. At Six Mile bridge election riot, July 
22. At I-iverpool, bread riots, Feb. 19, 1853. At London, in Stepney, Bethnal 
Green, and other places, Feb. 21,22. At Quebec, at Father Gavazzi's lectures, 
June 9, 1853. Bread riots in Devonshire, at Exeter, Jan. 9, 1854. At Hyde 
Park, Sunday Trading bill, June 24, 1855; and again, July I — 8; Bread riots, 
Oct. 14 and 28, 1855. At Kelso during St James' fair, Aug. 5, 1856. At Bel- 
fast, Roman Catholic riots, Sept. 16, 1857. At Galway during the lecture given 
by Father Gavazzi, March 29, 1859. At Limerick election. May 4. Between 
the military and militia at Aldershot, Dec. 25. High Church riots at St George's- 
in-the-East, Jan. 29, 1S60. Orange riot at Lurgan, July 8. At Chatham 



7-^8 RIOT ACT ROAD MURDER 

amongst the convicts, Feb. ii, 1861. The Garibaldians attacked by the Roman 
Catholics in Hyde Park, Oct. 5, 1862. At Birkenhead the Roman Catliolics 
attaclied the Protestants, many on both sides being wounded, tlie military were 
called out, Oct. 15. The operatives at Staleybridge, Ashton-under-Lyne, broke 
open the stores, March, 1863. The O'Donoghue riots at Dublin, at a meeting for 
considering the propriety of erecting a statue to Prince Albert, Feb. 23, 1864. 
At Belfast, at the inauguration of the statue to the late Daniel O'Connell, Aug. 
8 — 10, and again on the 23rd, 7 persons killed and upwards of 2CO wounded. At 
Hyde Park, Reform League riots, the park wall thrown down, and several police- 
men wounded, July 23, 1866. Food riots at Greenwich and Deptford, Jan. 24, 
1867. Anti-Popery riots at Birmingham, June 16. Bread riots at Exeter, Cre- 
diton, and Teignmouth, the military called out, Nov. 4, 5. Bread riots in Belfast, 
Nov. 23. Religious riots at Rochdale, March 6, 1868. Serious riots of the 
miners at Charleroi, Belgium, March 28 to April 4. Colliers created serious 
disturbances at Wigan, April 20. Religious riots at Ashton-under-Lyne, May 
8, 9. Potato riot at Cork, 3000 persons were engaged, Sept. 3. No-Popery or 
Murphy riots in Manchester, Sept. 5, 6. 

RIOT ACT, passed for preventing tumults and riotous assemblies, and for the more 
speedy and effectual punishing the lioters, I Geo. I., st. 2, c. 5, 17 14; capital 
punishment for not dispersing after the proclamation abolished, and transporta- 
tion, &c., substituted, 7 Will. IV. & i Vict. c. 91, July 17, 1837. 

RIPON, Yorkshire. The monastery founded by Eata, abbot of Melrose; St Wilfrid 
appointed abbot, 664 ; rebuilt by him, 690 ; Ripon honours his name still 
by an annual feast ; made a bishop's see, for a short period ; Athelstan made the 
church a sanctuary, 924 ; the town and monastery burned by the Danes, 950 ; 
made a borough by Alfred the Great ; in 1069 ravaged by William the Conqiteror, 
and laid waste 16 years ; it revived till 13 19, when the Scotch barbarians burnt 
it in one of their forays ; in 1604 James I. gave a new charter to the town ; 
visited by James I., 161 7; the town taken and plundered, and the Minster sacked 
by the Parliamentarians, 1643 ; the hospital founded by Thurston, archbishop of 
York, 1 140; and one by the Nevils. The Minster began, 11 54; completed, 1494; 
it is 260 feet in length, breadth of nave and aisles, 87 feet ; central tower rebuilt, 
1454; the chapter-house erected, 1 100; town hall built, 1801 ; the Minster 
made a Cathedral in 1836, Dr C. T. Longley the first Bishop. 

RITUALISTIC DOCTRINES in the English Church, commission appointed to 
inquire into the differences of practice, and the varying interpretations put upon the 
rubrics, orders, and directions for regulating the conduct of public worship, June 
3, 1867 ; the MS. copy of the Prayer-book attached to the Act of Uniformity 
discovered, July 30 ; first report presented for regulating the vestments worn by 
the ministers of the United Church, Aug. 19. 

RIVAULX ABBEY, Yorkshire, built by V/aher Espec, 1132. 

RIVOLI, Sardinia, the French under Massena defeated the Austrians, 1797; cap- 
tured by the Sardinians, June 16, 1848 ; the Austrians repulsed at, July 22. 

RIZZIO, David, an Italian musician, assassinated, March 9, 1566, by Lord Darnley, 
the husband of Mary, Queen of Scots, in her presence. 

ROAD MURDER. A village near Trowbridge ; William Saville Kent, the son of 
Mr S. S. Kent, sub-inspector of factories, was mtn-dered under mysterious circum- 
stances, June 29, i860. The nursemaid, Elizabeth Gough, was charged with the 
crime but acquitted ; his sister, Constance, was also suspected, but discharged ; 
she subsequently made a voluntary confession to the Rev. Arthur D. Wagner, of 
St Paul's, Brighton, and gave herself up at Bow-street, April 25, 1865; committed 
for trial by the magistrates at Trowbridge, April 26 ; tried at Salisbury, and 
sentenced to be hanged, July 20 ; commuted to transportation. 



ROADS ROCHESTER 



729 



ROADS. The highways becoming in a dangerous state a statute was passed for 
the repair and widening of, 13 Edw. I., st. 2, c. 5, 1285. A toll upon all sorts 
of carriages granted to the master of the Hospital of St Giles-in-the-Fields for the 
repair of, Edw. HI., 1346; regulations for the better management of, and surveyors 
appointed by 2 & 3 Phil. & Mary, c. 8, 1555; the first turnpike act passed, 15 Chas. 
II. c. I, 1663 ; all cart-ways leading to market towns to be made 8 feet wide at 
least, 3 Will. & Mary, c. 12, 1691 ; the weight of loads to be carried fixed, March 
25, 1720 ; wooden blocks used in Oxford-street and Holborn, 1839-40. Made 
in the Highlands of Scotland by Gen. Wade, 1746 ; and by MacAdam, a com- 
missioner of roads, 1783-98 ; generally adopted in England, 1829 ; an act passed 
for their better management, 25 & 26 Vict. c. 61, July 29, 1862 ; several toll- 
gates abolished by 26 & 27 Vict. c. 78, July 28, 1863 ; a steam roller used, 1867. 

ROASTING ALIVE Sir John Oldcastle, Lord Cobham charged with being a 
favourer of Wicklifife, and a heretic, condemned by Thomas Arundel, arch- 
bishop of Canterbury ; but, escaping into Wales, where a miserable wretch 
(Powis) betrayed him, his old sentence was carried out. He was hanged 
by the middle in chains over a fire, before his own residence in Smithfield, and 
slowly roasted, 5 Henry V., 1418 ; Sevetus burnt at Geneva for heresy, being 
condemned at the instigation of Calvin, Oct. 27, 1553. 

ROBBERS, first punished with death by the laws of Edw. I. ; robbing from the 
person made felony and punished with death, 7 & 8 Geo. IV., c. 29, s. 6, June 
21, 1827 ; repealed, 7 Will. IV. & I Vict. c. 87, s. i, July 17, 1837 ; altered 24 
& 25 Vict. c. 96, s. 40, Aug. 6, 1 86 1. 

ROBESPIERRE, MAXIMILIAN, a leader in the atrocities committed during the 
French revolution, guillotined, July 24, 1 794. 

ROCHE ABBEY, Yorkshire, founded, 1147. 

ROCHEFORT-SUR-MER, France, made a naval station, by Louis XIV., 1666. 
Here Napoleon gave himself up to Cap. Maitland of theBellerophon, July 15, 1815. 

ROCHELLE, France, besieged by the duke of Anjou, before which he lost 24,000 
men, July 15, 1573 ; again besieged with an army of 25,000 men ; Cardinal 
Richelieu erected a stone dyke across the mouth of the harbour to prevent the 
relief of, by a foreign fleet, after an heroic defence of 15 months, and when more 
than half of the population had perished it was taken, and only 5000 out of 15,000 
remained alive, Oct. 28, 1628. 

ROCHESTER, Kent. The Di/roinva; of the Homs-us. Captured by Ethelred, King 
of Mercia, 676 ; plundered by the Danes, 839 and 885 ; AtheJstan established 
3 mints here, 930 ; re-invaded by the Danes, 999 ; the castle erected by William 
the Conqueror, 1077; taken by King John from the Barons, 1215; Henry HI. 
held a tournament at, 125 1 ; the city nearly destroyed by fire, 1 137; rebuilt and 
walled round, 1225; repaired, 1290; chartered by Edw. IV., 1460; confirmed 
by Chas. I., 1630. The castle taken by the Barons, 1215. Grand tournament, 
1251 ; besieged by the Barons under Simon de Montfort, 1254; again assaulted 
by Wat Tyler. Edw. IV. repaired the castle ; the town hall erected, 1687 ; the 
clock tower by Sir Cloudesley Shovel, 1706; fort Pitt erected, 1803; fort Clarence, 
1812 ; 14 persons drowned passing under the bridge, Sept. 13, 1816. Atter- 
bury, bishop, tried. May 27, 1723; quitted England, June 8, 1723; died, 
Feb. 22, 1731. The old bridge taken down, Jan. 13, 1857 ; made a bishopric 
by Ethelbert, 604 ; Justus was elected the first bishop. The Cathedral destroyed 
by the Danes ; rebuilt by Bishop Gundulf, begun, 1077; finished and dedicated, 
May II, 1 130; injured by fire, 1138; and again, 11 77; partially destroyed when 
the city was besieged by the Barons, 1264 ; tower taken down, 1763 ; length of 
the Cathedral, 306 feet, 68 broad. The palace of the bishop rebuilt, 1459 ; and 



730 ROCKETS ROLLS 

again in the 17th century; the foundation stone of a Jewish synagogue laid, Oct. 
5, 1868. 

ROCKETS, for war purposes, first used by the Venetians, 1380 ; by the French, 
1449. One invented by Sir William Congreve, 1803; used at Boulogne, Oct. 8, 
1806 ; Sir W. Congreve's manufactory at West Ham, Essex, exploded, killing 
two men, and injuring several others, June 12, 1824. Mr Dennet of Newport 
invented rockets, to be projected over wrecked vessels, or from the vessel to the 
shore, where it would fix itself in the ground, 1828. 

ROCKINGHAM ADMINISTRATIONS ; the first formed by the Marquis of, 
July, 1765; resigned, July, 1766; the second, March, 1782; dissolved, July, 1782. 

ROCKINGHAM CASTLE, Northamptonshire, built by William L, 1070-80 ; a 
council held in, to settle the disputes between William Rufus and Archb . Anselm, 
as to Episcopal investiture, 1094 ; Thomas Lord Burleigh appointed warden, by 
Queen Elizabeth, 1598 ; taken by the Parliamentarians, 1646. 

ROCKINGHAM HOUSE, Roscommon, Ireland, the seat of Lord Lorton, de- 
stroyed by fire, April 18, 1863. 

ROCKING STONE, discovered in North America, in Savoy, Massachusetts, 1825, 
26 feel long and 18 broad. 

ROCROI, battle, the Spaniards under Francisco de Mello, invested this fortress with 
an army of 26,000 men ; the place was relieved by the French army under the 
Prince de Conde, who entirely defeated the Spaniards with a loss of 15,000 men, 
May 19, 1643. 

RODNEY, Lord, great naval victory of, near Cape St Vincent, over the Spanish 
admiral Langara, whom he made prisoner, destroying several sail and taking five, 
Jan. 16, 1780 ; he also defeated the French, under the Count de Grasse, when he 
took or destroyed five sail-of-the-line, and captured the commander-in-chief; 
Rodney's own ship fired 80 broadsides, April 12, 1782. 

ROLICA, battle, the British forces, commanded by Wellesley, defeated a French 
division of 5000, commanded by Delaborde, Aug. 9, 1808. 

ROLLS. A list of the Masters of, with the dates of their appointments : — 

Alcock, John, April 29, 147 1 ' Colepeper, John Lord, June i, 1660 

Arden, Sir Richard, June 4, 178S Copley, Sir John Singleton, Sept. 14, 1826 

Ayremynne, William de, Aug. 19, 1316 Cordell, Sir William, Nov. 5, 1557 

Richard de, May 26, 1324 Cromwell, Thomas, Oct. 8, 1534 

Bainbrigge, Christopher, Nov. 13, 1504 Digges, Sir Dudley, April 12, 1636 

Baron, William, Feb. i, 1502 Egerton, Sir Thomas, April 10, 1594 

Barrow, Thomas, Sept. 29, 1483 Evesham, Thomas de, Jan. 10, I341 

Beaumont, John de, Dec. 13, 1550 Fortescue, William, Nov. 5, 1741 

Bickersteth, Rt Hon. Hen., Jan. 19, 1836 Franuke, John, Oct. 28, 1423 

Blyth, John, May 14, 1492 Gauntstede, Simon de, June 3, 1415 

Bruce, Edward, May 18, 1603 Gerrard, Gilbert, May 30, 1581 

Bubbewyth, Nich. de, Sept. 24, 1402 Gifford, Robt. Lord, April 5, 1824 

Burstall, William, March 28, 1371 Grant, Sir William, May 27, 1801 

Burton, John de, Oct. 24, 1386 Grimstone, Sir Harbottle, Nov. 3, 1660 

Caesar, Sir Julius, Oct. I, 1614 Hales, Christopher, July 10, 1536 

Csesar, Sir Charles, March 18, 1639 Hannibal, Thomas, Oct. 9, 1523 

Churchhill, Sir John, Oct. 20, Jan. 12, Hare, Sir Nicholas, Sept. 18, 1553 

1685 Jekyll, Sir Joseph, July 13, 1717 

Clarke, John, Oct. 20, 1522 Johnson, George, Aug. 15, 1667 

Clarke, Sir Thomas, May 29, 1754 Kenyon, Sir Lloyd, March 30, 1784 

Clyfif, Henry de, July 4, 1326 Kirkeby, Thomas de, March 29, 1447 

Colepeper, Sir John, Jan. 28, 1643 Kirkeham, Robert de, Dec. 23, 1461 



ROLLS CHAPEL ROMAN CATHOLICS n^- 

Langton, John de, 1286 June 18, 1552 

Leach, Sir John, May 3, 1827 Stanley, Thomas, Sept. 11, 1397 

Lenthall, William, Nov. 8, 1643 Stopynden, John, Nov. 13, 1438 

May, Sir Humphrey, April 10, 1629 Strange, Sir John, Jan. 11, 1750 

Morland, William, Feb. 22, 1471 Taylour, John, June 26, 1527 

Morton, John, March 16, 1472 Thoresby, John de, Feb. 21, 1341 

Morton, Robert, May 30, 1477 Trevor, Sir John, Oct. 20, 1685 ; Jan, 
Morton, Robert, Nov. 13, 1485 18, 1693 

Osgodeby, Adam de, Oct. i, 1295 Tunstall, Cuthbert, May 12, 15 16 

Paul, John de St, April 28, 1337 Verney, John, Oct. 9, 1738 

Pepys,Sir Chas Christop,Sept. 29,1834 Wakering, John de, March 2, 1405 

Phillips, Sir Edward, Jan. 14, 1610 Wallore, David de, July 2, 1346 

Plumer, Sir Thomas, Jan. 6, 181 8 Waltham, John de, Sept. 8, 1381 

Powle, Henry, March 13, 1689 Warham, William, Feb. 13, 1494 

Romilly, Sir John, March 28, 185 1 Wath, Michael de, Jan. 20, 1334 

Scarle, John de, July 22, 1394 Williams, David, Nov. 26, 1487 

Scwell, Sir Thomas, Dec. 4, 1764 Yonge, John, Jan. 22, 1508; June li, 
Southwell, Sir Robert, July i, 1541 ; 1509 

ROLLS CHAPEL, Chancery-lane, founded by Henry IIL, 1233, for the main- 
taining and ordaining of converted Jews. The records first deposited here in the 
14th century. Rolls House, Chancery-lane, erected, Sept. 18, 171 7. 

ROMAN CATHOLIC ASSOCIATION, a society established in Ireland, to re- 
move the disabilities to which the Roman Catholics were subjected in regard to 
their civil rights, founded by Daniel O'Connell, 1824. An act of parliament was 
passed to suppress it, March 5, 1829, after the disabilities which it was its object to 
remove were no more : the society had previously voted its own dissolution, Feb. 

12, 1829. 

ROMAN CATHOLIC FAITH. The precise date of the foundation of this 
creed is uncertain. Some give it to the time when Constantine made such an 
adroit use of the Christians to aid in his conquests, or A.D. 323. Others date it 
from Boniface III., 606, when he assumed the title of universal bishop; this, how- 
ever, only applies to the title of its head. 

ROMAN CATHOLICS. Henry VIII. destroyed the power of the Pope in Eng- 
land, 1534; several members of that faith executed, 1535; Henry styled 
Defender of the Faith, 1539 ; the priests forbidden to make proselytes by 23 
Eliz. c. I, 1581 ; not to be relieved by Protestants, 1593 ; not permitted to hold 
Government offices, 1672 ; forbidden to appear at court, 1673 j excluded from 
Parliament, 1677 ; in 1685 they were restored to their privileges ; they were dis- 
abled from holding offices of trust, 1689 ; obliged to register their names and 
estates, 1717 > some relaxations of these hard conditions took place, 1778, and 
they were permitted to purchase land and take it by descent, 1780 ; yet these 
trivial concessions caused a riot, headed by I^ord George Gordon, 1780, and 
dreadful excesses followed. An act passed relieving them, upon conditions 
and under restrictions, from certain penalties and disabilities, 31 Geo. III. c. 
32, 1791- A bill introduced into the House of Commons for the relief of, 
March 6, 1829 ; majority for going into Committee, 188 ; Maixh 18, majority for 
second reading, 180 ; March 30, majority for third reading, 170 : in the House of 
Lords, March 31, no division ; April 4, second reading, for, 217 ; against, 112 ; 
April 10, third reading, for, 213 ; against, 109 ; receives the royal sanction, April 

13, 10 Geo. IV. c. 7. Mr O'Connell, the first Catholic member, took his seat 
for Clare, July 5, 1829 ; the first English Catholic member was the Earl of Sur- 
rey, for Horsham, May 4, 1829. The double land tax charged upon the property 
of, reduced, i & 2 Will. IV. c. 21, Sept. 22, 1831. The charity bequests of, places 



732 ROMANS ROME 

of worship, and education, regulated by 2 & 3 Will. IV. c. 115, A.ug. 15, 1832. 
Abolishing the Roman Catholic oath at elections, 6 & 7 Vict. c. 28, J\ily 4, 1843. 
Sevei-al penal statutes repealed by 7 & 8 Vict, c 102, Aug. 9, 1844. An act 
passed relieving them of penalties and disabilities, 9 & 10 Vict. c. 59, Aug. 18, 
1846. The Ecclesiastical Titles Bill passed, 14 & 15 Vict. c. 60, Aug. i, 1851. 
The Roman Catholic Charities regulated by 23 & 24 Vict. c. 134, Aug. 28, i860. 
In 1868, the number of priests in the united kingdom was 1489 ; churches and 
chapels, 1122 ; monasteries, 67 ; convents, 214; colleges, 18. 

ROMANS, Epistle to the, written from Corinth, by St Paul, a.d. 58. 

ROME, Ancient : ^Founded by Romulus (according to Varro), B.C. 753; he is 
succeeded by Numa Pompilius, 715 ; the Capitol founded, 615 ; the first census 
taken, 566 ; the second, 508. The dictatorship instituted, 501 ; secession of the 
Plebeians to the Mons Sacer, 494 ; tribunes instituted, 494 ; Coriolanus banished, 
491. First war with Veil begun, 483; ended, 474. The Volscian war begun, 
459; Decemvirs instituted, 452; secession (second) of the Plebeians to the Mons 
Sacer, 449 ; second war with Veii, 406 ; Veii captured by Camillus, 396 ; the 
Gauls take Rome, 390; the first war with the Samnites, 343. The first war with 
the Latins, 340. Second war witli the Samnites begun, 326; ended, 304; third 
war with the Samnites begun, 298; ended, 290. Aqua Appia built, 31 1 ; Pyrrhus 
invaded Italy, 281. First Punic war, begun, 264 ; ended, 241 ; second Ijegun, 
218; ended, 201 ; third begun, 149; ended, 146. The Empire first mentioned in 
the Bible, 161; Carthage destroyed, 146; Numantine wai", 143. The Jugurthine 
war begun, ill; ended, 106. Social war begun, 90; ended, 88. First Mithridatic 
war with, 88 ; second, 74. The Temple of Jupiter burnt, 83. Cateline's con- 
spiracy, first, 65 ; second, 63. Fii-st Triumvirate established (Julius Csesar, Pom- 
pey, and Crassus), 63 ; civil war between Caesar and Pompey, 49 ; battle of Phar- 
salia, 44 ; Julius Csesar assassinated, 44 ; second Triumvirate (Octavian, Antony, 
and Lepidus), 43 ; battle of Philippi, 42 ; Herod the Great was made king, 40 ; 
and confirmed in his government by Augustus, 30. Aqua Julia, built by Augustus, 
34; battle of Actium, 31; the Pantheon erected by Agrippa, 27; Public Baths 
erected by Agrippa, 24 ; peace declared with all the world, 5. 

ROME, Modern : — The principal events which have taken place in Rome since the 
commencement of the Christian era are as follows : Ovid banished to Tomi, A.D. 
9; Cappadocia added to Rome, 17; Tiberius retired to his debaucheries at Caprese, 
26 ; Caractacus brought in chains to, 50 ; Agrippina put to death by her son 
Nero, 59 ; St Paul brought prisoner to, 62 ; the city burnt by Nero, 64; 
Seneca, Lucan, and the apostles Peter and Paul put to death, 65 ; Jerusalem 
taken, and levelled by Titus, Sept. 8, yo ; the Colosseum begun by Vespasian, 
72; revolt of the Parthians, 77; the theatre of Pompey, the library of Augustus, 
and the Capitol, destroyed by fire, 80 ; the Dacian war begun, 86 ; Pliny, Junior, 
proconsul in Bithynia, sent Trajan his celebrated account of the Christians, 102 ; 
Trajan's expedition into the East against the Parthians, 106 ; Trajan's column 
erected at Rome, 114; the Mausoleum of Hadrian erected, 130. The Jewish 
v/ar begun, 131 ; ended, 135. The Capitol destroyed by lightning, 188. Byzan- 
tium taken ; its walls razed, 196. Severus erected a triumphal arch, 202 ; the Goths 
received tribute, 222 ; Pompey's amphitheatre burnt, 241 ; the Goths invaded, 
250 ; pestilence throughout the empire, 252 ; Claudius obtains a great victory 
over the Goths, at Naissus, 300,000 slain, 269; the Emperor Aurelian erected 
a new wall round the city, 270-I ; Longinus put to death, 273 ; the barbarians 
obtain Dacia, 274; the era of the martyrs, 284; the Franks settled in Gaul, 287; 
Constantius died at York, 306 ; four emperors reigned at one time, 308 ; Maxi- 
mius strangled, 310. Constantine the Great, in consequence of a vision, placed 
the cross on his banners, and arrived at Rome, 312; began to favour the 
Christians, 319; tolerated the Christian faith, 323; convoked the first general 



ROME 733 

council of Christians at Nice, 325. Tlie seat of empire removed from Rome to 
Byzantium, 328; Constantine ordered the destruction of the heathen temples, 331 ; 
revolt of 300,000 Sarmatian slaves from their masters, suppressed with difBculty, 
334. Death of Constantine ; — succeeded by his three sons, Constans, Constantius 
II., and Constantine II., 337. The army proclaimed Julian emperor at Paris, 
360 ; Julian abjured Christianity, and opened all the heathen temples, 361 ; 
Julian killed in battle, in Persia, 363. Jovian restored Christianity, 363 ; found 
dead, supposed to be poisoned, 364. The Roman empire divided between Eastern 
and Western, by Valentinian and Valens, brothers ; the former had the West, 364. 
The Goths permitted to settle in Thrace, 376; they entered the Roman territories, 
382. Valentinian deposed by Maximus, who restored Paganism, 387. Arcadius 
and Honorius, emperors, 395 ; the walls repaired by Honorius, 404 ; 200,000 
Goths defeated, 405 ; the Vandals, Alani, and Suevi permitted to settle in France 
and Spain, by Honorius, 406 ; the city taken and pillaged, then burned, by the 
Goths under Alaric, Aug. 24, 410 ; the kingdom of Thoulouse begun, 411 ; the 
Vandals began their empire in Spain, 412 ; the city restored, 417 ; Pharamond 
commenced the empire of the Franks, 420; the Vandals retired into Africa, 427; 
Genseric captured Carthage, 439 ; Attila the Hun ravaged Europe, 447 ; the 
Vandals entered and ravaged Sicily, 454. Valentinian dishonoured the wife of 
Maximus, 454; he was killed by the soldiers on the side of Maximus, who married 
his widow, Eudoxia, 455; Eucloxia, to avenge Valentinian and punish Maximus, 
invited Genseric and the Vandals into Italy, 455 ; the city taken and sacked by 
the Vandals under Genseric, the pillage lasting for 14 days, June 15 — 29, 455; Max- 
imus stoned to death, and Eudoxia and her family, with thousands more, sent cap- 
tive to Africa, 455 ; the Emperor Majorianus fixed his residence at Ravenna, 455 ; 
the Vandals expelled from Sicily, 464 ; the Goths defeated in Gaul, 466 ; the city 
pillaged, 472 ; great eruption of Mount Vesuvius, 472 ; Odoacer entered Italy, 
took Rome and the title of King of Italy, terminating the Western Roman empire, 
476 ; besieged by a Gothic army of 150,000 men, and successfully defended by 
Belisarius for 12 months, when the siege was raised, 538 ; retaken by the Goths 
under Totila and sacked, Dec. 17, 546 ; retaken by Belisarius, Feb., 547 ; again 
taken by Totila, 549 ; recovered by Narses, July, 552. The papal usurpation 
established, 606 ; Rome revolted from the Greek emperors, 726 ; the Greek 
emperors extinguished and a republic established, 732; Pope Stephen II. 
got temporal rule ; Charlemagne became Emperor of the West, 800 ; cr-owned, 
Dec. 25, 800. The suburbs plmidered by the Arabs, 846 ; besieged by 
Henri IV., 1081 ; partially burnt by the Saracens, under Robert Guiscard, 
1084 ; the Pope removed his government to Avignon, 1309 ; the last gladia- 
torial combat held in the Colosseum, 1332 ; Petrarch crowned at the Capitol, 
April 8, 1341. Rienzi made Dictator, May 20, 1347 ; abdicated, Dec. 15 ; 
restored, 1354 ; murdered by the Plebs, Sept. 8, 1354. The populace re- 
volted against the Pope's authority, May 29, 1434 ; the library of the Vatican 
founded, 1447 ; St Peter's begun, 1450. The Duke Charles of Bourbon, with a 
force of 14,000 German lansquenets, attacked Rome, but he was killed whilst 
placing the first ladder with his own hands ; his infuriated followers stoiTned the 
city, and slaughtered the garrison, May 6, 1527 ; the city was given up to pillage 
for seven months, and the Pope imprisoned in the castle of St Angelo. Porta 
del Popolo erected, 1561. The obelisk of the Vatican erected by Sixtus V., 
1586 ; the obelisk of St Maria Maggiore, 1587. The Fontana Paolina on the 
Janiculum erected by Paul V., 1612 ; St Peter's dedicated by Urban VIII., 1626 ; 
Benedict XIV. restored the walls, 1749 ; the Jesuits expelled from, Aug. 1773 > 
M. Basseville, the French ambassador, shot in the streets of, Jan. 14,1793; Bona- 
parte took the city, and plundered the Vatican and other celebrated galleries of 
their treasures, which he sent to France, 1797 ; invaded by the French, under 
Berthier, Feb. i6, 1798 ; the Pope sent from the city, and a republic established, 



734 ROME 

March 20 ; captured by the Neapolitans, and the King of Naples made his 
triumphal entry into, Nov. 29, 1798 ; reoccupied by the French, Dec. 8, 1798 ; 
the Pope restored to his kingdom, July 3, 1800 ; tlie French again entered, Feb. 2, 
1808 ; annexed by Napoleon to Italy, May 21, 1808 ; made a free city by, May 
17, 1809 ; the Pope taken prisoner by the French, July 5. The French under- 
took the restoration of the city, 1809 ; the city incorporated with France, Dec. 12, 
1809. Murat entered the city at the head of 20,000 men, Jan. 19, 1813; Pope 
Pius VII. returned to the city. May 24, 1814. Pope Pius IX. elected, June 16, 
1846 ; crowned, June 21. The Pope declared war against Austria, May i, 1848; 
Count Rossi formed a new ministry, Sept. 14; assassinated, Nov. 15. The 
people demanded a democratic ministry ; a conflict ensued between the papal and 
civic guard ; the troops invested the Quirinal, and placed cannon against the en- 
trance ; the Pope was forced to accept a popular ministry, Nov. 16, 1848 ; Car- 
dinal Palma, the Pope's secretary, was shot in the conflict, Nov. 16; the Pope 
escaped in disguise from Rome to Gaeta, Nov. 24 ; M. de Corcelles left Paris for 
Rome, a French armed expedition having preceded him, to afford protection to 
the Pope, Nov. 27 ; protest of the Pope against the acts of the provisional gov- 
ernment, Nov. 28, 1848. A constituent assembly met at Rome, Feb. 5, 1849 ; 
the Roman National Assembly declared the Pope divested of all temporal power, 
and adopted the republican form of government, Feb. 8 ; the republican flag 
hoisted on the tower of the Capitol ; the Pope protested against the decree for his 
dethronement, Feb. 14; his Holiness appealed to the great Roman Catholic 
powers for an armed intervention in his behalf, Feb. 18 ; Civita Vecchia occupied 
by the French forces, under Marshal Oudinot, April 26 ; a small French force 
repulsed from Rome by Garibaldi, April 29 ; in this action the French were 
driven back from the city with the loss of about 700 men. Engagement between 
the Romans and Neapolitans ; the former captured 60 prisoners and 400 
muskets, May 5 ; the French, under Marshal Oudinot, commenced an attack, 
June 3 ; they made a breach in the walls, June 14 ; the French sent storming 
parties through the breaches in the walls, June 21 ; a deputation sent to Marshal 
Oudinot, to treat for a surrender, and they eventually capitulated to the French 
army, July 3 ; the Roman Assembly dissolved, July 4 ; an officer from Oudinot's 
camp arrived at Gaeta, to present the Pope with the keys of the two gates of Rome 
by which the French army had entered the city, July 4 ; the re-establishment of 
the Pope's authority proclaimed at Rome, July 15 ; Oudinot issued a general 
order, stating that the Pope (or his representative) now repossessed the administra- 
tion of affairs, but that public security in the Pontifical dominions still remained 
under the special guarantee of the French army, Aug. 3 ; his Holiness arrived at 
Portici on a visit to the king of Naples, Sept. 4 ; he issued from Portici a motu 
profiio to his subjects, Sept. 12. The Pope left Portici for Rome, where he ar- 
rived, April 13, 1850 ; he issued the bull, establishing a Roman Catholic hier- 
archy in England, Sept. 24. A concordat was agreed to with Tuscany, April 25, 
1851 ; with Austria, Aug. 18, 1855 ; with Spain, Aug. 26, 1859. The National 
Assembly opened, Sept. i, 1859 ; vote in favour of the separation of the tem- 
poral power of the Pope, Sept. 7 ; all their acts annulled by the Pope, Sept. 26; 
the Sardinian minister left Rome, Oct. 9 ; the surrender of the legations de- 
manded, Dec. 31 ; The Pope refused, Jan. 8, i860; disturbance amongst the 
students at, Feb. I ; popular outbreak put down with great barbarity, March 19 ; 
sentence of excommunication issued against the kings of Italy and France, March 
29 ; the Sardinian forces invaded the Roman States, Sept. Ii ; Pesaro captured, 
Sept. 12; Sinigaglia, Sept, 13; Perugia, Sept. 14; Ancona bombarded; the 
Papal army, with their commander. Gen. Lamoriciere, surrendered, Sept. 29 ; 
evacuated, Oct. 6. Treaty between the Emperor Napoleon HI. and the King of 
Italy for the evacuation of Rome, Sept. 15, 1864. The inhabitants petition for 
the withdrawal of the P'rench army of occupation, May, 1861 ; withdrawn, Dec. 



ROME 



735 



II, 1866, after an occupation of 17 years ; cost France, 61,524,000 francs. The 
Antibes legion for the service of the Pope left France, Sept. 13, 1866. Meeting 
at St Peter's held for the canonization of the Japanese martyrs, June 29, 1S67. A 
literary copyright convention concluded between France and Rome, July 21. 
Societies formed in Italy for the conquest of Rome, 1866-7. Garibaldi 
taken by the Italians whilst on his way to take command of the volunteers at ; 
several engagements on the frontier between the volunteers and the troops, Oct. 5; 
the invaders, under Menotti Garibaldi, defeated at Nerola, Oct. 18 ; Garibaldi left 
Caprera secretly, and arrived at Plorence, Oct. 21 ; the attempt of the brothers 
Cairoli defeated, and 70 of their followers killed, and one of their leaders, Oct. 
22 ; the volunteers, under Garibaldi, defeated the Papal forces at Monte Rondo, 
Oct. 26, but they were defeated at Viterbo, Oct. 24 ; the French army arrived at 
Civita Vecchia, Oct. 29 ; the Italian army entered the Roman States, Oct. 29 ; 
the French army entered Rome, Oct. 30 ; Garibaldi defeated at Montana by the 
combined forces, Nov. 2, and surrendered to the Italians, Nov. 3 ; the Italian 
troops evacuated the States, Nov. 5 j the French officers received by the Pope, 
and thanked foi their services, Nov. 13 ; returned to France, and the French flag 
lowered, Dec. 3. The population in 1S67 was 215,573. 

KINGS. 
Romulus 
Numa Pompilius 
Tullus Hostilius 
Ancus Martins 
Tarquinius Priscus 
Servius Tullius 
Tarquinius S uperbus ... 

EMPERORS. 

Augustus Csesar 

Tiberius Claudius Nero 

Caligula 

Claudius 

Claudius Nero 

Galba Sulpicius 

Otho 

Vitellius 

Vespasianus 

Vespasianus, his son ... 

Titus Flavins Domitian, brother 
of Titus, last of the Twelve 
Csesars, assassinated 

Nerva ... 

Trajanus 

Hadrianus 

Antoninus 

Marcus Aurelius, and Lucius 
Verus, his son-in-law ; the 
latter died, 169 

Commodius (L. Aurelius Anto- 
ninus)... 

Pertinax Publius Helvius 

Didius Julianus 

Pescennius Niger 

Severus Lucius Septimius; died 
at York, in Britain, 211; sue- assassinated ... ... ... 283 





ceeded by his sons 


193 


B.C. 753 


Caracalla M. Aurelius, and Sep- 




715 


timius Geta; Geta murdered 




673 


the same year by his brother. 




641 


who reigned alone until 217, 




616 


when he was slain by his suc- 




578 


cessor 


211 


534 


Macrinus M. Opilius 


217 




Elagabalus, M. Aurelius 


218 


B.C. 27 


Severus Alexander; assassinated 




A.D. 14 


by some soldiers corrupted by 




37 


Maximinus ... 


222 


41 


Maximinus Pius 


235 


54 


Gordianus M. Antonius 


238 


69 


Balbinus and Pupienus ; put to 




69 


death 


238 


69 


Gordian, junior,grandson of the 




70 


elder Gordian 


238 


70 


Philippus 


244 




Decius Metius 


249 




Gallus Hostilius, and his son 




81 


Volusianus, both slain by the 




96 


soldiers 


251 


98 


^milianus Volusianus 


252 


118 


Valerianus and his son Galli- 




138 


enus ... 


253 




Gallienus reigned alone 


260 




Claudius Gothicus II. 


268 


161 


Aurelianus L. Domitius 
Tacitus, elected, Oct. 25 ; died 


270 


180 


at Tarsus, in Cilicia, April 13 


275 


193 


Florianus, his brother 


276 


193 


Probus M. Aurelius ... 


276 


193 


Cai-us M. Aurelius 


282 



Carinus and Numerianus ; both 
assassinated ... 



736 



ROMFORD 



Diocletianus 

Maximilianus Hercules: the two 
emperors resign in favour of 

Constantius and Galerius Max- 
imianus : the first died at 
York, in Britain, 306 

Constantinus, afterwards styled 
the Great 

Maxentius, the son of Maximi- 
anus Hercules. Besides these, 
were ... 

Maximianus Hercules, who en- 
deavoured to recover his power 

Severus Flavins Valerius 

Flavius Valerianus Licinius, the 
brother-in-law of Constantine 

Constantine the Great reigned 
alone ; died on Whitsunday, 
May 22, 337 

Constantinus II., Constans, and 
Constantius II., sons of Con- 
stantine; divided the empire 
between them : the first was 
slain, 340, and the second 
murdered, 350, when the third 
became sole emperor 

Julian, the Apostate, so called 
for abjuring Christianity, 
having been educated for the 
priesthood : mortallywounded 
in a battle with the Persians 

Jovianus, reigned eight months 

Valentinian I. . . . 

The Roman empire terminated 
here as a single dominion. 
Valentinian, the son of Gra- 
tian, took the Western, and 
his brother Valens the East- 
ern, Empire. 

DIVISION OF THE EMPIRE. 

Wesieiit. 
Valentinianus and Gratianus 



284 

286 

30s 
306 

306 

306 
306 

307 
324 



337 



361 
363 
364 



364 
375 



RONCESVALLES 

Valentinianus 11. 
Honorius 
Valentinianus HI. 
Petronius Maximus 
Avitus Flavius Csecilius 
Marjoranus Julius .... 
Severus Libius 
Anthenius Procopius ... 
Olybius Anicius 
Glycerius Flavius 
Nepos Julius 
Romulus Augustulus 
Fall of the Western Empire. 

Eastern. 
Valens ... 

Theodosius the Great ... 
Arcadius 
Theodosius II. 
Pulcheria and Marciantis 
Leo I. ... 

Leo II 

Zeno 

Anastasius I. ... 

Justinus I. 

Justinus II. 

Tiberius II. 

Mauritius 

Phocas 

Heraclius 

Heraclius, Constantinus, and 

Heracleonas 
Constans II. 
Constantinus III. 
Justinianus II. 
Philippus Bardanes 
Anastasius II. 
Theodosius III. 

Leo IIL 

Constantinus IV. 

Leo IV. 

Constantinus V. 

Irene 

Nicephorus 



383 

395 
425 
455 
455 
457 
461 
467 
472 
473 
474 
475 



364 
379 
383 
408 

450 
457 
474 
474 
491 
518 
565 
578 
582 
602 
610 

641 
641 
668 
685 
711 

713 
716 

718 
741 

775 
780 

797 
802 



Gratianus and Valentinianus II 
For Popes of, see List under Popes. 

ROMFORD, Essex, the Roman Durolitum. The name first appeared in the 
Red-book of the Exchequer ; the manor held by Roger Bigod, Earl of Norfolk, 
1166 ; Giddea Hall begun by Sir Thomas Cooke, aid. of London, 1467; Town- 
hall rebuilt, 1768. 

ROMFORD BARRACKS destroyed by fire. May 27, 1745 ; rebuilt, 1795. 

RONCESVALLES, Spain, invaded by Charlemagne, who was defeated here, 778 ; 

the pillar erected to commemorate that event destroyed, 1794 ; the French cap- 

- tured the passes of, June 3, 1794; and defeated the Spaniards, Oct. 16 ; the 

English under Stewart and Hill, defeated by the French under Soult, July 25, 

I013 ; Don Carlos proclaimed king, Oct. 12, 1S33. 



ROPEMAKING ROSETTA 737 

ROPEMAKING, Mr Sylvester invented a machine for, 1783, and substituted 
horse for hand power, 1784 ; Mr John Belfour obtained a patent for, March 
16, 1793 ; improved by Richard Fothergill, April 12 ; and by Joseph Huddart, 
April 25 ; further improved by William Chapman, 1797 ; still further improved 
by William Hoard, 1801. Messrs Chapman patented a method for making flat 
mining ropes, Oct. 30, 1807 ; the method of spinning much improved and 
simplified by Mr Lang, 1832 ; since improved upon by Mr Stewart, 1838, and 
subsequently. 

ROSAMOND the Fair, and Rosamond's Bower ; the lady was the favourite of 
Henry II. of England, the daughter of Lord Chfford, and the mother of 
William Longsword, Earl of Salisbury, and Geoffrey, Bishop of Lincoln, against 
whom the queen and others conspired for her destruction ; Queen Eleanor, 
it is said, poisoned her ; her remains were buried at Godstow church, afterwards 
removed by Hough, Bishop of Lincoln, under circumstances of great indignity, 
I191. 

ROSARY, an office of the Roman Church, made up of beads, to a certain number 
of which a pater-noster must be said on counting them ; the invention ascribed 
to Dominic de Guzman, 1202, according to some writers, 1093 ; the festival of, 
is held the first Sunday in October. 

ROSAS, Spain, besieged by the French, Nov., 1794; Isquierdo embarked with the 
garrison, Feb. 3, 1795 ; taken by the French, Feb. 4 ; Gen. Reille attempted to 
carry the fortress by a coup-de-maiii, July 11, 1808 ; the town besieged, Nov. 4, 
1808 ; surrendered to the French under Gen. St Cyr, Dec. 5 ; surrendered at 
the peace of 1814. 

ROSCOMMON, Ireland. The abbey founded, 1148; castle built, 1269; the 
gallery of a chapel gave way, killing 14 persons, April 17, 1804; the English 
defeated the forces of O'Conor, 1815. 

ROSE. The damask rose introduced from the south of France, in the i6th century; 
the Provence rose from the same country about 1596 ; the moss rose from N. 
America, circa 1724 ; the thornless rose from N. America in the beginning of the 
sixteenth century ; the China rose from China, circa 1789 ; the sweet-scented 
Guelder from China, 1821. 

ROSE, order of Knighthood, instituted in Brazil by Don Pedro upon his second 
marriage, Oct. 17, 1829. 

ROSEBECQUE, battle ; the French army under the Constable Olivier de Clisson 
was attacked by Philip van Artevelde with 50,000 Flemings ; the French were 
victorious, the Flemings losing 25,000 men, Artevelde was among the number, 
Nov. 29, 1382. 

ROSE CASTLE, Cumberland, the residence of the Bishops of Carlisle ; Edward 

I. lodged at, 1299 ; fortified by John de Kirtly, 1336 ; Bishop Markland built the 
tower, 1416 ; destroyed by fire, 1652.; rebuilt by Bishop Stern, 1660-64; two 
towers added by Bishops Rainbow and Smith, 1664 — 1702. 

ROSEMARY BRANCH Theatre destroyed by fire, July 27, 1853. 

ROSES, the Wars of the White and Red, which were the symbols of the houses of 
York and Lancaster; the Yorkists carried the white and the Lancastrians the 
red : the first battle in that sanguinary contest was fought May 22, 1455, at St 
Albans: the union of the roses took place by the marriage of Henry VII. with 
the Princess Elizabeth, daughter of Edward IV., Jan. 18, i486; she died, Feb. 

II, 1503- 

ROSETTA, Egypt, taken by the French, 1791 ; fortified, 1798 ; captured by the 
English and Turks, April 19, 1801 ; the English repulsed here by the Turks, 

47 



738 ROSETTA STONE ROUEN 

March, 1807; this place stands near where Nelson defeated the French in the 
battle of the Nile, 1791. 
ROSETTA STONE, the, found near this town, by a French officer, 1799, in the 
ruins of the Fort St Julien. Claimed by the English upon the surrender of the 
French army, 1802; brought to England by Major-Gen. Turner; deposited in 
the British Museum, 1802. It is inscribed in three different kinds of character; 
it was ei-ected to the memory of Ptolemy Epiphanes. 

ROSICRUCIAN Philosophers, first founded by Christian Rosencreutz, 1484 ; in 
Germany, 1302, and in the 17th century, they laid claim to the possession of 
divers secrets, among which was the Philosopher s Stone ; they wrote in hierogly- 
phics, and swore fidelity to each other, declaring that the ancient Magi and 
Egyptian philosophers taught the same doctrine as they professed. The Illuminati 
of Spain was a branch of this sect, 1612-13. 

ROSS, battle, in Ireland, when the rebels were defeated, and left 2600 men on the 
field of battle, June 4, 1 798. 

ROSS, bishopric of, Ireland, founded in the 7th century, united to Cork, 1340, 
and Cloyne added to the others by the act 4 Will. IV., 1833 ; John Gregg, the 
present bishop, appointed, 1862. 

ROSSBACH, battle, between the French and the Flemings, under the Duke of 
Burgundy ; the king of France, Charles IV., fell in this battle, Nov. 17, 1352 ; 
a battle so named between the Austrians and French, and the Prussians under 
Frederick the Great, in which the former were signally defeated, Nov. 3, 1757 ; 
town of, totally disappeared, supposed by an earthquake, Oct. 1 7, 1 792. 

ROTA CLUB, a political society that met at the Turks-head in New Palace Yard, 
established by the republicans. Mr James Harrington was one of the leaders ; 
Henry Nevil proposed that the Members of Parliament should go out by rotation. 

ROTHERHAM, Yorkshire, a Saxon town, a charter granted to, by Edward I., 
1307 ; a college founded by the archbishop of, 1482 ; suppressed in the reign of 
Edward VI. ; free grammar-school founded, 1584 ; a public library established, 
1775 ; new building erected, 1S28. 

ROTHERHITHE, Surrey, part of the Royal Manor of Bermondsey, 1068; Henry 
IV. lodged here, 1412 ; the church of St Mary's rebuilt, 1736-39; Prince Le 
Boo buried here, Jan., 17S5; 206 houses destroyed by fire, June i, 1765 ; a tunnel 
beneath the Thames begun by Thevethick, 1804, and failed; the commercial 
docks opened, 1809 ; granaries, valued at ^^50,000, destroyed at, Sept. I, 1868. 

ROTHESAY, Scotland, the castle built in the nth century; besieged unsuccessfully, 
1263; taken by Bruce, 1311; burned, 1685; the town made a royal burgh, 1400. 

ROTHESAY CASTLE, 'steamer, fi-om Liverpool to Beaumaris, wrecked near the 
latter place, when 180 persons peiished, Aug. 17, 1831. 

ROUNDHEADS and CAVALIERS. The king, Charles I., being insulted, Dec, 
1641, several gentlemen offered their services to protect him, and hence rose the 
term. Rushworth, vol. i, p. 463, gives the origin from David Hide, an officer in 
the Scots army, who remarked, upon being appointed to some command in 
Ireland, he would cut the throats of those round-headed clogs that bawled 
against the Bishops. 

ROUEN, France, the Rotomagtis of the Romans. The first treaty made between 
England and France signed here, March i, 991 ; the first bridge over the Seine 
built, 1 167; a stone bridge superseded it, 1829; Prince Arthur murdered by 
his uncle John, in this town, 1203 ; it was taken by Henry V. of England, Jan. 
19, 1419; Joan of Arc burnt at. May 30, 1431. The city besieged by the King 
of Navarre, with 18,000 men; after a severe struggle the city was taken by storm, 



ROUGEMONT CASTLE ROYAL EXCHANGE 739 

Oct. 26, 1562 ; the pillage lasted for eight days ; retaken by the Duke of Guise 
the same year ; besieged by Henri IV., Nov. 26, 1593. 500 Huguenots massa- 
cred at, on St Bartholomew's Eve, Aug. 24, 1572. The Cathedral begun in the 
13th century; damaged by lightning, Aug. 5, 1822. The Museum founded, 
1833-4. The first Railway in France open to, 1839. Exhibition of Industrial Pro- 
ducts at, opened, June 15, 1859. 

ROUGEMONT CASTLE, Exeter, built, 750. 

ROUMANIA. See Danubian Principalities. 

ROUPELL, WILLIAM, late M.P. for Lambeth, sentenced to penal servitude for 
life for forgery, Sept. 24, 1862. 

ROVEREDO, battle. The French attacked the Austrian army near this town and 
defeated them, Sept. 4, 1796; the French under Gen. Landon defeated at, 1801 ; 
evacuated by the French, 1809, and occupied by the Austrians. 

ROXBURG, Scotland. The castle supposed to have been built by the Romans; 
ceded to England, 1175 ; sold by Richard I., for 10,000 marks, 1189; captured 
by Bruce, 1313; besieged, Aug., 1436; James II. killed at the siege of, July, 1460; 
the first plough used in Scotland, drawn by horses, introduced here by Mr 
Dawson, 1760. 

ROXBURGHE CLUB, founded by the Rev. T. Frognall Dibden, at St Alban's 
Tavern, St James's, June 17, 1812; first limited to 31 inembers, but subsequently 
increased to 40 ; the first work published (Certaine Bokes of Vergiles Aenaeis 
turned into English meter, by the Earle of Surrey, 60 copies printed), 1814. 

ROYAL ACADEMY OF ART, charter granted to, Jan. 26, 1765, as the Incor- 
porated Society of British Artists ; afterwards, and in consequence of some dispute 
and a separation of parties, the title was changed, Dec. 10, 1768; first exhibi- 
tion held, April 26, 1769 ; apartments granted to them in old Somerset House 
by Geo. III., 1771 ; first exhibition in their apartments in new Somerset House, 
held May, 1780 ; removed to the National Gallery, and first exhibition opened. 
May I, 1838. 

ROYAL ACADEMY OF MUSIC, established, to support the Italian Opera, 
^50,000 raised by subscription, 1719 ; opened, April 2, 1720. 

ROYAL ASSENT, the consent of the Crown that Bills or Measures which have 
passed both Houses of Parliament may become legal ; statute 33 Henry VIII. c. 

21, ss. 3 and 4, 1541-2, permits the royal assent to be given by letters patent. 
The date of assent to be inserted upon all acts passed after April 8, 1793, 33 Geo, 
IIL c. 13, 1793. 

ROYAL ASYLUM OF ST ANN'S.for the education of orphans, established, 1709. 

ROYAL CHARTER, steamer, from Australia, wrecked off the coast of Anglesey, 
450 passengers, and bullion valued at ;i{^6oo, 000, lost, Oct. 25, 1859. 

ROYAL CIRCUS, St George's Fields, burned, Aug. 12, 1805; rebuilt, and called 
the Surrey Theatre, April 23, 18 10. See Theatres. 

ROYAL EXCHANGE. See Exchange. 

ROYAL EXCHANGE ASSURANCE OFFICE, incoi-porated 6 Geo. L, June 

22, 1720. 

ROYAL EXCHANGE, Dublin, began 1769, and completed in ten years, the 
expenses defrayed by a lottery scheme ; accident at, by which nine persons were 
killed, owing to the parapet giving way, through pressure of the crowd, April 
24,1815. 



740 ROYAL FAMILY RUGBY 

ROYAL FAMILY, marriages of, restrained through the dislike of George III. to 
the marriage of his brother the Duke of Gloucester with Lady Waldegrave, 12 Ge^. 
III. c. II, 1772. 

ROYAL GENERAL THEATRICAL FUND, estabhshed to assist actors and 
actresses in distress, 1839 ; incorporated, 1853. 

ROYAL GEORGE, of 100 guns, lost by heeling her too far over at Spithead, 
when Admiral Kempenfeldt and several hundred persons perished, Aug. 29, 
1782. 

ROYAL INSTITUTION, Albemarle -street, founded, 1799; incorporated, Jan. 13, 
1800 ; Humphrey Davy gave his first lecture at, April 25, 1801 ; a professorship 
created at, 1833; rebuilt from the design of VuUiamy, 1839. 

ROYAL LITERARY FUND, instituted to assist authors in distress, 1790; in- 
corporated, 181 8. 

ROYAL MILITARY ASYLUM, ordered to be erected out of the forfeited and 
unclaimed Army Prize Fund, 11 & 12 Vict. c. 103, Sept. 4, 1848. 

ROYAL MILITARY COLLEGE, Chelsea, first stone laid, June 19, 1801. 

ROYAL MINERS' COMPANY, incorporated, 1564. 

ROYAL NAVY HOSPITAL SCHOOLS, Greenwich, instituted, 1801 ; incor- 
porated with the Hospital, 182 1. 

ROYAL NAVAL BENEVOLENT SOCIETY, for assisting officers who are 
members of the society, instituted, 1739. 

ROYAL NAVAL COAST VOLUNTEERS. 6"^^ Navy. 

ROYAL NAVAL RESERVE. See Navy. 

ROYAL OBSERVATORY, Greenwich Park, foundation laid, Aug. 10, 1675 ; 
finished, July, 1676. 

ROYAL SCOTTISH CORPORATION, established in London ; a second 
charter of incorporation granted by Char. II., 1676; re-incorporated by Geo. 
III., 1775- 

ROYAL SOCIETY for the Protection of Life from Fire. 'See Fire Engines. 

ROYAL SOCIETY, instituted in 1645; divided, part meeting at Oxford, 1649, 
and part at Gresham College ; incorporated by Charles II., April 22, 1662 ; 
the Philosophical Transactions first published, 1663 ; apartments in Chelsea 
Hospital granted to, 1667; their meetings held at Gresham College, 1674; Sir 
Isaac Newton elected president, 1703 ; apartments granted to, at Somerset House, 
1782 ; removed to Burlington House, 1857. 

ROYAL SOCIETY CLUB, formed, 1743; first held at the Mitre Tavern, 
Fleet-street; removed to the Crown and Anchor, Strand, 1780 ; and subsequently 
to the Free-masons' Tavern. 

ROYAL SOCIETY OF ARTS, instituted, 1754; removed to the Adelphi, 1774. 

ROYAL SOCIETY OF MUSICIANS, founded, 1738. 

ROYALTY THEATRE, in Well-street, Rosemary-lane, opened, April 20, 1787; 
burned down, April li, 1826. 

RUE CROWN, order of merit, instituted in Saxony, when raised to a kingdom 
by Napoleon I., July 20, 1807. 

RUFFO, CARDINAL, at the head of the Russians and Calabrian banditti, com- 
mitted great cruelties on the French in Naples, June 20, 1 799. 

RUFFS first worn, temj>. Edward VI., 1551. 

RUGBY, Warwickshire, the school founded by Lawrence Sheriff, 1567 ; an act 



RUGEN RUSSIA 741 

of parliament passed for the better regulation of, 1 777 ; Dr Arnold, head-master 
of, 1827 — 1842. 

RUGEN, on the Baltic, taken by Waldemar I. of Denmark, in 1169; ceded to 
Sweden, 1648; taken by the Russians, Nov. 17, 1715 ; restored to Sweden, 
Aug. 30, 1721 ; capitulated to the French, Sept. 7, 1807 ; ceded by Sweden to 
Denmark, Jan. 14, 1814, and by Denmark to Prussia, June 4, 1815. 

RULE BRITANNIA. This political hymn was composed by Dr Arne for his 
Masque of Alfred, and first performed at Cliefden House, near Maidenhead, to 
commemorate the accession of Geo, I., Aug. I, 1740 ; first performed in public 
at Drury Lane Theatre, March 20, 1745. 

RULING MACHINES invented, 1782; improved, 1803. 

RUM, first made in Jamaica, 1530 ; became general, 1544. 3,300,000 gallons im- 
ported, 1789; in 1796, 4,196,198 gallons; in 1848, 5,653,840 gallons imperial 
were imported, or 6,784,608 old gallons. Importation of, prohibited in casks of 
less than 20 gallons, 16 & 17 Vict. c. 107, s. 144, Aug. 20, 1853; the duties 
charged upon, fixed at 8j. 2d. per gallon, 21 Vict., c. 16, May II, 1858. 

RUMP PARLIAMENT, 47 members seized and 96 excluded by Colonel Pride, 
Dec. 6, 1648 ; voted the late treaty with the king, dishonourable and dangerous, 
Dec. 13 ; passed the ordinance for the trial of Charles I., Jan. 8, 1649 ; abolished 
the House of Lords, Feb. 6, 1649, and the office of king, Feb. 7 ; expelled by 
Cromwell, April 20, 1653. 

RUNNYMEDE, Surrey. Here King John accepted Magna Charta in the presence 
of the Barons, June 15, 1215. 

RUPERT, ST, order of knighthood, began in Germany, 1702. 

RUREMONDE, Belgium, taken by Marlborough, Oct. 6, 1702 ; the Austrians 
defeated by the French under Jourdan, Oct. 5, 1794. 

RUSHEN ABBEY, Isle of Man, founded by King Guttred, 947 ; ordered to be 
dissolved by Sir John Stanley, 1543, but not finally closed until 1553- 

RUSSELL INSTITUTION, established in 1808 ; Haydon's picture of the Ten 
Thousand presented by the Duke of Bedford, 1836 ; opened in June. Library 
opened, March 23, 1814. 

RUSSELL'S, LORD JOHN, administrations. First entered upon office, July, 
1846, upon the resignation of Sir Robert Peel, and resigned Feb. '21, 1851. 
Second, on the failure of Lord Stanley to form an administration, March 3, 185 1; 
remained in office until Feb. 23, 1852 ; succeeded by the ministry of the Earl of 
Derby. Third ministry formed, Nov., 1865; resigned, June 26, 1866. 

RUSSELL, LORD WILLIAM, tried for high treason at the Old Bailey, July 13, 
1683, found guilty and beheaded in Lincoln's-Inn-Fields, July 21, for pretended 
participation in the Rye-house plot ; his attainder reversed, i Will. III., 1689. 

RUSSIA. The early records of this kingdom are very obscure. Vladimir founded 
and made the capital of the nation, by the Emperor Yury, 1157-8 ; invaded by 
the Tartars, 1224-38 ; the Swedes defeated at the battle of Neva by Newski, 
1241 ; Moscow made the seat of government by Dimitri Ivanovitch, 1362, and 
the Tartars defeated, 1378 ; Moscow burned by the Tartars, 1383 ; invaded and 
conquered by Tamerlane, 1395 ; Ivan Basilowitz defeated the Tartars, 1470, and is 
called Czar, 1472 ; the city of Novgorod besieged for several years, and captured in 
1485 ; the Tartars totally defeated by Ivan Vasiliivitch, 1552 ; Siberia discovered, 
1554 ; England discovered the navigation to Russia, through Robert Chancellor, 
1554; war declared against Poland, 1562 ; the Tartars take Moscow by surprise, 
massacre 100,000 of its inhabitants, and burn the city, 1571 ; the city 
almost depopulated by famine, 1598 ; Ladislas of Poland seized the throne, 



742 RUSSIA 

1610; Michael Feodorowitz, of the house of Romanof, ascended the throne, 1613; 
Finland ceded to Sweden, 161 7 ; peace concluded with Poland, June 15, 1634 ; 
peace concluded with Sweden, July i, 1661 ; Peter I. and Ivan V. crowned, May 
6, 1682 ; Ivan V. resigns his share of the government, 1688 ; Archangel made 
the seat of the navy, 1692; Peter I. visited England, and worked in Deptford dock- 
yard, 1697 ; order of St Andrew instituted, Dec. 20,1698 ; the new year appointed 
to begin Jan. i, 1700; the Russian army totally defeated by Charles XII. of 
Sweden at Narva, 30,000 were slain, and the Swedes captured 150 pieces of 
artillery and all their baggage, Nov. 30; Peter I. founded the navy, 1701 ; St 
Petersburg founded, 1703; the Cossacks under Mazeppa revolted, 1708 ; Chai^les 
XII. of Sweden defeated by the Russians in the battle of Pultowa, July 8, 
1709; order of St Catherine, established, Dec. 7, 17 14; Russian youths 
sent to England to learn the English arts, Jan. 27, 1718 ; Livonia and 
all the islands in the Baltic ceded to Russia, by the treaty of Nystadt, Au, 
30, 1721 ; the title of Emperor of all the Russias adopted by Peter the Great. 
1722-3 ; the order of Newskoi established by the Empress Catherine, April 8, 
1725 ; Peter II. deposed, and the crown given to Anne of Courland, 1730 ; the 
lake of Ladoga made navigable to the Volga, 1730 ; Poland invaded, 1733 
Azof and Moldavia restored to the Porte, 1739 ; Elizabeth, daughter of Peter I. 
raised to the throne, and Ivan VI., an infant, deposed, 1742 ; Peter III 
dethroned and murdered, and succeeded by his Empress Catherine, July, 1762 
Ivan VI. murdered by order of the Empress, 1764; Catherine II. promulgated 
a new code of laws, 1768 ; the dismemberment of Poland commenced by Cathe 
rine, 1st partition, 1772 ; the Crimea added to Russia, Jan. 13, 1775 ; the king 
dom divided into viceroyalties, 1779; the first public school instituted at St 
Petersburg, April 5, 1781 ; the order of St Vladunir instituted, Nov. 22, 1782 
a school of surgery established, Nov. 18, 1783 ; Georgia annexed to the Russian 
empire, 1784; a treaty of commerce with France concluded, Dec. 31, 1786 
war declared against Sweden, 1788; defeated at Memel, April 24, 1 790; peace 
concluded with, Aug. 14, and with the Turks, 1791 ; the Crimea ceded to, by 
the treaty of Jassy, Jan. 9, 1 792 ; war declared against Poland, 1 792 ; the 2nd 
partition of Poland, 1793 ; war declared against France, 1793 ; the Poles defeat- 
ed, and the kingdom divided between Russia, Prussia, and Austria, 1795 ! cocked 
hats and bags for the hair ordered to be worn, Jan. 3, 1797 ; the government 
prohibited the freedom of the press, July 12,1798; the Emperor attacked the French 
in Italy, 1798 ; treaty of alliance offensive and defensive with Great Britain and 
Austria, against France, Dec. 29, 1 798 ; treaty with Great Britain for the inva- 
sion of Holland, June 22, 1799 ; the treaty with Great Britain broken, and a 
coalition formed with France against, 1799; British vessels seized in Russian 
ports, Nov., 1800 ; Paul I. assassinated, March 23, 1801 ; the union of Georgia 
proclaimed, Sept. 12 ; a university established in Lithuania, 1804 ; the 
treaty renewed with Great Britain against France, April 11, 1805; Moldavia 
and Wallachia invaded, Nov. 23, 1806; Warsaw occupied by the French, Nov. 
28 ; war declared against Turkey, Dec. 30 ; the battle of Eylau, the Russians re- 
mained masters of the field, Feb. 7, 1807 ; interview of Alexander and Napoleon on 
a raft at Niemen, when a treaty of peace was discussed, June 25 ; the treaty signed 
(Tilsit), July 7 ; war declared against Sweden, Oct. 6, and against Great Britain, 
Oct. 26 ; an embargo laid on English vessels and goods, Nov. 10 ; war declared 
against Austria, May 5, 1809 ; peace restored with Sweden, and Finland ceded 
to Russia, Sept. 17 ; the Russians seized Hamburg, March 19, 1810, and Dres- 
den, March 21 ; Moldavia and Wallacliia annexed to Russia, 1810 ; peace re- 
stored with Great Britain, Aug. 17, 1812. The French invaded Russia, July 18, 
and defeated the Russians and captured Smolensko, Aug. 17; and again at 
Borodino, Sept. 7 ; entered Moscow, Sept. 14 ; Moscow burnt, Sept. 15 — 19 ; 
retreat of the French from, Oct. 19 ; the French lost 24 generals, 2000 staff 



RUSSIA 743 

and other officers, and 204,400 men, and 43 generals, 3441 staff and other 
officers, and 233,222 man, prisoners. Bessarabia annexed to Russia, 1812 ; the 
Emperor Alexander at Paris with tlie allies, March3i, 1814; visited England, June 
6; entertained by the Corporation of London at Guildliall, June 18, 1814; the 
Emperor took the title of King of Poland, June 20, 181 5; the Jesuits expelled frona 
the country, 1820 ; the Freemasons and other secret societies suppressed, Oct. 15, 
1823 ; inundation at St Petersburg, Nov. 19, 1824 ; treaty with the United States 
settling the boundaries of North America 54° north latitude, April 27 ; the Empe- 
ror Alexander dies at Taganrog, Nov. 26, 1825 ; revolt of the troops at St Peters- 
burg, Dec. 26; the revolt suppressed in Poland, Jan. 12, 1826 ; the leader hanged 
at St Petersburg, July 25 ; the Emperor Nicholas I. and Empress crowned at 
Moscow, Sept. 3 ; war declared against Persia, Sept. 28 ; the Emperor visited 
England and was invested with the Order of the Garter, July 9, 1827 ; peace con- 
cluded with Persia, Feb. 22, 1828. War declared against the Ottoman Porte, and 
the Russian army crossed the PruLh, May 7; captured the fortress of Silistria, June 

30 ; a new code of laws composed, 1828-30 ; the Emperor crowned King of Po- 
land at Warsaw, May 24, 1829 ; the war concluded with Turkey, and Circassia 
annexed to Russia by the treaty of Adrianople, Sept. 14 ; the War of Independence 
in Poland broke out, Nov. 29, 1830; the Poles defeated, and Warsaw taken, 
Sept. 8, 1831 ; Cracow, which had been erected into a republic, and its inde- 
pendence guaranteed by the Congress of Vienna in 181 5, was occupied by a Rus- 
sian and Austrian army, and the other powers made no reclamation of the breach of 
treaty, Feb. 13, 1836 ; the Winter Palace at St Petersburg burnt, Dec. 29, 1837; 
failure of the Russian expedition against Khiva in Central Asia, Jan. 3, 1840 ; 
treaty of London, July 15 ; war against Circassia commenced, 1841 ; the Em- 
peror Nicholas visited England, June i, 1844 ; the Grand Duke Constantine 
arrived at Portsmouth in the Ingermanland, of 74 guns, June 9, 1846. The expul- 
sion of the Hungarian refugees from Turkey demanded by Russia, Nov. 5, 1849 : 
this demand, which had interrupted the diplomatic relations between Russia and 
the Porte, induced the latter to send the Hungarian and Polish refugees to Ko- 
niah, in Asia Minor, Jan., 1S50. Conspiracy against the Emperor's life and policy 
detected, Jan. 6 ; the Porte declared war against, Sept. 27, 1853 ; the Turks, 
mider Omar Pacha, crossed the Danube and defeated the Russians at Oltenitza, 
Nov. 2 — ^4 ; the Turkish fleet destroyed in the harbour of Sinope, Nov. 30 ; the 
Russian ambassador (Baron Brunow) left London, Feb. 4, 1854 ; England and 
France declared war against, March 27 and 28 [see Russian War) ; the campaign 
on the Danube opened, — the Russians defeated at Citale, Jan. 6 (see Russian War) ; 
the Emperor Nicholas I. died at St Petersburg, March 2, 1855 ; Alexander II. 
succeeded to the throne, March 2 ; a levy of 10 men in every 1000 ordered, 
Oct. 15 ; the Emperor Alexander II. visited the army before Sebastopol, 
Nov. 10 ; treaty of peace signed at Paris, March 30, 1856 ; the Emperor visited 
Warsaw and granted an amnesty to the Poles, May 27 ; the Emperor crown- 
ed at Moscow, Sept. 7 ; a- committee appointed to consider the condition of 
the sei'fs, Jan. 15, 1858; the royal serfs made free in Dec; commercial 
treaty signed with Great Britain, Dec. 31 ; expedition against the Circas- 
sians, 1859 ; defeated in several engagements, and Schamyl their leader captured, 
Aug. 26 ; a manifesto freeing the serfs, issued by the Emperor, March 3, 1861, to 
come into operation, March 3, 1 863 ; the Russians seized in Poland and carried off 
from Warsaw 2500 young men for military service, Jan. 14, 1863 ; insurrection in 
consequence ; the Secret Committee issues a manifesto, Jan. 22 ; Langrewicz ap- 
pointed Dictator and defeated the Russian forces, March 18; appealed to Europe 
for help, March 24 ; a manifesto offering pardon, issued by the Emperor, March 

31 ; despatches of Lord John Russell upon Polish affairs, March 2 and April 24 ; 
answer to. May 2; General Berg appointed commander of Warsaw, attempt upon 
his life, failed, Sept. 19; the Circassians defeated, March 31, 1864 ; the territor}' 



744 



RUSSIA 



added to the Russian empire, June 2 ; death of the Czarowitz at Nice, aged 21, 
April 24, 1865 ; his body brought to Russia and buried at St Petersburg, June 6 ; 
the provinces of Russian Turlvestan incorporated, Marcli I, 1866 ; an attempt 
made to assassinate the Emperor whilst passing out of the Summer Garden by 
Karakarow, April 16, 1866 ; the assassin executed, Sept. 15 ; marriage of the 
Czarowitz with the Princess Dagmar of Denmark, celebrated, Nov. 17 ; attempt 
to assassinate the Emperor by Berezowski, a Pole, in the Bois de Boulogne, June 
6, 1867 ; Russian America sold to the United States for 7,200,000 dollars in 
gold, by treaty, June 20 ; peace concluded with Bokhara, July 1 1 ; the Moscow 
and St Petersburg railway sold to Messrs Wyman of America, July 15 ; the Em- 
peror invested with the Order of the Garter at the palace of Tsarskol Selo, St 
Petersburg, July 28 ; rules for regulating the Russim and Polish clergy with the 
Holy See, Aug. 2 ; marriage of the King of Greece with the Grand Duchess 
Olga, eldest daughter of the Grand Duke Constantine, at St Petersburg, Oct. 27 ; 
Archbishop Philarete died at Moscow, aged 83, Dec. 67. 

THE DUKES OF KIEF : — ■ Ivan (Basilowitz) or John III. 1462 

Rurick 862 Basil IV 1505 

01ega,RegentforhissonSviattoslaw 955 CZARS OF MUSCOVY. 

Ivan (Basilowitz) IV., first czar, 

in 1547 1533 

Theodore Ivan owitz I. ... 1584 

Boris-Godunow usurped the throne 1598 
Demetrius the impostor, crowned 

at Moscow, 1605 ; put to death 1606 
Basil Ivanovitz Zuinskoi, elected, 

1606 ; deposed ... ... 1610 

Ladislaus elected, 1610 ; abdi- 
cated .. ... ... ... 1613 

Michael-Theodorowitz, of the 
house of Romanof ... ... 1613 

Alexius Michaelowitz ... ... 1645 

Theodore II. ... ...' ... 1676 

Ivan IV., and Peter I., brothers 

of Theodore ... ... ... 1682 

Peter I., the Great, alone : who 
took the title of Emperor, 1 721, 
and founded St Petersburg ... 1689 

Catherine 1 1725 

Peter II. , son of Alexis- Petrovitz, 
and grandson of Peter the 
Great : elected, 1725; deposed 1727 
Anne, duchess of Courland, 

daughter of the Czar Ivan ... 1 730 
Ivan III., an infant grand-nephew 
to Peter the Great, 1 741 5 im- 
mured in a dungeon for 18 
years; murdered ... ... 1764 

Elizabeth, daughter of Peter the 
Great, reigned during Ivan's 
captivity ... ... ... 1741 

Peter III., son of Anne and of 
Charles-Frederick, Duke of 
Holstein-Gottorp, 1762 ; de- 
posed, and murdered by the 



Waldimir I., styled the Great 


976 


Jaraslaw, or Jaroslaf I. 


1015 


Isjidlaw I. 


1054 


Wsewolod I. 


1078 


Swiatopalk 


1093 


Vladimir II. 


1114 


Michael I. 


1125 


Jaropalk II. 


1132 


Wiatschelaw 


1138 


Wsewolod II. ... 


"39 


Isjidlaw II 


1 146 


Rotislaw 


"54 


GRAND DUKES OF WLADIM 


R. 


George I. 


II56 


Andrew I. 


"75 


Michael I. 


"57 


V^sewolod III 


"77 


George II. 


1213 


Jaraslaw II. 


1238 


Alexander Newsky 


1245 


Jaraslaw III. 


1263 


Basil I 


1270 


Demetrius I 


1277 


Daniel ... 


1294 


George III., deposed 


1302 


Michael II 


1305 


George III. restored ... 


1325 


GRAND DUKES OF MOSCOW 


I. 


Ivan, or John I. 


1328 


Ivan, or John II. 


1353 


Demetrius II. deposed... 


1362 


Demetrius III 


1362 


Basil II 


1389 


Basil III 


- 1425 



RUSSIA 



745 



connivance of her paramour, Alexander I. ... ... ... j3oi 

Orlofif, July 9 _ 1762 Nicholas, brother to Alexander : 

Catharine II., his consort ... 1762 succeeded to the throne, Dec. I 1825 
Paul, her son, 1796 ; found dead Alexander II., succeeded his 

in his chamber ; murdered by father, March 2 ... ... 1855 

Pahlen 1801 

RUSSIA MERCHANTS' COMPANY, incorporated and arms granted to, Feb. 
^) 1555 j charter confirmed and powers enlarged, 1614. 

RUSSIAN AMBASSADOR'S celebrated entertainment, given at Somerset House, 
Feb. 5, 1755. 

RUSSIAN WAR. The British fleet, under Admiral Dundas, entered the Bos- 
phorus, Oct. 30, 1853 ; the Russians defeated with great loss at Oltenitza, Nov. 
4 ; the combined fleets of England and France entered the Black Sea, Jan. 4, 
1854 ; the Russian forces defeated by the Turks under Omar Pasha, at Citale, 
Jan. 5 ; the first division of the British army embarked for Turkey, Feb. 23 ; the 
Baltic fleet, under Admiral Sir Charles Napier, sailed from Spithead, March il; 
the first division of the French army embarked for Turkey, March 19 ; the 
French fleet sailed for the Baltic, March 20 ; England signed a declaration of 
war, March 28 ; a joint convention signed between England, France, and 
Turke}', April 14. Siltstria besieged by the Russians, April 15 ; the Turks under 
Omar Pasha defeated the Russians under Gen. Liiders, near Rassava, April 18 ; the 
Furious, steamer, under a flag of truce, fired upon by the Russians off Odessa ; 
Odessa bombarded by the combined fleets, April 22 ; the Tiger, steam vessel 
of war, 16 guns, run aground off Odessa in a fog, and lost the crew; captured 
by the Russians, May 12 ; the siege of Silistria raised by the Russians, June 23 ; 
Bomarsund captured by the allied fleets, Aug. 19 ; the town of Kola in the 
White Sea, bombarded and destroyed by the Aliranda, Aug. 24; Petropavlovski, 
Kamschatka, attacked unsuccessfully by the land and sea forces, Aug. 31, Sept. 
4 ; the landing of the allied armies at Old Ford, Sept. 14 ; Eupatoria taken, 
Sept. 15; Moldavia evacuated by the Russians, Sept. 15 ; the Russians defeated 
at the Alma, Sept. 20 ; the Russian fleet sunk in the harbour of Sebastopol, Sept. 
23 ; the English arrived at Balaclava, Sept. 26 ; the allied army encamped 
before Sebastopol, Oct. 2 ; Eupatoria attacked unsuccessfully by the Russians, 
Oct. 1 1 ; first bombardment of Sebastopol commenced by the land and sea forces, 
Oct. 17 ; the battle of Balaclava and charge of the Light Brigade under Lord 
Cardigan, Oct. 25 ; the battle of Inkerman, called the "soldiers' battle," the 
Russians defeated, Nov. 5 ; fearful storm on the Crimean coast, the Prince, 
with stores for the army, totally lost at Balaclava, and several other vessels lost, 
Nov. 14 ; Admiral Lyons succeeded Admiral Dundas in command of the fleet, 
Dec. 22 ; railway from Balaclava begun, Feb., 1855 ; the Russians defeated 
at Eupatoria by the Turks under Omar Pasha, Feb. 18 ; reconnaissance made to 
the Tchernaya under Sir Colin Campbell ; but compelled to return by a heavy 
snow-storm, Feb. 19 ; the Mamelon fortified by the Russians, Feb. 22 ; the 
French attacked unsuccessfully these works, Feb. 24 ; conference of Vienna 
commenced, March 15 ; second bombardment of Sebastopol opened, April 9 — 
17 ; the Sardinian army, 15,000 strong, embarked at Genoa, April 23 ; the 
Vienna conference closed, Api-il 24 ; the French captured the rifle pits in front 
of the flagstaff battery. May I ; Gen. Pelissier took the command of the 
French army. May 19 ; the central bastion taken by the French, May 26, 27 ; 
Kertch and Yenikale captured, May 25 ; above 100 vessels destroyed in the Sea 
of Azof, by the fleet under Admiral Lyons, May 27, 28 ; the town of Taganrog 
taken, June 3 ; the boat's crew of the Cossack massacred under a flag of truce, 
while engaged landing some prisoners, only one man escaping, June 5 ; the third 
bombardment of Sebastopol commenced, June 6, 7 ; the quarries, Mamelon, and 



746 RUTH RYSWICK 

white works captured, the former by the English and the latter by the French, June 
8 ; the fourth bombardment commenced, June 1 7 ; the French repulsed at the 
Malakoff, and the English at the Redan, with great loss, June 18; the British 
under Gen. Eyre captured and held the cemetery and that quarter of the town 
for 18 hours, June 18; Lord Raglan died, June 28, Gen. Simpson succeeded him; 
Sweaborg attacked by the allied fleet and partially destroyed, Aug. 9, 10, and ir; 
the Russians, 60,000 strong, under Gen. Liprandi, attacked the allied French 
and Sardinians, on the Tchernaya, but were defeated with a loss of 300 killed and 
5000 wounded, August 16 ; the fifth and final bombardment commenced, Sept. 
5, 6, 7 ; the English repulsed at the Redan ; the French carried the Malakoff, 
Sept. 8 ; the Russians evacuate the town, blowing up the forts, after a siege un- 
paralleled, lasting 49 weeks, 70 miles of trenches being constructed, and upwards 
of 1,500,000 shots and shells had been fired into the town, Sept. 9, — the allies 
occupied the town ; the Russian cavaliy defeated at Eupatoria by the French 
and Turks, Sept. 29 ; Kars assaulted by the Russians under Gen. Mouraviefif, 
repulsed by the Turkish forces under Gen. Williams and Kmeti, with a loss of 
2,500 men, Sept. 29 ; the three forts at Kinburn captured by the allied fleets, 
under Admiral Lyons and Bruat, Oct. 17 ; the Russians, 16,000 strong, defeated 
on the Ingour in Georgia, by the Turks commanded by Omar Pasha, Nov. 6 ; 
Kars surrendered to Gen. Mouravieff, Nov. 25 ; an armistice agreed to by 
the Plenipotentiaries of Gt Britain, France, Austria, Russia, Sardinia, and 
Turkey, Feb. 25, 1856; hostilities suspended in the Crimea, Feb. 29; Treaty 
of Peace agreed to and signed, March 30 ; the blockade raised, April 16 ; 
treaty ratified, April 27 ; the Crimea evacuated, the docks being previously de- 
stroyed, in July ; visited by the Prince and Princess of Wales, April 13, 1869. 

RUTH, the Book of, contains the history of David's ancestors, and is said by some 
writers to be a part of the Book of Samuel, ci}-ca B.C. 1322. 

RUTHVEN, Raid of, which overthi-ew the power of Lords Lennox and Airan in 
Scotland, James IV. being taken pi'isoner, Aug. 23, 1582, 

RUTI, battle, in which General Pepe was repulsed by the Austrians, and his army 
dispersed, March 7, 1821. 

RYE, Sussex, one of the Cinque Ports, taken by the Danes, 893 ; the fort called 
Ypres Tower, built by William de Ypre, Earl of Kent, 1 143-6 ; the town forti- 
fied, 1 196 ; burned by the French, 1377 ; the free grammar school founded by 
Thomas Peacock, 1638; the old harbour restored, 1778-81. 

RYECAUT, Oxfordshire, the seat of Lord Abingdon, burnt to the ground, Nov. 
12, 1745 ; Lord Norrey, his son, killed. 

RYE-HOUSE PLOT, a pretended conspiracy to assassinate Charles H. and his 
brother James, afterwards king, at a place called the Rye-house, between London 
and Newmarket, March, 1683 ; the plot, said to have been discovered, June 12, 
afterwards : — the probability is that it was a scheme to get rid of persons obnoxious 
to the Stuarts ; for among those who, it was pretended, were directly involved, 
Lord William Russell was executed, July 21, in Lincoln's-Inn-Fields, and Alger- 
non Sydney, Dec. 7. 

RYSWICK, Holland, a congress opened by William HI., at his chateau of Neu- 
berg, May 9, 1697 ; peace of, signed between England, France, Spain, Holland, 
and the Emperor of Germany, Sept. 11, 1697; and signed by Germany, Oct. 30. 



SAALFELD SADDLE-HORSE 747 



SAALFELD, Germany. The church of St John, buiU, 1212 ; the French defeated 
the Prussian forces at, Oct. 10, 1806 ; the town nearly destroyed by fire, with the 
whole produce of its harvests, July 28, 181 1. 

SABBATARIANS, or 7th-day Baptists, are distinguished by religiously observ- 
ing the 7th day of the week. I. That God hath required the 7th or last day of 
the week to be observed. 2. That this command is binding. 3. That this com- 
mand has never been changed by Divine authority. They rose into existence 
about 1628, when Brabourne, a clergyman, published his declaration that the 7th 
day was the only Sabbath. By another authority, Saturday is said to have been 
first called Dies Sabbati, 1554- There are two congregations in London, Mill- 
yard, Goodman's-Fields, and Eldon-street, Finsbury. 

SABBATH, appointed by God himself in the beginning, Gen. ii. 2, 3 ; by some 
it is maintained that it is an institution of Moses, observed, in commemoration of 
the creation of the world, by the Jews. Christians observe the first day of the 
week, because it was that of the resurrection, and it was ordered to be kept 
holy in England from Saturday at 3 p.m. to Monday at day-break, 4 Canon, 
Edgar, 960. 3 James L, c. 4, s. 27, 1606, levied a shilling on every one absent 
from church on Sunday. An act was passed restraining amusements on Sundays, i 
Charles I., 1625 ; an act passed for the better observation of the Lord's day, and 
penalties of ^s. to 40^-. inflicted for breaking it, 29 Charles IL, c. 7, 1676. 

SABBATICAL YEAR of the Jews, the first A. c. 145 1 ; it was every seventh year ; 
the commandment is, to sow and reap for six years, and to let the land rest on 
the seventh, Ex. xxiii. 10, 11. 

SACHEVERELL, DR, impeached for treason, Dec. 15, 1709; tried, and sentenced 
not to preach for 3 years, and his sermons to be burned by the common hangman 
at the Royal Exchange, March 23, 1710. 

SACKBUT, an early musical wind instrument, mentioned in Dan. iii. 5 — 15. 

SACRAMENT, the ordinance of the Lord's Supper, administered in the modes in 
which the supper actually occurred in the first year of the church, but since altered 
according to the taste of the popes ; the table changed to an altar, and the wine 
laid aside to the laity, from the time of Pope Urban II. , 1096. An act passed in- 
flicting a penalty for speaking irreverently of the, I Edw. VI., c. I. 1547. 

SACRAMENTARIANS, a sect that appeared in 1048, and opposed the doctrine 
of the real presence ; they afterwards were accused of teaching that their women 
were to be held in common. 

SACRAMENTO, Cahfornia, founded, 1849; the rising town of Marysville totally 
consumed by fire, Dec. 16, 1852 ; made the capital of California, 1854. 

SACRED HARMONIC SOCIETY. The first meeting held, Nov. 20, 1832 ; 
first meeting held in Exeter Hall, June 24, 1834; first amateur musical festival 
held, Oct., 1834 ; the 500th concert held, Friday, Dec. 13, 1867. 

SACRILEGE. By the civil law it is punished with greater severity than other 
thefts ; and the common law denies the benefit of the clergy to the offender. The 
old statutes are repealed, and the offence is now made felony, and punishable with 
penal sei-vitude for life or not less than three years, or imprisonment not exceeding 
two years, 24 & 25 Vict., c. 96, s. 50, Aug. 6, 1861. 

SADDLE-HORSE, duty levied, 1784; increased, 1808. 



748 SADDLERS' COMPANY SAILORS' HOME 

SADDLERS' COMPANY, founded by i Edw. I., 1272 ; serious riots between 
this craft and the men of the craft of joiners, painters, and lorimers, in Chepe 
and Cripplegate, 1327 ; incorporated 3 Edw. III., Dec. i, 1364; confirmed by 
18 Rich. II., March 20, 1394; the serving men of the trade forbidden to form 
fraternities, 1396 ; re-incorporated, 36 Charles II., Dec. 24, 1684. 

SADDLES, first used of leather, 304 ; in England, 600 ; side-saddles for ladies 
introduced by the Saxons ; the seal of Joanna de Stuteville gives a lady sitting on 
a side-saddle, 1227. 

SADDUCEES, an ancient Jewish sect, arose circa B.C. 260 ; they denied the im- 
mortality of the soul and the resurrection of the body ; they denied also that the 
oral law was a revelation of God to the Israelites, and deemed the written law 
alone to be obligatory on the nation, as of Divine authority. Matt. iii. 7, et seq. 

SADLER'S WELLS, celebrated for its mineral waters, close to the theatre on land 
belonging to Mr Sadler, discovered 1683; it was visited by Evelyn, June 11,1686. 

SADLER'S WELLS THEATRE, first opened as a music hall, for tumblers and 
I'ope-dancers, June 3, 1683 ; the theatre rebuilt, 1765 ; Grimaldi, the father of the 
celebrated Joe, first appeared, 1763; the interior of the building remodeled, 1778; 
Joe Grimaldi first appeared, 1 782 ; water first introduced into the performances, 
April 2, 1804; 18 pereons trodden to death upon an alarm of fire, Oct. 15, 1807; 
the use of water discontinued, 1823 ; Grimaldi took his farewell benefit, March 17, 
1828 ; Mr Phelps introduced the Plays of Shakespeare, 1844 ; he retired from the 
theatre, March, 1862. 

SAFETY LAMP, for the use of miners, called the ' Davy Lamp,' invented by 
Sir H. Davy, 1815 ; the ' Geordy Lamp,' by G. Stephenson, 1815. Accord- 
ing to Siniles's Life, Stephenson was the prior inventor. 

SAFFRON PLANT, first brought into England by a pilgrim, 1389 ; cultivated 
first at Saffron Walden, Essex, 1582. 

SAFFRON WALDEN, Essex, received its first charter from Edward VI., 1550; 
the best saffron is grown near this place. The free Grammar School founded, 
1522; Natural History Society constituted, November, 1832; Museum opened 
to the public. May 12, 1835. 

SAGAN, Prussia, sold by Ferdinand II. to Wallenstein, 1628, after whose 
death it passed to Lobkowitz, who sold it to Duke Peter of Courland, 1785, 
he abdicated his sovereignty in 1795 > ^^is second daughter created duchess of, 
1845. 

SAGE, an herb of early date in England ; the Mexican sage introduced, 1724 ; the 
two Afiican varieties from the Cape of Good Hope, 1731. 

SAGUNTUM, Spain, a Greek colony, founded B.C. 1384 ; besieged by Hannibal, 
219, and taken, all the adult males being put to the sword ; recovered by the 
Romans, 210, and made a Roman colony. 

SAGUNTUM, battle, the Spaniards, under Gen. Blake, defeated by the French, 
commanded by Gen. Suchet, with a loss of 3000 men and 12 guns, Oct. 25, 
1811. 

SAILCLOTH, first made in England, 1590 ; encouraged by Queen Anne, and the 
manufacture supported by bounties, 1713- 

SAILORS, first registered in France, 1670 ; in England, 1548 ; Greenwich Hos- 
pital made an asylum for the aged and maimed, 1694 ; the British and Foreign 
Sailors' Society for the social elevation of, established at Shad well, 1 81 8. 

SAILORS' FIOME, foitnded near the London Docks, 1829 ; new building erected 
by Mr Green, May, 1835 ; one opened by the Prince of Wales, in Commercial- 
street, Whitechapel, May, 1865. 



SAINTES SALT 749 

SAINTES, battle, the French defeated the English, under Henry III., and their 
allies, with severe loss, July 22, 1242. 

SALADINE, the name of a tax imposed in England and France to raise a fund 
for carrying on the crusades against Saladin, 1188. 

SALAMANCA, Spain, taken by Hannibal, B.C. 532 ; ravaged several times by 
the Moors, but finally reconquered by the Spaniards, A.D. 1095 ; the University 
founded, 1200 ; joined to Valencia, 1239 ; new statutes granted to, 1243 ; Cathe- 
dral begun, 1513 ; taken by the Spaniards, 1809 ; by the French, who destroyed 
most of the public buildings ; besieged by Wellington, and captured, June 26, 
1812. 

SALAMANCA, battle, between Wellington and Marmont, 7 141 prisoners, with 
II pieces of cannon, were taken, and 8000 killed on the side of the French; 
the English lost 6000 men killed and wounded ; this victory laid open the road 
to Madrid, where 2500 prisoners, and a large quantity of military stores, fell 
into the hands of the English, July 22, 1812. 

SALAMIS, Greece, captured by the Megarians, B.C. 620, but was retaken by the 
Athenians the same year ; captured by the Macedonians, B.C. 318 ; purchased 
by Athens, a. D. 232 ; visited by Paul and Barnabas, on their first missionary 
journey. Acts xiii. 15. 

SALAMIS, naval battle, the Greek fleet, under Themistocles, defeated the 
Persian fleet, under Xerxes, B.C. 480. 

SALDANHA BAY, Cape of Good Hope ; here three Dutch line-of-battle ships 
and nine frigates surrendered to Admiral Elphinstone, Aug. 17, 1796. 

SALEM, New England, United States, settled, 1626 ; fitted out 158 privateers in 
the war, from 1 776-1 783. 

SALERNO, Italy, colonized by the Romans, B.C. 194 ; taken by the Saracens, 
A.D. 905; besieged by Robert Guiscard for 8 months, captured, 1076; the kingdom 
of Naples founded by the election of Roger II. to the crown, 1127 ; the town 
destroyed by the Emperor Henry VI., 1 193 ; the port of, commenced by Manfred, 
1260 ; completed by King Robert, 13 18. 

SALIQUE LAW, excluding females from inheriting the throne. Confirmed in 

France, 424; also by Clovis, 511 ; abolished in Spain, March 29, 1830. 
SALISBURY PLAIN, 300 English nobles massacred on, by Hengist, May i, 474. 

SALISBURY, or New Sarum, Wiltshire. The Cathedral founded, the corner-stone 
laid by Henry III., April 20, 1220 ; finished, 1258, at a cost of 40,000 marks ; 
built in the Gothic style, 474 feet long, 99 broad ; length of great transept, 230 
feet, nave, 229 ; the spire, 404 feet high. The ancient Cathedral of Old Sarum 
built by Bishop Herman, 1045-50 ; the town rose quickly in importance ; made a 
free city by Henry HI.; Edward I. held a Parliament here in 1296, and Edw. 
III. in 1328 and 1384 ; a Library established, 1819 ; the Blackmore Museum, 
founded by Mr Wm. Blackmore, opened, Sept. 4, 1S67. 

SALISBURY, See of, established, and St Aldhelm appointed the first Bishop, 
705 ; it was removed to Old Sarum by Bishop Herman, 1072. 

SALT, the Romans worked the salt mines at Ostia, on the river Tiber, 500 B.C. 
The famous mines of Wielitska, Poland, ten miles from Cracow, were discover- 
ed by a shepherd (Wielitz), 1250; came into the possession of Austria, 1772; 
now produce a revenue annually of ;i^6oo,ooo. There is a subterranean village 
of about 1000 inhabitants. A stream of water broke into the mine, threatening its 
destruction, Nov. 19, 1868. The Droitwich mines were discovered, A.D. 950; 
those of Staffordshire and Worcestershire, 1650 ; the rock-salt mines of Cheshire 
discovered by John Jackson, 1670 ; the Church Lawton mines discovered, 1779; 



750 SALTERO, DON SAMARIA 

Dr Brownrigg published his Art of Making Common Salt, 1748; the duty fixed 
upon rock-salt, 10 & 11 Will. III., c. 22, 1699; reduced from 20s. to i<iS. per 
bushel, fixed at loj-. a bushel, 1798 ; increased to 15.?., 1805 ; reduced to 2s. 
by 5 Geo. IV., c. 65, June 17, 1824 ; the duty ordei-ed to cease, Jan. 5, 1825. 
The Gabelle, or salt tax, established in PVance, 1344. 

SALTERO, DON, Coffee House, Cheyne-walk, Chelsea, opened, 1695. 

S ALTERS' COMPANY, London, founded, circa 1483; incorporated by 22 Hen. 
VIII., 1530 ; confirmed by i Eliz., July 20; reincorporated by 5 James I., May 
15, 1607; arms granted to, 1530 ; crest and supporters, 29 Eliz., 1587; con- 
firmed, 1634; their first hall was in Bread-street ; rebuilt in Cannon-street, 1641; 
destroyed in the fire of 1666, and rebuilt, 1668; the present hall built from the 
designs of Henry Carr, 1823-27. 

SALT LAKE CITY, N. America, founded by the Mormons, 1847. 

SALT, SITTING BELOW, an ancient custom, the salt-vat being placed about the 
centre of the table, to mark the place where the servitors and tenants should sit in 
the presence of their lord ; the salt-cellar of Archbishop Fox, dated 15 17, is pre- 
served at Corpus Christi College, Oxford. 

SALTPETRE, mentioned in the writings of Roger Bacon, circa 1290 ; first made 
in England, 1625. 

SALTWOOD CASTLE, Kent, built by Henry de Essex, standard-bearer to 
Henry II., circa 115S ; rebuilt by William Courtney, Archbishop of Canterbury, 
1385- 

SALUTE AT SEA. Generally by firing a certain number of guns, the ship that 
returns firing the fewest ; merchantmen lower the mainyard ; men-of-war strike 
their topsails. The English claim the right of being first saluted in all places as 
sovereigns of the seas ; the Venetians, in the Gulf of Venice ; the honour yielded 
by the Dutch to the English, 1673. 

SALVADOR, SAN, Central America, revolted from Spain, 1821 ; united to 
Mexico, 1823; joined the 4 confederate states of Central America, 1824; 
declared their independence, 1840 ; destroyed by an earthquake, with upwards 
of 100 of its inhabitants, April 16, 1854 ; treaty of navigation, Oct. 24, 1862 ; 
the town besieged and taken by the Nicaraguai^ians, Oct. 26, 1S63. 

SALVAGE. In war times when British merchantmen were recaptured by British 
ships-of-war from the enemy, they were allowed one-eighth part of the value, by 
43 Geo. HI., c. 160, Aug. 12, 1803 ; regulated by t6 & 17 Vict , c. 131, Aug. 
20, 1853. 

SALZBURG, Austria. Archbishopric founded, 798; St Margaret's church built, 
1485 ; the University founded, 1620 ; the Cathedral built, 1614-60; ceded to 
Austria, Oct. 18, 1797 ; defeat of the French by the Austrians, at, Dec. 13, 
1800; 10,000 acres of forest land burnt, Aug.; captured by the French, Dec. 14; 
ceded to the Duke of Tuscany, Feb. 25, 1803 ; occupied by the French, 1805 ; 
again ceded to Austria, Dec. 27 ; annexed to Austria, 1806 ; the Austrians de- 
feated at, under Jellachich, April 24, 1809 ; ceded to Bavaria, Oct. 14 ; restored 
to Austria, 1815 ; a meeting of the Emperor and Empress of the French with the 
Emperor and Empress of Austria, held here, Aug. 18, 1867. 

SAMARA, Eiu-opean Russia, founded, 1591 ; fortifications destroyed, 1703. 

SAMARIA, Palestine, at first included all the cities on the east or west of the 
river Jordan, i Kings xiii. 32 ; the territory became contracted, B.C. 771 — 
746 ; besieged and taken by Shalmaneser after 3 years, circa 720 ; taken by Alex- 
ander, 329. The city and temple destroyed by the Jews, 109 ; rebuilt by 
Herod, 25. 



SAMOA SAN FRANCISCO 751 

SAMOA, naval battle. The Turkish fleet of 40 sail attacked and defeated by the 
Greeks under Canaris, losing 3 vessels, 100 guns, and 1200 men, Aug. 17, 1824. 

SAMOS, Asia Minor, battle between the Greeks and Persians, B.C. 479 ; massacre 
of the Turks at. May 19, 1821 ; ceded to Turkey by treaty, March 22, 1829. 

SAMUEL, the 1st and 2nd Books of, formerly one ; supposed to have been partially 
written by that prophet, B.C. 1 1 71 ; divided into two books in the Septuagint. 

SANCTUARIES, places privileged for the refuge of criminals; the first law regulat- 
ing the privileges of, was established by Theodosius, 392 ; received the sanction 
of Pope Boniface I., 620 ; by the laws of King Alfred, criminals were allowed 
3 days and nights' refuge, 887 ; Canute confirmed the right, 1017. St John's of 
Beverley, Yorkshire, was one from the time of the Saxons ; St Burian in Corn- 
wall so privileged by Athelstan, 935 ; Westminster, by Edward the Confessor ; 
and St Martin's-le-Grand, London, 1529. The right of, limited by Pope 
Alexander VI., 1503 ; regulated by 22 Hen. VIII. c. 14, 1531 ; abridged by 27 
Hen. VIII. c. 19, 1535-6 ; and further abridged by 32 Hen. VIII. c. 12, 
1540 ; totally abolished by 21 James I. c. 28, 1623-4. 

SANDAL CASTLE, Yorkshire, built by John Plantagenet, the last Earl of War- 
renne, 1317 ; fortified by the Royalists, 1644-5; taken and demolished by the 
Parliamentarians, 1646. 

SANDEMANIANS, founded by Robert Sandeman, 1755 ; he was born 1723, at 
Perth ; died in New England, 1771. He asserted that justifying faith meant no 
more than a simple assent to the divine mission of Christ ; he administered the 
Lord's Supper weekly, and his followers washed each other's feet. 

SANDFORD CASTLE, Dorset, built, 1540. 

SANDGATE CASTLE, Kent, re-built by Henry VIIL, 1539-40; Queen Eliza- 
beth lived here, 1588. 

SANDHURST, Berkshire. Military college founded at High Wycombe, 1799; 
removed to Great Maidow, 1802, and to Sandhurst, 181 2 ; it will accommodate 
400 cadets and 30 students in the senior department, which last prepai^e them- 
selves for the staff. Fire at, doing considerable damage, Jan. 21, 1868. 

SANDOWN CASTLE, Deal, erected by Henry VIIL, 1539. 

SANDWICH, Kent, one of the Cinque Ports, built, 957 ; the Danes landed here 
and destroyed the fortifications, loi i ; re-fortified by Richard II. ; plundered by the 
French, 1435 ; and again, 1456 ; and in the following year, a force of 5000 
Frenchmen, under Marshal de Breze, plundered the town, 1457; re-fortified, 1493 ; 
a number of Flemish artisans settled in the town, 1572-4 ; the port destroyed by 
an earthquake, 1580 ; bridge at, built, 1756. 

SANDWICH ISLANDS, discovered by Captain Cook, 1778 ; eleven in number; 
the capacity of the natives was found not to be beneath the common standard of 
man. At one of the islands Cook was killed, Feb. 14, 1779. King and Queen of, 
died in London of the small-pox — the former, July 8 ; the latter, July 14, 1824 ; 
a convention of friendship and commerce, signed July 27; a treaty between France 
and King Kamehameha HI., signed, July 17, 1839; Kamehameha IV., the 
Good, ascended the throne, Dec. 15, 1854 ; he married Emma Young, June 19, 
1856 ; commercial treaty with England, signed at Honololu, March 26, 1846 ; 
King Kamehameha V. succeeded to the throne, Nov. 30, 1863 ; eruption of vol- 
canoes in, April 7, 1868. 

SAN FRANCISCO, California, founded by the Spaniards, 1776; the new city 
founded, 1839 ; gold discovered at, 1847 ; ceded to the United States, 1848 ; a 
great part of the town destroyed by fire. May 4, 1850; another conflagration, 
which nearly consumed the whole city. May 3, 1 85 1 ; another one, which caused 
considerable suff"eringto the inhabitants, June 22 ; mint established, 1853. 



752 SANHEDRIM SARACENS 

SANHEDRIM, a Jewish council of the highest order, of seventy members. The 
origin of this assembly is ti-aced in the Mishiia to the seventy elders whom Moses 
was directed to associate with him in the government of the Israelites, Num. xi. 
16,17, B.C. 1490. A Sanhedrim was summoned by the Emperor Napoleon to 
meet at Paris, July 23, 1806 ; it assembled there accordingly, Jan. 20, 1807. 

SANITORY ACTS : Alkaline Works, an act passed for the effectual condensation 
of muriatic gas in, 26 & 27 Vict. c. 124, July 28, 1863. Building, an act 
passed for amending the laws relating to the construction of buildings in the 
Metropolis, 18 & 19 Vict. c. 122, Aug. 14, 1855. Cattle I nfedloiLs Diseases Pre- 
vention act, II & 12 Vict. c. 107, Sept. 41, 1848. City of London Sewers 2,<:X, 
II & 12 Vict. c. clxiii., Sept. 5, 1848; 14 & 15 Vict. c. xci., July 24, 1851. 
Common Lodging Houses, 14 & 15 Vict. c. 28, July 24, 185 1 ; 16 & 17 Vict. c. 
41, Aug. 4, 1853. Diseases Prevention act, 18 & 19 Vict. c. 1 16, Aug. 14, 1855. 
Health, an act passed for promoting, il & 12 Vict. c. 63, Aug. 31, 1848 ; 21 & 
22 Vict. c. 97, Aug. 2, 1858. Local Tazmts, ibid., c. 98, Aug. 2, 1858 ; 24 & 25 
Vict. c. 61, Aug. I, l86i-. Metropolis Improvement act, 57 Geo. III. c. xxix., 
June 16, 1817. Tcnvn Improvements, 10& II Vict. c. 34, June 21, 1847. Me- 
tropolis Local Management 2l(:X, 18 & 19 Vict. c. 120, Aug. 14, 1855; amended, 
25 & 26 Vict. c. 102, Aug. 7, 1862. Nuisances Removal act, 18 & 19 Vict. c. 
121, Aug. 14, 1855 ; 23 & 24 Vict. c. 77, Aug. 6, i860; 26 & 27 Vict. c. 117, 
July 28, 1863. SlatigJder- Houses Licensing 2,<:X, lb G&o. III. c. ']\, 1786. Smoke 
N'uisance acts, 16 & 17 Vict. c. 128, Aug. 20, 1853 ; 19 & 20 Vict. c. 107, 
July 29, 1856. Thames Purification act, 21 & 22 Vict. c. 104, Aug. 2, 1858. 
Vaccination acts, 16 & 17 Vict. c. loo, Aug. 20, 1853 ; amended and con- 
solidated, Aug. 12, 1867. Water Supply to the Metropolis, 15 & 16 Vict., c. 84, 
July I, 1852. 

SANTA CASA, the holy house of our Lady of Loretto, which it is pretended was 
brought from Palestine into lUyria, 1 291, and thence to Loretto ; the French 
plundered the image of its decorations, and carried the idol to Paris, Feb. 12, 
1 797 ; it was afterwards sent back, bereft of its ornaments. 

SANTA CRUZ, Isle of Teneriffe. Admiral Blake destroyed 16 Spanish ships 
that were protected by the forts, April 20, 1657 ; Lord Nelson repulsed in an 
attack on, losing his right arm, and 141 men, July 24, 1797. 

SANTA LUCIA, battle. The Piedmontese, 45,000 strong, attacked the Austrians 
and captured the town. May 6, 1848. 

SANTIAGO, Spain. The first cathedral built, 874 ; consecrated. May 17, 899; de- 
stroyed by Almansur, Aug. 10, 997; rebuilt, 1082. An hospital for pilgrims built 
by Ferdinand and Isabella, 1504. University founded by Archbp. Fonseca, 1532. 
The college erected, 1777. The French took several holy vessels away, 1S09. 

SAPPERS AND MINERS. The Corps of Royal, was instituted at Gibraltar, 
and employed upon the works, and were then called military artificers, March 6, 
1772 ; and added materially to the defence of that fortress, 1781 — 1783. The 
strength of the regiment increased, Aug. 31, 1782 ; and their title changed to the 
royal military artificers, Oct. 10, 1787; and to their present designation, March 
5, 1 81 3. A company of 62 formed for making the trigonometrical survey of Eng- 
land, Dec. I, 1S24. 

SAPPHIRE is mentioned as one of the precious stones used in the breast-plate 
of the high priest, in the second row, Ex. xxviii. 18, B.C. 1491 ; Thomas Kouli 
Khan possessed one valued at ;^ 300, 000, 1733. 

SARACENS, an Eastern people of Arabian descent, professing Mahometanism ; 
they conquered Spain, 713 ; were defeated with the loss of 70,000 men, by 
Ramirus, king of Spain, 844 ; their power terminated by the capture of Bagdad 
by the Tartars, 125S. 



SARAGOSSA SARDINIA 



753 



SARAGOSSA, Spain, colonized by the Romans under Augustus, B.C. 25 ; taken 
by the Goths, circa A.D. 470 ; by the Moors, 712 ; taken after a siege of 5 years 
by Alonzo el Batallador, 1118 ; taken by the English under Gen. Stanhope from 
the French, Aug. 20, 1710; 400 of the inhabitants perished in a fire in the theatre, 
Dec, 1778 ; besieged by the French, June 15, 1808, raised, Aug. 15 ; again be- 
sieged by the French under Junot, Jan. 2, 1809 ; capitulated to Marshal Lannes, 
Feb. 20 ; 54,000 persons perished by a plague during the siege; evacuated by the 
French, 1813; insurrection at, Feb. 24, 1820 ; constitution proclaimed, Mar. 9. 
SARAH SANDS, screw transport ship, partially destroyed by fire and afterwards 
narrowly escaped shipwreck in a gale, but arrived safe at the Mauritius without 
loss of life, Nov. 11 — 13, 1857. 
SARATOGA, N. America. Surrender of General Burgoyne and the British army 
at, in the American war, when nearly 6000 men laid down their arms to General 
Gates, Oct. 17, 1777. 
SARAWAK, Borneo, discovered by the Portuguese, 1526 ; Mr Brooke visited 
the island, Aug., 1839 ; the Rajah of, solicited his assistance to quell the disturb- 
ances among his subjects, and made him governor, Sept. 24, 1841; confirmed by 
the Sultan, Aug. i, 1842 ; made governor of Labuan, by Her Majesty Victoria, 
Oct. 2, 1848. 
SARDINIA, Mediterranean, supposed to have been anciently subject to the Etru- 
rians, and afterward to the Gauls, having subsequently had many masters ; the 
Romans held possession of it before the Christian era ; taken by the Moors, chra 
A.D. 728 ; and by the Genoese, 1115 ; Sardinia granted by the pope to the Pi- 
sanese, who were unable to expel the Saracens, 1 132 ; Alphonsus IV. of Arra- 
gon made himself master of Sardinia, 1324 ; the French invaded Piedmont and an- 
nexed it to that country, Feb., 1537 ; treaty with the Vaudois Protestants, Oct. 20, 
1690, and Aug. 4, 1704; all the possessions surrendered to Austria by the 
treaty of Turin, March 1 3, 1 707 ; captured by the English naval forces, from the 
Spaniards, 1708 ; ceded to the king of Sicily in 1714 ; retaken by the Spaniards, 
1717 ; they lost possession of it, 1719 ; ceded to the Duke of Savoy, for Sicily, 
1720 ; Victor Amadeus, the King, abdicated in favour of his son, 1730 ; died in 
prison, 1732 ; invaded by France, 1795 ; the court was kept at Turin till 1796, 
the dominions overrun by the French arms, and annexed to the French empire ; 
recovered by England, March 3, 1 799 ; the King resigned his crown to his brother, 
Duke of Aoust, June 4, 1802; Sardinia annexed to Italy, and Bonaparte crowned 
king, Dec. 26, 1805 ; restored to Victor -Emmanuel, Feb. 17, 1806; Genoa added to 
it, Dec, 1814; commercial treaty Math England, May 20, 1815 ; revolution in, 
March. 1821 ; the Spanish constitution proclaimed in, March 12 ; abdication of the 
king, March 13 ; termination of the revolt, April 19 ; treaty with Austria, July 26; 
the king, Charles-Albert, defended the cause of the Italians against Austria, March 
23, 1848 ; the Austrians defeated by the Sardinian anny at Goito, May 29 ; and 
the fortress of Pescheira surrendered to the Sardinian troops. May 31 ; \i\\o were 
defeated at Custoza, July 23, and at Valeggio, July 25 ; the Sardinian army, 
which had fought with the greatest bravery for many weeks, forced to retreat to- 
wards Milan, July 27 ; the Sardinians, who had retreated to Milan, capitulated 
to the Austrian field-marshal Radetsky, Aug. 5 ; armistice between Sardinia and 
Austria, Sept. 21 ; the Sardinians resumed hostilities against Austria, March 12, 
1849 ; Radetsky defeated a division of the Sardinian army, and occupied Mortara, 
March 21 ; the Sardinian army routed by the Austrians at Novara, March 23 ; 
Charles-Albert abdicated in favour of his son, the Duke of Savoy, March 23 ; the 
Austrians occupied Novara and other places, March 25 ; another armistice be- 
tween Austria and Sardinia, March 26 ; the Duke of Savoy proclaimed King of 
Sardinia, by the title of Victor Emmanuel II., March 26 ; death of Charles- 
Albert, the ex-king, at Oporto, July 28 ; treaty of Milan, between Austria 

48 



754 SARDINIAN AMBASSADOR'S CHAPEL SATELLITES 

and Sardinia, signed, Aug. 6 ; invaded by Austria, April, 1859. — See Italy. 
The sovereigns of this island date as kings from 1730 only ; before which 
it was only a dukedom. Victor-Amadeus I., king (II. as duke), 1718 ; 
resigned in 1730, in favour of his son ; died in 1732 ; Charles-Emmanuel I., his 
son, 1730; Victor-Amadeus II., his son, 1773; Charles-Emmanuel II., son of 
the preceding, resigned his crown in favour of his brother, 1796 ; Victor-Emman- 
uel I., 1802 ; Sardinia merged in the kingdom of Italy, of which the Emperor 
Napoleon was crowned king, May 26, 1805 ; Victor-Emmanuel restored, 1814 ; 
resigned in March, 1821, and died in 1824; Charles-Felix, 1821 ; succeeded by 

. his nephew, Charles- Albert, 1831, who abdicated, March 23, 1849 ; Carlo- Al- 
berto died at Oporto, July 28, 1849. Victor-Emmanuel, the present king, March 

■ 24, 1849 ; treaty of navigation between the King and Great Britain, signed, Feb. 
27, 1851 ; death of the Queen-dowager of, Jan. 12, 1855 ; death of the Queen of, 
Jan. 20 ; suppression of convents in, March 2 ; Victor-Emmanuel, King of, arrived 
at Windsor Castle on a visit to the Queen, Nov. 30 ; address of the Coi-poration 

' of London to, at Guildhall, Dec. 4 ; made a Knight of the Garter, Dec. 5 ; 
departure of, from Windsor, Dec. 6 ; general treaty of peace with Russia, March 
30, 1856 ; Prince Napoleon married to the Princess Clotilde, eldest daughter of 
the kmg, Jan. 30, 1859. — See Italy. 

SARDINIAN AMBASSADOR'S CHAPEL, burned by accident, Nov. 4, 1759; 
again, in Lord George Gordon's riots, June 2, 1780. 

SARDIUS, or SARDINE STONE, which occupied the first place in the first 
row of the high-priest's breastplate, Ex. xxviii. 17, B.C. 1491. 

SARK, one of the Channel Islands, dependent upon Guernsey, six miles in com- 
pass ; it has the benefit of a commodious haven, which the French observed in 
1557 ; it was without men to defend it but a few hermits, whom the privacy of the 
place had invited. The island begirt with rocks, lying aloft above the sea, hav- 
ing only one straight passage or ascent up to it, scarcely capable of receiving two 
abreast. Of this island the French easily possessed themselves, dislodged the 
hermits, fortified the upper part of the ascent, and settled a small garrison in it. 
They had not nestled there long, when by a gentleman of the Netherlands, one of 
'the subjects of King Philip, it was regained. The Flemish gentleman in a small 
bark came to anchor in the road, and pretending the death of his merchant, be- 
. sought the French that they might bury him in the chapel of that island, offering 
a present to them of such commodities as they had on board. To this request the 
French were easily entreated, upon condition that they should not come on shore 
with any weapon. The Flemings rowed on shore with a coffin in their skiff filled 
with swords and arquebusses. They were permitted to draw the coffin up the rocks ; 
some of the French, rowing back to the ship to fetch the present, were soon made 
fast enough. The Flemings in the mean time who were on the land had carried 
their coffin into the chapel, and having taken thence their weapons, gave an alarm. 
The French, caught upon the sudden, and seeing no hope of succour from their 
fellows, yielded. Taken by the English, as part of their old Norman dominion, 
1589. 

SARUM, OLD, Wiltshire, the Roman Sorbeodunmji, fortified by King Alfred ; 
a great council convoked by King Edgar, 960 ; the castle pillaged and burnt by 
Sweyn, king of Denmark, 1003 ; rebuilt, and William the Conqueror held a 
council' in, I086 ; William Rufus held a council here in 1095 ; Henry I. kept 
his court in, 1100-1106 ; held a council at, II16 ; restored by Henry II., 1154 ; 
.^the cathedral removed to Salisbury, 1220 ; the town rapidly declined, and it was 
disenfranchised in 1832 for bribery and corruption. — See Salisbury. 

SATELLITES of Saturn discovered : his ring, 1634, by Huygens, and his sixth 
satellite, 1655 ; his first and second satellites by Herschel, 1789 ; the others, be- 



SATTARA SAVOY 755 

tween the time of Huygens and Herschel ; Jupiter has four satellites, discovered 
by Galileo ; Uranus six, all, with the planet, discovered by Herschel. 

SATTARA, India, founded by the Mahratta confederation, 1644 '> captured by the 
British, 1817 ; incorporated into the British dominions, July i, 1856. 

SAUGOR, Hindostan, annexed to the empire of Delhi, by the Emperor Akbar, 
1599; ceded to England, 1818; confirmed by treaty, 1826. 

SAUMUR, France. The edict of Nantes annihilated the prosperity of this town. 
Captured by the Vendean army, June 10, 1793, from the republican army ; defend- 
ed by 100 guns, they took 11,000 prisoners, with 60 cannon and 10,000 muskets. 

SAVANNAH, N. America, a city of Georgia on a sandy plain, founded, 1733, by 
General Oglethorpe; taken by the English, 1778 ; given up, 1782 ; no less than 
463 buildings burnt, valued at ^^700,000, June 10, 1820 ; taken by the Federals 
under Gen. Sherman, in conjunction with the fleet under Admiral Dahlgren, with 
150 pieces of cannon and 25,000 bales of cotton. The Confederate Gen. Hardee 
abandoned the town after destroying two iron-clads and spiking the guns, Dec. 
21, 1864. 

SAVIGNY, order of Grey Friars founded by Vitalis of Tierceville near Bayeux, 
1 105 ; came to England, 1120 ; united to the Cistercian order, 1148. 

SAVILLE HOUSE, Leicester-square, attacked by the rioters in 1780 and stripped 
of its furniture, &c. ; rebuilt from the designs of S. Page in the beginning of this 
century. Miss Lin wood's exhibition of needlework at, opened, 1800 ; closed, 1845 > 
destroyed by fire, Feb. 23, 1865. 

SAVINGS' BANKS: the first established at Hamburg in 1778; the first in England 
by Priscilla Wakefield ; at Tottenham, for children, 1798 ; for adults, 1804 ; the 
first established in Scotland, by the Rev. John INIuckersy, Oct., 1807 ; Dr Henry 
Duncan placed them upon a permanent basis, 18 10; the provident institution for this 
purpose founded at Bath, Jan., 1815 ; the first established in Ireland, March, 1815; 
legally organized in England by the labours of Mr Geo. Rose, by the 57 Geo. III. 
c. 130, July 12, 1817 ; amended by the 58 Geo. HI. c. 48, May 30, 1818; again 
amended by I Geo. IV. c. 83, July 24, 1820 ; consolidated by the 9 Geo. IV. c. 
92, July 28, 1828 ; the responsibility of trustees fixed by 7 & 8 Vict. c. 83, s. 6, 
Aug. 9, 1844 ; the laws consolidated by 16 & 17 Vict. c. 45, Aug. 4, 1853 ; and 
again consolidated by 26 & 27 Vict. c. 87, July 28, 1863. The Post-office Savings' 
BiUtks established, 24 & 25 Vict. c. 14, May 17, 1861. An act passed for estab- 
lishing a Military Savings' Bank, 5 & 6 Vict. c. 71, July 30, 1842 ; this and all 

• subsequent measures consolidated by 22 & 23 Vict. c. 30, Aug. 13, 1859. A bank 
for Seamen established, 17 & 18 Vict. c. 104, s. 140, Aug. 10, 1854; amended, 
19 & 20 Vict. c. 41, July 7, 1856. 

SAVIOUR, ST, a Spanish order of knights, instituted by Alphonso I., king of 
Arragon, circa 1 120. 

SAVONA, Italy. Cathedral built in 1604 ; the Austrians and Piedmontese defeat- 
ed by the French, 1794 ; occupied by them, 1795 ; captured by the Austrians, 
1800 ; ceded to France, June, 1800. 

SAVOY, Europe, part of Gallia Narbonensis, which submitted to the Romans, B.C. 
118 ; seized by the Alemans, A u. 395 ; the Franks, 496. It shared the revolu- 
tions of Switzerland till 1040, when Conrad, Emperor of Germany, gave it to 
Hubert, with the title of Earl. Amadeus VIIL, Earl of Savoy, solicited Sigis- 
mund, Emperor of Germany, to erect his dominions into a duchy, which he did at 
Cambray, Feb. 19, 1417. The last duke, having taken Sicily in 1713 by the 
assistance of the English, was made king of that country, but by the peace of 
Utrecht changed for Sardinia, 1718 ; incorporated with France, Nov. 27, 1792. 



756 SAVOY PALACE SAXONY 

The dukedom of Savoy is now possessed by the King of Italy; but a great 
part of the country ceded to France in 1796; seized by the French, Dec, 1798, 
who were repulsed, 1799 ; but subjugated it again the year following. Restored 
to Sardinia, by the treaty of Paris, 1814.— -St^i? Sardinia. 

SAVOY PALACE, Strand, London, built by Peter, Earl of Savoy, uncle to Queen 
Eleanor, wife of Henry III., 1245 ; rebuilt by Henry, Earl of Lancaster, in a style 

■ of the most sumptuous magnificence, and cost 52,000 marks, 1328 ; totally destroy- 
ed by Wat Tyler and the Kentish rebels, 1381 ; it lay waste till the year 1509, 
when Hen. VII. commenced its rebuilding ; Hen. VIII. completed it in pur- 
suance of his father's will, and converted it into an hospital for the reception of 
100 distressed pilgrims, endowing it with lands to the amount of 500 marks yearly, 
July 5, 1518 ; but, being perverted into a refuge for the idle and profligate, he re- 
scinded the charter, 1553, its yearly value being ^529 15^'. (^d. ; by his will he 
directed it to be granted to the mayor and citizens of London ; refounded by Queen 
Mary ; dissolved by Queen Anne, July 31, 1702 ; its revenues sequestered to the 
crown; burnt, March 2, 1776. — Savoy Chapel, Strand, built, 1505, upon a 
part of the site of the palace of Peter de Savoy. King John of France died here, 
April 8, 1384 ; the memorable conference between the Episcopalian and Presby- 
terian divines on the Book of Common Prayer was held in, 1661 ; Wilson, bishop 
of Sodor and Man, was consecrated by Archbishop Sharpe in, 1698 ; the chapel 
possessed the privilege of sanctuary ; many persons of distinction were buried in 
the chapel ; used as a barracks and a prison for deserters until 1819. Repaired by 
George I. in 1721, and by Queen Victoria in 1843 5 destroyed by fire, July 7, 
1864 ; restored by the Queen, and opened, April 21, 1867. 

SAWLEY ABBEY, Yorkshire, built, 1147. 

SAWMILLS erected at Augsburg, 1322; Breslau, 1427; in Norway, 1530; in 
Italy, 1556; in England their introduction violently opposed, — one erected near 
London, in 1663, by a Dutchman, was abandoned on account of the determined 
opposition of the sawyers. Mr Houghton erected a mill at Limehouse, 1767-8, 
but the building and machinery were entirely destroyed by a mob. Considerably 
improved by Mr Brunei, 1812-13, and steammills erected bv, for the government, 
at Chatham, 1812-13. 

SAWS. A circular saw invented by Mr Trotter, 1804 ; Mr Brunei took out a patent 
for sawing timber in an easy and expeditious manner, 1805 ; for cutting veneers, 
1808 ; and for circular saws, 1808. 

SAXO-GRAMMATICUS, Danish history, written, 11 70. 

SAXON GREEN, in dyeing, invented, 1174. 

SAXONS, the ancient, first mentioned by Ptolemy, who placed them near the 
mouth of the Elbe, and on the Baltic shores ; first appearance of at Kent, in 
England, A.D. 450 ; they made a second settlement at Chichester, 477 ; a third 
body landed at Southampton, 495 ; and a fourth landed in Sussex, 572. Their 
literature began, 570; the Heptarchy established, 582; the Anglo-Saxon king- 
doms united by Egbert into one kingdom, 827. 

SAXONY, made an electorate of Germany, 1422 ; formed into a kingdom, Dec. 
II, 1806 ; consisting of the marquisates of Lusatia and Misnia, the larger part of 
Thuringia, and parts of Monspied and Houneberg, with other cessions from 
Prussia ; in 1815, the congress of Vienna reduced these territories to a population 
of no more than 1,237,000 ; Frederick Augustus was the first king, 1807 ; he was 
succeeded by his brother Anthony, May 5, 1827 ; then Frederick Augustus II., 
who ascended the throne, June 6, 1836. Upper Saxony was ceded to Prussia, 
1815 ; insurrection in, April 17 and Aug. 30, 1830; reciprocity treaty with Hol- 
land, 1839 ; king of, visited England, June I, 1844 ; joined the Zollverein, 1834 ; 



SCANDALUM MAGNATUM SCHLESWIG-HOLSTEIN 757 

constitution decreed, Sept. 4, 1S31 ; altered, March 31, 1849, and Oct. 19, 1861 ; 
insurrection in, May 5, 1849; federal constitution adopted. May 30 ; Johann I. 
succeeded to the throne, Aug. 9, 1854 ; the king of, killed by a kick from one of 
the horses in his carriage which was overturned whilst travelling, Aug. 10 ; occu- 
pied by the Prussian army under Prince Frederick Charles, June 16, 1866 ; a 
treaty agreed to, by King John, who engaged to pay a large sum of money and to 
give up the fortress of Konigstein, Oct 21 ; the village of Johanngeargerstad de- 
stroyed by fire, consisting of 350 houses, Aug. 22, 1867. 
SCANDALUM MAGNATUM, an act to punish all who gave out any reports, 
false or true, to the disadvantage of peers and public functionaries, by act 2 Rich, 
II. c. 5, 1378. 
SCARBOROUGH, Yorkshire, a Saxon town, the castle built by William le Gros, 
Earl of Albemarle, 1140; rebuilt, 1 190 ; cliff at, sunk and spa removed, Dec. 
18, 1237 ; made a royal burgh by 23 Edw. I., 1295 ; the fastle besieged unsuc- 
cessfully in 1536 ; a mineral spa first discovered, 1620 ; taken by the Parlia- 
mentarians after a siege of 12 months, July 22, 1645 ; and the fortifications de- 
stroyed, 1648 ; George Fox, the founder of the Society of Friends, confined in it, 
1665. 
SCARCITY ROOT, a species of parsnips, introduced into England by Dr Lett- 

som, 1787. 
SCARLET, the colour extracted from the kermes insect, called cochineal, 15 18; 
the first dye-house for this colour in England established at Bow, by one Kepler, 
1643. 
SCHAMYL, the famed leader of the Circassians, betrayed to the Russians, Aug. 

28, 1859. 
SCHELDT, Netherlands. The navigation opened. May 19, 1833.-7%;? Toll: the 
estimated sum required to defray the first moiety of the charge payable by Great 
Britain for the redemption of the Scheldt toll, under the treaty of July 16, 1863, 
is ;^I75,650- 
SCHISM, an act passed to prevent the growth of, and for the further security of 
the Churches of England and Ireland, as by law established, 12 Anne, c. 7, 1713 ; 
repealed, 5 Geo. I. c. 4, 1718. 
SCHLESWIG-HOLSTEIN, the duchies of Schleswig and Holstein, part of the 
possessions of the Danish crown, the right sold by Waldemar, king of Denmark, 
to Count Gerhard, Count of Holstein, 1326 ; their right to choose their own duke 
acknowledged by Cliristian I., Mar. 6, 1540 ; the right became obsolete in 1588; 
ceded by Christian IV., 1658 ; taken possession of by Denmark, 1714 ; guaran- 
teed to Denmark perpetually, 1715 ; the Gottorp portion ceded by Russia to, 
1773 ; constitution granted to, Jan. 28, 1848 ; insurrection in, March 24 ; invad- 
ed by Prussia, April 6 ; the insurgents defeated by the Danes, April 7 ; theDane- 
wirke taken by the Prussian army, 30,000 strong, under Gen. von Wrangle, April 
23 ; the Prussians defeated at Duppeln, June 5 ; an armistice agreed to, Aug. 26 ; 
hostilities renewed, April 3, 1849; Jutland invaded, April 20 ; the Prussians defeat- 
ed at Frederica, May 3 and July 6 ; peace concluded, July 2 ; war renewed, July 
15 ; the Prussians defeated with great loss at Idstedt, July 25 ; Friederickstadt 
bombarded, from Sept. 30 to Oct. 5 ; peace concluded, Oct. 30 ; the Danish army 
defeated the Schleswig-Holstein army, and occupied the town, July 25, 1850 ; 
Friederickstadt stormed by the Holstein army, the Danes repulsed them with 
great loss, Oct. 6 ; the Austrian anny advanced and occupied Hesse-Cassel, Nov. 
9 ; federal execution in, and entiy of Prince Augustenburg, Dec. 24, 1863 ; granted 
to the Emperor of Austria and the King of Prussia, Oct. 30, 1864; convention 
signed, Aug. 15, 1865 ; any Schleswiger signing the address in favour of the Duke 
of Augustenburg liable to five years' imprisonment, March, 1866. 



758 SCHONBRUNN SCONE ABBEY 

SCHONBRUNN, Vienna. Treaty of peace between France and Austria, signed at 
the camp, Oct. 15, 1809. 

SCHOOLS, CHARITY, established in London to prevent the poor children from 
entering Catholic seminaries, 3 James II., 1687 ; became general in England, 
1698 ; Dr Bell's system adopted, 1796 ; Mr Lancaster's, 1798. Infant schools 
first established in London by Lord Lansdowne, 1818. Charity schools estab- 
lished in Ireland, 1733. The British and Foreign School Society, founded, 1805 ; 
the National Society, l8il. Every child in Saxony compelled to attend school, 
June 6, 1855. Increased facilities given for the endowment and conveyance of 
sites for building schools, 4 & 5 Vict. c. 38, June 21, 1841. In i860 there were 
10,403 daily schools under government inspection, having 962,932 scholars , 38 
separate training colleges, having 8,826 students ; 426 pauper schools, containing 
27, 728 children; and 72 Reformatory schools, containing 6, 1 72 children ; the parlia- 
mentary grants amounted to, with a balance from the preceding grant, ;i^I,035,693. 
The Secretary of the Home Department substituted for the Committee of Council 
on Education, to exercise all the powers vested in him by the Industrial School act 
20 & 21 Vict. c. 48, 1857. In 1858 therewerein England and Wales 58,975 day 
schools public and private, 33,872 Sunday schools, and 2,036 evening schools. 

SCHUMLA, Turkey, taken by the Turks, 1389 ; besieged unsuccessfully by the 
Russians, iSio ; blockaded by the Russians, July, 1828 ; defeated by the Turks, 
Aug. 25. 

SCHWEIDNITZ, Prussia, the church erected in 1330 ; the town and castle forti- 
fied by Frederick the Great, 1747 ; taken by the Austrians, Nov. 12, 1757 ; re- 
taken by Prussia, April 16, 1758, and by the Austrians, Oct. I, 1761 ; they were 
subsequently defeated by the Prussians under Frederick II., May 16, 1762; cap- 
tui-ed by the French and the fortifications destroyed, 1806. 

SCILLY ISLES, Cornwall, the ancient Cassiterides that traded with the Phoeni- 
cians in tin ; conquered by King Athelstan, circa 938 ; taken by Admiral Blake 
in 165 1 ; shipwreck of Sir Cloudesley Shovel, with his two sons, and four men- 
of-war lost, with their crews, here, Oct. 22, 1707 ; the Prince of Wales visited the 
islands, July 25, 1865. 

SCINDE, Hindostan, taken by Nadir Shah, a Persian prince, 1739; upon his 
death it reverted to the Imperial power at Delhi ; a rebellion in, 1779 ; first treaty 
made with the English government, 1820; a commeixial one, 1832, 1836, and in 
April 1838, giving the British power to have a resident at the Court ; rebellion in, 
the Residency attacked, the Belooches defeated, Feb. 17, 1843. 

SCIO, JEgean Sea, the ancient Chios, is mentioned by Herodotus as among the in- 
sular states of the Ionian confederation; they joined thelonians, against the Persians, 
B.C. 499; after the defeat of the Confederates the Persians landed and carried off 
all the most beautiful girls ; besieged and taken by the Athenians subsequently, 
and captured again, 357; taken by King Philip, 201 ; used as a depot by the 
Romans in their war with Antiochus, 190. Mithridates took the town and ban- 
ished most of its inhabitants, 86 ; released by Sulla, 84. It was taken by the 
Turks in the 14th century, A.D.,and sold to the Genoese, 1346; retaken by the Turks 
under Solyman the Magnificent, 1566. The inhabitants joined in the insurrection 
against their rulers ; the Turkish fleet burnt the town, and massacred upwards of 
30,000 of its inhabitants, April, II — ^June 18, 1822. 

SCONE ABBEY, near Perth, Scotland, founded, 1114 ; the Scotch Parliament as- 
sembled here in Feb. 9, 1292. Edward I. of England brought the old corona- 
tion stone on which the Scottish kings used to be crowned, to England, and 
deposited it in Westminster Abbey, 1296 ; Robert Bruce gave the Abbey a new 
charter in 1325 ; burnt by the populace at the period of the Reformation, 1559; 



SCOTCH GOLD AND SILVER SCOTLAND 759 

but afterwards rebuilt; Charles II. the last king crowned here, Jan. i, 165 1 ; 
made the residence of the notorious Count d'Artois, 1798- 
SCOTCH GOLD AND SILVER prohibited from passing current in England, 

1393- 
SCOTCH CORPORATION, founded, 1655. 
SCOTCHMEN, upon an inquisition taken by Queen Elizabeth, only 58 were found 

in London, 1562. 
SCOTLAND. The Romans under Agricola invaded the country, a.d. 80—85, 
and Hadrian made an expedition into this country, A.D. 121 ; again invaded by 
the Romans under Severus, when 50,000 Romans perished, 207. Inhabited by 
the Picts,, 446. The Scots from Ireland settled in Kintire, 503. The capital of 
the Picts taken by Kenneth II., and every living creature put to death, 843; in- 
vaded by the Danes, 866 and 970; defeated by Malcolm, loio; treaty made with 
Sweyn, 1014. Feudal system established by Malcolm II., 1004. Lothian added 
to, 1017. Invadedby the Danes under Canute, 1031; divided into baronies, 1032; 
Danes driven out of, 1040; Duncan I. murdered by Macbeth, by whom the 
crown was seized, 1039; Malcolm III., assisted by Edward the Confessor, defeated 
the usurper at Dunsinane, Macbeth being killed by Macduff, 1057, and Malcolm 
crowned at Scone, Apr. 29 ; invaded by William the Conqueror, 1073 ; the Saxon- 
English language introduced into Scotland by fugitives from England, 1080 ; 
William Rufus invaded the coimtry and received the submission of Malcolm I., 
1 191 — 2 ; Alnwick besieged, and Malcolm III. killed, 1093 ; David 1. compiled a 
code of laws, 1 124 ; Turgot appointed by Alexander I. to the bishopric of St 
Andrews, 1107 ; Malcolm IV. held a convention of Prelates and Earls at Perth, 
1 160; William crowned at Scone, Jan. 3, 1165 ; peace concluded with, 1221 ; 
William the Lion defeated by Henry II., and taken prisoner at Alnwick ; treaty 
of peace signed between, Dec. 8, 1174; Alexander III. crowned, July 13, 1249; 
the Scottish Church declared independent, 1188. Scotlandinvaded by Hacho, 
king of Norway, with 160 ships and 20,000 men ; the invaders defeated by Alex- 
ander III., at the battle of Largs, Oct. 2, 1263 ; Alexander III. died, March 16, 
1287, and six Regents were chosen to govern the kingdom ; determined to remain 
separated from England, July 18, 1290 ; Margaret of Norway, Queen of Scot- 
land, died, Oct. 7 ; John Baliol and Robert Bruce asserted their right for 
the throne, 1290 ; Edward I. of England decided in favour of John, 1292 ; the 
first Parliament summoned to meet at Scone by Baliol, Feb. 10, 1293 ; John 
Baliol, King of Scotland, appeared and defended his own cause in Westminster- 
hall against the Earl of Fife, June 14, 1293 ; Edward dethroned John, ravaged 
the country, and defeated the Scots at Dunbar, April 27 ; occupied Holyrood, 
destroyed the monuments of Scottish history, and seized the coronation stone, 
1296 ; Edward I. defeated the Scots at Falkirk, July 22, 1298 ; captured Stirling 
Castle, Feb. 13, 1303, but was defeated at Roslin by the Regent Comyn, Feb. 24. 
The English captured Brechin, Aug. 9, and burnt Dunfermline, Aug. 9 ; Comyn 
concluded a treaty, Feb. 4, 1304 ; Stirling surrendered to Edward I, July 20 ; 
William Wallace taken by the English, and executed on Tower-hill as a traitor, 
Aug. 23, 1305 ; Bruce killed Comyn in the Minorite convent at Dumfries, Jan. 
29, or Feb. 10, 1306 ; crowned at Scone, March 25 ; defeated the English army 
at Loudon Hill, May, 1307 ; Perth captured by Robert Bruce, Jan. 8, 1312 ; 
Bruce re-takes Bervvick, April 2, 13 18; the English army defeated at Bannock- 
bum, June 24, 1314 ; acknowledged King of Scotland by the English Par- 
liament assembled at York, Mar. I, 1328 ; David II. crowned at Scone, 
Nov. 23, 1328 ; Bruce held his famous Parliament at Cambus Kenneth, 
July 15, 1326; Edward Baliol invaded Scotland, landing at Kinghorn, Fifeshire, 
Aug. 7, 1332, and defeated the Scots near Perth, Aug. 11, 12 ; Baliol crowned at 
Scone, Sept. 27; David II. taken prisoner at the battle of Durham by Queen Phil- 



76o SCOTLAND 

ippa of England, and detained in captivity ii years, Oct. 17, 1346 ; David II. died 
Feb. 22, 1371, and M^as succeeded by his nephew^ Robert. Battle of Chevy Chase 
between Hotspur, Percy, and the Earl Douglas, Aug. 19, 1388; battle of the 
Clans at Perth, Oct. 23, 1396 ; St Andrew's university founded, 1412 ; James I. 
captured by the English, on his passage to France, Mar., 1405 ; detained 19 years 
a prisoner in England, married Jane Beaufort, daughter of the Earl of Somerset, 
released and crowned at Scone, May 21, 1424 ; assassinated at the Monastery of 
Blackfriars, at Perth, by Sir R. Graham, Earl of Athole, and others, Feb. 20, 
1437 ; James II. commenced his reign, aged seven years, 1436 ; the university 
of Glasgow founded by Bishop Turnbull, 1453 ; James II. murdered the Earl 
of Douglas in Stirling castle, 145 1 ; James II. killed at the siege of Roxburgh, 
Aug. 3, 1460 ; St Andrews made an archbishopric, 1471 ; conspiracy against 
James III., and imprisonment of, 1482. Usurpation of the Duke of Albany, 1482; 
rebellion and defeat of, at Lochmalen, June 22, 1485 ; James III. caused the mur- 
der of his brother John ; killed in an insurrection of his people at Sanchy, Ban- 
nockbum, June II, 1488. Glasgow made an archbishopric, Jan. 9. 1492. 
University of Aberdeen founded by Bishop Elphinstone, 1494. James IV. married 
Margaret, daughter of Henry VII. of England, Aug 8, 1502 ; the Northern re- 
bellion suppressed, 1506 ; battle of Flodden Field, where James IV. was slain, 
and the flower of the Scotch nobility was cut to pieces, Sept. 9, 15 13 ; the Scots 
banished from England, 7 Hen. VII., c. 6, 149 1 ; war declared against, by 
Heniy VIII., 1522 ; the Court of Session established by James V., 1532; 
commercial treaty with the Netherlands, 1532; peace concluded with England, 
1533 ; reformation in 1532 — 34; the reformers persecuted, 1539 ; Order of St 
Andrew, or the Thistle, revived, 1540. War between Henry VIII. and James V., 
1542, the latter defeated at Caerlaverock ; Mary, afterwards Queen of Scots, 
born, Dec. 7, 1542; succeeded her father, James V., Dec. 7, 1542; treaty 
signed with England for the marriage of Prince Edward with the Queen of Scots, 
July I, 1543 ; Cardinal Beaton assassinated. May 28, 1545 ; the Scottish army, 
under Arran, defeated by the Protector, Somerset, at the battle of Finkey, 14,000 
were slain, Sep. 10, 1547 ; married the Dauphin of France, afterwards Francis 
II., April 24, 1558; a Parliament assembled at Edinburgh, July 10, 1560; 
Francis II. died, leaving the young Mary a widow, Dec. 15, 1560 ; the reformation 
in Scotland began between 1550 and Dec. 3, 1557, consummated by John Knox, 
1560. Mary returned, landing at Leith, after an absence of 13 years, arrived, 
Aug. 19, 1 561 ; in Queen Elizabeth's reign only 58 Scotsmen were found in London, 
1562 ; Mary married her cousin. Lord Darnley, July 29, 1565 ; revolt of Murray 
and defeat of, 1565, David Rizzio, her secretary, murdered by Darnley in her 
presence, March 9, 1566; Damley killed, the house being blown up with gunpow- 
der, Feb. 10, 1567; James Hepburn, Earl of Bothwell, carried off the Queen, who 
married him. May 15, 1567 ; Mary imprisoned by her nobles in Lochleven castle, 
and abdicated her throne, 1567; her infant son crowned as James VI., the 
Earl of Murray being appointed Regent, July 23, 1567 ; Mary escaped from 
prison, and collected a large force, but was defeated by the Regent Murray at the 
battle of Langside, May 15, 1568 ; the Regent Murray assassinated, 1570 ; the 
Earl of Lennox chosen Regent, July 12, 1570 ; the Earl of Mar, Sept. 6, 1571 ; 
death of John Knox, Nov. 24, 1572 ; university of Edinburgh founded, 1582 ; 
the Earl of Morton chosen Regent, Nov. 9, 1573; Mary having sought refuge 
in England, was thrown into prison by Queen Elizabeth, and after 18 years' cap- 
tivity, was beheaded at Fotheringay castle, Feb. 8, 1587 ; James VI. married 
Princess Anne of Denmark, 1589 ; Cowrie's conspiracy, 1600 ; union of the crown 
of Scotland with that of England, by the accession of James VI. to the throne of 
the latter kingdom, Mai-. 24, 1603 ; commissioners appointed to treat with the com- 
missioners of Scotland respecting the union of the two countries, i James I. c. 2, 
1603-4; disturbances in, owing to the attempt made by Charles I. to introduce the 



SCOTLAND 761 

Liturgy of the Church of England, 1636 — 1639 ; treaty with the Scots, 1640 ; 
Charles I. of England betrayed by the Scottish army, 1647 ; Marquis of 
Montrose killed in Edinburgh, 1650 ; Stirling castle surrendered to Gen. Monk, 
Aug., 1651 ; Scotland united to the English commonwealth by Oliver Cromwell, 
165 1 ; royalty restored by Charles II., 1660; assassination of Archbishop Sharpe, 
by a party headed by John Balfour of Burley, May 3, 1679 > revolution in favour 
of William III., and presbytery established, 16S8; the Macdonalds' massacre at 
Glencoe, 1691 ; James II. of England, died in exile, Sept. 16, 1701 ; union of 
Scotland with England, May i, 1 707 ; an act passed to make the union more com- 
plete, 6 Anne, c. 6, 1707 ; rebellion in Scotland in favour of the son of King James 
II., called the Pretender, 1715 ; the partisans of the Pretender defeated at the 
battle of Sheriffmuir, 1715 ; again defeated at the battle of Preston, Nov. 12, 
1 715 ; Captain Porteous hanged by the mob, on a dyer's pole in the Grassmarket 
of Edinburgh, Sept. 7, 1736; the Stuarts endeavour to recover possession of their 
ancient kingdom ; the Young Pretender gained the battle of Prestonpans, Sept. 
21, 1745, and Falkirk, Jan. 18, 1746 ; defeated at Culloden, April 16, 1746 ; 
Lords Kilmarnock and Balmerino executed on Tower-hill, Aug. 18, 1746. An act 
passed for securing the peace of Scotland, i Geo. I. st. 2, c. 54, 1715 ; amended 
II Geo. I. c. 26, 1724; again amended by 19 Geo. II. c. 39, 1746, and 20 
Geo. II. c. 43, 1747 ; the Highland dress prohibited by act of parliament, — the 
act was afterwards repealed, 1746 ; Simon Eraser, Lord Lovat, executed, 
aged 80, April 9, 1747 ; the Old Pretender, the 'Chevalier de St George,' died 
at Rome, aged 88, Dec. 30, 1765 ; great canal uniting the Friths of Forth 
and Clyde, begun in 1768, completed in 1790; Charles Edward, the Yovmg 
Pretender, died at Rome, Mar. 3, 1788 ; Cardinal York, the last of the Stuart 
race, died, Aug. 19, 1807; the Court of Session divided, 1807; the 
first railway formed between Kilmarnock and Troon, act passed in 1808, opened 
in 1810; the establishment of a Jury court under a chief commissioner, 1815 ; 
George IV. visited Scotland, Aug., 1822 ; a duty of one halfpenny per mile for 
every 4 persons conveyed by railway imposed, 1832 ; altered to 5 per cent., 
1842. Seven ministers of Strathbogie deposed by the General Assembly of the 
Church of Scotland, for obeying the civil before the ecclesiastical law, May 28, 
1841 ; this deposition protested against by the minority of ministers. The 
General Assembly by a great majority condemned church patronage as a griev- 
ance to religion, May 23, 1842. Queen Victoria and her consort visited Scotland, 
Sept. I, 1842 ; the Queen embarked for Woolwich, Sept. 13, 1842 ; secession of 
the non-intrusion ministers of the Church of Scotland, about one-third of the 
whole, at the General Assembly, May 18, 1843 5 Prince Albert purchased the 
reversion of the lease of the castle of Balmoral in 1848, and the fee simple in 
1852, and the present building was erected from the designs of Mr. Smith, 1854, 
now visited annually by the Royal Family. The Public Library act passed, 
1854 ; consolidated by 30 & 31 Vict. c. 37, July 15, 1867 ; the recovery of debts 
in the sheriff courts of, facilitated by 30 & 31 Vict. c. 96, Aug. 12; the laws re- 
lating to the public health amended, 30 & 31 Vict. c. loi, Aug. 15 ; Mr Hill 
Burton appointed Historiographer, Aug., 1867. 



A LIST OF SOVEREIGNS OF SCOTLAND. 



Fergus : killed fighting against 




Goran, brother of Congal 


the Romans ... 


404 


dered ... 


Eugenius II., son of Fergus ... 


419 


Eugenius III. 


Dongard, brother of Eugenius : 




Congal II. 


drowned 


452 


Kinathal 


Constantine I. ... 


457 


Aidan 


Congal II., nephew of Constan- 




Kenneth I. 


tine 


479 


Eugenius IV. 



501 

535 
558 
568 
570 
604 
605 



762 



SCOTLAND 



SCREW PROPELLER 



Ferchard I. 

Donald IV. : drowned in Loch 

Tay 
Ferchard II. : died from the bite 

of a mad wolf 
Malduin 

Eugeniua V. 

Eugenius VI. 

Amberkeleth 

Eugenius VII. ... 

Mordach 

Etfinius 

Eugenius VIII 

Fergus III. 

Solvathius 

Achaius 

Congal III. 

Dongal : drowTied in the Spey 

Alpin 

Kenneth II. , son of Alpinus, and 
surnamed MacAlpine : de- 
feated the Picts and slew their 
king ; united the Picts and 
Scots under one sceptre, and 
became the first sole monarch 
of all Scotland, 843 

Donald V. : dethroned 

Constantine II. 

Ethus, surnamed Lightfoot 

Gregory, called the Great 

Donald VI 

Constantine III. 

Malcolm I 

Indulf 

Duff 

Cullen : assassinated 

Kenneth III 

Constantine IV. 

Grimus .. 

Malcolm II 

Duncan I.: assassinated by his 
cousin Macbeth, who ascend- 
ed the throne 

Macbeth, usurper and tyrant, 
slain by Macduff, the thane of 



622 ceeded 

Malcolm III 

636 Donald VII 

Duncan II. 

650 Edgar 

668 Alexander I. ... 

688 David I 

692 Malcolm IV 

702 William I., the Lion ... 

704 Alexander II. ... 

721 Alexander III. ... 

730 Margaret, the maid of Norway; 

761 grand-daughter of Alexander 

764 III., died at Orkney on her 

767 passage to Scotland, 1285 ; 

787 thence arose the dispute about 

819 the succession, which was de- 

824 cided by Edward I. of Eng- 

831 land in favour of John Baliol, 
1292; after an interregnum, 
Robert (Bruce) I. mounted 
the throne, 1306 ; David 
(Bruce) II., son of Robert, 
with %vhom Edward Baliol 
disputed the crown 

834 Edward Baliol: resigned 

854 David II. again: a prisoner in 

862 England eleven years ; suc- 

874 ceeded by his nephew 

880 Robert II. (Stuart): succeeded 

892 by his son 

903 Robert III 

943 James I. 

958 James II. 

967 James III. 

972 James IV. 

976 James V. ... ■ ... 

994 Mary, beheaded at Fotheringay 

995 Castle, Feb. 18, 1587 

1003 James VI., son of Mary : 1603, 
on the death of Queen Eliza- 
beth, he succeeded to the 

1033 throne of England as James I. 
and the kingdoms became 
united. — Lavoisne's Atlas. 



1040 

1055 
1093 
1093 
1098 
1107 
1 1 24 

1153 
1 165 
1214 
1249 



1329 
1332 



1342 

1370 
1390 
1424 

1437 
1460 
1488 
1513 

1542 



1567 



Fife, and the rightful heir suc- 

SCOTT, the American diver, accidentally hung himself whilst performing a trick 
to imitate hanging at Waterloo bridge, Jan. il, 1841. 

SCREW PROPELLER for steam-vessels. Shown by Robert Hooke, 1680, 
and by Du Quet, 1731 ; Paucton, 1768; James Watts suggested the trial of one, 
Sept. 30, 1770- Bramah first patented a rotary engine for this purpose in 1785. 
Ramsey put the screw between two hulls in 1 792 ; many alterations and improve- 
ments have since been made. First used for steering vessels, 1800 — 1816. Mr 
Francis Pettitt Smith invented a screw for propulsion of steam-boats in 1835, he 



SCRIVENERS' COMPANY SEAMEN 763 

obtained a patent, May 31, 1836, and in this year several experiments were tried 
with it on the Paddington canal ; he visited Dover in this vessel in 1837. The 
Archimedes, a vessel of 237 tons burden, and 90 horse power, fitted with a screw, 
was launched at Millwall by the Admiralty, Oct. 18, 1838; this vessel subsequent- 
ly crossed the Bay of Biscay to Oporto in 1840 ; and in 1850 upwards of a hundred 
vessels were fitted with this screw. Woodcroft improved the method in 185 1. 
Mr R. Roberts exhibited his spiral vane propeller in 1853. Mr Robert Grif- 
fiths patented his improvements in the screw propeller in 1849. 

SCRIVENERS' COMPANY incorporated, 14 Jac. I., Jan. 28, 1616; grant of 
arms, Nov. 11, 1634. 

SCULLABOGUE, Ireland. Massacre of Protestants, in Ireland, during the 
rebellion : 230 men, women, and children having sought refuge in a barn, it 
was set on fire, and attempting to escape, they were shot, or killed with pikes, 
June 4, 1798. 

SCULPTURE. This art is first mentioned in the Bible, Gen. xxxi. v. 19 and 
34, where Rachel stole her father's gods, which are called Teraphim or Images. 
It has since been cultivated in every nation ; and even among savage nations the 
art is found, although in a rude form. The Greek nation was famed for the per- 
fection attained in this art. Copyright act for protecting works of this kind from 
piracy, 13 & 14 Vict. c. 104, Aug. 14, 1850. 

SCUTAGE, a tax or contribution, raised by those who held lands by ICnight's 
sei"vice, in England, to pay the first army, by Henry II., 1 159 ; subsequently by 
Hen. II., Richard I., John, and by Henry III., for raising a fund for carrying on 
the crusades ; not to be taken without the consent of Parliament, 25 Edw. I. c. 
6, 1297. 

SCUTARI, near Constantinople, 3000 houses at, wholly destroyed by fire, Aug. 

12, 1797 ; made a sanatorium by the English, Miss Nightingale and 38 nurses 

arrived, Nov. 6, 1854 ; a monument erected to the memory of the soldiers who 

fell in the Crimean war, 1865. 
SEA, the Sovereignty of England over the, supported by Selden, and measures 

taken in consequence, 8 Charles I., 1633 ; Russia and the Northern powers armed 

to avoid search, 1780 ; again, 1800. 

SEALS to official documents, of ancient date. The King Ahab's seal affixed to the 
orders for Naboth's execution, by Jezebel, i Kings xxi. 8, B.C. 899 ; not greatly 
in use in Saxon times, they signing parchment documents with a cross, and im- 
pressions upon lead being affixed ; sealing deeds and writs practised in England, 
1048 ; arms introduced upon private seals, circa iioo ; the great seals of England 
exist from the time of Edward the Confessor ; the most ancient seal with arms on 
it is that of Richard I. Wax was first used, suspended at the bottom of the deed, 
about 1213 ; sealing-wax for letters came into use about 1563 ; a;n act for mak- 
ing a new seal for the Commonwealth, passed, Jan. 22, 1651 ; great seal of Eng- 
land stolen, 1784. The office of Controller of the Seal of the Court of King's 
Bench and Common Pleas granted by Charles II. to the Earl of Euston, after- 
wards the Duke of Grafton, and his heirs; the right purchased by the crown by 
8 & 9 Vict. c. 34, July 21, 1845. 

SEAMEN. The number of, in England, was 14,295, in 1582. An act passed for the 
encouragement and increase of, 7& 8 Will. III. c. 21, 1695-6 ; wages advanced by 
Parliament, May 9, 1797, in consequence of the mutiny at Spithead ; the Mercan- 
tile Marine Act passed, Aug. 14, 1850, 13 & 14 Vict. c. 93 ; amended, 14 & 15 
Vict. c. 96, Aug. 7, 185 1 ; the Foreign Seamen Deserters' act, 15 & 16 Vict. c. 
26, June 17, 1852 ; savings' bank for, established, pursuant to the 19 & 20 Vict 
c. 41, July 7, 1856. 



764 SEBASTOPOL SEMPER EADEM 

SEAMEN'S WIDOWS' CORPORATION, founded, Oct. 13, 1732. 

SEBASTOPOL, Russia, made a naval station, by Catherine II., 1780 ; the town 
visited by that Queen, 1787 ; a series of docks upon an extensive scale, built by 
Nicholas I. The first bombardment by tlie Englisli fleet, under Adra. Dundas, 
and the French fleet, imder Adm. Hamelin, and the allied armies, commenced, 
Oct. 17, 1854 ; the second bombardment by the land forces, April 9, 1855 ; sus- 
pended on the 28th ; the third bombardment, the Memalon taken by the French, 
and the quarries by the English, June 7, 8 ; the English repulsed at the Redan, 
and the French at the Malakoff tower, June 18 ; the final bombai-dment opened 
by the French, Sept. 5, by the English on the 6th, and continued until the 8th, when 
the final assault was made ; the French carried the Malakoff tower, the English 
failed to carry the Redan, but the town was found evacuated the next morning ; 
the docks blown up by the English, Jan. 2, 1856 ; the city rebuilt, 1856-7 ; the 
Cathedral restored, and consecrated by the Archbishop of Cherson and Taurida, 
July, 1856. 

SECESSIONVILLE, battle, the Federals defeated with great loss, by th; Con- 
federates, June 16, 1862. 

SEBASTIAN, ST, Spain, capitulated to the French without firing a shot, Aug. 
4, 1794 ; besieged by the English, under Gen. Graham, June 29, 1813 ; St 
Bartholomew stormed and taken, July 13 ; the town assaulted unsuccessfully, July 
24, siege raised, July 27 ; taken by storm by the British, under Wellington, 
Aug. 31, 1813 ; the fortress capitulated, Sept. 9. 

SECRETARIES OF STATE first appointed in England in the reign of Heniy 
III. ; two appointed in the reign of Henry VIII., Lord Cromwell and Cardinal 
Wolsey, 1529-30. 

SECURITY of the King's Person, act passed for, 1703 ; amended, 1785. 
SEDAN CHAIRS, so named from Sedan in France, where they were first made ; 

seen first in England 1581 ; one used in the reign of James I. by his profligate 

favourite, Buckingham ; first in fashion in London, 1634 ; in general use, 1649 ; 

Sir Francis Duncomb had a patent to let out, sell, or hire any number for his 

sole profit, for 14 years. 

SEDGMOOR, battle, between the Royal armyand the Insurgents under the Duke 
of Monmouth, when the latter were totally defeated, with a loss of 500 men, July 
6, 1685 ; the Duke was captured, July 8, and executed, July 15 ; this was the 
last battle fought in England. 

SEDITION, some kinds of, come within the statute, 25 Edwai-d III., c. 2, 1352 ; 
the law against, regulated by the Riot Act, i Geo. I. c. 5> 17^4 > seditious meet- 
ings and societies suppressed, 36 Geo. III. c. 8, Dec. 18, 1795 > again, 57 Geo. 
III. c. 19, March 31, 1817; in Ireland, proclamations against seditious meetings 
published at different times down to 1848. 

SELBY, battle, the Royalists, commanded by the governor of York, John 
Bellasis, defeated by the Parliamentarians, April 11, 1644. 

SELBY ABBEY, Yorkshire, built, founded by William I., 1069. 

SELBY AND LEEDS RAILWAY, opened, Sept. 22, 1834. 

SEMINCAS, battle of, between the Moors and Romirez, King of Leon and the 
Asturias : it is said by Spanish historians that 80,000 of the infidels were 
slain, 938. 

SEMPACH, battle, between the Swiss and Leopold, Duke of Austria, in which 
the Swiss obtained a great and glorious victory over the Duke, who fell in the 
battle, July 9, 1386. 

SEMPER EADEM, used as the motto for the arms of England, Dec. 13, 1720. 



SENATE SERGEANTS AT LAW 765 

SENATE. In all ancient republics the government was divided between the King 
and the Senate ; the Roman Senate was the most celebrated of all, during the 
splendour of the Republic ; the number of Senators was according to the number 
of tribes. In the earliest times the number was 100, taken from the Patricians ; the 
number subsequently increased. The first Plebeian Senator (Spurius Mselius) 
admitted B.C. 439 ; one of the qualifications necessary was an income of 80,000 
sesterces, or about ^7000 English money, and they were entitled to wear a par- 
ticular robe, but they were prohibited from carrying on any commercial pursuit. 
The election of magistrates transferred to, by Tiberius. 
SENEFFE, battle, the French, under Conde, defeated the Dutch troops, under 
William of Orange ; the loss on both sides amounted to 20,000 men, A\i<^. 11, 
1674. 
SENESCFIAL, an officer of the royal household in France, esteemed a place of 

high honour and trust, 1059. 
SENGENNETH CASTLE, Glamorganshire, built by Edward I., 1296. 
SEPOYS, the native soldiers of India, first raised by the French, at Madras, 1746; 
by the English, 1 748 ; formed into regiments, commanded by European officers 
1766 ; before the mutiny, the force consisted of 240,000 men. The whole force 
transferred to the Crown, 1858. 
SEPTEMBER. This was formerly the seventh month. Julius Csesar increased the 
jiumber of days to 31, B.C. 46. The Grecian year of the world commenced on 
the 1st of this month, B.C. 5598. 
SEPTEMBRIENS, the name given to the assassins among the Parisian mob on 
Sept. 2, 1792, who broke open the prisons, and slaughtered their inmates indis- 
criminately. 
SEPTENNIAL PARLIAMENTS. The sitting of parliaments was once in two 
years, in the reign of Edward I.; the sitting was annual, 4 Edward III. to 16 
Chas. I., c. I, Feb. 16, 1640, when three years was to be the duration; the 
triennial act was confirmed by 6 & 7 William & Mary, c. 2, Dec. 22, 1694 ; and 
continued, the invasion of the Pretender being made an excuse for extendino- them 
to seven years, which rendered the management of them more easy, i Geo. I. 
s. 2, c. 38, May 7, 1716. 

SEPTUAGESIMA SUNDAY, the day appointed by the Council of Toledo, 643. 

SEPTUAGINT VERSION OF THE BIBLE, reported by Justin Martyr to 
have been executed by 72 translators, shut up in 36 cells, and that, on comparison, 
none of the 36 copies varied a word or letter. St Jerome states that those trans- 
lators translated the Pentateuch, or Law of Moses, only. The translation is said 
to have been finished in 72 days ; Archbishop Ussher places the date of this 
version B.C. 277- 

SEPULCHRE, Knights of the Holy Order of, instituted in Palestine, circa 1114 ; 
Philip II., King of Spain, elected master, 155S ; Louis XVIII., of France, 
promised his protection to this order, Aug. 19, 1814. 

SEQUANI, a Celtic nation inhabiting Gaul ; in the time of the Roman invasion 

they sent a contingent to attack Caesar before Alesia, B.C. 52. 
SERAMPORE, Hindustan, purchased by England, from Denmark, 1845. 
SERAPHIM, order of knighthood, instituted in Sweden, by Magnus II., 1334, 

SERAPIS and ISIS, Temple of, restored after the death of Csesar; demolished 

by the Goths, a.d. 455. 
SERGEANTS AT LAW, Sergeant's Countour, appointed in the reign of Henry 

I. Their coif introduced, it is said, to conceal the tonsure of such among them 



766 SERGEANTS' INN SETTLEMENT OF THE CROWN 

as were renegade clergymen, about 1259; the privilege of, extended to all 
Barristers practising in the Court of Common Pleas, 9 & 10 Vict. c. 54, Aug. 
18, 1846. 

SERGEANTS' INN, Chancery-lane, first occupied by the Judges, 1415. The 
Sergeants united with the Judges in the occupancy of, 1440-1 ; sold by the Dean 
and Chapter of York, June 20, 1523. The Inn, in Fleet-street, leased to the 
Sergeants, burnt in the fire of 1666 ; rebuilt and opened, 1681 ; the chapel 
consecrated, 1676. 

SERINGAPATAM, battle, between the English andTippoo Sahib, May 15, 1791, 
the former being defeated. 

SERINGAPATAM, Hindustan, founded 1454; governed by Raj Wadegar, 1610; 
besieged unsuccessfully by the Mahrattas, 1697 ; and again, 1772, when the 
assailants were bought off for a sum of ;!^i50,ooo ; redoubts of the city stormed 
by Lord Cornwallis, Feb. 6, 1792 ; preliminaries of peace signed, Tippoo 
surrendering half Mysore, and paying ^3,500,000, with his two sons as 
hostages. Besieged by the British, under Gen. Harris, April 5, 1 799 ; stormed by 
Gen. Baird, and taken, Tippoo being killed, May 4. 

SERPENTINE RIVER, Hyde Park, formerly Tyburn brook, made at a cost of 
^6000, by command of Queen Caroline, 1 730. 

SERVANTS, MENIAL or DOMESTIC. A tax first laid upon male servants, 
1777; subsequently increased ; Pitt imposed one upon female servants, 1785 ; 
this was repealed, 1792. Not to be put away or permitted to depart without a 
quarter's warning in the time of Elizabeth. Any one personating a master, and 
giving false characters to servants, or persons offering themselves to be hired 
making false representations, punished by 32 Geo. HI. c. 56, 179^ ; an act passed 
for their better protection, 14 & 15 Vict. c. 11, May 20, 1851; amended, 24 &25 
Vict. c. 100, ss. 26 and 73, Aug. 6, 1861. 

SERVETUS, REVES MICHAEL, burned at Geneva, at the instigation of 
Calvin, for heresy, Oct. 27, 1553- 

SERVIA, Europe, made an independent kingdom by Pope Honorius, 1217 ; Ste- 
phan Duschan elected Emperor and crowned, 1333 ; Lazarus, the last Emperor, 
defeated and killed by the Turks, 1389 ; subdued by the Turks, 1689 ; rebelled 
against that power, 1801 ; defeated the Turkish army, under Czerny, 1806 ; cap- 
tured Belgrade, 1807 ; Czerny elected King of, 1811 ; the Servians defeated by 
the Turks, 1812 ; a treaty concluded with that power, 1815 ; Alexander George- 
witch elected Prince of, 1842 ; made an independent state and placed under the 
protection of the great powers, by the treaty of Paris, March 30, 1856 ; Michael 
HI. succeeded to power, Sept. 26, i860 ; shot, June 10, 1868. 

SERVICE BOOK. The Act of Uniformity, 2 & 3 Edw. VI. c. i, 1549, ordained 
that the order of divine worship contained in the book drawn up by the Com- 
missioners with the aid of the Holy Ghost should be the only one used after 
Whitsuntide, May 20; revised, 1551; suppressed by Queen Mary, Dec. 20, 1553; 
re-established, I Eliz. c. 2, 1559. 

SESSION, LORDS OF, in Scotland, appointed by James I., 1425; abolished, 1469; 
re-constituted, 1532-37 ; Court of Session reinstated in Edinburgh, 1746 ; the 
sittings regulated by 48 Geo. III. c. 151. 

SESSION COURTS, appointed to be held quarterly in England, 2 Henry V., 
141 3 ; times for, regulated by I Will. IV. c. 70, s. 35, 183 1, and the 4 & 5 Will. 
IV. c. 47, Aug. 13, 1834. 

SETHI ANS, a sect which contended that Seth was the true Christ, 190. 

SETTLEMENT OF THE CROWN, excluding Roman Catholics, passed, i Wil- 



SEVENTH-DAY BAPTISTS SEWING MACHINES 767 

liam & Mary, 1689 ; also the act so called, by which the crown was confirmed to 
the existmg family, June 12, 1701 ; Irish act of settlement passed, 1662; re- 
pealed, 16S9. 

SEVENTH-DAY BAPTISTS.— &^ Sabbatarians. 

SEVEN PINES, battle. The Federal army commanded by Gen. Mc Clellan, 

defeated by the Confederates under Generals Stuart and Longstreet, with severe 

loss. May 31, 1862. 

SEVEN YEARS' WAR, began after the treaty of Versailles, May i, 1756, and 
ended with the peace of Paris, Feb. 10, 1763. 

SEVERN, the river, turned from its old channel by a landslip, crossing the current 

near Buildwas, Shropshire, 1681. 
SEVERUS, WALL of, built across the island, from the river Tyne to Bowness, 

on the Solway Frith, 74 miles, to exclude the northern barbarians ; completed, 

209. 

SEVILLE, Spain, the capital of Andalusia, captured by the Romans under Pom- 
pey, Aug, 9, B.C. 45 ; became a Moorish city; besieged by St Ferdinand, Aug. 
20, 1247 ; surrendered, Nov. 23, 1248 ; this king died here. May 31, 1252, and 
was canonized by Clement IX., 1668 ; seriously damaged by an earthquake, 
1395 > the Cathedral built and opened for service, 15 19 ; the capital of Spain 
until Charles V. removed the court to Valladolid ; peace concluded at, between 
France and Spain, Nov. 9, 1729 ; custom-house destroyed by fire. May 7, 1792; 
taken by the French army under Soult, Feb. 2, 1810; he ordered all Spaniards 
taken with arms in their hands to be shot, May 9, 18 10; the town plundered; 
abandoned, Aug. 27, 1813 ; besieged by Espartero, July 21, 1843; raised, July 
25, upon the termination of the Regency. 

SEVRES WARE. The oldest of porcelain manufactories in France was founded, 
1695 ; Louis XIV. patronized and granted exclusive privileges to, 1702 ; first 
established at Vincennes, 1740; a company formed under the direction of Charles 
Adam, a sculptor, 1745 ; it became a royal establishment, 1753 ; removed from 
Vincennes to Sevres, 1756; Louis XV. became sole proprietor, Oct. i, 1760; 
the secret of making hard porcelain purchased of Peter Anthony Hauling, for 
3000 livres, 1761 ; M. Brougniart appointed sole director, 1800, and was suc- 
ceeded by M. Regnault, 1847. 

SEWDLEY CASTLE, Gloucestershire, built, 1442. 

SEWERS, commission of, first granted by 6 Hen. VI. c. 5, 1427 ; a law passed in 
England for the government and making of, 23 Hen. VIII. c. 5, 1531-2 ; made 
perpetual by 4 Edw. VI. c. 8, 1549 ; confirmed and commission appointed for 
10 years, 13 Eliz. c. 9, 1570, and commissions appointed from time to time ; 
the Metropolitan commissioners appointed, 12 & 13 Vict. c. 50, July 28, 1849 ; 
superseded by the Metropolitan Board of Works, 18 & 19 Vict. c. 120, Aug. 14, 
1855 ; the main drainage intrusted to them, by 21 & 22 Vict. c. 104, Aug. 2, 
1858 ; the City of London commissioners regulated by II & 12 Vict. c. 163, Sept. 
5, 1848 ; amended by 14 & 15 Vict. c. 91, July 24, 1851. 

SEWING MACHINES. M. Thimonnier patented a machine in Paris in 183 1 ; one 
for embroidering patented by Heilman, 1834 ; Walter Hind of New York, invented 
the mail-bag stitch, a'rca 1840 ; and Mr Gibbons of Nottingham improved one 
for embroidering, Dec, 1844. A patent granted to M. J. Sone, for making cloths 
by machinery in Paris, Feb., 1805 ; the first attempt at stitching by machinery was 
patented by Mr Ellis Howe, of Boston, United States, Sept. 10, 1846; he granted 
his first licence, 1853 ; C. T. Judkins patented a stitching machine, 1853; in the 
year 1866 more than 170,000 machines were made in the United States. 



768 SEWIN'S LAND SHAVING OF PRIESTS 

SEWIN'S LAND, New Holland, discovered by the Dutch, 1622. 

SEXTANT, revived by Tycho Brahe, at Uraniberg, Isle of Huen, vi'here he had 
his observatory, 1550 ; one belonging to the Arab astronomers in 995, who are 
said to have had another of more than 50 feet radius ; improved by Newton, 
1699. 

SEYCHELLES ISLANDS, Indian Ocean, discovered by Vasco di Gama, 1502; 
explored by Capt. Picault, and made a French colony, 1742 ; captured by the 
British, 1794 ; ceded to that power by the treaty of 1815. 

SHADWELL WATER-WORKS, destroyed by tire in lYz hour, Dec, 1797; 
they raised 907 gallons per minute. 

SHAFTESBURY ABBEY, Dorsetshire, founded by Alfred the Great, 888; incor- 
porated by Elizabeth. 

SHAKERS, or SHAKING QUAKERS, a religious sect, which was first formed 
in Lancashire, 1747 ; formed by Ann Lee, a noted Quaker, 1758 ; the property 
of each family wsls held in common, and celibacy was enjoined. 

SHAKESPEARE, WILLIAM, born at Stratford-on-Avon, April 23, 1564; died 
on the anniversary of his birth, 1616 ; monument to, erected in Westminster 
Abbey, 1741 ; jubilee in honour of, Sept. 6, 1769 ; his theatre in London, the 
Globe, consumed, 1663 ; a festival in honour of the poet held at Stratford, April 
23, 1836. The Jlo/tse of, at Stratford-upon-Avon, sold at the Auction Mart for 
^3000, to the Stratford committee, Sept. 16, 1847. The Tercentenary held at 
Stratford and London, April 23, 1864 ; and in London an oak tree was planted 
by Mr Phelps at the foot of Primrose Hill, and in the evening a fete was given 
at the Agricultural Hall ; at Liverpool a fancy dress-ball in the costumes of the 
Elizabethan period. The French Government forbad the celebration in Paris. 
Autographs of: The deeds of purchase of a house in Blackfriars from Henry 
Walker, March 10, 1612-13, for a sum of ^^140, was purchased by the Corpor- 
ation of London, June, 1843 ; a mortgage of tlae same, March li, sold to the 
British Museum for ;^3I5. Works of: The first edition of his Sonnets pub- 
lished in 1609 ; the first edition of his Dramatic Works published by Heminge 
and Condell, in 1623 ; a second edition, in 1632 ; a third, in 1664 ; and a 
fourth, in 1685. Rowe's annotated edition published, 1709 ; Johnson and 
Steevens' edition, 1778; Malone's supplement to, 1780; S. Johnson, Steevens, 
and Reed's edition in 21 volumes, 1813 ; Knight's Pictorial edition, 1838-43; 
J. O. Halliwell's edition, 1853-65 ; Cambridge edition, 1866. The earliest 
edition known of his Venus and Adonis found in the library of Sir Charles Isliam, 
at Lamport, Northamptonshire, by Mr C. Edmonds, Oct. 3, 1867. Shakespeare 
Society, for the publication of Plays of Shakespeare and his contemporaries, 
established, 1841. 

SHAMROCK, the Irish name for three-leaved clover or trefoil, said to have been 
adopted by St Patrick as an emblem of the Trinity, 432, whose festival is kept 
on March 17. 

SHANGHAI, China, taken by the British fleet under Admiral Parker, Oct. 10, 
1842 ; restored, 1843 ; captured by the rebels, Sept. 7, 1853 ; retaken by the 
Imperialists. 

SHANNON, an English frigate of 38 guns, commanded by Capt. Broke, defeated 
the American frigate Chesapeake, commanded by Capt. Lawrence, off Boston, 
in 15 minutes, 181 3. 

SHANNON, river, Ireland. Act to improve its navigation passed, Sept. 9, 1835 ; 
made navigable from Limerick to Lough Allen, 143 miles, so that steam-boats 
may navigate 190 miles upon its waters, 1849 ; cost ^^500,000. 

SHAVING OF PRIESTS first introduced, 169. At a parliament held at Trim 



SHEEP SHERBORNE CASTLE 769 

by John Talbot, Earl of Shrewsbury, then Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland, it was 
enacted " That eveiy Irishman must keep his upper lip sliaved, or else be used 
as an Irish enemy," 1447 ; repealed by 11 Charles I., 1613. 
SHEEP were an important part of the possessions of the ancient Hebrews and of 
Eastern nations generally. They are first mentioned in Gen. iv. 2. Said to have 
been first imported into Spain from England, improving the southern breed, 
1467 ; forbidden to be exported from England, 1424, previously. An act passed 
prohibiting any one from keeping a larger number than 2000, nnder penalty of 
3J. 4//. for every one kept above that number, 25 Hen. VIII. c. 13, 1533-4. Not 
to be imported into Scotland or elsewhere, 1662. Sheep-stealing punishable by 
death, without benefit of clergy, 14 Geo. II. c. 6, 1741. The importation of, pro- 
hibited on account of the infection, Sept. 4, 1848. 

SHEEPSHANKS, JOHN, presented his valuable collection of pictures and 
drawings to the nation, valued at ^60,000, Feb. 6, 1857 ; since deposited in the 
South Kensington Museum. 

SHEERNESS, Kent, fortifications began by Charles II., in the early part of 1667; 
these were destroyed by the Dutch fleet before they were finished, July 10, 1667 ; 
ordered to be fortified by government, 1782, and the dockyard began ; enlarged, 
1809 and 1822, could hold I2 ships-of-war. Fifty houses destroyed by fire in 
Blue Town, Jan. 8, 1830. 

SHEFFIELD, Yorkshire, a charter granted by Edw. I. to, for holding a weekly 
market, 1296 ; Mary Queen of Scots confined in the castle, 1570 — 1584 ; the 
Royalists defeated by the Parliamentaiy forces, Aug. 10, 1644, and the castle 
ordered to be demolished ; Shrewsbury hospital built, 1673; library established, 
1 771; a cotton manufactory destroyed by fire, Feb. 16, 1792 ; the Cutlers' Com- 
pany incorporated by 21 James I., 1624 ; its restrictive powers repealed, 1814 ; 
Hall built, 1726; Collegiate Proprietaiy School founded, 1835 ; the town in- 
corporated, Aug. 24, 1843. The Sheffield and Rotherham Railway opened, 1838; 
to Manchester, 1845 > *^^^e Grimsby line opened, 1849. A free library established, 
1856 ; a serious catastrophe at the Surrey music-hall through a cry of fire, several 
persons trampled to death, Sept. 19, 1858; the Bradfield reservoirs burst, caus- 
ing immense destruction of property and 270 persons killed, March 11, 1864 ; a 
fund raised for their relief. The Surrey Theatre burnt, March 25, 1865. A com- 
mission appointed, May 23, 1867, to inquire into the acts of intimidation, outrage, 
or wrongs, promoted or connived at, by the Trades Unions, held their first meeting 
at the Council-hall, June 3, closed July 7; report presented, Aug. 2 ; rattening 
renewed at, Oct. 23. 

SHENANDOAH, vessel of war belonging to the Confederate States of America, sur- 
rendered to the British government, Nov. 9, 1865, and handed over to the 
United States. 

SHENANDOAH VALLEY, the Federal army defeated with great loss by the 
Confederates, under Gen. Ewell and Jackson, June, 1862 ; the Federals, under Gen. 
Sheridan, defeated the Confederates, under Gen. Early, with a loss of 5000 men 
Sept. 18, 1864 ; and again at Fisher's Hill, Sept. 21. 

SHEPHERD, the notorious John, executed, Nov. 16, 1724. 

SHERBORNE, town of, made a bishop's see from Winchester, Jan., 705 ; united 
to Wilton, 1071 ; both translated to Old Sarum, and then to Salisbury, 121S • 
church rebuilt between 1459 and 1504. 

SHERBORNE CASTLE, Dorsetshire, built by Roger, Bishop of Salisbury, 
1 135 ; the present castle built by Sir Walter Raleigh. Taken by the Parlia- 
mentarians, under Fairfax, 1645 ; and pulled down by order of parliament. 

4? 



770 SHERIFFMUIR SHIPBUILDING 

SHERIFFMUIR, battle between the Duke of Argyle and the Scotch rebels, in 
favour of the Pretender, under the Earl of Mar, Nov. 13, 17x5, the latter were 
defeated. 

SHERIFFS' COURT, city of London, an act passed for the more easy recovery of 
small debts and demands within the city of London and the liberties thereof, 15 & 
16 Vict. c. clxxvii. June 17, 1852 ; a limited power in equity, granted, July 5, 
1865 ; to be called the City of London Court, and assimilated with other county 
courts, 30 & 31 Vict. c. 142, s. 32, Aug. 20, 1867. 

SHERIFFS' HUTTON CASTLE, Yorkshire, built by Bertran de Bulmer, 1160- 
4 ; repaired by Ralph Nevill, first Earl of Westmoreland, 1401 ; captured by 
Edward IV., 1471, and given to Richard Duke of York, who kept the Princess 
Elizabeth, afterwards Queen of Henry VII. , prisoner in. 

SHERIFFS OF COUNTIES, first nominated by William the Conqueror, 1079 ; 
the mode of annual election by the shire folk confirmed by 28 Edw. I. c. 8, 1300; 
but this was found to lead to tumultuous elections ; it was put an end to by 9 
Edw. II. St. 2, 131 1, and the election to be by the chancellor, treasurer, and judges. 
The custom now is to submit the names of 3 persons and the sovereign appoints 
one. First appointed in London, 1 1 89; confirmed by King John, July 5, 1199 ; 
the present mode of election adopted, 1461 ; regulated by act of Common Council, 
1748. The office was formerly hereditary in Scotland, but abolished by 20 Geo. 
II. c. 43, 1747 ; first styled Bailiffs in Dublin ; appointed, 1308 ; named Sheriffs 
by Edw. VL, 1548. 

SHETLAND ISLES, first inhabited by a Saxon tribe who were expelled by Theo- 
dosius, A.D. 368; subsequently inhabited by the Scandinavians ; subjugated by 
Harold Harfager, 875 ; James III. of Scotland purchased these islands and annex- 
ed them to the Crown, 1470 ; the ancient constitution abolished by Charles II. 
The wealth of the islands is in the fisheries, 4000 persons being employed in this 
trade ; 19 fishing-boats lost, with their crews, Oct. 13, 1832. 

SHIELDS, SOUTH, Durham, noted for its salt-works, established by Lionel 
Bell, 1489. Glass-works were erected by Sir R. Mansel, which were con- 
ducted by fugitives from Lorraine, 1619 ; the Town-hall erected, 1768 ; the 
Theatre, 1791 ; St Hilda colliery began to be worked, 1810 ; 59 persons killed by 
an explosion at, 1839 ; a lifeboat, invented by Mr Greathead, first used, Jan. 
30, 1790. 

SHILLINGS, first coined in England, 1504, femj>. Henry VII. ; the value of the 
ancient Saxon coin of that name was ^d. After the Conquest the French solidus, 
of 12 pence, from Normandy, got that name. The shilling, on account of the 
clipping process, reduced by proclamation to 6d., 1550. Shilling, the Irish, value 
ninepence, coined 1560, current at I2d.; a base coinage in England for the serv- 
ice of Ireland. — See Test on. 

SHIP, Order of Knighthood, established, 1252. 

SHIP AND DOUBLE CRESCENT, Order of Knighthood, began in France, 
1269. 

SHIPBUILDING. The first vessel we have any description of is the ark, built by 
Noah ; it is supposed to have been 450 feet in length, 75 feet in breadth, depth 45 
feet. The Egyptians were the first to whom shipbuilding can be traced. The 
Hebrews had stately ships with which they made voyages to bring materials for 
building Solomon's temple. The Phoenicians were also skilled in shipbuilding, 
and we are informed by Herodotus that they made voyages round the Cape of 
Good Hope. The Romans were noted for the size and strength of their galleys ; 
their ships were divided into tliree classes, the Naves longa, or war vessels, the 
Naves Onei-ariee, or merchant vessels, and the Naves lUntrnce, or despatch vessels. 



SHIP-MONEY SHODDY 771 

The Danes were also skilled in this art. Alfred was the first English monarch who 
established a fleet of war vessels, to resist the invasions of the Danes. Hardi- 
canute raised a sum of ^11,000 for the purposes of shipbuilding in the second 
year of his reign ; William the Conqueror had a fleet of 500 vessels, 1065 ; nine 
ships of extraordinary size were built by Richard I., for his expedition to the Holy 
Land. The dockyard at Portsmouth established by King John, 1212 ; the royal 
fleet, in the reign of Edward I., consisted of 710 vessels, carrying 14, 15 1 mariners, 
1344. The bowsprit added to vessels of war by Edward 111. The first navigation 
act passed in the 4th year of the reign oi Richard II., 1381. Port-holes first intro- 
duced by French ship-builders, 1500. Henry VII. built the Great Harry, subse- 
quently called the Regent, which was destroyed in an engagement with the 
French, 1512. This art was greatly improved in the reign of Henry VIII.; the 
Great Harry, so named from the former, laid down, 1512, 1000 tons burden; 
launched, 1514; burnt at Woolwich, 1553; this king also improved the dock- 
yards. Edward VI. had a fleet of 58 ships of various tonnage. The fleet which 
defended England against the Spanish Armada consisted of 197 vessels of various 
descriptions and sizes, 29, 744 tons, with 15,7^5 nien ; the Triumph was IIOO 
tons burden ; the White-Bear looo tons ; the Spaniards first introduced three- 
deckers, 1591 ; merchant vessels were also increased in size in this reign. James 
I. built 10 new ships in the last 5 years of his reign, and expended ;/"50,ooo annu- 
ally, 162 1 — 25. The Sovereign of the Seas, the first three-decker built in England, 
from the design of Peter Pett, — length, 232 feet ; length of keel, 128 feet ; tonnage, 
1640 tons, 1637. Anthony Deane greatly improved the build of ships, 1666 ; the 
French had a fleet of 151 line-of-battle ships, manned by 36,440 men, with 179 
smaller vessels, 1681 ; improved by James II., 1685. An act passed to encourage 
the building of, and it enacts that any person who shall within the next 10 years 
after the i May, 1694, build any three-deck vessel, with not less than 10 ports of 
a side, armed with 32 pieces of ordnance, shall receive for the first three voyages 
one-tenth of the custom duties, 5 & 6 Will, and Mary, c. 24, 1694. The Victory, 
of 100 guns, built in 1735, lost in the Channel, 1744 ; her successor, afterwards 
Nelson's flag-ship, launched, 1765. Ships of a larger class were laid down in our 
dockyai'ds, 1744; the Royal (7£.'c7;g-(? was launched, 1756 ; length, 170 feet, breadth, 
5 1 feet, and 2047 tons burden. A society for improving the build of ships instituted 
by Colonel Beaufoy, 1791 ; a naval school for the study of naval architecture, 
established, 181 1 ; the navy board abolished, and a surveyor of the navy appointed 
in 1833 ; Sir William Symonds was appointed to this office, and he greatly im- 
proved the build of vessels of war. Steam first introduced into the navy and 
the screw adopted, 1840; first applied io\hQ Rattler, 1843. 

SHIP-MONEY, extorted by Charles I., 1626; Mr John Hampden refused pay- 
ment, 1636, cited in the Court of Exchequer, June 12, 1637 ; declared illegal, 
and the sentence against Hampden reversed, 16 Car. I. c. 14, 1641. Charles de- 
manded of London 7 ships and 4000 men ; of Yorkshire, 2 ships of 600 tons, or 
12,000 men ; and a similar rate at other places. 

SHIPPING first registered in the Thames, 1788 ; a new act passed for the regis- 
tration of British vessels, 8 & 9 Vict. c. 89, Aug. 4, 1845 ; transfer and registi-a- 
tion of, 17 & 18 Vict. c. 104, Aug. 10, 1854, and 18 & 19 Vict. c. 91, Aug. 
14, 1855; the local dues altered by 30 Vict. c. 15, April 12, 1867. Captain 
Manby's rockets tried, 1785 ; the establishment of life boats upon a safer principle 
subsequently. 

SHIPWRIGHTS' COMPANY, incorporated, 3 Jac. L, April 22, 1605. 

SHODDY, the produce of woollen rags, carpets, flannels, &c., worked up into felt, 
carpets, blankets, &c. ; first brought into use at Batley near Dewsbury, 1813 ; 70 
or 80 million pounds weight used yearly. 



772 SHOEBLACKS SHREWSBURY 

SHOEBLACKS. Seventy or eighty years ago the old shoeblacks were at the corner 
of every street. The last of this race sat at the corner of Red Lion Court, Fleet- 
street, 1821. They have given place to various regular organized brigades, under 
the auspices of the Ragged-School Shoeblack Society, established 185 1 (red uni- 
form) ; East London (blue), 1854; South London (yellow), 1854; North-west 
London (red and black), 1857 ; West London (purple) ; Islington (brown) ; 
Netting Hill (blue, red facings) ; Union Jack, Limehouse (red, blue facings), 
1858. To be licensed by the Commissioners of Police in the city of London, 30 & 
31 Vict. c. 134, s. 19, Aug. 20, 1867. 

SHOEING HORSES first introduced into England, 481. 

SHOES. The Romans were remarkable for their shoes. In the 9th and loth centu- 
ries the greatest princes of Europe wore wooden shoes, or the upper part of leather 
and the sole of wood. Fancy shoes and scarlet and green stockings forbidden to 
be worn by clergymen by a council held in London, 1342 ; and the council held 
at Exeter commanded them to wear only black shoes, 1287. In the reign of 
William Rufus, a great beau, named Robert, surnamed the Horned, used shoes 
with long sharp points, stuffed with tow, and twisted like a ram's horn. The 
points continued to increase, till in the reign of Richard II. they were of so enor- 
mous a length that they were tied to the knees with chains, sometimes of gold, 
sometimes of silver. The upper parts of these shoes in Chaucer's time were cut 
in imitation of a church window. The high pointed shoes continued in fashion 
for three centuries, in spite of the bulls of the Popes, the decrees of councils, and 
the declamations of the clergy. At length the parliament of England interposed by 
an act, 3 Edw. IV. c. 5, 1463, prohibiting the use of shoes or boots with peaks 
exceeding two inches in length, and prohibiting all shoemakers fi-om making them 
with longer peaks, under severe penalties. But even this was not sufficient ; it 
was necessary to pronounce the dreadful sentence of excommunication against all 
who wore shoes or boots with points longer than two inches : they were to be 
cursed by the clergy, 1467. The present fashion of shoes was introduced in 1620, 
but the buckle was not used till 1670. Machine for making shoes invented by Mr 
Brunei, 1810 ; patented, Feb., 181 1 ; 400 shoes made per day for the troops by 
order of the Government, 1812. 

SHOP TAX. An act, promoted by Pitt, passed imposing a duty on all shops 
within Great Britain, 25 Geo. III. c. 30, June 13, 1785 ; amended, 26 Geo. HI. 
c. 9, March 24, 1786 ; both acts repealed by 29 Geo. HI. c. 9, May 19, 1789. 

SHORE, JANE, mistress of Edward IV., persecuted by the clergy, and made to do 
penance, June, 1483 ; she was imprisoned, but restored to freedom by Richard 
III., 1484, when she married Thomas Highmore. 

SHOREDltCH, London. The Benedictine Priory of Holywell founded circa 
1 100 ; confirmed by charter of Richard I., 1 189; suppressed, 1559. Sir John 
de Shordych was lord of the Manor in 1381. The ancient church of St Leon- 
ards, having 4 aisles, taken down. May 31, 1736. The first stone of the present 
building, designed by G. Dance, laid by Mr Denny, Nov. 15, 1736 ; finished and 
opened, Aug. 24, 1740. Holywell Mount or fortification thrown up, 1642; 
levelled, 1787 ; the Curtain Theatre erected, 1566-7 ; the theatre built, 
1575 ; Charity Schools established, Sept. 25, 1705 ; the Artillery Garden, 
leased to the Fraternity of Artillery (or gunners of the Tower), Jan. 3, 1530 ; 
an act passed for making a new street from, through Spitalfields, 9 & 10 Vict. 
c. 34, July 27, 1846 ; extended, 13 & 14 Vict. c. 109, Aug. 15, 1850. 

SHOT. The present method of making, invented by Mr Watts of Bristol, «>f a 1783. 

SHOULDER-KNOTS first worn in the reign of Charles II. 

SHREWSBURY, Salop. A Saxon town. In the reign of Alfred a Mint was 
established here, and it was one of the principal towns in Britain. Conferred by 



SHREWSBURY SICILIAN VESPERS 773 

William I. upon Roger de Montgomery. The Castle besieged and taken by 
Stephen, 1 138; tlie town taken by the Welsh, 1215 ; Edward I. resided here, 
1277, and held a Parliament in 1283 ; Edward II. celebrated a tournament here 
in 1322 ; Richard II. held a Parliament in the city, 1397. A free Grammar 
School founded by Edward VI., Feb. lO, 155 1. The Royalists defeated by the 
Parliamentarians, and the town taken, 1644. The church of St Chad destroyed 
by the tower falling, July 11, 1788; 50 houses destroyed by fire, April i, 1774. 

SHREWSBURY, battle, between Hotspur and Heniy IV. Hotspur was slain 
and Henry wounded, 2300 gentlemen and 6000 private men fell, July 23, 1403. 

SHREWSBURY SCHOOL. The corporation endeavoured to found a Free 
School in 1549, but were unsuccessful ; they renewed their benevolent exertions, 
and Edward VI. granted their i-equest, 1551 ; it remained in abeyance during 
the reign of Queen Mary, but Queen Elizabeth revived it. The chapel was con- 
secrated, 161 7 ; library erected, 1595 ; restored, 1815 ; its government vested 
in trustees, 1798; modified, 1853. 

SHROVE TUESDAY, the day before the Lenten fast, the shriven people not 
being pei-mitted to eat meat (hence pancakes). This period became noted for cock- 
fighting and cock-throwing, and hence the carnival ; the festival is recognized as 
early as 1 440. A reward of ;i^i appears in the privy purse expenses of Henry 
VIII. for this sport, 1493. This sport was not entirely suppressed till 1769. 

SI AM, Asia, visited by the Portuguese, 151 1 ; ambassadors from, visited France and 
England, 1684 ; the country over- run by the Burmese, 1766-7 ; an English 
mission visited the country in 1822 ; treaty of commerce concluded with Great 
Britain, June 20, 1826, and with the United States, 1833. Sir John Bowring 
went on a mission to this kingdom in 1855, and concluded a commercial treaty 
with its kings, April i8, 1855 ; supplement to, signed, May 13, 1856. Ambas- 
sadors from, received by the Queen at Windsor, Nov. 18, 1857 ; Admiral 
King, C.B., received by the King, June 13, 1865; Bangkok, the eldest son of the 
king, died, July 25, 1867. 

SIAMESE TWINS. Chang and Eng, born in Siam, May, 181 1 ; exhibited first 
in America, 1831 ; subsequently in England ; and again in England, 1868. 

SIBERIA, Russia, first became known in Europe about 1582. The Russians built 
the town of Tomsk, 1604 ; destroyed by the natives, 1614. The town of Irkutsk 
built, circa 1 660. The boundaries with China fixed, 1689 ; treaty made with 
the Emperor of China relating to, 1727. It has now become a powerful country 
from the numerous prisoners exiled to, for political offences. 

SIBYLS or SIBYLL^E, women who delivered oracular prophetical speeches, and 
were frequently consulted by the ancients before the Christian era, 531 ; the 
Sibylline Books burnt in the temple of Jupiter, B.C. 83. Sibyls were consulted 
by the senate of Rome, A.D. 270 ; their books again burnt in 363, and again, by 
order of Honorius, 399. Subsequently some of the Christians committed forgeries 
in theii own favour, and attributed them to the Sibyls, in order to draw toward 
them the attention of the Pagan world. 

SICILIAN VESPERS, the term given to a massacre of the French, on March 30, 
1282, which began at Palermo ; the inhabitants had conceived a bitter hatred 
against Charles of Anjou, and there was a conspiracy against him, which sudden- 
ly came to a head by the accident of a Frenchman insulting a young maiden 
named Drouet, and the insultor was at once stabbed ; the populace rose to 
arms, and 200 of the French were instantly assassinated ; the flame of vengeance 
was kindled, and 8000 were put to death before they could stand on their defence, 
the sanctuary of the altar affording them no security. From Palermo the massa- 
cre spread throughout the island, except Sperlinga. 



774 SICILY 

SICILY, the Island of, first peopled from Italy, 1292 years before the Christian 
era ; the Sicani and the Etruscans were supposed to be its first inhabitants ; 
the Carthaginians once possessed it, and the Gauls had colonies there ; it 
was held by a prince of Arragon, who formed a kingdom of it. Separated from 
Italy about 1286; Syracuse founded, 732-3; Gela founded by the Rhodians, 
694 ; the Messenians occupied this place, 668 ; Phalaris, tyrant of Agrigentum, 
punished by death, 552 ; Hippocrates made himself tyrant of Gela, 496 ; Petal- 
ism, the law of, instituted, 466 ; Dionysius began to reign, 405 ; offended with 
the freedom of the philosopher Plato, the tyrant sold him for a slave, 386 ; Plato 
ransomed by his friends, 386 ; Damon and Pythias flourished, 386 ; the sway of 
Timol eon began, 346; Agathocles usurped the throne, 317; Hamilcar defeated, 
309 ; temples of Lipari taken and destroyed, 304 ; arrival of the Romans in Sicily, 
264 ; Agrigentum taken by them, 262 ; they subsequently besieged Palermo, 254 ; 
Archimedes flourished, 236 ; the Romans took Syracuse, and reduced Sicily to 
a province, 212 ; the beginning of the Servile war, 135. Taken by the Saracens, 
A.D. 821, who made Palermo their capital. Conquered by the Normans, under 
Rainulf, 1030 ; the army of Leo IX. defeated by them at Civitate, June 18, 1053 ; 
Roger, a younger son of Tancred, made the first Count of, 1 127; Roger II. 
united Sicily with Naples, and was crowned King of the Two Sicihes, in Sept., 
1 130; Charles of Anjou, brother to St Louis, King of France, made himself 
King, Jan. I, 1266 ; defeated the followers of Manfred, Feb. 26, and took the 
kingdom; defeated Conrad at the battle of Tagliacozzo, Aug. 22, 1268 ; Conrad 
executed, Oct. 29. The Sicilians massacred the invaders, one Frenchman only 
escaping, March 30, 1282 ; a republic proclaimed, and the King's party defeated 
at Messina. The crown offered to Peter of Arragon, who landed at Trapani, 
Aug. 30, 1382. The fleet of Charles almost destroyed by the Spaniards, 1382. 
Jane, the sovereign, left her crown to Louis, Duke of Anjou, but his pretensions 
were resisted by Charles Durazzo, cousin of Jane, who ascended the throne, 
1386. Alphonsus, King of Arragon, captured Naples, 1458 ; the kingdom divid- 
ed between France and Spain by the treaty of Granada, Nov. 1 1, 1500 ; kingdom 
of Naples and Sicily united to the Spanish throne, 1504; hostilities broke out 
between the two countries, and an insurrection broke out in Naples, excited by 
a fisherman (Masaniello) ; in fifteen days, were raised two hundred thousand 
men, July 7, 8, 1647 ; Henry, Duke of Guise, proclaimed king, but was, in a 
few days, delivered up to the Spaniards by his adherents, 1647 ; ceded to Victor 
Amadeus, Duke of Savoy, by the treaty of Utrecht, April, 1713 ; ceded by 
him to the Emperor Charles VI., Sardinia being given to him in return, with the 
title of King of Sardinia, 1720 ; the Spaniards made themselves masters of both 
kingdoms, and Don Carlos, son of Philip V. of Spain, ascended the throne, with 
the ancient title of King of the Two Sicilies, June 3, 1735 ; King Charles insti- 
tuted the order of St Januarius, 1738 ; concordat for the better government of 
the ecclesiastical hierarchy agreed to, 1741 ; the throne of Spain becoming vacant, 
Charles, the heir, vacated the throne of the Two Sicilies in favour of his brother 
Ferdinand, 1759 ; the Jesuits expelled the kingdom, 1767 ; an earthquake at 
Messina, 40,000 persons destroyed, 1783 ; the Papal States invaded and Rome cap- 
tured, Nov. 29, 1 798 ; the French retook the Holy City, and invaded Naples, 
and captured that city, Jan. 23, 1 799 ; Naples preserved Sicily from the power of 
the French, through the British forces commanded by Admiral Nelson, 1 799 ; 
Sicily occupied by a British force under Lord William Bentinck, 1803-4 ; the 
French invaded Naples, deposed King Ferdinand IV., and made Joseph Bona- 
parte, brother to the Emperor of the French, king of the Two Sicilies, 1806 ; the 
monastic orders suppressed in 1 807 ; commercial treaty with England signed, 
Sept. 26, 1816 ; Joachim Murat proclaimed King of Naples, July 15, 1808 ; 
Ferdinand restored, Sept. 7, 1814 ; concordat agreed to between Ferdi- 
nand and Pius VII., 1818 ; ineffectual attempt of the Sicilians to limit the royal 



SIDNEY SIEGES, MEMORABLE 775 

prerogative, caused much bloodshed at Palermo and other towns, July 15, 1820 ; 
suppressed, Oct. 15 ; revohitiou m, Jan. 12, 1848; constitution granted, Jan. 
28 ; the parliament met, June, 1848 ; prorogued in Sept.; met again Feb., 1849 ; 
the King of Naples dethroned, and the Duke of Genoa elected king, April 13. 
Catania taken, April 2, 1849; peace restored, May 15 ; treaty of commerce with 
Gt Britain signed, April 29, 1845 ; the town of Castellamare partially destroyed 
by a water-spout with 500 of its inhabitants, Dec. 8, 185 1 ; an insurrection sup- 
pressed, Nov. 22, 1856 ; a revolution broke out at Messina and Palermo, April 
4, i860 ; Gen. Garibaldi landed at Marsala, May 10, and took command of the 
forces in the name of the King of Italy, May 14 ; the Royalists defeated at Cala- 
tafami the next day ; Palermo taken, May 27 ; Gen. Cialdini captured Messina, 
March 13, 1861. 

SOVEREIGNS OF THIS ISLAND. 
Victor Amadeus, Duke of Savoy, shot, Oct. 13, 1815 

1713 ; resigned in favour of Ferdinand I.; formerly Ferdi- 

Charles VI. Emperor 1718 nand IV. of Naples, united the 

Charles, second son to the King kingdom of the Two Sicilies... 1816 

of Spain, resigned in 1759 ... 1734 Francis I. ... ... ... 1825 

Ferdinand III., third son of the Ferdinand 11. , Nov. 8, ... 1830 

former king 1759 Francis II., May 22, 1852 

Joseph Napoleon Bonaparte, Victor Emmanuel, as King of 

Jan. 14, 1806 Italy, succeeded, March, ... 1861 

Joachim Murat, July 15, ... 1S08 

SIDNEY, ALGERNON, the celebrated patriot, was beheaded by Charles II., on 
Tower-hill, Dec. 7, 1683, under pretence of being concerned in the plot for which 
Lord William Russell also suffered. 
SIDNEY, SIR PHILIP, wounded at Zutphen, Sept. 22, 1586; died, Oct. 7. 

SIDNEY, Maroon Negroes conveyed there from Jamaica, 1792; the governor, Sir 
Charles M'Carthy, embarked for Cape Coast Castle, owing to a war with the 
Ashantees, and was killed in battle with them, Jan. 21, 1824 ; revenue of the 
colony, 1832, ^'■9697 from colonial duties ; ;!^705o granted from England; popu- 
lation, 1S33, 29,764 ; between 1819 and 1833, the number of emancipated slaves 
was 27,697 ; the captured slaves in 8 years, between 1819 and 1826, were 9502 
in number. 

SIDNEY SUSSEX COLLEGE, Cambridge, founded by Frances Sidney, widow 
of the Earl of Sussex, by will, Dec. 6, 1588; the first stone laid, May 20, 1596 ; 
Cromwell admitted, April 26, 1616. 

SIDON, Syria, founded by Canaan's son Joseph, Gen. x. 15 — 19 ; captured by 
the King of Ascalon, the twelfth century B.C. ; captured by Shalmanezer, B.C. 
728 ; revolted against the Persian power, 352 B.C.; taken by the Romans, 323 
B.C.; besieged by the Crusaders, A.D. 1108 ; captured by the army of Baldwin, 
1112 ; the Crusaders occupied the city, 1197 ; abandoned by them, 1291 ; taken 
by the Druze prince, Fakhr-ed-Din, circa 1650. The French carried on a success- 
ful trade with, until they were driven from the city by Jezzar Pasha in 1791 — 2. 
Taken from the Egyptians by the Turks, assisted by Admiral Stopford, Sept. 27, 
1840. 

SIEGES, MEMORABLE : 

Acre, by the Crusaders under Richard I., 1799; by Ibrahim Pasha, July 2, 

after a siege of 2 years, taken, July 1832 ; by the British under Admiral 

12,1191; by Bonaparte, who had no Stopford and Sir Charles Napier, 

artillery, it being taken at sea, was Nov. 3, 4, 1840 

baffled by Sir Sidney Smith, May 20, Algiers reduced by Blake, April, 1654 ; 



776 



SIEGES, MEMORABLE 



bombarded by the French under Du 
Quesne, 1682-3; by the British under 
Lord Exmouth, Aug. 26, 27, 1816 ; 
surrendered to the French, July 4, 
1830 

Almeida, Portugal, Aug. 27, 1810 

Ancona taken by the Russians, Nov. 13, 
1799 

Antwerp, by the Spaniards, 1576; by the 
Prince of Parma, July, 1584; Aug., 
1585; by the French, Nov., Dec. 23, 
1832 

Arras, by the Spaniards, Aug. 16 — 25, 

1654 
Avignon, Sept. 12, 1226 
Badajoz, by the French, Jan. 15 — 

March 10, 1811; by the British under 

Wellington, March 16 ; taken, April 

6, 1812 
Bagdad, Feb., 1258 
Banbury, Oct. 27, 1642, and in 1646 
Bangaloi-e, March 6 and 21, 1791 
Barcelona, 1471-72 ; by the English, 

Oct. 9, 1705— -Sept. 13, 1706; by the 

French, Sept. 12, 1714 
Bastia, May 22, 1794 
Bayonne, 145 1 
Beauvais, 1472 
Belgrade, Aug. 9, 1521 ; July, 1717 ; 

and Oct. 8, 1789 
Bellegarde, 1456; 1793; 1794 
Belle Isle, June 7, 1761 v 

Bergen-op-zoom, 1588; 1622 ; Sept., 

1747 ; March 8, 1814 
Berwick, 1291; 1296 
Besan9on, 1668; 1674 
Bethune, 17 10 
Bois-le-Duc, Sept. 14, 1794 
Bologna, June, 1796 
Bonifacio, 1553 

Bonn, Oct., 1673; Oct. 7, 16S7 ; 1703 
Bordeaux, 145 1 

Bouchain, 1676; Sept. 14, 171 1 
Boulogne, Sept. 13, 1544 
Breda, March 3, 1590 ; Feb. 25, 1793 
Brescia, 1509 ; March 30, 1849 
Breslau, Jan. 5, 1807 
Brisach, Dec. 19, 1638 
Brussels, 1695 ; Feb. 1 6, 1746 
Buda, 1526 ; July, 1541 ; 1686 
Burgos, Nov. 10, 1808 ; Sept. 19 — 

Oct. 22, 1812 ; the French blew up 

the fortifications, June 12, 1813 
Cadiz, by the French, 1812 ; taken by 

them, Oct. 3, 1823 



Caen, 1346; 1417 ; 1448 

Calais, taken after a siege of il months, 

Aug. 4, 1347; Jan. 8—10, 1558; 
1596 
Calvi, June 12, 1784 
Campo Major, Mar. 23, 181 1 
Capua, July 24, 1501 ; July 23, 1799 
Carthagena, March, 1741 
Cawnpore, June 3 — 27, July 16, 1857 
Charleroi, 1672 ; 1677 
Charleston, 1693; 1736; 1794; July 10, 

Sept. 6, 1863 
Chaves, March 25, 1809 
Cherbourg, 1418 ; 1450 
Chichester, 1643 
Ciudad Rodrigo, June 5, 1706 ; by the 

French, June i ; July 11, 1810; by 

the Enghsh, Jan. 9, 181 2 
Colberg, 1630 ; 1758; 1760; Dec. 16, 

1761 ; 1807 
Colchester, June 13, Aug. 27, 1647 
Compiegne (by Joan of Arc), May 23, 

1430 
Comoni, Sept. 28, 1849 
Conde, 1676; 1792; 1794 
Constantinople, May 29, 1453 
Copenhagen, 1 700; April 2, 1801 ; 

Sept. 5—8, 1807 
Corfu, July 16, Aug. 20, 1 7 16 
Coutray, July, 1302 ; 1744 
Cracow, 1702; June 15, I794 
Cremona, 1499 
Cyprus, Aug., 1571 
Damascus, 634 ; 665 ; 1 148 ; 1 401 
Dantzic, 1734; March 8, 1793; Feb. 

22, March 26, 1807 ; Dec, 1813, to 

Jan. 12, 1814 
Delhi, 1804 ; Jan. 9, Sept. 20, 1857 
Dole, 1636 ; 1668; 1674 
Douai, April 23, June 26, 1 710 
Dovei", Aug. I, 1642 
Dresden, July 13, 1760 ; Nov. 6, 181 3 
Drogheda, Aug. 14, 1649 
Dublin, 1649 
Dunkirk, Oct., 1646 ; June 23, 1658 ; 

Sept. 9, 1793 
Edinburgh, June, 1291 ; Aug. 3, 1573 
Figueras, Nov. 24, 1794; Aug. 19,1811 
Flushing, Aug. 16, 1809 
Frederickshald, Charles XII. killed, 

Dec. II, 1718 
Frederickstein, Aug. 13, 1814 
Gaeta, 1433 ; Aug. 7, 1734 ; Oct. 31, 

1799; July 18, 1806, for 3 months; 

taken, Feb. 14, 1861 



SIEGES, MEMORABLE 



777 



Genoa, Sept. 30, 1746; Aug. 17, 1747; 

taken after 60 days, June 4, 1800 
Gerona, taken after 7 months, Dec. 12, 

1809 
Ghent, Nov. 11, 1576; March 8, 1708 
Gibraltar, July 24, Aug. 4, 1704; 1727; 

from July, 1779, to Feb. 2, 1783 
Glatz, March, 1742 
Gloucester, Aug. 5, raised Sept. 11, 

1643 
Gottingen, Aug. 25, 1760 
Gravelines, 1644 
Grenada, besieged, 1491; captured, Jan. 

2, 1492 
Groningen, 1590 ; 

Guastella, 1734 
Haarlem, Dec, 1572; capitulated, July, 

1573 
Harfleur, Sept. 22, 1415 ; 1431 ; 1450 
Heidelberg, 1688 ; 1693 
Herat, besieged, Nov. 22, 1837; raised, 

Sept. 9, 1838 
Ismael, Suwart of, butchered the garri-, 

son of 30,000 men and 6000 women 

in cold blood, for which he got the 

appellation of the butcher of Ismael, 

Dec. 22, 1790 
Jaffa, taken, March 13, 1797, and 

March 7, 1799 
Jerusalem, besieged for four months by 

the Saracens, 637 ; besieged for 40 

days, taken, July 15, 1099 
Kars, 1735 ; by the Russians, July 7, 

Aug. 27, 1828 ; June 9 to Nov. 28, 

1855 
Kehl, June 23, 1 796 ; taken after a siege 

of 50 days, Jan. 9, 1797 
Landau, 1702 ; 1713 ; 1792 ; taken, 

Nov. 14, 1793 
Languedoc, July 22, 1209 
Laon, 141 1 ; 1419; 1594 
Leipsic, 1637 ; Nov. 18, 1745 J Oct. 

19, 1813 
Lerida, May, 1647; Oct. 12, 1707; 

July 27, 1710 ; May 14, 1810 
Leyden, 1573— 1574 
Liege, Oct. 30, 1468; Oct. 14, 1702; 

June 15, 1705 
Lille, 1297; 1667; 1708; Oct. 8, 1792 
Limerick, 1651 ; 169 1 
Lincoln, June, 1692 
Lisle, Aug. 12, Dec. S, 1708 
Londonderry, besieged for 4 months, 

1649 ; for 105 days, raised, July, 28, 

1689 



Louisburgh, besieged for 49 days, June 

IS> 1745 ; foi^ two months, June 22 

Lucknow, July 2, Nov. 17, 1857 ; 

March 9 — 12, 1858 
Lyons, Oct. 7, 1793 
Maestricht, 1579 ; 1673 ; 1679 ; (here 
Vauban first distinguished himself as 
an engineer), April, 1748 ; and from 
Feb., 1790, to March 3, 1793 
Magdeburg, May 10—14, 1631 ; Oct. 

19 to Nov. 8, 1806 
Malaga, Feb. 5, 1810 
Malta, May 24 to Aug., 1565 ; July 12, 

1798 ; Sept. 5, 1800 
Mantua, April 8 to July 18, 1630; 1734; 
June 14, 1796; Feb. 2, 1797; July 
30, 1799 
Marlborough, Oct. 27, 1642 
Marseilles, 1524 

Mentz, 1552; 1689; 1792; 1798 
Melun, 1420 ; 1559 
Mequinenza, June 8, 1810 
Messina, 1282; Oct. 19, 1719 ; Jan. 

12, 1848 
Metz, 1414 ; Oct., 1552 ; Jan. 11, 1553 
Milan, besieged by Frederick I. for 7 

months, 1161 ; June 9, 1796 
Missolonghi, April 25, 1825, to April 

22, 1826 
Mons, 1691 ; 1 790; 1792 ; 1794 
Montauban, 1 621 
Montevideo, Feb. 13, 1S07 
Mooltan, Dec. 21, 1848; Jan. 2, 1849 
Mothe (the P>ench first practised the 

art of throwing shells), 1634 
Murviedeo, Oct. 25, 181 1 
Namur, May 25— June 5, 1691 ; besieg- 
ed for 10 months, taken Sept. 5, 1695 
Naples, Feb. 22, 1495; Dec. 23, 1798; 
Feb. 15, 1806 ; March 7 to May 2, 
1848 
Nice, May 11, 1800 
Olivenza, Jan. 22, i8n 
Olmutz, 1758 

Orleans, 1422 ; May, 1429 ; 1563 
Ostend, from July, 1601, to Sept., 1604; 

1701 ; 1706 ; 1745 
Oudenarde, 1 708 ; 1 745 
Pampeluna, Oct. 31, 1813 
Paris, 885,886; 1429; 1485; May 7, 

Aug. 30, 1590 ; 1594 
Pa via, 1525 ; 1655 ; 1796 
Perpignan, 1542 ; 1642 
Petersburgh, America, 1864 
Philipville, 1578 



778 



SIENNA 



SIGN BOARDS 



Philipsburgh, 1644 ; 1675 ; 1688 ; first 
experiment made of artillery a rico- 
chet, 1734; 1795 

Plattsburg, Sept. 11, 1814 

Pondicherry, Jan. 15, 1761 ; besieged 
for two months, taken, Oct. Ii, 1778; 

1793- 

Prague, 1741 ; 1743 ; 1744 

Quebec, Sept. 13, 1759 

Quesnoy, Aug., 1794 

Rheims, 1359 

Rhodes, Dec. 22, 1522 

Riga, 1700; 1 7 10 

Rochelle, 1573 ; Oct. 28, 1628 

Rome, May 6, 1527 ; Jan. 23— July 3, 
1849 

Rosas, 1645 ; 1795 ; 1808 

Rouen, Oct. 26, 1562 ; 1591 

Roxburgh, 1460 

St Sebastian, Aug. 31, 1813 

Salamanca, June 16, 28, 1812 

Salisbury, 1349 

Saragossa, 1710; July — Aug. 180S; 
Dec. 20; Feb. 21, 1809 

Schweidnitz, first use of globes of com- 
pression, besieged for 60 days, capi- 
tulated, Oct. 10, 1762 ; 1807 

Scarborough Castle, 1643 

Scio, 1822 

Sebastopol, Oct. 17, 1854, to Sept. 8, 
1855 

Seringapatam, Feb., 1792; May 4, 1799 

Seville, 1096 ; 1248 



June 30, 1829 ; May — ^June, 1854 
Smolenski, Aug., 1812 
Stenay, Aug. 25, 1655 
Stralsund, 1 7 1 3 ; 1 807 
Tarifa, Dec. 20, 181 1 
Tarragona, May, 18 13 
Temeswar, 1716 
Thionville, 1643 ; 1792 
Thorn, 1703 
Thonars, 1372; 1793 
Torbosa, JaTi. 2, 1811 
Toulon, 1707; Dec. 18, 1793 
Toulouse, 121 7 
Tournay, 1600; June 27, Sept. 5, 1709 

(this was the best defence ever drawn 

fi^om countermines) 
Treves, 1675 
Tunis, 1270 ; 1535 

Turin, 1640 ; June — Sept. 1 706 ; 1799 
Valencia, Dec. 25, 181 1 
Valenciennes, 1677; 1794 
Varna, Sept 3 — Oct. 10, 1828 
Venice, March — Aug. 24, 1849 
Vicksburg, May 16, July 4, 1863 
Vienna, Sept., Oct., 1529; Sept. 12, 

1613 ; 1848-1849 
Warsaw, Sept. 8, 183 1 
Xativa, 1707 
Xeres, 1262 

York Town, Oct. 18, 1781 
Ypres, 1648; 1744; 1794 
Zurich, 1544 
Zutphen, 1572 ; 1586 



Silistria, besieged for 9 months, taken, 

SIENNA, Italy, a Roman colony founded by Csesar. Took part in the memor- 
able struggle between the Guelphs and Ghibelines ; many fell at Monte Aperto, 
Sept. 4, 1260. The cathedral consecrated, 1179 ; one of the bells is dated 1140. 
Hospital founded by Francis Sorone, 832 ; the university founded, 1203 ; the 
Palazzo Pubblico, begun in 1295 ; finished, 1327. Conquered by Spain, 1555 ; 
restored to the Duke of Cosmo, 1557. Nearly destroyed by an earthquake, 
May, 1798. 

SIERRA LEONE, coast of Africa, established by a society of philanthropists as 
a colony of blacks, for the purpose of the civilization of that race, Dec. 9, 1786 ; 
the settlement burned by the natives and scarcely a colonist escaped, 1789 ; re- 
colonized by the endeavours of Sharp and others, 1791. Bishop Crowther taken 
prisoner by the natives of Ida, and kept for lodays, Oct., 1867; the Vice-Consul, 
Mr Fell, and party going to his rescue, the former was killed. Freetown plun- 
dered by the French, Sept., 1794. Made a British colony, 1808. 

SIGN BOARDS are of the highest antiquity. Several in terra-cotta have been 
recovered from Herculaneumand Pompeii. Florence North, a brewer of Chelsea, 
punished for not having a sign, 1393 ; at the stews in South wark each occupier 
was compelled to hang out her sign, 1545. In London they were prohibited by 
the Mayor from being put too far over the pavement. — Liber Alhiis, 1419. 
Tavemers in France were compelled to place the sign of their house in the most 



SIGN MANUAL SILK 779 

conspicuous place, Mai-ch, 1577 ; and Louis XIV. renewed this ordinance, 1693. 
In London, after the fire, many in stone were substituted ; signs ordered to be 
fixed to the houses, not to hang over the street, in the reign of Charles II., 1667 ; 
and forbidden to be liung over tlie street by proclamation, 1669 ; but this not 
being carried out, another statute was passed to effect this object, 2 Geo. III. 
c. 21, June 2, 1762. They were ordei-ed in Paris to be fixed against the wall, 
Sept. 17, 1761. 

SIGN MANUAL, a stamp used on account of the sovereign being too unwell to 
write: in the reign of Hen. VIII., 1547, by Jam. I., 1628, and Geo. IV., May 29, 
1830. 

SIGNALS AT SEA, first used systematically by the Duke of York, afterwards 
James II., 1665. 

SIKHS, a sect founded by Nanac Shah, 1469 ; they afterwards became a formid- 
able body and conquered the greater part of Hindustan ; they first came in 
contact with the British, 1805 ; they were defeated by Lord Gough, at Moodkee, 
Dec. 18, 1845, and at Sobraon, Feb. 10, 1846 ; they barbarously murdered 
Lieut. Anderson and Mr Agnew, at Mooltan, April 18, 1848, which led to 
a renewal of hostilities; they were defeated at Goojerat with great loss, Feb. 21, 
1849 ; and the Punjaub annexed to the British possessions, March 29. 

SILESIA, Prussia, became a part of the Austrian possessions, 1526 ; ceded to 
Prussia, 1763; Jerome Bonaparte became governor of, 1806; restored to Prussia, 
July 7, 1807. 

SILISTRIA, Turkey, captured by the Russians, 1810; the foilifications destroyed, 
1812 ; besieged by the Russians under Gen. Koth, 1828 ; abandoned, Oct. 11 ; 
again besieged. May, 1829 ; surrendered, with 238 pieces of cannon, June 30 ; 
evacuated by treaty, March, Aug. 15, 1836 ; besieged. May 11, 1854, by a Rus- 
sian army, 45,000 strong, for 39 days, unsuccessfully; they raised the siege, June 
26, 1854. 

SILK. The only undoubted notice of this material in the Bible occurs in Rev. 
xviii. 12. Wrought, brought to Greece from Persia, B.C. 323; from India, A.D. 
274 ; Tiberius passed a law in Rome prohibiting the use of plate of gold, and 
prohibiting men from wearing silk. Heliogabalus first wore a silk garment, 
220 ; silk-worms brought to Europe 300 years later. Silk of the same value as 
gold, weight for weight, 220. The Emperor Aurelian, who died in 275, denied 
his empress a robe of silk, on account of its dearness. Silk introduced into 
Europe, by some monks, 550 ; some monks who had been in India, brought to 
Constantinople a great quantity of silk-worms' eggs, 555, where raw silk was in 
time produced in abundance, and worked up into manufactures at Athens, 
Thebes, Corinth, &c. The first record of silk in Britain is of a present by 
Charlemagne to Offa, King of Mercia, in 780, consisting of a belt and two silken 
vests. Roger II., King of Sicily, established a manufactory at Palermo, 1130, 
and taught the Sicilians not only to breed the silk -worms, but to spin and to 
weave silk, which art was carried afterwards to Italy and Spain, and also to the 
south of France, a little before the time of Francis I., who brought it to 
Touraine. Venice inveigled silk-weavers from Greece and Palermo in Sicily, 
1207. Silk is mentioned in a chronicle of the date 1286, as being worn at a 
festival at Kenilworth. A company of silk-women established in England, 
1455. No wrought silk to be brought to England, 1455 > ^'"^ ^^^ passed to 
regulate the importation of, 1504 ; by other records, we find that silk was 
worn by the English clergy, 1534. Henry VIII. had the first pair of silk 
stockings that was ever seen in England, sent to him from Spain ; and Edward 
VI. had a pair of long silk hose from the same country, presented to him by Sir 
Thomas Gresham (who built the Royal Exchange), a present which was thought 



78o SILKMEN SIMLA COURT MARTIAL 

much of. After the fall of Antwerp in 1585, a large number of silk merchants and 
artisans fled to England, who introduced the manufacture into this country ; silk 
more extensively manufactured in England, 1604; raw silk not produced there for a 
long time afterwards; silk-worms first brought to England, 1609; broad silk 
manufacture from raw silk, introduced into England, 1620 ; a board of trade was 
established to introduce the growth of, in England, 1622; an act passed to regulate 
the trade of silk-throwing, 19 & 20 Chas. II. c. Ii, 1667-8. Lombe's famous 
silk-throwing machine erected at Derby, 1 719 ; it contained 26,586 wheels ; one 
water-wheel moved the whole, and in a day and a night it worked 318,504,960 
yards of organzine silk. The exportation of, encouraged, 1716; permission was 
given to the Russian Company to import the raw silk of Persia, 1 741 ; silk 
first imported from Virginia, 1730 ; from Georgia, 1735 > from Persia through 
Russia, 1 742. The wages of the Spitalfields Weavers fixed by the Aldermen of 
London, 1773. Silk imported into England for three years past, exceeds 12,000 
pounds annually. Attempts have been made to introduce the silk- worms into 
India, Jamaica, and the United States, with varying success ; the eggs of some 
silk-worms brought from China, hatched in Paris, 1855. 

SILKMEN, Company of, incorporated by Car. I.; grant of arms to, 1631. 

SILK-THROWERS' COMPANY, incorporated by Car. I., April 23, 1629; grant 
of arms to, Oct. 20, 1 644. 

SILLERY, battle. The French, 18,000 strong, under the command of M. de 
Levis, at Quebec, attacked the English, under Col. Murray, but were driven off 
with great loss, April 28, 1759. 

SILVER. In patriarchal times this metal was used for ornaments. Gen. xxiv. 53; 
images for idolatrous worship were inade of silver or overlaid with it, Ex. xx. 23 ; 
this metal was brought to Solomon ft-om Arabia, 2 Chr. ix. 14, and from Tarshish, 
2 Chr. ix. 21. 

SILVER MINE, discovered in Brittany, Nov., 1730 ; also in Cornwall, pure ; at 
Huel, Mexico, 1797, and in numerous combinations with other ores ; in the lead 
of Cumberland and in Devon, 1294 ; mines of South America, in Peru and Chili, 
discovered in abundance, as well as in Mexico ; in Potosi, 1545 ; at Konigsberg, 
1623; at Cusco, 1712 ; in 1 749 a mass of native silver, 370 lbs weight, sent to 
Spain ; a piece of silver dug up in Norway weighed 560 lbs j and several pieces 
found at Almagrera, Spain, 1840. 

SILVER MONEY, first coined at Greece, B.C. 550 ; at Rome, 269 ; in Britain by 
Cunobeline, circa 50 ; the silver penny, circa A. D. 700 ; silver pennies the largest 
coin in England, 1302. The York Parliament passed an act allowing good silver 
money to be imported, but not exported, 9 Edw. III., stat. 2, 1336 ; no gold or 
silver money to be carried out of the kingdom except for the payment of the 
soldiers of the king engaged in the wars, 2 Hen. VI. c. 6, 1423 ; the English 
pound was formerly a pound weight of silver coined into 20 shillings. See table : 





s. 


d. 






s. 


d. 


William the Conqueror 


. 20 


10 


13 Henry IV. ... 


141I ., 


.. 30 





28 Edward I. ... 1299 .. 


.. 20 


3 


4 Edward IV. 


1474 •■ 


■• 37 


6 


18 Edward IIL 1344 ., 


,. 22 





18 Henry VIIL 


1526 .. 


■• 45 





20 „ ... 1346 ., 


.. 22 


6 


2 Elizabeth ... 


1559 . 


.. 60 





27 „ - 1353 •■ 


■• 25 





56 George III. 


1815 ., 


.. 66 






SILVER PLATE, first used in England by Wilfred, a Northumbrian bishop, a 
lofty and ambitious churchman, 709 ; silver cups and spoons esteemed great 
luxuries, 1300 ; silver plate allowed to be imported, 1336. 

SIMLA COURT MARTIAL, held to try several charges brought by Gen. Mans- 
field against Captain Jervis, commenced June 25, 1S66 ; despatch from the Field- 
Marshal Commander-in-Chief the Duke of Cambridge, relating to, Jan. 17, 1867. 



SIMLA SIGN COLLEGE 78I 

SIMLA, Hindustan. The travellers, the Brothers Gerard, visited this village 
whilst they were employed in surveying the Sutlej valley, Aug. 20, 1817 ; the 
political agent, Lieut. Ross, visited it, 1819 ; and Capt. Kennedy erected a re- 
sidence here, 1822 ; it was selected as a sanatorium for the servants of the East 
India Company, 1823 ; Loi'd Amherst received the Rajas of Gurhwah and 
Bussahir here, 1827 ; Lord W. Bentinck built Bentinck Castle, 1 83 1-2, now the 
Simla Bank ; in 1841 the number of houses were 100 ; the gardens of Armandale 
were laid out by Colonel McMurdo, 1852; the town has since become a fashion- 
able place. 

SIMNEL, LAMBERT, set up for the crown against Henry VII. ; crowned king 
in Ireland, May 2, 14S7 ; defeated at Warwick and made prisoner, June 16 ; 
pardoned, and made a scullion, and afterward a falconer. 

SIMONIANS, a sect of Christians, so called from Simon Magus or the magician, 
who was denominated the first heretic ; great numbers followed him, A.D. 57 ; 
the St Simonians appeared in France, and were lectured upon in this country 
together, Jan., 1834 ; but their leaders had not sufficient extravagance, nor 
were their doctrines attractive enough, to secure multitudinous ignorance. 

SIMON, ST, and St Jude's festivals, instituted, 1090. 

SIMONY, the buying or selling of holy orders, or any ecclesiastical office with 
cure of souls, forbidden in England, 74^ and 1075 ; any one found guilty was 
prohibited from promotion to any dignity, II27 ; an act was passed to prevent 
the commission of this crime, 31 Eliz. c. 6, 1589 ; modified by 7 & 8 Geo. IV. c. 
25, June 14, 1827, and 9 Geo. IV. c. 94, July 28, 1828. 

SIMPLON, Switzerland, anciently called Mons Ccepionis, is one of the loftiest of 
the Italian Alps. The French troops crossed it, in 1800 ; the new military road 
was planned by Napoleon, in 1801 ; began, 1802 ; finished, 1807 ; it extends 
from Geneva to Milan, a distance of 47/4 posts, or 245 miles, and is carried over 
600 bridges, after 5 years' incessant labour, upwards of 30,000 men being con- 
stantly employed in the undertaking, at the joint expense of the kingdoms of 
France and Italy. 

SIMPSON'S HOSPITAL, Dublin, for the blind and gouty, founded, 1780. 

SINCERITY, order of knighthood, founded in Saxony, 1690. 

SINGAPORE, East Indies, purchased by the East India Company, from the 
Sultan of Johore, 1819. 

SINKING FUND, this is said to have been first projected by Sir Robert Wal- 
pole ; it was carried out by Pitt, who having a surplus of ;!^900,ooo increased to 
^ 1 ,000,000, it was to be devoted inviolably to the reduction of the national debt ; 
resolutions proposed to the House of Commons, March 29, 1786 ; made a public 
act, May 26, 26 Geo. III. c. 61 ; abandoned 1836. 

SINOPE, an ancient Greek city, colonized from Miletus, B.C. 612. The town 
taken by the Cimmerians, 632 ; captured by Mithridates IV., King of Pontus, 
B.C. 183, and made their capital ; made a Roman colony by Julius Caesar, 60. 
The French landed and ei-ected some fortifications here, A.D. 1808. The Turkish 
fleet destroyed by the Russian fleet, and the town burnt, Nov. 30, 1853. 

SINTZHEIM, battle. The French army commanded by Turenne, defeated the 
Imperialists, with a loss of 2000 men, June 16, 1674. 

SIGN COLLEGE, London Wall, founded by Dr Thomas White, on the site of 
an old nunnery, 1623 ; his executors obtained a charter of incorporation from 
Charles I., 1630, and Charles II., 1664. The library partially burnt in the fire 
of 1666 ; by the Copyright Act this library received a gratuitous copy, 8 
Anne, c. 19 ; this privilege commuted for a grant of ^^363 yearly from the 
crown, 1836. It is a college for the city clergy, and almshouses for 20 poor persons. 



782 SION HOUSE SLAVES AND SLAVE TRADE 

SIGN HOUSE or ABBEY, Middlesex, built, 1414. 

SIX ARTICLES, statute of, passed for abolishing diversity of opinions in certain 
articles concerning the Christian religion, 31 Hen. VIII. c. 14, 1539. 

SIX CLERKS' OFFICE, Chancery-lane, built, 1770; they were once forbidden 
to marry, but in the reign of Henry VIII. permission was given without forfeiture 
of their places, 1533 ; they were once called Clerici ; their offices were discon- 
tinued in 1842. 

SIX-MILE BRIDGE, Clare, a serious riot during an election for a member of 
parliament ; the military attacked by the mob, 5 persons were killed and several 
wounded, July 22, 1852 ; the indictment against the soldiers ignored, Feb. 24, 

SKINNERS' COMPANY, London, incorporated, i Edw. III., March i, 1327 ; 
confirmed by 16 Rich. II., April 20, 1393, and by 16 Hen. VI., Feb. 22, 1438; 
by 4 & 5 Philip and Mary, June 8, 1558 ; by 2 Elizabeth, March 2, 1560. No 
person permitted to work at this trade without first serving an apprenticeship of 
7 years, by 3 James I. c. 9, 1605. Reincorporated by 4 James L, 1606, and 
confirmed by 19 Charles II., June 28, 1667. Arms granted to, Oct. 5, 1551, and 
crest and supporters, 1561. Their ancient hall destroyed in the great fire ; 
subsequently rebuilt, and again enlarged by Jupp, I79I- 

SKIPTGN, Yorkshire, castle built, 1069; it stood a siege of 3 years from the Par- 
liamentarians, surrendered, Dec. 20, 1645 ; ordered to be destroyed by the 
Parliament, 1649 ; subsequently restored by the Countess of Pembroke. 

SLAUGHTER'S COFFEE-HOUSE, in St Martin's-lane, opened by Thomas 
Slaughter, 1692. 

SLAVES and SLAVE TRADE. Slavery prevailed in the days of the patriarchs. 
Abraham had a large number of slaves or bondsmen. This custom prevailed at 
Rome, and in almost every other country. Julius Caesar and the Emperor Augus- 
tus held large numbers. The English peasantry were sold at Rome as slaves, A.D. 
50. Slaves imported from Nubia to Egypt, circa 660. The Saxons regulated this 
trade by law, 622. The laws relating to the Villehi were harshly administered in 
this country even down to the 15th century. The Portuguese began the trade of 
importing Africans, 1481. All idle vagabonds in England who would not work 
had an iron ring fixed round their neck, arms, or legs, and were made slaves, I 
Edw. VI. c. 3, 1547 ; but it proved so abhorrent to the English taste, that it was 
repealed, 3 & 4 Edw. VI. c. 16, 1549. In the Stanley Papers published by the 
Chethani Society, slaves are mentioned as belonging to the 4th Earl of Derby, 
1558 ; a negro slave advertised for sale in England, in the Public Ledger, Dec. 31, 
1761 ; and in the Dublin Mercury, Aug. 16, 1768. Sir John Hawkins embarked 
in a venture for procuring negroes on the coast of Africa, and selling them in the 
West Indies, Oct., 1563 ; the English possessed the Assieuto or contract for sup- 
plying slaves to the Spanish colonies from the treaty of Utrecht to 1748 ; England 
employed 130 ships in this trade, 1786. A society for the suppression of slavery 
established under the auspices of Granville Sharpe, Clarkson, and others in 
England, May 22, 1787 : Mr Wilberforce joined the society. The number of 
slaves imported into America from Africa was 50,000 in 1789. Mr Wilberforce 
moved for leave to bring in a bill to abolish this trade, but it was defeated, 1791 ; 
a resolution for abolishing the trade carried in the Commons, but was defeated in 
the Lords, 1796 ; the question in a new light was brought before Parliament by 
Lord Grenville and Mr Fox, March 31, 1806 ; carried by a majority of 114 to 15, 
June 10 ; and in the Lords, 41 to 20. A bill for the abolition of the African 
slave trade brought into the Lords by Lord Grenville, Jan. 2, 1807 ; carried on 
the 5th by a majority of 100 to 36 ; carried in the Commons and received the 
Royal assent, March 25 (47 Geo. III. c. 36). A treaty made between Spain and 



SLAVES OF VIRTUE SMITHFIELD 783 

Great Britain, in which the latter power agrees to give an indemnity of ;^40o,ooo 
upon the abolition of traffic in slaves, Sept. 23, 1817. An act passed abolishing 
slavery throughout the British Colonies, Aug. i, 1834; by virtue of this act nearly 
800,000 negroes were made nominally free at an expense of twenty millions ster- 
ling, 3 & 4 Will. IV. c. 73, Aug. 28, 1833. The number of slaves imported to 
Cuba in 1835 exceeded 55,000. An act was passed to amend the abolition act 
of 1833, its object being the total extinction of this traffic, 1 & 2 Vict. c. 19, April 
II, 1838 ; this led to the colonists giving the negroes their freedom, Aug. i, 1838. 
Pope Gregory XVI. issued a bull abolishing this trade, Dec. 3, 1839 ; speech of 
Prince Albert in favour of abolition, June l, 1840 ; tixaty made with France 
giving the right of search for slaves, May 24, 1845 J made free in America, by 
proclamation issued by President Lincoln, Sept. 22, 1862 ; to come into opera- 
ation, Jan. i, 1863. The Serfs in Russia made free, March 3, 1863. 

SLAVES OF VIRTUE, order of knighthood, so called in Germany, began, 1662. 

SLAVONIA, Austria, ceded to the Hungarians, 1165 ; taken by the Turks, 1526; 
ceded to Hungary, 1699 ; separated from Hungary and annexed to Austria, 1848! 

SLEDGES, for travelling over ice and snow, invented by Samuel Bentham, in 
Russia, 1 78 1. 

SLIDING SCALE, an act of parliament promoted by Mr Fitzgerald, fixing a 
sliding scale in the price of corn, 9 Geo. IV. c. 60, July 15, 1828; repealed^y 
5 & 6 Vict. c. 14, and a new scale fixed, passed, April 29, 1842 ; subsequently 
amended by 9 & 10 Vict. c. 22, June 26, 1846. 

SLIGO, Ireland, a castle erected for the defence of the town by the Earl of Kildare, 
1242 ; the Abbey founded by Maurice Fitzgerald, 1252 ; burnt, 1414 ; destroyed by 
O'Donough, 1270 ; made a county by Queen Elizabeth, 1569 ; and incorporated, 
1613 ; taken by the Parliamentarians under Sir Charles Coote, 1641 ; declared 
in favour of King James, 16S8. 

SLINGSBY, SIR HENRY, governor of Hull, and Dr Hewett, beheaded on 
Tower Hill, June 8, 1658. 

SLIPPERS, first came into use in England, 1570. 

SLOANE MUSEUM, collected by Sir Hans Sloane, at his residence, at Chelsea, 
sold to the nation by act passed in June, 1753, for ^20,000, and formed the 
nucleus of the British Museum. 

SLUYS, naval battle, in which Edward III. vanquished the French ; 230 French 
vessels were taken, and 25,000 killed, with 2 admirals ; the English loss was very 
small, June 24, 1340. 

SMALL-POX, first known at the siege of Mecca, A.D. 569 ; raged at Alexandria, 
640 ; known in England, 900. Inoculation for, introduced into England, April, 
1721 ; Dr Maitland inoculated a young daughter of Lady Mary Montagu, and 
the younger branches of the Royal Family practised upon with success, 1722; 
before this time it was practised in Wales with great success ; introduced into Scot- 
land, 1726; Ireland, 1723; Hanover, 1 724 ; it declined in England, 1750. Upon 
vaccination being established an act was passed making inoculation a punishable 
offence, 3 & 4 Vict. c. 29, s. 8, July 23, 1840. Hospital for, established at King's 
Cross, 1746; removed to Highgate, 1850. — ^^'^■^ Vaccination. 

SMITHFIELD. The Campus P/am/s of Fitzstephen. Horses and cattle were sold 
here as early as 1150. William Wallace was executed here on the evening of St 
Bartholomew's day, 1305. Jioja/ yousfs held here by Edward III., three kings 
being present, 1357 ; a second was held by this monarch in honour of his 
mistress, Alice Perrers, 1374 ; the lists at this meeting were kept open for seven 
days. These sports were continued by Rich. II. in 1390, 1396, and by Hen. IV., 
1405. A toll fixed for the sale of all cattle : upon every horse id. ; ox or cow, )6d. ; 



784 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION SMYRNA 

8 sheep, id.; and 4 swine, id., July 20, 1372. In 1266 the tolls for every cow 
or ox was id., for every 12 sheep id.; all free drovers may sell their oxen, cows, 
and steers, between Long-lane and the lane coming from Aldersgate, and their 
swine from the west corner of the lane coming from Aldersgate as far as the 
hospital, 1379. A proclamation issued for all cattle to be sold between 7 and II 
o'clock in the morning, 1468 ; the market days Wednesday and Friday, altered 
by proclamation to every Monday, Dec. 17, 1613 ; no other market to be erected 
within 7 miles, by charter of Edward III., March 6, 1327 ; this was confirmed by 
Charles I., Oct. 14, 1638. I'VaUer Tyler killed by Sir W. Walworth, Saturday, 
Jvme 15, 1381. T/ie Gallows, standing near the Elms, removed, 1413 ; the cele- 
brated fight between the armourer and his man, 1447 ; subsequently dramatized 
by Shakespeare. Jack Cade assembled his fellow-rebels here, 1450. Martyrs 
and he7'etics : the first martyr burned here was William Sautre, in the reign of 
Hen. IV., 1401-2 ; the last was Bartholomew Legat, March 11, 1612 ; the site 
of the stake discovered opposite the patients' entrance to St Bartholomew's hos- 
pital, near Duke-street, 1849 ; a pillar box placed here by order of the Postmas- 
ter, 1867. A woman was burnt for the murder of her husband. May 10, 1652. 
Boiling to death was also inflicted here. Bartholomezv Fair, established by char- 
ter of King Hen. II., proclaimed for the last time in the Mayoralty of Mr Alder- 
man Challis, Sept. 5' ^853. The Market paved and railed, 1615 ; enlarged, 
1834. An act passed for providing a metropolitan market instead of Smithfield, 
14 & 15 Vict. c. 61, Aug. I, 1851 ; closed as a cattle market, June 11, 1855 ; an 
act passed for erecting upon the site a dead-meat and poultry market, 23 & 24 
Vict. c. cxciii. i860 ; design approved of, and the first stone laid, June 5, 1867 ; 
opened, Dec, 1868. Smithfield Club, for promoting the breeding of cattle, es- 
tablished, 1798; the show removed to Baker-street Bazaar, 1840, and to the 
new Agricultural Hall, Islington, Dec. 8, 1862. 

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, Washington, U.S., founded by the will of 
James Smithson, Oct. 23, 1826 ; he died in 1829, leaving ;/'ioo,ooo to carry out 
his intentions ; the institution organized by act of Congress, April, 1846. 

SMOKE COMMISSIONS were appointed who recommended the use of an appa- 
ratus to prevent smoke, the first in 1819 ; the second in 1843 ; this committee 
recommended a bill to be brought in, but the measure was not passed until 16 & 1 7 
Vict. c. 128, Aug. 20, 1853 ; amended by 19 «& 20 Vict. c. 107, July 29, 1856. 

SMOLENSKO, Russia, first annexed to the Russian dominions, 1654 ; the town 
burnt by the Russians, Aug. 17, 1812 ; entiy of the French army, Aug. 18 ; the 
French retreated to, Nov. 13. 

SMOLENSKO, battle, between the French and Russians ; the former three times 
repulsed, at length drove the Russians before them, and entered the smoking ruins 
of Smolensko, which had been bombarded ; the Russians were commanded by 
Barclay de Tolly, Aug. 16, 17, 1812. 

SMOLIANTZY, battle, the French army defeated by the Russians, after the vil- 
lage had been taken and retaken 6 times, Nov. 14, 1812. 

SMUGGLERS' ACT, passed, 19 Geo. II. c. 34, 1736; mitigated, 1781 ; new 
provisions, 1784. An act passed for the prevention of, 3 &4 Will. IV. c. 53, 
Aug. 28, 1833 ; amended by 8 & 9 Vict. c. 87, Aug. 4, 1845. 

SMYRNA, Turkey, inhabited by the /Eolians, B.C. 500 ; destroyed by Sadyattes, 
circa B.C. 630 ; the new city, began by the Emperor Alexander and completed by 
Lysimachus, destroyed by an earthquake, A.D. 178; afterwards rebuilt by the 
Emperor Marcus Aurelius, destroyed by the Greeks and rebuilt by Comnenus, 
1220 ; captured by the Turks under Tamerlane, 1402 ; nearly destroyed by an 
earthquake, April, 1 730, and by a fire, June 20, 1 742 ; suffered by the plague, 1 743, 
1752 ; the Armenian quarter burnt, May 14, 1753 ; had the plague, 1758, 1760; 



SNIDER RIFLE SOCINIANS 785 

dreadful fires in, 1763 and 1772 ; and earthquakes and fire, 1778; and in March 
1796, when 4000 shops, 2 large mosques, 2 public baths, and all the maga- 
zines and provisions, to the value of 10,000,000 crowns, were destroyed • a 
riot there by the Sclavonians occasioned the janissaries to destroy the theatre and 
property of the Christians, to the amount of ;^ioo,ooo, when between 1200 and 
1300 persons lost their lives. May, 1797 ; another dreadful fire, June 10, i8n ; 
massacre of the Christians at, by the Mahomedans, June 15, 1821 ; above looo 
Christians massacred, Nov. 5, 182 1 ; the jewellers' bazaar and upwards of 9000 
houses destroyed by fire, 30,000 persons are said to have perished, July 28, 1841 ; 
700 houses destroyed by fire, Aug. 27, i860. 

SNIDER RIFLE, invented by Jacob Snider, June 21, 1862 ; a patent granted for, 
Jan. 29, 1866 ; adopted by the English Government, 1866 ; a premium of ;!^I5,000 
in all granted to the inventor by the Government, who died, Oct. 25, 1866. 

SNOW HILL, formerly Snore Hill, act of parliament passed for the improvement 
of, June 26, 1795. A viaduct erected over the valley between this Hill and 
Holborn. See Holborn. 

SNUFF-TAKING, originated with Catharine de' Medicis— it was called Herbe h 
la Reine, 1560 ; it is mentioned by Nash in a tract entitled " Pappe with an 
Hatchet," 1589 ; large quantities taken at Vigo by Sir George Rooke, 1702 ; 
afterwards introduced into England ; duty fixed by 8 Anne, c. 7, 1709 ; and 6 Geo. 
I. c. 4, 1719 ; repealed by 12 Geo. I. c. 26, 1725 ; 196,305 lbs. of snuff were 
entered for home consumption in 1840. 

SOANE MUSEUM, Lincoln's-Inn-Fields, founded and endowed by Sir John 
Soane, at his residence, which was built in 1812 ; amongst other curiosities there 
exhibited is the Egyptian sarcophagus discovered by Belzoni, Oct. 19, 1816. 
Soane was bom at Reading, Sept. 10, 1753 ; died, Jan. 20, 1837. 

SOAP, first manufactured at Savona, Italy, and at London and Bristol, 1524 ; a 
duty of \d. per pound fixed upon, 1711 ; increased to lYzd., 1782 ; the duty 
reduced, 1833, and repealed, 1853 ; the trade thrown open by 3 & 4 Vict. c. 49, 
Aug. 4, 1840. 

SOAP-MAKERS' COMPANY, incorporated, 13 Car. L, May 22, 1638. 

SOBRAON, battle, the British, 35,000 strong, under Sir Henry Hardinge and Sir 
Hugh Gough, attacked the Sikh forces on the Sutlej, and defeated them with a 
loss of 10,000 men, and captured 67 pieces of artillery, 200 camel-swivels, and 19 
standards ; the English lost 320 killed and 2063 wounded, Feb. 10, 1846. 

SOCIALISM, the doctrine supported by Robert Owen, the founder of the sect so 
called ; but the success has not been proportional to the efforts made to extend 
doctrines out of the common course of things, Jan. 24, 1834. 

SOCIAL SCIENCE. _^&^ ^/^^ National' Association of. 

SOCIAL WAR, the, between the Romans and the Italians, A.u.c. 663. 

SOCIETY FOR PROMOTING CHRISTIAN KNOWLEDGE, founded, March 
8, 1699, to propagate religion in the plantations, and to secure the pious educa- 
tion of the poor of London : its objects have since been enlarged. 

SOCIETY ISLANDS, discovered by the Spaniards, 1606 ; visited by Captain 
Wallis, 1767 ; visited by Captain Cook, and named the Society Islands, 1769-78 ; 
first visited by missionaries, 1797; a constitution adopted, 1825. 

SOCINIANS, a sect founded by Socinus, who taught that Christ was a mere man 
who had no existence as such before he was conceived of the Virgin ; that the 
Holy Ghost was not a distinct person, and that the Father was only and tnily 
God ; that Christ died to give mankind an exalted example of virtue, and to seal 
his doctrines with his death ; original sin and the atonement they did not admit, 
1556. 

50 



786 SOCRATES SOMBRERO ISLAND 

SOCRATES, put to death, B.C. '396 or 399. 
SODIUM, discovered by Sir Humphrey Davy, 1807. 

SODOR AND MAN, the former of these words has exercised the skill of the anti- 
quary, but it is said to be derived from the isle on which the cathedral is situated 
— Sodor holme ox peel ; bishopric of, founded, 447. 

SOHO SQUARE, begun in the reign of Charles II. ; Monmouth House designed by 
Sir Christopher Wren, 1690. 

SOHO THEATRE, opened by Miss Kelly, May 26, 1840. 

SOISSONS, France. The oldest city in France ; Caesar found the city established 

when he invaded Gaul. The Romans were defeated here by Clovis, 486 ; he 

• made this city his capital ; the cathedral began 1 168, and the choir finished, 12 12 ; 

sacked by the Huguenots, 1567; taken by the Russians, Feb. 13, 1814; regained 

by the French the same day ; taken by the Prussians under Bliicher, March 3, 

1814 ; one-third of the town destroyed by an explosion of gunpowder, Oct. 13, 

1815 ; rebuilt and fortified, 1816-17. 

SOLAR SYSTEM, discovered by Pythagoras, B.C. 500 ; the sun being the centre, 
and the planets moving round it ; Copernicus revived that system, and Newton 
confirmed it, A. D. 1695. 

SOLAR YEAR, found to consist of 365 days, 5 hours, and 40 minutes, by Diony- 
sius of Alexandria, B.C. 285 ; in use by Julius Caesar, 45 years before Christ. 

SOLDIERS, first provided with uniform by order ofEdw. IIL, Aug. 28, 1337, and 
payment made to ; the first standing army levied in England by Charles I., 1638 ; 
two regiments of guards raised by Charles II., 1660; the first standing army 
raised in France by Charles VIL, 1445 ; ordered not to be quartered in private 
houses, Sept. 16, 1679. — ^'i?^ Army and Infantry. 

SOLDIERS' DAUGHTERS' HOME, founded for the clothing, boarding, and 
educating the female children of soldiers, 1840. 

SOLEBAY, naval battle of, took place off this bay between the English fleet under 
the Duke of York and Lord Sandwich, and the Dutch fleet under De Ruyter, 
when the Royal James, the flagship of Lord Sandwich, was burnt with its com- 
mander and crew ; the English claimed the victory. May 28, 1672. 

SOLFERINO,battle. The French army,commanded by the Emperor Napoleon III., 
defeated the Austrian army, commanded by the Emperor Francis Joseph ; the loss 
on both sides was very great ; the French took 30 cannons and 7000 prisoners. 
This battle decided the campaign, June 24, 1859. 

SOLOMON'S TEMPLE, begun in the 4th year of Solomon's reign, B.C. 1012 ; 
he employed upwards of 183,600 persons in its construction ; it was completed 
in seven years, and dedicated Friday, Oct. 30, 1004 B.C. ; it measured 80 cubits 
by 40, and was 30 cubits high. 

SOLWAY MOSS, on the Scottish border, ten miles from Carlisle, began to swell 
owing to heavy rains, and upwards of 400 acres of it rose so high above the level of 
the ground, that it rolled forward like a torrent above a mile, sweeping along 
with it houses, trees, and everything in its way ; it then divided into islands of 
different extent, from one to ten feet deep. It covered near 600 acres at Netherby, 
and destroyed about thirty small villages. It continued in motion from Saturday 
the 4th to Dec. 31, 1771 ; Rees says, the night of Nov. 13, 1771. 

SOLWAY MOSS, battle. The Scotch army defeated by a small force of Eng- 
lish cavalry, and a number of prisoners taken, Nov. 25, 1542. 

SOMBRERO ISLAND, West Indies. Upon that desert rock Robert Jeffrey, a sailor 
on board a man-of-war, was landed by the Hon. Captain W. Lake, for the offence 



SOMERSET SORCERERS AND MAGICIANS 7S7 

of having tapped a barrel of beer when the ship was on short allowance ; he 
supported himself for eight days upon limpets and water, when an American ves- 
sel, accidentally touching at the rock, saved him from perishing, Dec. 13, 1807. 
Jeffreys returned to England, and tlie case was brought before parliament by Sir 
Francis Burdett ; the man had received a compensation of p{^6oo from Captain 
Lake ; but that officer was tried by a court-martial, and dismissed the service, 
Feb. 10, 1810. 

SOMERSET, Duke of, beheaded, 1531. 

SOMERSET, Duke of, dismissed from court for refusing to attend the Pope's 
nuncio, July 5, 1687. 

SOMERSET HOUSE, OLD, Strand, built by the Protector Somerset, uncle of 
Edward VI. , from the design of John of Padua, 1547, and cost ;!^io,o9i ; given 
by Edward VI. to his sister Elizabeth, afterwards Queen ; she went from here to 
open the Royal Exchange, 1570. Cromwell laid in state in, 1658. Taken down 
in 1776 by 15 Geo. III. c. 33, May 26, 1775. New Somerset House occupies 
the site : it was erected from the designs of Sir William Chambers ; the first stone 
laid, 1776; completed in 1780. The Navy and Victualling Offices removed to, 
178S ; part of the terrace fell down in this year ; the west wing finished by Pen- 
nethorne, 1853. 

SOMERSET HOUSE CHAPEL, designed by Inigo Jones, and the first stone 
laid, Sept. 14, 1632; opened for public service, 1711 ; closed, 1777. 

SOMERSET THE BLACK, a slave who had been brought to England, and, 
being in a bad state of health, was turned adrift by his master to starve ; he was 
found by Granville Sharpe, who succoured him, and got him restored to health, 
on which his master claimed him again ; Mr Sharpe resisted, and the law courts 
decided there could be no slave m England, June 22, 1772. 

SOMERTON CASTLE, near Newark, Lincolnshire, built, 1305. 

SONDERBUND. A league formed by the Romanist cantons against the expul- 
sion of the Jesuits, 1846; declared illegal. 

SOOLOO ISLANDS, Eastern Archipelago. ' A British settlement formed here m 
1763 ; the garrison murdered by thenatives, 1775 ; the settlement re-established, 
1803, but abandoned in 1805. The Spanish Government demanded redress of 
several grievances in Dec, 1850, and, being refused, bombarded the town, and 
took 143 pieces of artillery, Feb. 28, 1851. 

SOPHIA, ST, Constantinople. First church erected by Constantine, A. D. 325; 
enlarged by Constantius, his son, 338 ; bm^nt down, 404 ; re-built by Theo- 
dosius II., 415 ; again burnt, Jan., 532 ; it was reconstructed by Justinian 
from the foundation mth increased splendour ; the architects were Anthemius of 
Tralles and ludorus of Miletus. The cross fell down in the earthquake of 1371. 
It is built in the form of a Greek cross. 

SOPHIATS first took their rise at Athens, circa the 5th centuiy B.C. 

SORAOREN, battle. The English under Wellington defeated the French com- 
manded by Soult, July 28, 1813. 

SORBONNE, Paris. This institution was founded by Robert de Sorbonne, for 16 
poor students in theology, and a professor, in the 1 2th century. The building 
erected by Cardinal Richelieu ; added to in 1853. 

SORCERERS AND MAGICIANS, a law enacted against them, 33 Henry VIIL 
c. 8, 1541 ; again with more severity, by 5 Elizabeth, c. 16, 1562 ; the offence of 
pretending to sorcery and withcraft, or conversing with or feeding devils or evil 



788 SOUDAN SOUTHAMPTON 

spirits, made capital by James I. This miserable monarch, the persecutor of 
Raleigh, the greatest drmikard of his court, and one of the most despicable in 
his habits, wrote ' Dialogues of Demonologie ; ' a degraded parliament, to tlatter 
him, passed such an absurd and cruel law, I James I. c. 12, 1603. See Witch- 
craft. 
SOUDAN or Sultan of Egypt, the title first taken by the celebrated Saladin, 1165. 

SOULAGES COLLECTION of objects of an artistic and decorative character, 
collected by M. Soulages of France, exhibited at Marlborough House from Dec. 
5, 1856, to Jan. 13, 1857; sold to the city of Manchester, for ^'^3, 500, June, 1857. 

SOUND. Mr Hooke showed an experiment of making musical and other sounds 
by the help of teeth of brass wheels, July 27, 1681. M. Chladin discovered in 
1785, that a plate of glass or metal gave different sounds when struck at different 
places ; vowel sounds imitated by a mechanical arrangement by M. Kratzen- 
stein at St Petersburg, 1779. Sound first discovered in a flame of hydrogen by 
Dr Higgins, 1777. The resultant tones in musical sounds discovered by a Ger- 
man, Lorge, in 1745, and by Tartini in Italy, 1754. Sound flies at the rate of 
Il07feetin a second, by experiments with cannon at Paris, 1738; the fire of 
the British cannon on the landing of the army in Egypt was heard 130 miles at 
sea. 

SOUND, a narrow strait between Sweden and Denmark, forced by Nelson and 
Sir Hyde Parker, commanding the English fleet, April 2, 1801, and by Admiral 
Gambler, June, 1807. 

SOUND DUES, a toll exacted from all vessels passing into the Baltic by the 
Government of Denmark, since 1348 ; abolished by treaty between England, 
France, &c. The compensation for the Sound Dues thus stirrendered by Den- 
mark is fixed at the total sum of 30,476,325 rigs-dollars, of which Great Britain 
is to pay 10,126,855; France, 1,219,003; Holland, 1,408,060; Prussia, 4,440,027 ; 
Russia, 9,739,993; Sweden, 1,590,503; and other States smaller sums. 
The said sums may be paid in 20 years by 40 equal half-yearly payments, which 
shall cover both capital and the interest on instalments not due, March 14, 
1857- 

SOUNDINGS AT SEA. 900 miles west of St Helena, the depth was found to 
be 5000 fathoms ; 300 'miles in another direction from the Cape, 2266 fathoms 
found bottom with a weight of 450 lbs. in 1840 ; another soimding in the South 
Atlantic gave eight miles ; and a second in a part of the sea supposed ' out of 
soundings,' in other words, having a depth of 400 or 500, was found to have only 
from 70 to 80 fathoms, and the ship came to an anchor over the spot, to the won- 
der of passing vessels, 1850. Lieut. Maury, U.S.N., empowered by the United 
States to take the deep-sea soundings, Nov. 15, 1849; the greatest depth was 
reached in lat. 31,, 59' N., and longitude 58° 43' W., the line broke at 5700 
fathoms. The United States' expedition to the Caribbean Sea started, May, 
1850. The sounding in the Atlantic renewed, 185 1, when the bottom was 
reached in lat. 32° 6' N., and long. 44° 4.7' W., at 5500 fathoms. A new instru- 
ment invented for, by Carnielo Bonnici, a blacksmith of H.M. S. Spitfire, in 
185 1 ; since improved upon by Mr Skead, R.N., in 1857. 

SOUTHAMPTON, Hampshire. A Saxon town, attacked by the Danes, A.D. 873, 
who after committing severe injury tipon the town were driven off. Canute built a 
castle here. The first charter granted to the town by King John, who is said to 
have had a marine residence or palace in the town ; the charter confirmed and 
extended by Hen. HI., who rebuilt the quay, 1222; Richard I. assembled his 
fleet here previous to starting for the Crusades, 1 190; the Donms Dei, or hospital, 
founded in the 12th century. The town plundered by the French, 1338; forti- 



SOUTHAMPTON CASTLE SOUTH SEA BUBBLE 789 

fied, 1339-40 ; the town furnished 21 ships to the fleet of Edw. III., 1345 ; a 
flourishing trade was carried on at this port with Venice in the 14th and 15th 
centuries. The Coopers' Company enrolled, i486. Philip of Spain landed here, 
July 19, 1554 ; Charles I. re-incorporated the town. The pier erected, 1832 ; 
the South-Western Railway commenced, 1834, opened, May 11, 1840; the 
Docks opened, 1842 ; the Ordnance Office erected, 1857. It is the principal 
station of the East and West India fleet of steam vessels. 
SOUTHAMPTON CASTLE, Southampton, built by William the Conqueror, 
circa lioo. Adolphe de Porte made Governor of, 1214 ; rebuilt by Richard II., 
1377 ; the Lords Cambridge and Scroop, and Sir Thomas Grey, detected in a 
conspiracy against the life of Heniy V., they were executed at, and buried in the 
chapel called God's House, 1415. 

SOUTH AUSTRALIA. The settlement of Adelaide founded, 1836 ; Port 
Philip, 1838 ; the Legislative Council instituted in 1851. See also the Principal 
Towns (alphabetical). 

SOUTHCOT, JOANNA, the founder of a religious sect, born 1753. She had 
upwards of 100,000 followers. Among the uneducated and credulous believers 
in her revelations, were one or two from whose positions in life it might have 
been expected were better informed. She announced to her followers that she 
was to be delivered of a second Shiloh on Oct. 19, 1814 ; that interesting event, 
however, failed to come off", and she died of dropsy, Dec. 27, 1814. 

SOUTH KENSINGTON MUSEUM, first established, 1838 ; enlarged, 1843, 
and 1851 ; the Museum of Ornamental Art removed to, June 22, 1857. See 
Kensington. 

SOUTH SAXON KINGDOM, began 391, ended 754. 

SOUTH-SEA BUBBLE. This company began, 9 Anne, c. 15, May 6, 1710; in- 
corporated by statute, 3 Geo. I. c. 9, May 6, 1716 ; Aug. 17, 1720, the stock 
fell to 830 from 1000, and soon after to 820 ; Aug. 22, the bubbles on foot at 
tills time amounted to ;!^30o,ooo,ooo sterling ; on the 26th the stock fell to 800 ; 
it was agreed by the directors that 30 per cent, should be the half-year's dividend 
at Christmas, 1720, and that for 12 years afterwards 50 per cent, should be the 
annual dividend ; still the stock sank by Sept. 8, to 640, and by Sept. 19, to 
400 ; Sept. 30, the stock fell to 150 ; thousands were ruined, and public credit 
shaken. The act for the confiscation of their estates was founded upon the fol- 
lowing resolution of the Lords and Commons : — ' Feb. 2, 1720, resolved by the 
House of Peers, that the South-Sea Directors declaring 30 per cent, dividend 
for the half-year ending at Christmas, and 50 per cent, per annum for twelve 
years, was a villanous artifice to defraud and delude his Majesty's good sub- 
jects.' From the table it appears that the Directors were compelled to disgorge 
in fines no less a sum flian 2^1,659,514 i6j-. (i]id. of their ill-gotten booty. The 
secret committee of the House of Commons made their report, Feb. 16, 1720 • 
the following portions of South-Sea stock were taken by distinguished persons : 
— For the Earl of Sunderland, first Lord of the Treasuiy, ;^5o,ooo ; for the 
Duchess of Kendal, ;i^io,ooo ; for the Countess of P., ;^io,ooo ; for the two 
nieces of the Duchess of Kendal, ;^io,ooo ; for Mr Craggs, sen., ;^30,ooo ; for 
Chas. Stanhope, Esq., ^10,000; for the 'Sword Blade' Company, ^^20,000. 
The officials of the Company were restrained by act of parliament from quittino- 
England, 7 Geo. I. c. i, 1720 ; and another act was passed for the benefit of the 
public, c. 5 . Those connected with the crown were removed ; ^2000 was oflfered 
for the apprehension of the cashier. Knight, who had left the kingdom ; Messrs 
Aislabie and Sir George Caswell were expelled from the House of Commons, 
March 8, 1721. Shares of ;(^ioo rose in value to ^^looo during the mania. The 
estates of all the managers were seized and forfeited : — 



SOUTH SEA HOUSE 



SOUTHWARK 











Allowance 


The Fines taken from 


Directors. 


Value of their Ji 


states. 


for 
subsistence. 


each Director. 




£ 


s. 


d. 


£ 


£ 


s. 


d. 


Sir J. Fellowes 


243,099 





6 


10,000 


233,099 





6 


Mr Joye 


40, 105 


2 





5,000 


35,105 


2 


oU 


MrAstell 


27,750 


19 


834 


10,000 


17,750 


19 


8 


Sir L. Blackwell 


83,529 


17 


II 


15,000 


68,529 


17 


II 


Sir J. Blunt 


183,349 


10 


su 


5,000 


178,349 


10 


sH 


Sir R. Cliapliii 


45,875 


14 


5 


10,000 


35,875 


14 


5 


Mr Cliester 


140,372 


15 


6 


10,000 


130,372 


15 


6 


Sir W. Chapman 


39,161 


6 


8K 


10,000 


29,161 


6 


8y2 


MrCliild 


52,437 


19 


I 


10,000 


42,437 


19 


I 


Mr Delapart ... 


17,151 


4 


6 


10,000 


7,151 


4 


6 


Mr Edmonson 


5,365 








3,000 


2,365 








Mr Eyies 


34,326 


16 


7 


20,000 


14,326 


16 


7 


Mr Gibbon 


106,543 


5 


6 


10,000 


96,543 


5 


6 


Mr Gore 


38,936 


15 


5 


20,000 


18,936 


IS 


5 


Sir W.Hammond 


22,707 


4 


2 


10,000 


12,707 


4 


2 


Mr Hawes ... 


40,031 





oy^ 


5,000 


35,031 





oVz 


MrHoulditch 


39,527 


10 


4 


5,000 


34,527 


10 


4 


Mr Horsey 


19,962 


5 


3 


1 0,000 


9,962 


5 


3 


Sir J. Jacobson 


11,481 


4 





11,000 


481 


4 





Sir T. Janson 


243,244 


3 


II 


50,000 


193,244 


3 


II 


Mr Ingram ... 


16,795 








12,000 


4,795 








Sir J. Lambert 


72,508 


I 


5 


5,000 


67,508 


I 


5 


Sir H. Masters 


11,814 


12 


3;^ 


5,000 


6,814 


12 


3^ 


Mr Morley 


1,869 


10 


3 


1,800 


69 


10 


3 , 


Mr Page 


34,817 


12 


3M 


10,000 


24,817 


12 


3H 


Mr Raymond 


64,373 


6 


3 


30,000 


34,373 


6 


3 


Mr Read 


117,297 


16 





10,000 


107,297 


16 





Mr Snawbridge 


77,254 


I 


8 


5,000 


72,254 


I 


8 


Mr Reynolds 


18,368 


12 


2/2 


14,000 


4,368 


12 


2>^ 


MrTillard 


19,175 


14 


4 


15,000 


4,175 


14 


4 


Mr Turner 


881 


17 


6 


800 


81 


17 


6 


Mr Surnam ... 


112,321 


10 





5,000 


107,321 


10 





Mr Grigsby 


:3i,687 


6 





2,000 


29,687 


6 






SOUTH-SEA HOUSE built, 1711 ; attempt made to fire it, April 11, 1826; 
taken down, 1853-4.! 

SOUTHWARK, first mentioned, 1052 ; the public stews first licensed, 1162 ; the 
priory of, destroyed by fire, 1212; the town of, granted to the citizens of London, 
by charter, l Edw. III., March 6, 1327 ; confirmed by 2 Edw. IV., Nov. 9, 
1462 ; further grant of land in, to the citizens, 4 Edw. VI., April 23, 1550 ; 
made the 26th ward of the city, and an alderman appointed to, by act of common 
council, July 31, 1550; Sir John Ayliffe, Knight, chosen the first alderman ; a 
steward appointed by the city, 1552 ; Jack Cade arrived in Southwark, July i, 
1450 (the White Hart Inn was his head-quarters), and Sir Thomas Wyat, Feb. 
3, 1554; the stews abolished by Hen. VIII., 1545 ; a fair established by Edw. 
VI., 1550; suppressed, 1763. The Globe Theatre erected, circa 1570; the 
Bear Gardens, shortly afterwards Winchester House, built, 1607; the Tabard 
Inn built in the 14th century, and destroyed in the great fire, which destroyed the 
greater part of the Borough, 1666. The Town Hall rebuilt by the cor- 
poration of London, 1686; repaired by them, 1767 ; rebuilt, 1793; taken 
down, 1862. The Queen's Bench Prison built, 1758. The Market, held in the 



SOUTHWARK BRIDGE SPAIN 791 

High-street until 1756 ; discontinued by 28 Geo. II. c. 9, 1755, and removed to 
the present site. St Saviour's Churcli erected in the nth century; St Olave's 
Church founded in the 12th century; rebuilt, 1739 ; St Thomas's Church rebuilt, 
1702; St George's Church begun, 1734; and opened, 1736. A tremendous 
conflagration, without parallel since the fire of London, Mr Braidwood killed, and 
property valued at ;,{^2, 000,000 destroyed, it began June 22, 1861, and burnt for 
14 days. The New-street from Blackfriar's-road to the High-street opened, Tan. 
I, 1864. 

SOUTHWARK BRIDGE, erected under the provisions of the 51 Geo. HI. c. 
clxvi., June 15, 1811, from the design of J. Rennie, F.R.S.; first stone laid by 
Admiral Lord Keith, May 23, 1815 ; finished, March 24, 1819 ; cost ;:^8oo,ooo. 
It consists of 3 arches, the centre 240 feet span, -and the 2 side arches 210 feet. 
Opened free of toll for six months, the Corporation of London paying ;<^i834, 
Nov. 8, 1S64; powers given to the Company to sell and transfer it, 28 & 29 Vict. 
c. cxcvi., June 27, 1865 ; the Corporation agreed to purchase it for ;,^200,ooo, 
Dec. 6, 1866 ; an act of parliament passed giving them power to raise ;,^35o,ooo 
for the purchase, &c., 30 & 31 Vict. c. iii., April 5, 1867. 

SOUTHWELL MINSTER, Nottingham, founded, 630. 

SOUTHWELL PALACE, Newark, Nottinghamshire, built, 1518. 

SOUTHWOLD BAY, Suffolk, a naval battle, of great moment at the time, 
was fought here between the combined Dutch and French fleets and the British, 
May 28, 1672. 

SOVEREIGN, a gold coin worth 22^-. 6d. in the first year of the reign of Henry 
VIII. , 1509; reduced to 20s., 34 of Henry VIII., 1543 ; in temp. Edward VI. 
made to pass for 24J-. and 30^-. ; the present sovereign issued by George HI., 1817, 
made current at 20^. 

SPA FIELDS. The spa discovered 1206, and called the London Spa ; the 
Pantheon opened for the sale of tea, coffee, &c. , 1770 ; converted into a lay 
chapel by the Countess of Huntingdon, 1780. Spa Fields Meeting: 30,000 
persons assembled to address the Prince Regent, on behalf of the distressed 
manufacturers, Nov. 15, 1816; a second meeting, Dec. 2, terminated in a riot, 
the shops of several gunsmiths were attacked, and in Mr Beckwith's shop on 
Snowhill, a Mr Piatt was killed; the rioters proceeded into the city, where the 
Lord Mayor captured some of the ringleaders, much mischief being done before 
peace was restored. 

SPADE GUINEAS, first coined by George IIL, 1787. 

SPAIN, NEW, in America, discovered, 15 18; settled, 1520. 

SPAIN, OLD, colonized by the Phoenicians and Carthaginians ; the Romans first 
invaded the country under Scipio, B.C. 218 ; but it was not wholly subdued until 
the reign of Augustus, 19 ; erected into provinces, 198 ; ancient Bcetica being 
the modern Andalusia and Grenada, the remainder going under the denomina- 
tion of Tarragona ; the present provinces wei'e once independent kingdoms. 
The country became one kingdom about 414. The Vandals and Suevi wrested 
the country from the Romans, a.d. 409 ; the Visigoths entered Spain under 
the command of Euric, and overturned the Roman power entirely, 479 ; the 
Moors invaded the country and conquered it, defeating the army of King 
Roderick, at Xeres, in a battle which lasted 3 days, 711 ; Pelagius, of the 
royal family of Visigoths, proclaimed King of Asturias, 718 ; Alphonsus II., re- 
fusing to pay the Saracens the annual tribute of 100 virgins, declared war, de- 
feating the Saracens with great slaughter, and obtained the appellation of "the 
Chaste," 791 ; Inigo crowned first King of Navarre, 830 ; the sceptre taken by 
Ferdinand I., 1020; Navarre and Castile united, 103 1 ; the kingdom of Arra- 



792 SPAIN 

gon founded by Ramiro I., 1035 ; Leon and Asturias joined to Castile, 1037 ; 
Henry of Bourbon took Portugal from the Saracens, 1087 ; the Saracens, being 
nearly conquered, called in the aid of the Moors from Africa, who seized the 
dominions, defeating the Spaniards and the Saracens, 1091 ; the Moors defeated 
by Alphonsus I. of Navarre, 11 18; he was defeated by the Moors, and killed, 
1 134 ; twelve Moorish kings defeated in one battle, 1 135; University of Salamanca 
founded, 1200; the Moorish army defeated at Tolosa, July 16, 1212 ; Leon and 
Castile re-united, 1226 ; Cordova, the residence of the first Moorish kings, taken 
by Ferdinand of Castile and Leon, 1236 ; the kingdom of Granada begun by 
the Moors, under Mohammed, 1238 ; Alphonsus the Wise began to reign, 1252 ; 
the crown of Navarre passed to the royal family of France, 1276; Gibraltar cap- 
tured by Ferdinand IV., King of Castile and Leon, 1303 ; a Moorish army of 
200,000 men invaded Spain, 1327 ; defeated by Alphonsus XL, 1340; Edward 
the Black Prince with an English army invaded Castile, to restore Pedro the 
Cruel to the throne, he defeated the army of Henry Count of Trastamara, and 
restored Pedro to the throne, April 3, 1367 ; Ferdinand V. of Arragon maiTied 
Isabella of Castile, 1474 ; the countiy again invaded by the Moors, 1484 ; 
Granada taken, and the power of the Moors finally extirpated by Ferdinand, 
1492; Columbus set out from Spain to explore the western world under the aus- 
pices of Isabella, 1492 ; Naples added to the Spanish kingdom, 1503 ; Isabella 
I. died, Nov. 26, 1504 ; Ferdinand conquered the greater part of Navarre, 1512 ; 
accession of the house of Austria, Charles I. of Spain the V. of Germany, to the 
throne of Spain, upon the death of Ferdinand V., Jan. 23, 1516 ; Philip of 
Spain married to Queen Mary of England at Winchester Cathedral, July 25, 
1554 > Charles V. of Spain and Germany retired from the world, and resigned 
the throne to his son Philip II., Jan. 16, 1556; Philip II. began his persecution 
against the Protestants, 1561 ; the Escurial began, 1563; Spain united to Portu- 
gal, 1580; the Spanish Armada destroyed, 1588 ; the Moors and their descend- 
ants banished by Philip III. from Spain, Sept., 1609 ; England declared war 
against, 1625 ; Philip IV. lost Portugal, 1640; treaty of peace and friendship with 
England, May 23, 1667 ; England declared war against, 1702, and captured 
Gibraltar, 1704 ; by the treaty ,of Utrecht, Spain lost half her European pos- 
sessions, 1713; Philip V. invaded Naples, 1714; his fleet defeated off the 
coast of Sicily by the British fleet under Admiral Byng, 1 718; the Duchies of 
Tuscany, Parma, and Placentia ceded to Spain by the treaty of Seville, 1729 ; 
the Palace of Madrid burnt, 1733 ; hostilities renewed between Spain and Eng- 
land, Oct., 1739, on behalf of the Young Pretender; Charles HI., King of the 
Two Sicilies, succeeded to the crown, 1759; the Bourbon family compact 
concluded at Versailles, 1761 ; England declared war against, 1762; the Jesuits 
expelled from, 1767 ; definitive treaty signed with England, Sept. 3, 1783 ; Eng- 
land declared war against, 1796 ; battle of Cape St Vincent, the Spanish fleet 
defeated, Feb. 14, 1797; Spanish treasury, valued at 3,000,000 dollars, captured 
by the English fleet, Oct. 29, 1804; Spain and France declared war against 
England, Dec. 12 ; battle of Trafalgar, the combined fleets of France and Spain 
were totally defeated, Oct. 21, 1805; Godoy, Prince of Peace, the court favourite, 
1807; the French entered Spain, 1807; the Prince of Asturias conspired against 
his father, July 25; treaty of Fontainebleau, Oct. 27; the French took Madrid, 
March, 1808 ; dismissal of the Prince of Peace by the King, March 18 ; abdi- 
cation of Charles IV. in favour of Ferdinand, March 19 ; and at Bayonne, in 
favour of Napoleon, May i ; the French massacred at Madrid, May 2 ; Napo- 
leon assembled the principal men at Bayonne, May 25 ; Joseph Bonaparte made 
his entry into Madrid as King of Spain, July 12 ; driven from the capital, July 
29 ; Supreme Junta installed, Sept. 8 ; Madrid retaken by the French, and 
Joseph restored, Dec. 2, who imprisoned the royal family of Spain in the palace 
of Chambery, in Savoy, Dec. 5 ; the Cortes assembled, Sept. 24, 1810 ; Joseph 



SPAIN 



793 



Bonaparte formally restored, July 15, 181 1 ; constitution of the Cortes settled, 
March 14, 1812 ; Ferdinand VII. restored, May 14, 1814; the Inquisition re- 
imposed, July 21 ; the Jesuits brought back again, July 25, 1816 ; Florida sold 
to the Americans, Feb. 22, 1819 ; death of Queen Maria Isabella, Dec. 26; 
a revolution began, Jan. r, 1820 ; Ferdinand swore to observe the constitution 
of the Cortes, March 7 ; suppression of the Jesuits, Sept. 21 ; the King removed 
to Seville, and afterwards to Cadiz, March 20, 1823 ; the French entered Spain, 
April 7 ; Ferdinand declared war against France, April 23 ; the French entered 
Madrid, May 24, and invested Cadiz, June 25; battle of the Trocadero fought, 
Aug. 31 ; the Cortes dissolved, Oct. 4 ; Cadiz taken by the French, Oct. 4 ; Riego 
executed, Nov. 7 ; triumphal entry of the King and Queen into Madrid, Nov. 
13 ; the French evacuated Cadiz, Sept. 21, 1828 ; Cadiz made a free port, Feb. 
24, 1829 ; Salique law abolished, March 29, 1 830 ; Queen of Spain appointed 
Regent during the King's indisposition, Oct 25, 1832 ; Don Carlos declared him- 
self legitimate successor to his brolher, April 29, 1833 ; death of Ferdinand 
VII.; his Queen assumed the title of Queen, until Isabella II., her infant 
daughter, should attain her majority, Sept. 29 ; the Royalist volunteers disarmed 
at Madrid, Oct. 27 ; Don Carlos escaped and landed at Portsmouth with his 
family, June 18, 1S34 ; he suddenly appeared among his adherents in Spain, July 
10 ; the Chambers voted his exclusion from the throne, Aug. 30 ; military revo- 
lution at Malaga, July 25, 1836 ; Bilboa besieged for 2 months by the Carlists, 
defeated by Espartero with the loss of their guns and materiel, Dec. 25 ; Gene- 
ral Evans gave up the command of the auxiliary legion, June 20, 1837 ; Madrid 
besieged, Aug. Ii ; again besieged, Oct. 30 ; the Spanish Cortes dissolved, June 
I, 1839 ; the Carlists, commanded by Marota, deserted Don Carlos, Aug. 25 ; 
a treaty of peace concluded between Marota and Espartero, Aug. 29 ; Don 
Carlos fled to France, Sept. 14 ; Madrid declared in a state of siege, Feb. 23, 
1840 ; Gen. Morello surrendered. May 28 ; the Carlists' general, Cabrera, unable 
to hold his ground, entered France with a body of his troops, July 7 ; the British 
auxiliaries evacuated St Sebastian, and retired, Aug. 25 ; revolutionary move- 
ment at Madrid defeated the authorities, Sept. i; the ministry dismissed, and 
the Cortes dissolved, Sept. 9 ; Espartero enters Madrid in triumph, Oct. 5 ; a 
new ministry appointed by the Queen, and Espartero made Prime Minister, 
Oct. 5 ; the abdication of the Regent of Spain, Oct. 12; the Papal Nuncio ex- 
pelled Espartero, Dec. 29 ; Espartero declared Regent during the minority of 
the young Queen, by the Cortes, April 12, 1841; Queen Christina gives a pro- 
test to the nation, July 19 ; insurrection in her favour at Pampeluna by the army 
commanded by Gen. O'Donnell, Oct. 2 ; Don Diego Leon repulsed in his attack 
on the palace at Madrid, and numbers of his followers slain by the Queen's 
guards, Oct. 7 ; he was captured and shot at Madrid, Oct. 15 ; Bilboa captured 
by Gen. Zurbano, Oct. 21 ; the constitutional general Rodil entered Vittoria, 
Oct. 21 ; Montes de Oca shot, Oct. 21 ; General O'Donnell escaped into 
the French territory, Oct. 21 ; the pension of Queen Christina suspended, Oct. 
26 ; \h&fiieros of the Basque provinces abolished, Oct. 29 ; Borio and Gobemado 
executed at Madrid, Nov. 9 ; Espartero entered Madrid, Nov. 23 ; the strength of 
the army fixed at 130,000 men, Jvme 28, 1842. At Barcelona an insurrection 
broke out, the national guard joined the populace, Nov. 13, who had a severe 
engagement in the streets ; the soldiers retreated to the citadel, losing 500 in 
killed and wounded, Nov. 15 ; the troops evacuated the citadel, and retired to 
Montjuich, Nov. 17 ; the port of Barcelona blockaded, Nov. 26 ; Barcelona be- 
sieged by Gen. Espartero, and its unconditional surrender demanded, Nov. 29, 
and capitulated, Dec. 3, 4 ; Madrid surrendered to General Narvaez, July 15 ; 
Seville bombarded by Espartero, July 21 ; the battle of Torrejou and defeat of 
the army of the Regents, July 22 ; the siege of Seville raised, July 27 ; Espartero 
and his friends escaped to London, Aug. 23 ; dissatisfaction expressed against 



794 SPAIN 

the new government at Madrid, Aug. 29 ; the Queen Isabella II., when only 
thirteen years old, declared by the Cortes of age, Oct. 10 ; took the oath to the 
constitution, Nov. 10; Christina, her mother, returned to Spain, March 23, 1844; 
Zurbano promoted an insurrection, Nov. 12 ; taken and shot, Jan. 21, 1845 ; 
Don Carlos relinquished his right to the crown, in behalf of his son, May 18 ; 
constitution settled, May 23 ; Narvaez and his ministry resign, Feb. 12 ; they re- 
turn to power, March 17, and again resign, March 28, 1846. The Queen pub- 
licly affianced to her cousin, Don Francisco d'Assiz, Duke of Cadiz, Aug. 27 ; 
Don Carlos escaped from France, Sept. 14 ; marriage of the Queen, and at 
the same time, the infanta Louisa to the Duke of Montpensier, Oct. 10 ; amnesty 
granted to political offenders, Oct. 18 ; La Riva fired at the Queen, May 4, 
1847 ; sentenced to death, June 23 ; Gen. Espartero restored to office, Sept. 3 ; 
the British envoy extraordinary ordered to quit Spain in forty-eight hours. May 
19, 1848 ; diplomatic relations between the two countries not restored imtil Aug. 
18, 1850 ; the Queen gave birth to a male child, which lived only ten minutes, 
July 12 ; she was delivered of a daughter, Dec 20, 1S51 ; attempt made 
to assassinate the Queen by a priest (Merino), Feb. 2, 1852, — he was exe- 
cuted, Feb. 7; revolt of the Cordova regiments at Saragossa, Feb. 20, 1854; 
the kingdom declared in a state of siege, Feb. 22 ; a military insurrection broke 
out at Madrid, the kingdom declared in a state of siege, June 27 ; Barcelona and 
several other towns declared against the government, July 17 ; insurrection at 
Madrid, the streets barricaded, a junta established, July 17 ; Espartero appointed 
prime minister, July 27 ; the Queen's mother left Madrid escorted by royal 
troops for Portugal, Aug. 28 ; Fuentes shot at Queen Isabella, May 28, 1856 ; 
Coup d'Etat at Madrid and resignation of Espartero, July 14, 1856 ; the 
Queen gave birth to a son, heir to the throne, Prince of the Asturias, Nov. 
2^, 1857 ; hostilities commenced between Spain and Morocco, Oct. 20, 1859 ; 
protest against the treatment of Morocco, Oct. 25 ; the fleet blew up the 
forts at Tetuan, Dec. 30 ; battle between the Spanish forces and the Moroc- 
cans, in which the former lost 550 men, Jan, 5, i860; the Moroccans defeat- 
ed, Jan. 10 ; and again at Tetuan, March 23, and treaty of peace agreed to ; 
attempted insurrection, headed by Comte de Montemolin, frustrated, and he signed 
a renunciation of his pretensions to the throne, April 23 ; which he recalled as 
soon as he was set at liberty, June 15 ; the Chincha Island seized, 1864 ; military 
revolt in, headed by General Prim, Jan. 3, 1866 ; attempted rising at Madrid in 
favour of a republic, June 22 ; address of the Liberal deputies to the Queen, Dec. 
28 ; Lord Stanley demanded the surrender of the steamship Victoria, March 30, 
1867 ; the King and Queen of Portugal visited Madrid, Aug. 13 ; insurrection in, 
suppressed, Aug. 27 ; insurrection in, martial law declared, Aug. 17 ; siege 
raised, Nov. 16 ; death of Marshal O'Donnell, Nov. 5 ; pubhc funeral, Nov. 11 ; 
the Cortes opened by the Queen, Dec. 27 ; a British schooner seized by the Span- 
ish authorities for alleged piracy, Aug. i, 1868 ; revolution against the Govern- 
ment commenced with the fleet at Cadiz, Sept. 18 ; Queen Isabella deposed, Sept. 
29, and fled to Biarritz, Sept. 30 ; the Provisional Government established, Oct. 
20 ; Marshal Serrano entered Madrid at the head of the revolutionary troops, 
Oct. 3 ; the constitution altered by the Cortes, June i, 1869 ; promulgated, 
June 6 ; a regency determined by the Cortes, June 15 ; Marshal Serrano in- 
stalled in that office at Madrid, June 18. 

SOVEREIGNS OF SPAIN. Walia 420 

Theodoredo I. ... ... ... 45^ 

Alarico, the Goth 406 Thurismundo : assassinated ... 454 

Ataulfo ... ... ... ... 411 Theodoredo II.: assassinated ... 467 

Sigerico : reigned only a few Eurico ... 4^3 

weeks 415 Alarico II 50° 



SPAIN 



Kings of Leon 



Gesalric 

Amalarico 

Theudio 

Theudisilo 

Agila 

Atanagildo 

Levua I. 

Leovigildo 

Viterico 

Recaredo I. 

I^evua II. 

Gundemaro 

Sisebuto 

Recai-edo II. 

Suintila 

Sisenanto 

Chintila 

Tulya 

Cindasuindo 

Recesvinto 

Wamba 

Ervigio 

Egica 

Witiza 

Roderigo 

Pelayo 

Favila 

Alfonso I. 

Fruela I. : murdered his brother 
and was himself murdered ... 

Aurelio 

Silo 

Mauregato 

Bermudo I. 

Alfonso II., the Chaste : refused 
the annual tribute of loo vir- 
gins to the Saracens, who de- 
clared war: they were defeated 
by Alfonso, for which he was 
called the Chaste and Vic- 
torious ... , ^.. 

Ramiro I., destroyed 70,000 Sara- 
cens by the sword in battle ... 

Ordono I. 

Alfonso III., the Great 

Garcia 

Ordono II. 

Fruela II. 

Alfonso IV., an Ecclesiastic ... 

Ramiro II. 

Ordono III 

Sancho I., the Fat 

Ramiro III. 

Bermudo II. 

Alfonso V. 



531 
548 
549 
554 
567 
572 
586 
600 
601 
603 
612 
621 
621 
631 

635 
638 
640 
650 
672 
687 
687 
701 
711 
714 
737 
739 
757 

768 
774 
783 
788 

795 



843 

850 
862 
910 
913 
923 
924 
930 
950 
955 
967 



999 
1028 



795 

Bermudo III. ... ... ... 1037 

KINGS OF NAVARRE. 

Sancho III. ... ... ... 1000 

Garcias III. ... ... ... 1034 

Sancho IV. ... ... ... 1050 

Garcias Ramirez, king of Arra- 

gon 1134 

Sancho VI. ... ... ... 11 50 

Sancho VII. ... ... ... 1194 

Thibault I., Count of Champagne 1234 

Thibault II 1253 

Henry Crassus ... ... ... 1270 

Juana : married to Philip the Fair 

of France, 1284 ■ ... ... 1274 

Louis Hutin of France ... ... 1305 

Philip V. of France 1316 

Charles I., the IV. of France ... 1322 
Juana II., and Philip, Count d' 

Evereux ... ... ... 1328 

Juana alone ... ... ... 1343 

Charles II 1349 

Charles III 1386 

Blanche, 1425 ; John II. King 

of Arragon was her husband 1425 

Eleanora ... ... ... 1479 

Francis Phoebus ... ... 1479 

Catherine and John d'Albret ... 1483 

Henrique II. ... ... ... 151^ 

Juana 1555 

Henrique III. ... 1572 

SOVEREIGNS OF CASTILE AND LEON. 



Ferdinando I., the Great 

Sancho II. 

Alfonso VI •. 

Uraca 

Alfonso VII 

Sancho III. 

Alfonso VIII 

Henrique I. 

Ferdinando II. ... 

Alfonso X. 

Dona Berenguela 

Ferdinando III. 

Alfonso XI 

Sancho IV. 

Ferdinando IV. 

Alfonso XII , 

Pedro the Cruel ; deposed by his 
subjects. Restored by Edward 
the Black Prince of England ; 
subsequently slain 

Henrique II. 

Juan I. : united Biscay to Castile 



1067 

1073 
1108 
1126 

"57 
1158 
1214 
1217 
1188 
1284 
1244 
1252 
1284 

1295 
1312 

1350 



1369 

1379 
1390 



796 



SPAIN 



SPANISH LAWS 



Ferdinand II., by his marriage 
with Isabella of Castile united 
the kingdoms ... ... 1479 

Jane, resigned in favour of her 

son ... ... ... ... 1504 

SPAIN. 

Ferdinando V. This prince con- 
quered Granada and Navarre, 
became king of all Spain ... 1516 
Charles I., son of Joan of Cas- 
tile and Philip of Austria, 
1 5 16; became Emperor of Ger- 
many, as Charles V., 1519 ; 
resigned both crowns, and re- 
tired to a monastery ... ... 155S 

Philip II., his son, King of Na- 
ples and Sicily ; married Mary, 
Queen of England ... ... 1556 

Philip III 1598 

Philip IV 1621 

Charles II., son of Philip IV., 
the last prince of the Austrian 

line 1665 

Phihp v., Dukeof Anjou, grand- 
son of Louis XIV. of France 1 700 
Louis I. : reigned only a few 

months 1724 

Philip v.: restored ... ... 1724 

Ferdinando VI. 1 746 

Charles III., king of the Two 
Sicilies, brother of Ferdinando 
VI. : ascended the Spanish 
throne and gave the Sicilies 
to his third son, Ferdinand ... 1759 
Charles IV., son of Charles III. 1 788 

Ferdinando VIL 1808 

Joseph Bonaparte, deposed ... 1808 
Ferdinando VII. restored, suc- 
ceeded by his daughter ... 1 814 
Isabella II., 1833: deposed, Sept. 
29, 1868 



SPALDING LITERARY CLUB, for printing Historical, Ecclesiastical, Genea- 
logical, and Topographical remains of the North Eastern counties of Scotland, 
instituted at Aberdeen, 1839. 

SPANISH ARMADA.— &^ Armada. 

SPANISH ^RA, commenced Jan. i, A.u.c, 715, or B.C. 38 ; abolished in Cata- 
lonia, 1180; in Arragon, 1350; Valencia, 1358; Castile, 1393 ; Portugal, 1415. 

SPANISH LAWS, the Fuero Juzgo code of laws, collected by Ciudasvindus, 612 ; 
that called Les Usages, amended by the Count of Barcelona, 1060 ; Fuero de Cas- 
tillo, by Alphonso IX., 1212 ; Fuero Real, by Alphonso X., 1254; Siete Par- 
tidas, by Alphonso XL, 1347 ; Recopilacion altered by Philip II., 1567 ; Neuva 
amended by Philip IV., 1665 ; partially renewed by Philip V., 1723. 



Henrique III. 


1407 


Juan II. 


1454 


Henrique VI. 


1474 


Ferdinando V., united the king- 




doms of Castile and Arragon 




by his marriage with Isabella, 




the Queen of Castile 


1516 


Donaguana or Joan, daughter of 




the above, married ... 


1555 


Philip I. of Austria. On her 




mother's death Joan succeed- 




ed, with her husband; Philip 




dying and Joan becoming an 




her father Ferdinando 




continued the reign over the 




united countries 


1560 


KINGS OF ARRAGON. 




Ramirez I. 


1035 


Sancho Ramirez 


1063 


Pedro L 


1094 


Alfonso the Warrior, king of 




Navarre 


1104 


Ramirez II. 


"34 


Petronilla, and Raymond, Count 




of Barcelona ... 


^m 


Alfonso II. 


II62 


Pedro II 


II96 


James I. 


I2I3 


Pedro III. This prince ordered 




the massacre known as the 




Sicilian Vespers in 1282 


1276 


Alfonso III 


1285 


James II., the Just 


I29I 


Alfonso IV 


1327 


Pedro IV 


1336 


John I. 


1387 


Martin L 


1395 


Interregnum 


I4I0 


Ferdinand I. , King of Sicily . . . 


I4I2 


Alfonso v., the Wise 


I4I6 


John II., King of Navarre, died 




1479 


1458 



SPANISH SUCCESSION SPINNING 797 

SPANISH SUCCESSION, first treaty in relation to, signed, Oct. 11, 1698 ; second 
treaty, March 25, 1700; the triple alliance treaty, Sept. 7, 1701 ; war declared, 
May 4, 1702; peace restored by the treaty of Utrecht, April 11, 1713. 

SPARTA, Greece, anciently inhabited by the Acliseans, who were subjected by the 
Dorians. Lycurgus issued a code of regulations for the better government of, 
B.C. 884. The first Messenian war begun, 743 ; ended, 723. The second Messe- 
nian war broke out, 6S5 ; again defeated by the Spartans, 668 ; defeated the 
Persians at the pass of Thermopylas, 480 ; invaded by Persians, 479 ; defeated by 
the Greeks, 478. The third Messenian war begun, 464 ; ended in their defeat, 
455. The breaking out of the Peloponnesian war, 431, which continued for 27 
years. The invasion of Persia, 399 ; peace concluded with, 387 ; defeated by the 
Greeks at the battle of Leuctra, 371 ; after suffering ses'eral defeats they were 
reduced to a Roman province, 146, from which it never recovered. 

SPEAKER OF THE HOUSE OF COMMONS. The first is said to have been 
Peter de Montfort, who was killed at the battle of Evesham, 1260 ; the first 
chosen by the Plouse was Sir Thomas Hungerford, 1377 ; others supposed Sir 
Peter de la Mare was the first ; the King refused his assent to Sir Edward Sey- 
mour as speaker, March 6, 1678 ; Sir J. Trevor expelled the chair as speaker, for 
taking a gratuity after the act for the benefit of orphans had passed, March 16, 
1694 ; John Smith was elected the first speaker by the united Parliament of 
Great Britain, Oct. 23, 1707 ; resigned, Nov. i, 1708 ; and Mr Henry Addington 
elected by the first Parliament of the United Kingdom, Jan. 22, 1801. He ranks 
next to the Peers of Great Britain by i Will. & Mary, c. 21, 1688. 

SPEAKING TRUMPET, one constructed from Kircher's description by Saland, 

1652 ; brought to notice by Moreland, 1671. 
SPECTACLE-MAKERS' COMPANY, London, incorporated, 5 Car. I., May 

16, 1629. A livery granted to, Oct. i, 1809 ; increased, Sept. 24, 1822. 

SPECTACLES are said to be of Asiatic origin. They are of great antiquity in China. 
An eye-glass or spectacle was discovered in the Stabian-street at Pompeii, in 1854. 
The invention by some is awarded to Alexander Spina, a monk of Pisa, 1299 ; 
by others, to Salvino degl' Armati, a Florentine, 1310. The earliest representation 
of what are now called nose spectacles, occurs in a fresco in the church of S. 
Trinila at Florence, executed at the close of the 15th century. The first engraved 
representation is in Schedel's Chronicle, printed at Nuremberg, 1493. They are 
mentioned in ' London Lykpenny,' by John Lydgate, temp. Henry VI. 

SPECTATOR, The. The publication 01' this series of Essays by Steele and Addison 
published in folio numbers, 1711-12 ; first collected edition, 8 volumes, 1712. 

SPEKE, the Rev. B., rector of Dowlish Wake, Somersetshire, left for London, 

Jan. 8, 1868 : not heard of from that time until Feb. 21, when he was arrested at 

Padstow, in the dress of a drover. 
SPENSER SOCIETY, established in London for reprinting the Early-English 

Poets, 1867. 
SPINET. This musical instrument in use among the ladies of the French court, 

1515-20; in Italy soon afterwards. Charles Hitchcock and Hayward of London 

were noted makers of the Spinet, 1620 — 1670. 

SPINNING. The notices of, in the Bible are confined to Ex. xxxv. 25, 26 ; 
Matt. vi. 28. Spinning with the distaff early practised in England. The spinning- 
wheel invented in England, 1533- The. Spinning Jenny : invention of, the cause 
of England's prosperity; suggested by Lewis Paul, 1738, who invented and pa- 
tented a machine roller, for spinning cotton, 1738 ; Hargreave invented the 
Jenny, 1767; Arkwright's improvements patented, 1769; worked by horses, 



798 SPIRES SPITZBERGEN 

1 771 ; worked his machinery by water at Cromford ; Sam Crompton combined 
the Jenny and the roller spinning in one machine, 1779 ; now worked by steam. 
The number of spindles now employed in Great Britain exceeds 36,000,000. 

SPIRES, Bavaria. The foundation-stone of the Cathedral laid by Conrad II., Aug. 
12, 1030 ; he was buried in the choir, July II, 1039 ; the buildmg consecrated by 
Bishop Ginhard II., 1061 ; destroyed by fire, June 2, 1689 ; restored, 1770-3 ; 
pillaged by the French, 1794 ; it was saved from destruction by order of Napoleon 
I. Divine service began again to be held in. May 19, 1822 ; restored, 1854-58. 
The town built by Conrad II., 1029-35 5 the Rhine overflowed, doing consider- 
able damage to the town, 1070 ; almost destroyed by fire, 1 127 ; Conrad IV. held 
a congress here, 1146 ; a diet held at, by Charles V., which condemned the Re- 
formation, 1529, the reformers being called Protestants. The town taken by the 
French, 1689 ; the walls destroyed, and the town burnt, June 2 ; again captiired 
by the French, Sept. 29, 1792 ; and also on Jan. 19, 1794. 

SPIRITS and SPIRITUOUS LIQUORS, taxed as strong water and aqua vitte, 
1660, one penny per gallon ; every gallon of spirits made of wine or cider import- 
ed, 2.d.; every gallon of strong water imported from beyond sea, \d.; in 1660, 
additional duty, varying from time to time. Consumption increased in 1736 ; the 
gin act passed to restrain spirit drinking, 9 Geo. II. c. 23, May 5- In 1738, no 
less than 12,000 persons convicted under the gin act within two years ; 5000 paid 
a penalty of ^500, and 3000 paid ;^io each, to prevent going to jail. In 1789, 
the duty on brandy was only 6^. a gallon. In Ireland, an annual stock of 15,547 
gallons of brandy, and 1,744 gallons of geneva, was required, the rates of duty 
being the same, £\ 2s. lod. In March, 1844, the duty reduced to 15^. per gal- 
lon, in place of ;^i 2s. lod.; the various acts reduced into one, passed to amend 
the Excise regulations relating to distilling, rectifying, and dealing in, 23 & 24 
Vict. c. 114, Aug. 28, i860. 

SPIRITUALISM, of the present century, first developed at Plough Keepsie, 
America, by Messrs Livingston and Davis, 1845, who delivered 57 lectures be- 
tween Nov. 28, 1845, and Jan. 25, 1846. The rapping of spirits first said to be 
discovered by Michael Weekman, at Acadia, N. Y., March, 1848 ; this has been 
followed by the Davenport Brothers, and still later by Mr Home. The Dialec- 
tical Society appointed a committee to inquire into the question, which held several 
meetings in 1869. 

SPITALFIELDS, London. The Priory and hospital of St Mary's founded by 
Walter le Brune, first stone laid, July 18, 1235 ; sold to Ralph Warren at the 
Reformation, for ^1733 6j. ?id., Aug. 21, 1544; the Cross mentioned as early as 
1398. The Walloons and French, driven from France by the revocation of the 
Edict of Nantes, settled here and introduced the trade of silk and velvet weaving, 
1713 ; the manufacture of, increased to ;/^ 300,000. Made a parish, 1729 ; Christ 
church built from the design of Mr Hawksmoor, and opened, July 5 ; damaged 
by fire, Feb. 17, 1836 ; the spire struck by lightning, Jan. 3, 1841. The weavers 
reduced to great distress from want of employment, 1816 ; the simi of ;!^5ooo 
per week scarcely adequate to relieve the distress suffered by them in 1829; 
upwards of 50,000 engaged as weavers in 1832. 

SPITHEAD, Hampshire. Mutiny on board the channel fleet, April and May, 1797; 
a grand naval review held here, in the presence of Her Majesty (Victoria) and the 
members of the legislature, 125 ships-of-war and 16 frigates carrying 1076 gvms, 
with a force of 10,000 men, Aug. 11, 1853 ; a second held at the same place, the 
fleet consisted of 22 steam ships-of-the-line, 53 frigates, 140 gunboats, 4 floating 
batteries, and 50 mortar- vessels, in all 3002 guns, and 30,671 horse power, April 
28, 1856 ; naval review at, in honour of the Sultan, July 17, 1867. 

SPITZBERGEN, Greenland, discovered in 1533, by Sir Hugh Willoughby, who 



SPOONS ST DAVID'S DAY 799 

supposed it to be a part of Greenland ; afterwards visited by Barentz, 1596, and 
Cornelius, who called it Spitzbergen. Measurement of an arc of the meridian 
at, 1863. 
SPOONS. The ladle or spoon used by the Egyptians, Greeks, and Romans. They 
are mentioned in Numbers vii. 29, one golden spoon of ten shekels, and ver. 
44, and in i Kings vii. 50 ; they were made of pure gold. The coronation 
spoon of Henry VI. has the Hall mark of 1445. Bishop Fox left some spoons 
to Corpus Christi, Oxford, 1509. Apostle spoons, a gift from a godfather, were 
common in the reign of Hen. VIII.; snuff spoons were in general use in 1740. 

SPORTS. The first Book of Sports published by James I., May 24, 1618; a second 
Book of Sports was published by Charles I., Oct. 18, 1633. Permitted after 
public worship on Sundays, 1633 ; they gave rise to numerous controversies. 
Strutt's Sports and Pastimes first published, 1801. 

SPOTTSYLVANIA, battle. The Federals, under Gen. Grant, attacked the Con- 
federates, under Gen. Lee, but were not successful, although both sides suffered 
great loss. May 11, 12, 1864. 

SPRING GARDENS, Whitehall, made a bowling-green by Charles 1., 1630 ; 
suppressed by the king's command, 1634 ; re-opened, June, 13, 1649 ; closed by 
Cromwell, May 10, 1654. 

SPURGEON'S TABERNACLE. The foundation-stone of a Tabernacle laid by 
Sir S. M. Peto, Bart., near the Elephant and Castle, Newington, Aug. 16, 1859. 

SPURS. Those worn by the Saxons and Normans were very short, in the shape of 
a spike. Rowels were added in the 15th century; increased in size of shank in 
1449-54- 

SPURS, battle, between Henry VIII. of England and the Emperor Maximilian on 
one side and the French on the other ; they having entered into an alliance against 
France, the Emperor received an allowance of a hundred ducats per day from the 
King of England, so that Austrian or German mercenaries in the service of 
England are of a more ancient date than the reign of George HI. and his sub- 
sidies ; the Duke de Longueville, who commanded the French, was beaten at 
Guinegate, where, making more use of their spurs than their swords, they obtain- 
ed for it the name of the ' battle of the spurs,' Aug. 16, 1513. 

SS, COLLAR OF ESSES. A family badge, introduced by John Ghent, Duke 
of Lancaster, 1361 ; the device is thought to stand for ' Soiwenez-vous de mot.'' 
It was afterwards worn by Richard II. Henry IV., 1406, paid £,^%^ 6j'. %d. 
for a collar with this motto worked in jewels. It subsequently became a party 
badge on the accession of Edward IV. ; the Yorkist collar of the Roses and 
Suns was adopted, but Henry VII. revived the Lancastrian SS ; in the next 
reign a statute was passed limiting the wearing of, to knights, 24 Henry VIII. c. 
13, 1532-3 ; this practice soon went out of fashion, and the use of, became con- 
fined to the Serjeant trumpeter and the officers of the Heralds' College, except the 
pursuivants, the Lord Chief Justices of the three courts, and the Lord Mayor of 
London. 

ST ASAPH, bishopric of, founded, 540; the archdeaconiy erected, 1127; the 
deanery, before 1239 ; the sees of St Asaph and Bangor were to have been united 
on the next vacancy of either, on the creation of the see of Manchester, by an 
order in council of Oct., 1838 ; the order was annulled, 1846 ; the sees to remain 
separate. 

ST DxWID'S DAY, the festival of the Welsh in honour of St David their patron, 
519, who removed the bishop's see from Carleon to Menevia, it being previously 
too near the Saxons. In a battle with these Saxon invaders, the Welsh wore a 



8oo ST JAMES STADT-TOLLS 

leek in their caps, which they recall by placing one in their hats in the present 

day. 
ST JAMES, festival of, instituted, 1089. 
ST JUDE, festival of, instituted, 1090. 
ST LEGER RACE, established by Colonel St Leger, at Doncaster, 1776 ; first 

called St Leger at the suggestion of the Marquis of Rockingham ; the winner of 

the first race was Allabaculia, the property of that nobleman. There were only 

six subscribers the first year, but in 1853 there were 100. 

ST LUKE, feast of, instituted, 1130. 

ST MARK, festival of, instituted, 1090. 

ST MARTIN'S FEAST, instituted, 812. 

ST PAUL'S CROSS, London, which once stood before the cathedral ; here was 
a pulpit, with steps up to it, in which the city divines preached eveiy Sunday 
forenoon, and they were attended by the corporation, 1259 ; it was devoted not 
only to polemical but political purposes ; Jane Shore, the favourite of Edward IV., 
was dragged before it by her priestly persecutors, with every mark of degrad- 
ation, 1483 ; the Cross demolished by order of parliament, 1643. 

ST PETER AD VINCULA, festival of, instituted, 317. 

ST PETER'S CHURCH, at Rome, the noblest in the world, erected on the spot 
where the Emperor Constantine erected a church, 306 ; it was begun by order of 
Pope Nicholas V. by Rosellini and Alberti, 1450 ; the first stone was laid in 1 506 
by Pope Julius II., and imder the architect Bramante, and after him Raphael and the 
sublime Michael Angelo, who slightly altered the original plan, and erected the 
dome; he died, 1563 ; Vigiiola succeeded him as architect, and then Delia Porta ; 
600 workmen were employed upon it, and the last stone was laid, 1590 ; the 
nave was finished, 1612 ; the fagade and lateral parts of the portico were not 
completed until 1614 ; and the church was dedicated by Urban VIII., Nov. 18, 
1626 ; the front has a width of 400 feet, and is 180 in height ; the dome rises to 
324 feet ; the height externally is 432, the length 669, and the breadth within, 
442. 

ST SALVADOR, one of the Bahama Islands, the first land of America, or the 
islands, discovered by Columbus, who named it, Oct. II, 1491 ; the original name 
was Guanhomi, or Cat's Eye, which sailors sometimes call it at this day. 

ST SEBASTIAN, siege of, by the army under the Duke of Wellington, Aug. 31, 
1813. 

ST SEBASTIAN, battle, between the British auxiliary legion under General Evans 
and the Carlists, May 5, 1836 ; the Carlists were defeated and suffered consider- 
able loss. 

ST SOPHIA, church of, at Constantinople, built by Justinian, and since that city 
fell into the hands of the Turks, used as a mosque, 1453 ; it is 269 feet long and 
243 broad. 

ST THOMAS'S.— i'd'^ West Indies. 

ST THOMAS'S FESTIVAL, instituted, 1130. 

STADT-HOUSE, at Amsterdam, built, 1649, but not completely finished until 
1655- 

STADT-HOLDER of the Low Countries, one elected for the united provinces of 
Holland, Zealand, and Utrecht, 1584 ; upon the death of William III. the office 
became extinct, 1702; re-established, 1747; suppressed, 1802. 

STADT-TOLLS, a duty levied upon all vessels cai-rying merchandise by the 
Hanoverian Government, settled by treaty, 1691 ; British vessels allowed to pro- 



STAFFORD STANDARD 8oi 

ceed up to Hamburg before paying the dues, Dec. i, 1736; the toll revised, 
April 13, 1844 ; a treaty for the redemption of, signed between Great Britain 
and other powers with Hanover, each of the countries named paying a portion 
of the redemption, June 22, i85i ; ratified, June 30. 

STAFFORD, Staffordshire, castle built by Princess Ethelfleda, 913 ; Edward the 
Elder, her brother, built a tower to, 914 ; rebuilt by William I., 1080; and by 
the Earl of Stafford, 1372 ; town incorporated by King John ; the battle of Hop- 
ton Heath fought, March 19, 1643 ; the castle taken by the Parliamentary army 
under Sir William Brereton, 1643 ; canal began, July, 1776. 

STAGE COACHES. Carriages travelling less than 4 miles within the hour not to 
be considered stage carriages, 6 & 7 Will. IV. c. 65, s. 7 ; first introduced into 
England, circa 1570- Hackney Carr/fTovj' first plied for hire in the city of London, 
1625 ; licenses granted to 50 in 1637 ; increased to 200 in 1652 ; 300 in 1654 ; 
the first coach stand established in the Strand, 1634. Cabriolets introduced from 
Paris, 8 being licensed in 1823 ; these were followed by the present cabs, regu- 
lated by 6 & 7 Vict. c. 86, Aug. 27, 1843. The office of registrar of public 
carriages consolidated with the office of commissioners of police, 13 & 14 Vict, 
c. 7, March 25, 1850 ; another act passed for regulating stage and hackney car- 
riages, 16 & 17 Vict. c. 33, June 28, 1853 ; the laws of licensing altered and 
amended, and the fares fixed, 16 & 17 Vict. c. 127, Aug. 20 ; and 23 & 24 Vict, 
c. 113, s. 38, Aug. 28, i860. Diligences and Posts &'i\.ii\X\'i\\^di in France, 1464. 
See Strikes. 

STAMFORD, Lincolnshire. The Picts and Scots defeated by the Britons at this 
town, 450 ; taken by the Danes, circa 002 ; defeated by Edmund I., 942. The 
castle built, 922. The Monastery of Blackfriars founded, 1441 ; the Augustine 
Priory, 1340. A lepers' hospital founded, 1493. The Ratcliffe free-school founded, 
1530. All Saints' church built, 1465 ; St George's, 1450. Incorporated by 
Edw. IV., and by Charles II., 1663. An earthquake felt at, Feb. 27, 1792. 
The custom of bull running still kept up annually on St Price's day, Nov. 13. 

STAMP ACT, 5 Geo. HI. c. 12, for levying a tax upon America, passed, March 
22, 1765 ; repealed, 6 Geo. III. c. 11, March 18, 1766. 

STAMP DUTIES, first imposed in England by 22 & 23 Charles IL c. 9, 1671 ; 
revised by 5 & 6 Will, and Mary, c. 21, June 28, 1694, subsequently increased ; 
first imposed in Ireland, March 25, 1774 j these duties altered and amended by 
55 Geo. HI. c. 184, July 17, i8i5. An act was passed to assimilate the duties in Gt 
Britain and Ireland, 5 & 6 Vict. c. 82, Aug. 5, 1842 ; the duties altered and 
amended by 13 & 14 Vict. c. 97, Aug. 14, 1850 ; and again amended by 16 & 17 
Vict. c. 59, Aug. 4, 1853. The duty on Newspapers and Advertisements, 16& 17 
Vict. c. 63, Aug. 4, 1853. Stamps levied on cheques, 21 & 22 Vict. c. 20, May 
21, 1858. The duties on passports reduced, 21 & 22 Vict. c. 24, June 14, 1858. 
The collection of duties on probates, administrations, inventories, legacies, &c., 
amended, 24 & 25 Vict. c. 92, Aug. 6, i86i. 

STANDARD, in Comhill, made to supply the neighbourhood with water from the 
Thames, the pipe carried over St Magnus's Church, designed by Peter MoxtIs, a 
German, and built, 1582; ceased to be used, 1598. The Standard, in Cheap, 
rebuilt by John Wells, Lord Mayor of London, 1442. 

STANDARD, the Metallic, of the United Kingdom, first fixed by law, 1300 ; that 
for gold being 22 out of 24 parts pure, and the other 2 of silver or copper ; the 
standard of silver is II oz. 2 dwts of pure metal, with 18 dwts of copper, or 40 
parts silver, and 3 parts copper ; in 1300, such 12 oz. troy were coined into 20j. ; 
in 1412, into 30^-.; in 1527, into 45J. ; in I545> 6 oz. of silver and 6 of alloy were 
coined into 48^. ; and in the following year the reigning king coined 4 oz. of silver 
and 8 oz. of alloy into 48^-. ; Elizabeth in 1560 restored the old standard at 6oj-., 

51 



So2 STANDARD STATIONERS' COMPANY 

and in 1601 into 62s., now 66s.; the common proportions of silver to gold in the 
mint are as 15/^2 to i. 

STANDARD, or ENSIGN, borne by military bodies, but in the singular under- 
stood as the flag of the chief. In early ages the cross was used as the standard of 
Christian armies, as Constantine warily bore it to attach the Christians to him, 
312. Mahomet's standard was green, and preserved by the Porte with great 
care ; carried in a procession in 1 768 ; the Turks butchered all the infidels who 
dared to look at it. The imperial standard of England, after the union with 
Ireland, was first hoisted on the Tower in London and the Castle in Dublin, Jan. 
I, 1801. See Flags. 

STANDARD THEATRE, Shoreditch, built in 1845 ; destroyed by fire, Oct. 22, 
1866; rebuilt, length 167 feet, width 90 feet, height 184 feet; first stone laid, 
July 3, 1867, and opened, Dec. 14. 

STANDARD, battle. The English Barons fought around the sacred banner at 
Northallerton, but were defeated by the Scots, Aug. 22, 1 138. 

STANDING while the Gospel is read, ordained, 406. 

STANISLAUS, ST, a Polish order of knighthood, instituted by King Stanislaus- 
Augustus Poniatowski, May 7, 1765; reinstituted by Alexander I., Dec. i, 1815. 

STANNARY LAWS, for the regulation of the Stannaries or Tin Mines. Courts of 
law, &c., appointed by Edward L, 1304, and Edw. III., 1376 ; confirmed, and 
relief granted against divers encroachments and oppressions of these courts, 16 
Charles I. c. 15, 1640 ; an act passed for the better administration of justice, 6 & 
7 Will. IV. c. 106, Aug. 20, 1836 ; further provisions made by 2 & 3 Vict. c. 
58, Aug. 17, 1839 ; the jurisdiction extended, 18 & 19 Vict. c. 32, June 15, 1855. 

STAPLES' INN, made an Inn of Chancery in the reign of Henry V.; granted to 
the society of Gray's Inn by Hen. VIIL, 1528 ; the hall was built, circa 1460. 

STARCHING OF LINEN, first brought into England by Mrs Dingham of Flan- 
ders, 1554 ; starch was heavily taxed by Pitt, but the act was subsequently re- 
pealed ; the starch-makers' company incorporated, 1622. Yellow starch invented 
by Mrs Turner, who was executed for poisoning Sir Thomas Overbury, Nov. 15, 
161 5 ; Mr Jones patented his process for making rice starch, 1840. 

STARCH-MAKERS' COMPANY, incorporated, 20 James L, May 13, 1622. 

STAR CHAMBER, Court of the, named from the ceiling being ornamented with 
stars. This court was reinstituted by 3 Henry VII. c. i, 1487, and 21 Hen. VIII. 
c. 20, as a place to try causes before the privy council. This court was abolished, 
16 Charles I. c. 10, li, 1641 

STAR CASTLE, Scilly Islands, built, 1593. 

STAR, order of knighthood in France, disused, 1465. 

STAR OF INDIA, order of, founded by Queen Victoria, Feb. 23, 1861. 

STATE PAPER OFFICE, St James's Park. First public depository in England, 
erected, 1578, and Dr Wilson appointed the first keeper ; re-erected, 1833; re- 
moved to Chancery Lane. 

STATES-GENERAL of France, an ancient assembly of that country, last con- 
vened before the revolution of 1789 ; it consisted of three orders — the nobility, 
clergy, and commons; they met last May 5, 1789, when they differed about 
meeting in three bodies or collectively ; they finally met in one hall, and thence 
the national assembly of that eventful era. 

STATIONERS' COMPANY, London, incorporated, 3 & 4 Philip and Mary, May 



STATISTICAL SOCIETY 



STATUES 



803 



4, 1556; second, May 4, 1557; again, 1667 and 1684; their first charter 
confirmed, 1689 ; arms granted to, Sept. 6, 1557 ; they had a patent for the sole 
printing of almanacks, 1615, in aid of their poor members. The first Hall was 
erected in Milk-street, but before their incorporation they removed to St Peter's 
College, St Paul's, 1553 ; they purchased Abergaveny House, 161 1 ; it was de- 
stroyed in the fire of 1666; and the present Hall built, 1670; newly fronted, 
1800 J School established by, in Bolt Court, Fleet-street, opened April 8, 1861'. 

STATISTICAL SOCIETY, London, established, March 15, 1834. 

STATUES. The public statues placed under the control of the commissioners of 
works and public buildings, 17 & 18 Vict. c. 33, July 10, 1854. 



Statues. 


Sites. 


Sculptors. 


Date. 


Achilles 


Hyde Park 


Westmacott June 18 


, 1822 


Albert, Prince 


Royal Exchange 


Lough 


1850 


5> 5) 


Licensed Victuallers' Asylum 


Earl 


1864 


Alfred, King 


Trinity Square, Newington 






Anne, Queen of James I. 


Temple Bar 


Bushnell 


1672 


Anne, Queen 


Queen Square, Bloomsbury 






?9 >9 


,, ,, Westminster 








St Paul's Churchyard 


F. Bird 


1711 


Aske, Robert 


Aske Hospital, Pitfield St., 
Hoxton 






Bedford, Duke of 


Russell Square 


Sir R. Westmacott 


1809 


Beckford, William 


Guildhall 


Moore 


1770 


Bentinck, Lord George 


Cavendish Square 


Campbell 




Carming, George 


Westminster 


Chantrey 


1832 


Cart Wright, Major 


Burton Crescent 


Clarke 




Charles I. 


Charing Cross 


Le Soeur cast 


1633 






erected 


1671 


,, ,, 


Temple Bar 


Bushnell 


1672 


Charles II. 


Stocks' Market 




1675 


)j > J 


Temple Bar 


Bushnell 


1672 




Royal Exchange 






)> )> 


Chelsea Hospital 


Gibbons 




Clayton, Sir Robert 


St Thomas's Hospital (now 








removed) 




1714 


Clyde, Lord 


Carlton Gardens 


Marochetti 




Coram, Captain 


Foundling Hospital 


Calder Marshall Nov.; 


,1856 


Crosby, Sir John 


Crosby Hall Front 


Nixon 




Cumberland, Duke of 


Cavendish Square 


Chew Nov. 19, 


1770 


erected by Lieut. -Gen, William Strode, taken down to be recast, Sept. 14, 1868. 


Elizabeth, Queen 


St Dunstan's, Fleet Street 




1586 


)) !> 


Royal Exchange 


M. S. Watson 




Edward VI. 


Christ's Hospital 

St Bartholomew's Hospital 




1682 


J J J ) 


St Thomas's Hospital (now 








removed) 


Scheemakers 


1737 


Fox, C. J. 


Bloomsbury Square 


Sir R. Westmacott 


1816 


Franklin, Sir John 


Carlton Gardens 


Noble 


1866 


George I. 


Grosvenor Square 
Leicester Square (from the 


Vancost 


1726 




Cannons, near Edgware) 


Buchard 


1747 


George II, 


Golden Square (from Can- 
nons, Edgware) 







8o4 


STATUES 








Statues. 


Sites. 


Sculptors 




Date. 


George III. 


Berkeley Square 


Beaupre 






)) )> 


Somerset House 


Bacon 




1788 


5) M 


Cockspur Street 


Wyatt 




1836 




Guildhall 


Chantrey 




1815 


George IV. 


Trafalgar Square 


Chantrey 






Gresham, Sir T. 


Royal Exchange 


Behnes 




184s 


Guards' Memorial 


Waterloo Place 


Bell 




1861 


Guy, Thomas 


Guy's Hospital 


Scheemakers 




1739 


Handel, G. F. 


Sacred Harmonic Society 


Roubiliac 






Henry VIII. - 


St Bartholomew's Hospital 








Herbert, Lord 


War Office, Pall Mall 


Foley 




1867 


Havelock, Sir Henry 


Trafalgar Square 


Behnes 




1861 


Hunter, John 


College of Surgeons 


Weekes 






Huskisson, William 


Lloyds, Royal Exchange 


Lough 






James I. 


Temple Bar 


Bushnell 




1672 


James II. 


Whitehall Gardens 
Sohq Square 


Gibbons 




1686 


Jenner, Dr 


Kensington Gardens, W. 


Calder Marshall 


1858 


Kent, Duke of 


Portland Place 


Gahagan 






Moore, Sir John 


Christ's Hospital 






1694 


McGregor, Sir J. 


Chelsea Hospital 


Noble 




1865 


Myddleton, Sir Hugh 


Islington Green 


Thomas 




1862 


>> jj 


Royal Exchange 


Carew 


Nov. 4, 


1843 


Nelson, Lord 


Trafalgar Square 


Baily 1852; Lions fixed 


,1867 


J9 ) ) 


Guildhall 


Smyth 




181O 


Napier, Sir C. J. 


Trafalgar Square 


Adams 




1856 


Peabody, George 


Royal Exchange 


Story 


July 23, 


1869 


Peel, Sir Robert 


Cheapside 


Behnes 




1855 


99 99 


Palace Yard 


Marochetti 






Pitt, William 


Hanover Square 


Chantrey 




183I 


Pitt, William, Earl of 










Chatham 


Guildhall 


Bacon 




1782 


Pitt, the Right Hon. W. 


Guildhall 


Bubb 




1813 


Richard Cceur de Lion 


Palace Yard, Westminster 


Marochetti 




1861 


Shakespeare, William 


Drury Lane Theatre 


Scheemakers 






Sloane, Sir Hans 


Chelsea 


Rysbraeck 






Victoria, Queen 

?9 ') 


Royal Exchange 
New Record Office 


Lough 
Durham 


Oct. 28, 


1845 


Watts, Dr Isaac 


Abney Park Cemetery 


Baily 






Wellington, Duke of 


Green Park 


Wyatt 




1846 


99 }9 


Woolwich 


Milnes 






5J J? 


Royal Exchange 


Chantrey 


June 18, 


1844 


> J 99 


Guildhall 


Bell 




1857 


Westminster, OldScholarsWestminster Broadway 


Scott 






William III. 


St James's Square 
Bank of England 


Bacon, Jun. 




1808 


William IV. 


King William Street 


Nixon 




1845 


York, Duke of 


York Column 


Westmacott 


April 8, 


1834 



STATUTE MILE, first ascertained in England, 1593. 

STATUTES, first promulgated, 121 5 ; written copies v^ere sent to the sheriffs of 
all counties to be cried, and to the cathedrals and monasteries to be preserved ; 
this practice was discontinued, 1484, when they were first printed in English, 1484 ; 
and printed copies circulated, and titles prefixed to them, 1487. The more 



STEAM-ENGINES STEAM-VESSELS 805 

celebrated were those of Clarendon to restrain the clergy, written in French 1267 • 
Marlborough, 1269; Gloucester, the earhest of which any record exists, 1277 • 
of Mortmain, 1279; Quo Warranto, Oct., 12S0 ; of Winchester, Oct., 1284; for- 
bidding the levy of taxes without consent of parliament, 1297; of Premunire, 1306- 
the statutes at large printed by Mr Barker, 1587 ; since the Union, 5500 copies 
of every act are circulated. The statutes compiled from the original MSS. and re- 
cords by commissioners appointed, 1801 ; the first volume appeared, 181 1 ; the 
second, 1816 ; and the whole completed in 1824 ; revision of, by Lord Chancellor 
Westbury, 1863. Scotch statutes first collected by a commission appointed in 
1566; printed by Royal command, 1844; an act passed for the revision of 
the statute law, 30 & 31 Vict. c. 60, July 15, 1867 ; size altered, 1869. 

STEAM-ENGINES. Several machines, more elegant than useful, were promul- 
gated and shown prior to that of Branca, who resided at Rome in the beginning 
of the 17th century, 1628, 1629. The Marquis of Worcester constructed the first 
steam-engine; see his 'Century of Inventions,' published in 1663. Papin's di- 
gester invented, 1681, being his first project ; his idea of a steam-engine promul- 
gated, 1690; Savarythe first who raised water by fire, 1698; Papin's engine 
shown to the Royal Society, 1699 ; Savary pubhshed an account of his engine, 
1696, and his answer to objections in his 'Miner's Friend,' 1702; Amonton's 
fire-wheel invented, 1699 ; Papin's new engine, 1707 ; Cawley and New- 
comen's engine in conjunction with Savary, 1705 ; Newcomen's engine erect- 
ed at Wolverhampton, 1712 ; Beighton's engine, 1718; Savary dredged 
rivers by steam, 1718 ; Leupold's engine, the first high-pressure, 1720 ; 
Hull's patent for moving ships by steam, 1736; Blakeley's engine, 1756; 
Fitzgerald's attempted improvements, 1758; the atmospheric engine intro- 
duced into the United States of America between 1750 and 1760 ; Watt's 
invention of condensing in a separate vessel, 1765 ; his first patent, April, 1769 ; 
his patent renewed, 1775 ; engine to give a rotatory motion, 1774 ; Smeaton's 
portable atmospheric engine, 1 765 ; Watt's expansion engine, 1778; double-acting 
engines proposed by Dr Falck, on Newcomen's principles, 1779 ; Mr Wasbrough 
invented the ratchet-wheel engine, 1779; Watt's double engine, and his first 
patent for it granted, 1781 ; the Marquess Jouffroy constructed an engine on the 
Saone, 1 781 ; Hornblower's engine, 1782; Cook's rotatory engine, 1787; Mr 
Beighton improved upon Newcomen's engine, 1788 ; W. Symington made a 
passage on the Forth and Clyde Canal, 1 789 ; first steam-engine erected in Dublin 
by Henry Jackson, 1791 ; Sadler's rotatory engine, 179 1 ; Cartwright's engine, 
1797; Hornblower's rotative engine, 1798; Nancarrow's engine, 1799; Tre- 
vethick's high-pressure engine, 1802 ; Trevethick and Vivian, 1804 ; Hornblower's 
steam-wheel, 1805 ; Woolfe, London, double cylinder, 1805 ; Miller, London, 
1805 ; Maudsley, 1807 ; portable engine, 1807 ; Mead, Hull, steam-wheel, 1808; 
Noble, new steam-engine, 1809 ; Clegg, steam-wheel, 1809 ; James, steam-boat, 
181 1 ; Blenkinsop first attempted to convey coals by steam power on tramways, 
181 1 ; Fox and Dean, 1812 ; Noble's improved engine, 1814 ; Dodd, carriages, 
and Stephenson, carriages, 1814 ; Trevethick, rotative engine, 1815 ; Oldham, 
steam-boats, 1817 ; Congreve, steam-wheel, 1818 ; Rider, rotatory engine, 1820; 
Perkins, 1822; Stephenson, 1822, 1823, &c. &c.; locomotive steam -carriages on 
railway at Liverpool, Oct., 1829. 

STEAM-HAMMER, Mr Nasmyth invented and patented, June 9, 1842. 

STEAM-VESSELS, a vessel having paddle-wheels turned by 40 men in Spain, 
1343. The Marquis of Worcester patented a paddle-wheel vessel, 1661 ; Denis 
Papin first proposed to use steam to work the paddle-wheels, 1690, and in 1707 
propelled a vessel by these means ; Jonathan Hull first patented a paddle-wheel 
steam -boat, 1736 ; John Fitch invented a small steam-skiff in America, 1786 ; it 
moved at the rate of 7 miles an hour ; he invented one in 1 789, which conveyed 



8o6 STEEL ' STENOGRAPHY 

passengers from Philadelphia to Burlington at the rate of 8 miles an hour, 1 789 ; 
in Scotland by Patrick Miller, 1787 ; a paddle-wheel steam -boat built by Samuel 
Moray, and tried on the Delaware, 1798 ; the Charlotte Dundas ran on the 
Clyde canal, 1801 ; Fulton used a steamer on the Seine, and the Clermont, 1803 ; 
another, in America, 1807 ; Fulton'' s first steam -frigate launched at New York, 
1809 ; the Comet built by Bell at Glasgow, 181 1 ; Dr Dodd steamed from Glas- 
gow by Dublin to London in the Thames, in 121 hours, 1815 ; the first steam- 
boat established on the Mersey, 1815. Steam navigation introduced into France, 
1815. Napier's steam-packets ran regularly between Greenock and Belfast, 1818; the 
first steam-boat between Birkenhead and Liverpool run by Mr George La French, 
182 1 ; the Atlantic steam-vessel, the St Patrick, between Liverpool and Dublin, 
made her first trip, May, 1822; the Comet first carried the Admiralty pendant, 
1822; the Efiterfrise steamed from England to Calcutta in 1 13 days. Captain John- 
son obtained the prize of ^10,000 for making the first voyage to India, 1825 ; 
WiQ Salaf7tander 'W2i?, the first steam vessel-of- war, 1832; the first screw-steamer 
was tried by Stevens in America, 1804 ; by Brown on the Thames, 1825 ; Cap- 
tain Ericsson introduced his screw propeller, May 25, 1837 ; the Bee carried both 
screws and paddles, 1842 ; two screws employed, oneimder each quarter, 1852. 

STEEL. Iron refined and hardened, first made, circa 1 770 ; the process of making, 
improved, 1798. Cast steel invented by Benjamin Huntsman of Doncaster, 1740 
— 50 ; first described by M. Breant, 1824 ; Puddled steel first made at Fj-ant- 
schach in Carinthia, 1835 ; the English manufacture of, greatly improved by Mr 
Heath, 1839 ; made by Mr Bishop in the Harz, 1846 ; Mr Ewald Riepe pa- 
tented his method, 1850 ; this process first practised at the Mersey Works, Liver- 
pool, 1857 ; M. Bessemer's process patented, 1856 ; Parry's process in the same 
year. 

STEEL PENS, known to the Dutch, circa 1809 ; 2 pens and a holder fetched 
one shilling in Ireland, 1824. In 1849 there were 12 factories in Birmingham, 
giving employment to 300 men and boys and 500 women and girls, making 65,000 
gross a week ; in 1869 increased to 100,000 gross. 

STEEL- YARD, an ancient Roman balance, B.C. 315 ; the vulgar in some places 
call them Stilliers. 

STEELYARD MERCHANTS, or EASTERLINGS, settled in England in the 
I2th century, and permitted by Hen. III. to erect aGuildhall, called Teutonicorum, 
1250 ; for which privilege they were obliged to keep Bishopsgate in repair, and, if 
necessary, defend it against invaders ; compelled to repair the gate, 1282 ; fined a 
sum of ^13, and several other privileges taken away for neglect of duty, 1469 ; 
their ancient rights restored, 1475 ; their hall assailed by the London apprentices 
for a fortnight, 1493 ; to be placed on the same footing as other Merchant 
Strangers, Feb. 23, 1551 ; the trade closed by order of Queen Elizabeth, Jan. 
28, 1598 ; the hall used for Her Majesty's navy, Jan. 30, 1599 ; burnt in the fire 
of London, but immediately rebuilt, removed, 1863, for the Charing Cross 
Railway Station. 

STEINKIRK, battle, the English, imder William TIL, attacked the French under 
Luxembourg, but were unsuccessful, 5000 men were killed on either side, July 
24, 1692. 

STENOGRAPHY, or short -hand writing. The inventor is unknown ; it was how- 
ever known to the Romans. The oldest system now known was printed, 1412 ; 
Bales, the penman, also wrote upon stenography, IS90- ' A Chronological and 
ComparativeViewof twenty-twooriginalAlphabets,' of short-hand, ' selectedfrom 
about a hundred, which have appeared in England since the year 1588 :' they 
consist of the several alphabets of Dr Bright, 1588 ; J. Willis, 1602 ; E. Willis, 
1618 ; Cartwright, 1642 ; Shelton, 1672 ; Bridger, 1659 ; Mason, 1682 ; Sloane 



STEPHEN STOCKHOLM 807 

MS., 1700 ; Tanner, 1712 ; Gibbs, 1756; Macanlay, 1746; Annet, 1761 ; 
Jeake, 174S; Lyle, 1762; Anonym., 1763; Holdsworth, 1761 ; Byrom, 1767; 
Graves, 1775 ; Mavor, 1780; Taylor, 1786 ; Blanchard, 1787 ; Roe, 1802. 

STEPHEN, King of England.— 6".^ England, the Kings of. 

STEPHEN, ST, order of knighthood of, instituted by Cosmos de' Medicis, first 
Grand Duke of Tuscany, 1562 ; re-established by the Grand Duke Fei^dinand 
III., Dec. 22, 181 7 ; an Austrian order of the same name, instituted by the Em- 
pi-ess Maria Theresa, May 5, 1764. 

STEPHEN'S CHAPEL, Westminster, built by King Stephen, 1141 ; repaired by 
St Thomas-a-Becket, 1163 ; greatly adorned % Henry HI., 1236 ; and by Edw. 
I., begun, March 28, 1292 ; the chapel destroyed by fire, March 29, 1298 ; the 
work of rebuilding begun by Edward HI., May 27, 1330, and was finished in 
1347; it was 86 feet long, 38 wide, and 44 in height; re-beautified, 1350-60. 
Ceased as a place of worship at the dissolution, and made crown property by i 
Edw. VI. c. 14, 1547, and appropriated as a residence for the arxditors and 
tellers of the Exchequer, shortly afterwards. The House of Commons commenced 
their sittings here, and with two exceptions (the Oxford Parliament, 1625 ; and 
the plague year, Oct., 1665), continued to hold their sessions here until it was 
destroyed by fire, Oct. 16, 1834. 

STEREOMETER, an instrument to measure the liquid contents of any vessel, in- 
vented, 1350. 

STEREOSCOPE. Professor Elliott made one in 1839 ; Mr Maynard read a paper 
describing this instrument before the Royal Society, June, 1838 ; Mr Wheat- 
stone, the inventor, read a paper before the Royal Society, June 21 ; the Lenti- 
cular stereoscope, the one now in use, invented by Sir David Brewster, 1849. 

STEREOTYPE. The Bible printed from cast plates at Leyden, by J. Vander Mey, 
at the end of the i6th century ; Schaafs Syriac New Testament printed by this 
process, 1709. Mr Ged, a Scotchman, invented a scheme of block printing, 1725, 
but it did not find favour ; ' Sallust' printed by his process, 1736 ; it fell into disuse 
imtil M. Didot, of Paris, re-invented this art, 1779; Mr Wilson first brought it 
into use in London, 1804. 

STETTIN, Prussia, surrendered to the French, 1806 ; constituted a department, 
1806 ; captured by the allies after a blockade of 8 months, Nov. 21, 1813. 

STEWS in Southwark suppressed, 1546, until then licensed by the Bishop. 

STIRLING, Scotland, Alexander I. died in the castle of, 1 124 ; it defied the whole 
of Edward I.'s army for three months, 1 304. Cambuskenneth Abbey founded by 
David I., 1 147; the Greyfriars' church erected by James IV., 1494; Cowan 
hospital founded by John Cowan, 1639. 

ST JAMES'S THEATRE, opened by Braham, with the opera called 'Agnes 
Lovel,' Dec. 14, 1835. 

STOCK-BROKERS. Stock -jobbing or broking was contemporaneous with the 
creation of the National Debt in the reign of William HI., 1695 ; they had the 
exclusive entree to the Royal Exchange; jobbing in the English funds and East 
India stocks, forbidden by 7 Geo. II. c. 8, March 28, 1734; regulated, 10 Geo. 
II. c. 8, 1737. The Stock Exchange founded, 1700. — 6'^(? Brokers. 

STOCK EXCHANGE, in Capel Court, designed by James Peacock ; foundation 
laid. May 18, 1800 ; opened, March, 1802 ; rebuilt from the design of Thomas 
AUason, and opened, March 2, 1854. 

STOCKHOLM, Sweden, founded by Berger Jarl, father of Valdemar I., circa 
1260 ; besieged for six months, from Oct. 7, 1501, to March 27, 1502 ; and again 
for four months, by Christian II. of Denmark, 1520, when it surrendered, and 



8o8 STOCKINGS STOCKS MARKET 

most of the town with its defenders were destroyed ; the palace begun in 1697, 
and completed in 1753 ; looo houses burnt at, 1751 ; and again 250 destroyed, 
Aug. 31, 1759. Library founded, 1699; peace signed between England and 
Sweden, Nov. 20, 1719 ; with Russia, March 24, 1724; Gustavus III. shot by 
Ankerstrom at a mask ball at the Royal Theatre, March 15, 1792, and the King 
died on the 29th ; a treaty agreed to with England, March 3,1813; explosion of a 
nitro- glycerine factory, 15 persons being killed, June 16, 1868. 

STOCKINGS. Great attention was paid by the Roman clergy to this article of 
ornament. Bishop Riculfus Helenensis leaves his highly ornamented stockings to 
the church for the use of all future bishops, 915; Bishop Wayneflete's stockings of 
cloth of silver, embroidered with birds in gold, and with flowers in coloured silks, 
are still to be seen at Oxford, made in 1222. Silk, first worn by Henry II. of 
France, 1547. Howell says, that in 1601 Queen Elizabeth was presented with a 
pair of black knit silk stockings by her silk-woman, Mrs Montague, and she never 
wore cloth ones after. He adds that Henry VIII., that magnificent and unprin- 
cipled monarch, wore ordinarily cloth hose, except there came from Spain, by 
great chance, a pair of silk stockings ; for Spain very early abounded with silk. 
His son, Edward VI., was presented with a pair of Spanish silk stockings by his 
merchant ; Sir Thomas Gresham wrote to Sir William Cecil, telling him that he 
had written to Spain for silk hose to present to him and his Lady Eliza- 
beth, April 30, 1560. Others relate that William Rider, a London apprentice, 
seeing at the house of an Italian merchant a pair of knitted worsted stockings from 
Mantua, thence made a pair like them, which he presented to the Earl of 
Pembroke, the first of the kind made in England, 1564. Stocking-frame weaving 
was invented by the Rev. Mr Lee, of Cambridge, 1589 ; the first 8 frames erect- 
ed, 1595 ; he went to France in 1603, and there died of neglect. Strutt's patent 
for ' Derby rib ' hosiery first made, 1758 ; Crane of Edmonton, applying a warp 
frame to the stocking-loom, made a Vandyke looped stocking-web, 1768 ; Else 
and Harvey invented the ' knotted,' 'twilled,' ' stump wire,' and ' mesh ' machines, 
1770 ; Robert Frost adapted the ' tickler' to the machine, 1780 ; Mr Brunei pa- 
tented a machine for knitting, Sept., 1816. 

STOCKPORT, Cheshire, the castle of, held by Geoffrey de Costentyn against 
Hen. II., 1 173 ; a free Grammar School founded by Sir Edmund Shaa, gold- 
smith of London, 1482 ; declared for the Royalists but defeated by the Parlia- 
mentarians, 1648 ; made a borough, 1832 ; riots between the Protestants and 
Roman Catholics, June 28, 1852. 

STOCKS, the public funds so called, which originated in Venice, and were intro- 
duced into Florence, 1340 ; the Stock Exchange hoax of Baron deBerenger and 
others, Feb. 22, 1814 ; stockholders in 1840, 337,481. 

STOCKS. This mode of punishment for drunkenness inflicted in several towns 
in England in the 12th century. The stocks on Cornhill erected in the 13th cen- 
tury. Every village and town compelled to have a pair of, 7 Hen. IV. c. 17, 
1405. The punishment for this crime increased by fining each offender 5 shillings 
besides being kept 6 hours in the stocks, 4 James I. c. 5, 1606 ; confirmed by 21 
James I. c. 7, 1623. Some of the civic companies in London had stocks set up in 
their hall for the punishment of their refractory members ; the Vintners had a new 
pair erected, Oct. 12, 1609. 

STOCKS MARKET. The site now occupied by the Mansion House is mentioned 
as shambles, 1319. The statue of Charles II., erected by Sir Robert Viner, 1675, 
is said to have been cut for John Sobieski, King of Poland, his horse trampling 
on a prostrate Turk ; this was converted into an exceedingly bad likeness of 
Charles II., and the Mussulman into Oliver Cromwell. The Mansion Plouse 
erected on the site, 1735. The corporation presented the statue to a de- 
scendant of Sir Robert, who took it away to decorate his country-seat. 



STOCKTON-ON-TEES CASTLE STRASBURG 809 

STOCKTON-ON-TEES CASTLE, Durham, built by Bishop Pudsey, 1160 ; King 
John entertained in, by Bishop Philip de Poictou, 1214 ; repaired by Bishop 
Barnes, 1578 ; taken for the Parliament, 1644 ; demolished, 1650. 

STOCKWELL ORPHANAGE, London, the first stone laid by C. H. Spurgeon, 
Sept. 9, 1867. 

STOICS. The Stoics and Epicureans, who are mentioned together in Actsxvii. 18, 
represent the two opposite schools of practical philosophy which survived the fall 
of higher speculation in Greece. The Stoic school was founded by Zeno of 
Citium, B.C. 260. 

STOKE, battle, the last contest in the Wars of the Roses, the Tudor rose being suc- 
cessful ; the Yorkists were commanded by the Earl Lincoln, Lord Thomas Fitz- 
gerald, and the Lancastrians by Henry VII., six thousand were killed, June 16, 
1487. 

STONE, buildings of, first erected in England, 674 ; bridge of, at Bow, 1087 ; 
at Crowland, 960; bullets of, used as late as 1514; church of, the first built in 
London, 1087; artificial, for statues, discovered by a Neapolitan, 1776; intro- 
duced here by Mrs Coade ; stone paper made, 1796. 

STONE, OPERATION FOR, called lithotomy, said to have been first performed 
at Alexandria, A.D. 17 ; first successfully performed on a criminal at Paris, 
1475 ; a- Mrs Stevens rewarded by parliament for a nostrum to cure, 1739. — See 
Lithotomy. 

STONEHENGE, near Salisbuiy, Wiltshire. One of the uprights and a top stone or 
trilithon fell during a thaw, Jan. 3, 1797. Origin of, not known ; attributed by 
some to Ambrosius, in memory of 460 Biitons murdered by Hengist ; by others, 
as a monument to Ambrosius, 500 ; by some, a Roman circus ; by others, to the 
worship of the sun, which is most probable. 

STOPS IN PRINTING, introduced, 1520; colon, 1580; semicolon, 1599. 

ST QUENTIN, battle, the Spaniards defeated the French forces at, Aug. 10, 1557. 

STRALSUND, Prussia, founded, 1209 ; besieged by Wallenstein, who, after a 
loss of 10,000 men, was compelled to raise the siege, 1628 ; taken by the Ger- 
mans, under Frederick William, 1678 ; surrendered, 1679 ; taken by the Prus- 
sians, 1715 ; restored to Sweden, 1720; besieged and captured by the French, 
1807, who destroyed the fortifications ; captured by Gen. Schill, 1809 ; retaken by 
the French, and Gen. Schill killed. May 31, 1809; ceded to Denmark, 1810, 
and by that power to Prussia, 181 5. 

STRAND, London, mentioned in a Saxon charter of Westminster; the footway is 
described as interrupted by thickets and bushes, 1315. Tolls granted for paving 
the, 1383 ; several houses for the nobility built, 15th century; riot in, three houses 
stripped and demolished by the mob, July 1, 1 749 ; the road improved and extended 
to Charing Cross by 7 Geo. IV. c. 77, May 31, 1826; the Music Hall opened, 
Oct. 19, 1864 ; Charing Cross theatre opened, June 19, 1869. 

STRAND BRIDGE,'first stone of, laid, Oct. 11, 1811 ; opened, June 18, 1817, 

hence called Waterloo Bridge. 
STRAND THEATRE, opened as 'Rayner's Subscription Theatre,' Jan 25, 1832. 

STRASBURG, France, built upon the site of the Roman town, Argentoratum. 
Cathedi-al, one of the finest Gothic buildings known; its spire is the highest in the 
world, 468 ft. above the pavement, 64 ft. higher than St Paul's; begun in the 
I2th cent. The tower begim, 1277 ; completed, 1439. The earliest attempt at 
printing was made in this town, ci7-ca 1436 ; the university founded, 162 1 ; the 
town ceded by Austria to France, 1681 ; fortified by Vauban, 1682-4; conspiracy 



8io STRATFORD-UPON-AVON ST SAVIOUR'S 

at, Louis Napoleon entered tlie fortress in disguise, Oct. 28, 1836; revolt attempt- 
ed, Oct. 30; the Prince banished to America ; visited as President, Aug., 1850. 

STRATFORD-UPON-AVON, Wai-wickshire, a monastery founded by Ethelred. 
The town incorporated by Edward VI.; partially burnt, 1574; another serious 
fire at, Aug. i, 1614 ; the stone bridge over the Avon built by Sir Hugh Clopton, 
in the reign of Henry VII. New Place, the residence of Sir Hugh Clopton, was 
left ta his cousin by his will, Sept. 14, 1496 ; purchased by Shakespeare, May 4, 
1597 ; the mulberiy-tree planted by him, 1609 ; jubilee instituted by Garrick, 
in honour of, held Sept. 6, 1769; Shakespeare's house sold for ;i{"3000, Sept. 16, 
1847 ; the garden and site of the mansion of New Place purchased for the 
nation by subscriptions, raised by J. O. Halliwell, Esq., F.S.A., for_;^3579, 
Oct. 22, 1861. The tercentenary of, commemorated by a series of entertainments, 
lasting a week, April 23, 1864. 

STRATHMORE, Countess of, once Miss Bowes of Durham, with immense pro- 
perty, married the Earl of Strathmore, Feb. 25, 1766; after the earl's death she 
was married to Mr Stoney Robinson, and afterwards forcibly carried off by him 
assisted by armed men, Nov. 10, 1 786 ; she was brought up to the King's Bench by 
habeas corpus, and released, and Mr Robinson committed to prison, Nov. 23, 
when she recovered her estates, which she had assigned to him under the influence 
of fear, in May, 1788. 

STRATTON, Cornwall, battle, between the royal troops, led by Ralph Hopton, 
and the Earl of Stamford, in which the former was victorious, and took General 
Chudleigh and 1700 men prisoners, for which he was made Baron Hopton of 
Stratton, May 16, 1643. 

STRAWBERRY HILL, the cottage originally biiilt, 1698; purchased by Horace 
Walpole, May, 1 747-8; rebuilt and decorated, 1753-76; curiosities collected by, 
sold by auction, which extended over 24 days, by George Robins, April 25 to 
May 21, 1842. 

STREATHAM, Surrey, mineral spring discovered at, 1639. 

STREATHAM CASTLE, Durham, built by Sir William Bowes, 1450 ; almost 
destroyed, 1569; rebuilt and modernized by another Sir William Bowes, 1708-10. 

STREET MUSIC, an act passed for the better regulation of, 27 & 28 Vict, c 55, 

July, 1864. 
STRIKES, a list of the principal, in the present century : 

Birmingham, the nail-makers, April 25, 5th to the loth Sept., 1868. 

1842. London engineers, 1852. 

Bury, the factory operatives of, out on London, the drivers and firemen of the 

strike for 13 weeks, 1853-4. London Brighton, and South coast 

Coventry ribbon-weavers, the, i860. railway, March 26, 1867 ; settled, 

Glasgow cotton-spinners, the, 1837. April 30. 

Lancashirespinners,numbering 250,000, London tailors, April 22, 1867; ended, 

out on strike for 15 weeks, 1 810. Oct. 9. 

Leeds, the weavers of, numbering 2O0O, Preston, the artisans of, 1836,1854. 

1834. Staffordshire potters, 1835. 

London, the builders and masons, call- Staffordshire North and South, iron- 
ed the 9 hours' movement, July and workers, March 18, 1865 ; the lock- 
Aug. , 1859. out in the South withdrawn, April 5- 

London cabmen, July 27-30, 1858 ; and Stockport operatives and factory hands 

Tuesday, Dec. 3, 1867; also from the on strike for increased wages, 1854. 

ST SAVIOUR'S GRAMMAR SCHOOL, Southwark, was founded by the 
parishioners, 1562, and chartered by Queen Elizabeth ; burnt, 1676 ; taken 



STUART SUEZ 8u 

down, and rebuilt in Summer-street, 1830-9; regulated by the Court of Chancery, 
1850. 

STUART, Cardinal of York, son of the Pretender, ordained by the pope, Sept. i, 
1748. 

STUARTS, fatality attending the — King James of Scotland, eighteen years im- 
prisoned in England, and, with his queen, assassinated, 1405 ; James II., 29 
years of age, killed in fighting against England, 1437 ; James III. was first im- 
prisoned, and subsequently killed in battle by his rebellious subjects, 1460 ; James 
IV. perished in the battle which he lost, 1513 ; James V. supposed murdered, 
1542; Mary Stuart, his daughter, Queen of Scotland, after 18 years' imprisonment, 
was beheaded, 1586; Charles I. beheaded, 1649 ; James II. driven from his 
three kingdoms ; his son attempted to mount the throne, and their friends and 
grandsons executed for the attempt, I7I5; ^745- 

STUCCO-WORK, an invention of the ancients, said to have been revived by 

D'Udine, 1550. 
STUTTGARD, Wiirtemberg, the capital of the house of Wiirtemberg since 1482; 

the hospital church erected, 147 1 ; tower added, 1738 ; the old palace begun, 

1553, and finished, 1570 ; the state house, 1580; the new palace begun, 1746; 

completed, 1806. 
ST7LE, Alteration of. — ^^ Calendar. 

SUBSIDIES. Under the lavish system of Pitt, in his ambition to be a distinguished 
war minister, England was fleeced by every miserable continental power ; the 
aggregate of the sums given on all sorts of pretexts was, from 1793 to 1814, 
^46,289,459. 

SUCCESSION ACT, passed to exclude Roman Catholics from the throne, i 
Will. & Mary, s. 2, c. 2, 1689 ; by an act of 13 & 14 Will. III., c. 6, passed 
June 12, 1 70 1, the crown of England was settled upon the present Royal family. 

SUCCESSION DUTY, an act passed for granting to Her Majesty duties on suc- 
cession to property, and for altering certain provisions of the acts charging duties 
on legacies and shares of personal estates, 16 & 17 Vict. c. 51, Aug. 4, 1853. 

SUDBURY, Suffolk, the Flemings introduced the manufacture of woollen cloth, 
in the reign of Edward III. The town was incorporated by Queen Mary, 
1554 ; confirmed by Elizabeth, 1559 ; the Free Grammar School founded by 
William Wood, 1491. 

SUDLEY CASTLE, Gloucestershire, built by Ralph Boteler, Lord Sudley, 
1442 ; Queen Elizabeth entertained at, by Lord Chandos, 1592 ; destroyed by 
the Parliamentarians, 1647- 

SUEVI, said to have been the inhabitants of Lusace in Upper Saxony, invaded 
Gaul, B.C. 71 ; defeated and crossed the Rhine, 53 ; styling themselves Visi- 
goths on settling in Spain, A.D. 409, to distinguish themselves from the Ostro- 
goths, established in Italy, 419. 

SUEZ, Egypt, a map of, given in the travels of Sinschooten, A.D. 1576; 2 canals 
connect the Red Sea with the Mediterranean Sea ; attempt to cut one through 
the Isthmus failed, 1497 ; Selim, the Emperor of Turkey, projected a ship canal, 
1566-74 ; a canal attempted by Napoleon I., 1798 ; the Viceroy of Egypt author- 
izes M. De Lesseps to form a company for making a canal across the Isthmus of, 
Nov. 30, 1854 ; a charter gi-anted to carry out the scheme, Jan. 5, 1856 ; a com- 
pany formed in France, 1859 ; partially opened, a collier passing through, Aug. 
15, 1865. The Railway between Suez and Ismailia opened, Aug. 15, 1868 ; 
the canal publicly opened in the presence of the Viceroy, March 18, 1869. 



8i2 SUFFOLK SUN AND LION 

SUFFOLK, England ; at the Roman invasion this county was inhabited by the 
Iceni ; erected by Uffa into the kingdom of East Anglia, 575. Archdeaconry of, 
erected, circa 1 127. 

SUFFRAGAN BISHOPS appointed to the following places under the 26 Henry 
VIII. c. 14, 1534- The Bishop presents two names to the crown, who 
selects one. Bedford, 1537-60. Berwick, 1536-70. Bristol, 1538. Colchester, 
1536. Dover, 1537. Hull, 1552. Ipswich, 1536. London again, 1592- 
1607. Marlborough, 1537. Nottingham, 1567-70. Penrith, 1537-9. Shaftes- 
bury, 1537. Shrewsbury, 1537. Taunton, 1538. Thetford, 1536-70. 

SUGAR, first mentioned by Paul Eginetta, a physician, a.d. 625 ; brought 
originally from China and the East ; grown in Cyprus, 1148; in Madeira, 1419 ; 
in the Canary Islands, 1503; attempted to be cultivated in Italy, but did not 
succeed, 1659 ; carried to the West Indies by the Portuguese and Spaniards, 
1506; cultivated at Barbadoes, 1641 ; sugar-refining first discovered by a Vene- 
tian, 1503 ; first practised in England, 1544; first taxed in England by James II., 
1685 ; imported into England, 1789. Beet-root, sugar extracted from, 1747. 
The duty upon sugar reduced to 24i-. a ton, in 1 831. The differential duty upon, 
abolished, July 5, 1854. The drawback upon, amended by 30 Vict. c. 10, April 
5, 1867. Made from the maple tree, at Auersburg, 1810. Extracted from 
chestnuts by M. Guerazzi of Florence, Oct. 22, 181 1. 64 acres of land ordered 
by Napoleon I. to be put under cultivation, for growing beet-root for making 
sugar. May 25, 1811. Attempts made in England to extract sugar from beetroot, 
1842-5. 

SULPHUR. The principal mines are in Sicily. The duty upon, reduced from ^^15 
to \os. per ton, 1825. 

SULTAN, a title of the head of an empire, first given in 1055 to the Turkish 
princes. 

SUMATRA, East India Archipelago, discovered by the Portuguese, 1509; visited 
by the Spaniards, 1521 ; the Portuguese shipping in the harbour of Acheen de- 
stroyed by the Malays, 1575; the IDutch obtained a footing on the island, 1600; 
the English established a colony at Bencoolen, 1685; the Dutch settlements taken 
by the British, 181 1 ; restored, i8i6 ; they exchanged the settlement of Malacca 
for Bencoolen, 1824. 

SUMPTER, the Fort surrendered to the Confederates, Jan. 13, i86r. 

SUMPTUARY LAW, passed to restrain luxury in dress, 10 Edw. III., stat. 3, 
Oct. 15, 1336 ; 37 Edw. III., 1363, and 3 Edw. IV. c. 5, 1463 ; 22 Edw. IV. 
c. I, 1482 ; revived by Hen. VIII. in 15 15 and 1533 ; modified by Mary, 1554-5 5 
and Elizabeth passed an act for prohibiting any person from impoverishing them- 
selves by the use of foreign finery in dress, 5 Eliz. c. 6, 1562-3 ; abolished, 19 
& 20 Vict. c. 64, July 21, 1856. 

SUN, the centre of the system advanced by Copernicus, 1530 ; Galileo and Newton 
imagined the sun to be an igneous body, but the phenomena of electricity and 
the galvanic and magnetic discoveries were not known in their time ; the maculse 
on its surface first noticed in 1611; Halley discovered the sun's motion on its 
own axis, 1676; his discovery of the sun's parallax, 1702; Herschel measured 
spots on the sun, which covered together 50,000 square miles. Dates of some of 
the remarkable eclipses : annular, May 15, 1836 ; total, July 8, 1842 ; annular, 
Oct. 9, 1847 ; total, July 28, 185 1 ; annular, March 15, 1868. Photographs of 
the total eclipse taken by Mr De la Rue ; nearly total, July 18, i860; again, 
March 6, 1867. 

SUN AND LION, a Persian civil order, instituted by Feth Aly Chah, 1808. 



SUNDAY SURGEONS 813 

SUNDAY, or the Lord's-day. Called Sunday because on that day adoration was 
paid to the sun by the northern Pagan nations ; called the Lord's-day on account 
of the appearance of Christ after the resurrection. It was established as an imita- 
tion of the Jewish sabbath ; its observance enforced with other Church festivals, 
by Constantine the Emperor, March 7, 321. Labour in the country was not pro- 
hibited on that day until the council of Orleans, 538 ; it was thus an institution of 
the Church, as Dr Paley has remarked. King Athelstan forbad all merchandising 
on this day. Fairs and markets forbidden, 27 Hen. VI. c. 5, 1448-9. Ordinances 
for the observation of, 3 Chas. -I. c. 3, 1627 ; 29 Chas. II. c. 7, 1676. The 
earlier Christians met in the morning of that day for prayer and singing hymns in 
commemoration of Christ's resurrection, and then went about their usual duties ; 
the Book of Sunday Sports, published 15 James I., 161 8, was violently opposed ; 
the Sunday act for preventing abuses, passed 21 Geo. III. c. 49, 1781. Sunday 
abolished in France, Sept. 12, 1793 ; restored by Napoleon, April 11, 1802. 

SUNDAY SCHOOLS, first established in England, in 1781, by Robert Raikes, a 
printer of Gloucester, and the Rev. Thomas Stock ; a society for the support and 
encouragement of, established, 1785 ; one for Ireland, 1S09. The Sunday-school 
Union established, 1802, and the Institute, 1843. 

SUNDAY TRADING. A bill was introduced by Lord Robert Grosvenor to 
prevent trading on the Lord's-day. This measure met with great opposition in 
the Commons, and serious riots followed ; the mob met in Hyde Park, on 
Sunday, June 24, 1855, July I, and upon the 8th they sallied forth into Gros- 
venor-place and Belgrave-square, smashing the windows and inflicting severe 
injuries upon several persons. An act passed for regulating the sale of beer, 
&€., on the Lord's-day, 17 & 18 Vict. c. 79, Aug. 7, 1854 ; further regulations 
made, 18 & 19 Vict. c. n8, Aug. 14, 1855. 

SUNDERLAND, Durham, a charter gi-anted by Bishop Pudsey, in the 12th 
century, to the town of. A patent granted by Charles II. for the erection of a pier 
and lighthouse, 1669 ; not completed until 1787 ; lighthouse, Oct. 4, 1841. A 
mechanics' institute established, 1825 ; the first stone of the iron bridge laid, 
Sept. 24, 1793 ; completed, 1796 ; cost ;^33,400. The foundation of the South 
Docks laid, Feb. 4, 1848 ; completed at a cost of ;^ 700,000 in 185 i. 

SUN-DIALS, discovered in remote antiquity, see 2 Kings xx. 1 1, and Isaiah xxxviii. 
8 (the sun-dial of Ahaz). L. Papirius Cursor the Younger set up a sun-dial at 
Rome, B.C. 293. The oldest in this country is the one in the churchyard of Bew- 
castle, Cumberland, made A. D. 664 ; the one over the porch of Kirkdale Church, 
Yorkshire, was erected circa 1060. 

SURAT, Hindustan, taken by the Portuguese, 1530 ; the English established a 
factory here, 1612; the seat of Council of the East India Company and the resid- 
ence of the Governor removed to Bombay, in 1692 ; became a British possession, 
1759- 

SURGEONS. An act for regulating the barbers and surgeons of London, 32 Hen. 
VIII. c. 40, 1540; the surgeons incorporated, 18 Geo. II. c. 15, 1745; privileges 
confirmed by charter of Geo. III., 1840 ; powers given to the College of, to ex- 
amine candidates for this profession, 21 & 22 Vict. c. 90, s. 48, Aug. 2, 1858. 
Sergea7it-sw'geo7i to the sovereign appointed to attend the king in battle, in 
1349 ; John Ardern accompanied Edward III. to the battle of Crecy ; William 
Hobbys appointed, 145 1, at an annual salaiy of 40 marks, with 12 pence daily 
for his living ; the office revived by Queen Victoria, 1867, and conferred on Sir 
William Fergusson. 

SURGEONS, THE COLLEG OF, built from the design of Mr Dance, R.A., in 
Lincolns-Inn-Fields, 1800; rebuilt by Mr Barry, R.A., 1835-37; the museum 
established in, 1836. 



8i4 SURNAMES SUTTEES 

SURNAMES first used in England, 1 102 ; became common, 1 199. Under the Nor- 
mans, Fitz was used by them as a prefix for son, whence the French Ji/s; the 
Irish used O, and the Scotch Mac; the Saxons added tlie word son, as Will's-son, 
John's-son ; some were borrowed from continental countries ; others from trades, 
as Arrowsmith, Goldsmith, Sawyer ; some from places, as Bromgrove, Leicester, 
Preston. The expense of obtaining a royal license to change a name was £44. 
13J., exclusive of the stamp duty, which is ^10 when voluntarily made, and ^50 
when conditionally under a will or settlement. By the 30 Vict. c. 1 7> a certificate 
for changing the surname can be granted by Lyon King-of-Arnis, and the fee is 
fixed at 15J., May 3, 1867. 

SURPLICES, adopted from the white linen ephod of the Jewish priests into our 
churches, 316 ; generally ordered by Pope Adrian, 786 ; worn on week days in 
England at low mass, 1322 ; Richard II. was received when he came to London 
by the bishop and clergy and a choir of 500 singers dressed in surplices, 1392 ; pre- 
scribed also by 2 Edward VI., 1547 ; ordered to be provided by each parish, I 
Eliz. c. 2, 1558, and by 13 & 14 Charles II., 1662. 

SURREY CANAL DOCK opened at Rotherhithe, 1807. 

SURREY FENCIBLE CAVALRY, first raised, April 30, 1794; disbanded, 
March 27, 1800. 

SURREY MUSIC HALL, built from the designs of Mr Horace Jones, and opened, 
July 15, 1856. Eight persons killed and 30 injured through a false alarm of fire, 
during a religious service held by the Rev. C. H. Spurgeon, Oct. 19. Totally 
destroyed by fire, June 11, 1861. 

SURREY THEATRE, originally opened by Messrs Hughes and Dibden, then 
called the Royal Circus, Nov. 7, 1782 ; burnt, Aug. 12, 1805 ; rebuilt and opened 
on Easter Monday, 1806; its present name taken, 1810 ; totally destroyed by 
fire, Monday, Jan. 30, 1865 ; rebuilt from the designs of Mr J. Ellis, and opened, 
Dec. 25, 1865. 

SURREY ZOOLOGICAL GARDENS, first opened, 1831 ; M. Jullien's band 
performed in, for the first time, Aug. 15, 1850 ; sold and closed, 1856. 

SURTEES SOCIETY, established to perpetuate the memory of Robert Surtees, 
the Durham historian, and for the publication of unpublished MSS. relating to 
Durham, May 27, 1834. 

SURVEY of England first made by Alfred, 900; by William the Conqueror, 1080; 
by Charles II., 1668. Surveyors of highways ordered to be appointed by every 
parish to keep the roads in repair, 1557-8. 

SUSPENSION BRIDGES, introduced into use in England early in the 19th 
century. The famous bridge at Friburg, Switzerland, which crosses the Sarine, 
has a span of 876 feet, opened in 1834. The Menai Straits bridge, erected from 
the design of Telford, opened, Jan. 30, 1826; Hammersmith bridge, built from the 
design of W. T. Clarke, 1827-9 > Hungerford bridge, built from the design of 
Brunei, opened. May i, 1845 ; Clifton bridge, built from the design of Thomas 
Airey, opened, 1864. The Pesth bridge over the Danube, built from the design 
of W. T. Clarke, began, 1839; finished, 1849; cost ^600,000. One fell at 
Broughton, Lancashire, April Hj 1 831. 

SUSSEX, kingdom of, founded by Ella, a Saxon, 419 ; ended, 754. 

SUTTEES, or the Hindoo burning of widows : these immolations to the manes of 
their departed husbands were abolished by the government. May 10, 1829. 



SWAN SWEDEN 815 

SWAN, Prussian order of knighthood, founded by Frederick I., Sept. 29, 1449 ; 
ceased to exist, i539 ; revived by Fredericlc II., Dec. 24, 1843. 

SWAN RIVER, W. Australia, discovered by Vlaming, in 1696 ; settlement pro- 
jected, 1828 ; a lieutenant-governor appointed, and the first town founded, Aug., 
1829 ; the same year, Perth, Freemantle, and Guildford, three towns, were 
founded; the Freemantle GazeUe -published, March, 1831. 

SWANSEA, Glamorganshire, castle erected, 1099 ; the town made a borough, 
1832 ; a free school endowed, 1684 ; the harbour improved, 1800-6. 

SWAN-UPPING, or Hopping, the privilege of having a swan mark only allowed 
to the king's sons, by 22 Edw. IV. c. 6, 1482-3. The dyers' company and the 
vintners' company of London and the town of Windsor had the right of keeping 
swans on the Thames. The swan being considered a royal bird, no subject was 
allowed to keep them without royal permission. In the time of Queen Elizabeth it 
was possessed by 900 corporations and individuals, and it was usual the first 
Monday in August every year to proceed up the river to remark the birds. 

SWEABORG, Finland, the town was founded by Gustavus I. of Sweden ; burnt 
by the Russians, 1728 ; taken from Sweden by the Russians, 1808 ; ceded to 
them by that power, with the whole of Finland, 1809 ; bombarded by the com- 
bined fleets of England and France, Aug. 9 to II, 1S55, the town, dockyard, 
and arsenal being partially destroyed. 

SWEARING ON THE GOSPELS, first introduced, 528 ; with judicial proceed- 
ings, 600; a fine for swearing introduced, 6 William III., 1695 ; a labourer or 
servant to pay is. per oath ; others, 2s. ; for a second offence, 4^. ; and a third, 6^-. 

SWEATING-SICKNESS, first appeared among the followers of Henry VII. after 
the battle of Bosworth Field ; the soldiers entered London, Aug. 28, 1485 ; it 
disappeared about the end of i486 ; it broke out in London a second time, 1506; 
and the third time in 15 1 7, when six aldermen of London died of it in a week, 
and many thousands of the inhabitants ; it destroyed one half of the inhabitants 
in many English towns : it appeared again 1528, 1529, and it broke out at 
Shrewsbury, April 16, 1551 ; it then finally disappeared. 

SWEDEN, Suithead, and more recently Sweircke, first inhabited by the Cimbri 
and the Lombards, who were supplanted by the Goths or Scandinavians. 
Christianity preached by St Ansgar in the ninth century. Olaf Skot-Konung 
embraced Christianity, and established three Bishoprics, 102 1. Gothland 
and Finland, celebrated for their warlike people, were annexed to Sweden 
by Erick II., 1150-54. Waldemar I. of Denmark captured Rugen, and de- 
molished the pagan temples, 1168. Stockholm founded, and fortified by Berger 
Jarl, 1250. Magnus Ladelus the Great established a regular form of govern- 
ment, 1279 The crown of Sweden made elective ; and Steenchel Magnus 
crowned, 1318. Waldemar invaded Gothland, 1361. Albert of Mecklenburg 
elected, 1365. Mai-garet I. united the ci^own of Denmark and Norway to 
Sweden, 1397. University of Upsal founded, 1477. Stockholm besieged for six 
months by Steno Sture, and captured, March 27, 1502. Christian of Denmark 
invaded the country, 1 5 18-19 ; he took Gustavus Vasa as a prisoner to Denmark, 
15 19. Christian II. acknowledged King of Sweden by the States-General ; after 
his coronation he ordered 94 senators to be beheaded, 1520. Gustavus Vasa 
escaped from Denmark, and having raised a force defeated the Danes at Stock- 
holm, and was chosen king, 1523 ; introduced Lutheranism, 1528; and formally 
declared the Romish faith abolished, 1529 ; made the crown hereditary, 1544. 
St Malmo taken by Christian HI., 1535. The titles of count and baron intro- 
duced by Erick XIV., 1561. Gustavus Adolphus elected to the throne, 1611 ; 
he defeated the Danes, 1613 ; he defeated the Poles in several battles, 1627-35. 
War declared against Germany, 1630. Denmark ceded Rugen to Sweden, 



8i6 



SWEDEN 



1648. Abdication of Christina, 1 654. Commercial treaty with England signed, July 
17, 1656. Charles X. invaded Poland, 1657; killed at the battle of LUtzen, Nov. 6, 
1632. The miiversity of Lund founded, 1668. The Swedes defeated by the Danes 
both by sea and land, 1676. Charles XII. began his reign, 1697. Battle of Pultowa, 
where Charles was defeated by the Czar of Russia, 1709 ; he escaped to Bender, 
where after residing three years the Turks took him prisoner, Feb. 12, 1 713 ; he 
was restored, Oct. 14, 1714 ; after commanding in several battles, he was at 
length killed at the siege of Frederickshall, Dec. 11, 1718. Queen Ulrica Eleanor 
abolished despotic government, 1719 ; she concluded a treaty with England, 
1 720 ; resigned the throne to her husband, April 4, 1 720. Royal Academy 
founded by Linnaeus, 1741. This was the first country in Europe which had a 
regular census taken, 1748. Order of the Sword instituted, April 28, 1748. Con- 
spiracy of Counts Brahe and Home detected, and the authors beheaded, 1756. 
Gustavus III. introduced despotism, Aug. 19, 1772. The island of St Bartholo- 
mew in the West Indies ceded to, by France, 1784. Conspiracy formed against 
the king, March, 1792 ; assassination of, by Count Ankerstrom, at a ball, March 
16 ; he expired the 29th ; the regicide was dreadfully mutilated ; his right hand 
was cut off, then his head, and his body impaled, May 17. Gustavus IV. de- 
throned, and the government assumed by the Duke of Sudermania, March 13, 
1809 ; Finland ceded by Sweden to Russia, Sept. 17. Peace made with France, 
and Pomerania restored, Jan. 6, 1810. Marshal Bernadotte, the Prince of 
Ponte Corvo, was chosen the Crown Prince of Sweden, July 21. Gustavus IV. 
arrived in London, Nov. 12. Swedish Pomerania seized by Napoleon Bona- 
parte, Jan. 9, 1812 ; alliance with England, July 12. Sweden joined the alliance 
against Napoleon, March 13, 1813. Norway ceded to Sweden by the treaty of 
Kiel, Jan. 4, 1814 ; confirmed by the Norwegian Parliament, Nov. 4. 1814. 
Bernadotte ascended the throne of Sweden as Charles John XIV., Feb. 5, 1818. 
Treaty of commerce signed between Great Britain and Sweden, March 18, 1826 ; 
death of Bernadotte, whose son, Oscar, ascended the throne, March 8, 1844. 
Slavery abohshed in the island of St Bartholomew, by King Oscar I., 1848. A 
postage convention concluded with Great Britain, Aug. 24, 1 850. Treaty of, 
with England and France, guaranteeing the integrity of Sweden and Norway, 
Nov. 21, 1855. The first railway opened in Sweden between Nova and Orebro, 
March 5, 1856. Charles XV. ascended the throne, July 8, 1859 ; crowned at 
Stockholm, May 3, i860. Regulations for the formation of the Diet adopted, 
Dec. 8, 1865. The King visited the Emperor and Empress of the French in 
Paris, Aug. 4, 1867. 



SOVEREIGNS, AND DATES OF THEIR REIGNS. 



Erick IX 


1150 


ErickX 


1155 


Charles VII 


1162 


Canute 


1168 


Swerker II 


1192 


Erick XI 


1210 


JohnL ... 


1220 


Erick XII 


1223 


Waldemar 


1251 


Magnus I. 


1279 


Berger II. 


1290 


Magnus II. 


1320 


Albert of Mecklenburgh 


1363 


Margaret 


1389 


Margaret, Queen of Sweden and 




Norway, now also Denmark, 





and Erick XIII. 
Erick XIII. governed alone ... 
Christopher III. 
Charles VIII. (Canuteson) 
John II. (I. of Denmark) 
Christian II. 
Gustavus Vasa ... 

Erick XIV 

John III 

Sigismund, King of Poland, son 

of John III 

Charles IX 

Gustavus (Adolphus) II., the 

Great ... 
Christina, daughter of Gustavus 

Adolphus. Resigned the crown 



1397 
1415 
1440 
1448 

1483 
1520 

1523 
1560 
1568 

1590 
1604 

1611 



SWEDENBORGIANS SWITZERLAND 817 

to hei- cousin : died at Rome Gottorp ... ... ... 1751 

in 16S9 ... ... ... 1633 Gustavus III. ... ... ... 1771 

Charles X. ... ... ... 1654 Gustavus IV. ... ... ... 1792 

Charles XI. ... ... ... 1660 Charles XIII. ... ... 1S09 

Charles XII 1697 Charles XIV. Bernadotte, the 

Ulrica Eleanora, his sister, and French prince of Ponte Corvo 1818 

her consort, Frederick I. ... 1719 Oscar, King of Sweden and Nor- 

Frederick reigned alone ... 1741 way, March 8, ... ... 1844 

Adolphus-Frederick, of Holstein Charles XV., July 8, ... ... 1859 

SWEDENBORGIANS, the followers of Emmanuel Swedenborg, who was 
born at Stockholm, Jan. 29, 1689 : he considered the new Jerusalem of the 
Apocalypse to be on the point of establishment, and that then the true nature 
of God and of man, and the true meaning of the words heaven and hell, is to be 
fully explained, and the Church will bear its true fruits of love to God and to our 
neighbour, and purifier of life ; his first work on theology was published in 1743. 
This sect began abroad in 1760, but did not make much way in England until 
1783; they have since greatly increased. 

SWEET BAY, brought into England from Italy, prior to 1548 ; the Royal came 
from Madeira, 1675 ; the Glaucous from China, 1806 ; there are several other 
species of this tree in England. 

S WITHIN, or ST S WITHIN, a monk of Winchester of noble parentage. He 
passed his youth in the study of grammar, philosophy, and the Scriptures. 
Swithin was promoted to holy orders by Helmstan, bishop of Winchestei-, at whose 
death, in 852, King Ethehvolf granted him the see. In this he continued eleven 
years, and died in 862 ; canonized, July 15, 971. Swithin desired that he might 
be buried in the open churchyard, and not in the chancel of the minster, as was 
usual with other bishops, and his request was complied with : but the monks on 
his being canonized, considering it disgraceful for the saint to lie in a public 
cemetery, resolved to remove his body into the choir, which was to have been 
attempted with solemn procession, on the 15th July. Itrained, however, so violently 
for forty days succeeding, that the design was abandoned as heretical and blasphem- 
ous, and they honoured his memory by erecting a chapel over his grave, at 
which many miraculous cures of all kinds are said to have been wrought. To the 
above circumstance may be traced the origin of the old saying, ' That if it rains 
on St Swithin's it will rain forty days following ! ' but unfortunately for the 
Legend the relics were removed in 971 ; and again to Winchester, 1094. 

SWITZERLAND, once a part of Gaul, afterwards conquered by the AUemanni ; the 
house of Hapsburg assumed the sovereignty, from whose power it M^as fortun- 
ately recovered in the 14th centuiy ; the original population is thought to be 
Celtic by some, but this is doubtful : the name is derived from the canton of 
Schwytz, to which canton at present it is confined, the people being denominated 
Swiss. The Helvetians converted to Christianity, A.D. 612 ; the Huns ravaged 
Helvetia, 909 ; Berthold IV. built Fribourg, 1179 ; Rudolph of Hapsburg exercised 
sovereignty, 1273 ; Gesler's tyranny to the people occasioned the memorable revolt 
under William Tell, 1306. Swiss independence declared, Nov. 7, 1307; the 
Austrians defeated, Nov. 15, 1315; Uri, Unterwalden, and Schwytz declared their 
independence, Dec. 8; form of government made perpetual ; Lucerne annexed 
to the confederacy, 1335 5 the canton of Zurich subsequently became head of 
the league, 1350; Berne, Claris, and Zug joined the league, 135 1. Duke Leo- 
pold III. of Austria defeated, July 9, 1386 ; again defeated at Mont Route, 
April 9-1 1, 1388. The Grisons league announced, 1400 ; second league of the 
Grisons, 1424, and the third league proclaimed, 1436. Duke Charles of Burgundy 
invaded the country, but was defeated near Grandson with a loss of 1200 men and 

52 



8i8 SWORDS SYDNEY 

the whole of his camp, March 3, 1476 ; again defeated at Morat, June 22, and at 
Nancy, where the Duke himself was killed, Jan 5, 1477. Louis XI. of France 
formed a body of Swiss soldiers into a legion in the pay of France, 1480 ; 
Fribourgand Soleure admitted into the confederation, 1481. Maximilian I. 
Emperor, after suffering several defeats, acknowledged Swiss independence, 
Sept., 1499; Schaffhausen and Basle joined the union, 1501; the Swiss 
confederacy acknowledged by France and the great powers, 15 16. The 
reformation began at Basle, 15 19. The Grison leagues joined the Swiss con- 
federacy, 1544; Appenzel joined the other canons, 1597. Independence of 
Switzerland recognized by the treaty of Westphalia, Oct. 24, 1648. Made an 
alliance with France, May 25, 1777; domestic strife in Geneva broke out be- 
tween the aristocratic and democratic factions : France interfered, 1781 ; 1000 
fugitive Genevans sought an asylum in Ireland, 1 782 ; Swiss guards ordered to 
leave the pay of France, 1792. The French attacked the canton of Unterwalden, 
Sept. 3, 1798 ; and after a gallant resistance of six days took the place, Sept. 9. 
Helvetic republic established by France, 1779. The Austrian army expelled the 
French from the Valley of Reuss, June, 1799 ; they were in turn expelled by the 
French, Aug. 14. The cantons increased to 19, and the federal government re- 
stored. May 12, 1802 ; Uri, Schwytz, and Unterwalden separated from the re- 
public, July 13, 1802. The Helvetic government dissolved and a new constitution 
promulgated, Feb. 19, 1803. Switzerland joined France with 7000 soldiers, Aug. 
24, 181 1 ; the allies overrun Switzerland, 1814. The number of cantons increased 
to 22, and the independence of Switzerland acknowledged by the treaty of Vienna, 
1815 ; steam-boats first used on the lakes, 1823 ; new constitution agreed to, 
Aug. 7 ; revolution at Geneva, Oct. 7, 1846 ; the Catholic cantons established 
a separate league, called the Sonderbund, 1846 ; Jesuits expelled, Nov., 1847 ; 
the new constitution promulgated, Sept. 12, 1848 ; commercial treaty with Great 
Britain, Sept. 6, 1S55 ; the railway between Zurich and Baden opened, 1850 ; ac- 
cepts the proposition of France and England in reference to the Neufchatel 
difficulty, Jan. 15, 1857 ; in the town of Glaris 500 houses were destroyed by fire, 
April, 1 86 1. 
SWORDS were among the earliest weapons. The flaming sword of the cherubim 
is mentioned in Gen. iii. 24, and mentioned as a weapon of defence, when 
' Simeon and Levi took each man his sword, and came upon the city boldly, and 
slew all the males,' 2 Sam. xii. 10. Bronze swords were used by the Romans ; 
in the will of Prince iEthelstan (son of Ethelred II. ) ten swords are demised to 
different persons, 1015 ; in Saxon times a gilt sword was the distinguishing em- 
blem of a thane. The sword of Archibald Douglas was two ells long, 1378 ; the 
length restricted to a yard and a quarter, 1562. Sword 0/ State, carried at the 
English coronations by a king of Scotland, 1 194. Forbidden to be worn in Edin- 
burgh, 1724; 15,000 made in Birmingham for the Parliamentary army, 1642-3. 
The pope on Christmas eve at midnight mass blesses the swords which he intends 
to send to favoured kings, as Edward IV., 1478; Henry VII., 1505 ; Henry VHI., 
1517 ; the last being sent by Leo III. to the Due d'Angouleme, 1825. 

SWORD OF SWEDEN, order of knighthood, instituted by Gustavus Vasa, 1525 ; 
re-instituted by Frederick I., April 28, 1748; the present statutes of the order 
made, Nov. 28, 1798 ; and by-laws, July 9, 1814. 

SYDNEY, New South Wales, founded by Governor Philip in a cove of Port Jack- 
son harbour, and named after the secretary for the colonies. Viscount Sydney, 
Jan. 26, 1788 ; St Philip's church built, 1798. A settlement for convicts origin- 
ally intended to be made at Botany Bay, but Port Jackson was found better situ- 
ated ; since arisen to a large town of considerable extent, with a legislative coun- 
cil, first held July 13, 1829. The Bishopric was established, 1836; the town 



SYDNEY SUSSEX COLLEGE SYRIA 8ig 

formed into a municipality, 1S43 > the museum founded, 1838 ; incorporated, 
1853; a university founded, 1850; opened, Oct. ii, 1852; a mint establislied 
by tlie 18 & 19 Vict. c. 54, July i6, 1855 ; a new constitution proclaimed in the 
month of Nov., 1855. 

SYDNEY SUSSEX COLLEGE, Cambridge, founded by Lady Frances Sidney, 
Dec. 6, 1588; the building begun, May 20, 1596; finished, 1598. 

SYNODS, first called by the emperors of the East, and subsequently by Chris- 
tian princes, but the pope afterwards usurped the power, and one of his legates 
presided. The first held in England was at Hertford, a.d. 673; the last held 
by Cardinal Pole, 1555 ; it was made unlawful to hold synods without royal 
authority, 1533, by the 25 Henry VIII. c. 21. The celebrated synod of Dort 
began, Nov. 13, 1618; ended. May 25, 1619 ; the delegates met from all the re- 
formed churches to settle the points of doctrine, but principally those of justifi- 
cation and free grace ; the Arminians were excluded from the assembly and con- 
demned, but in 1625 were restored to their former position. The synod of 
Thurles, in Ireland, was one of Roman Catholic prelates and inferior clergy, 
under Archbishop Cullen, the primate, Aug. 22, 1850 ; it condemned the 
Queen's colleges, and recommended the founding a Catholic university, Sept. 10. 

SYRACUSE, Sicily, one of the early Greek colonies, founded by the Corinthians, 
B.C. 734 ; made a free government, 468 ; besieged by the Athenians, 414, who 
were defeated ; Hiero elected the first king of, 274 ; the town taken by Marcellus, 
212 ; destroyed by an earthquake, with many thousand persons, A.D. Jan., 1693 ; 
again greatly injured, Aug. 6, 1757 ; surrendered to the Neapolitan troops, April 
8, 1849. 

SYRIA, Asia, first mentioned in the time of King David, B.C. 1040 ; captured by 
the king of Assyria, 749 ; and again captured by Nebuchadnezzar, 604 ; con- 
quered by Alexander, 333 ; Seleucus, surnamed Nicator, or Conqueror, took 
Babylon, called the sera of the Seleucidse, 312. The city of Antioch founded, 
circa 300. Battle of Cyropsedion fought, 281 ; Seleucus assassinated byCeraunus, 
280. Antiochus defeated the Gauls, and in honour of this victory was called 
Soter, or Saviour, 275. Antiochus II., surnamed by the Milesians Theos, or God, 
ascended the throne, 261 ; a treaty of alliance with Smyrna and Magnesia made 
by Seleucus II., 243 ; Seleucus III. began to reign, 226. Antiochus III. defeated 
at the battle of Raphia, 217 ; he conquered Judea, 204. War broke out with the 

.' Romans, 129. Antiochus IV. upon his ascension took the title of Theos-Epi- 
phanes, 175; Apollonius ordered to invade Judea. Jerusalem taken ; the temple 
pillaged ; 40,000. inhabitants destroyed, and as many more sold as slaves, 170. 
Queen Cleopatra murdered her son Seleucus, 124; her son, Antiochus Grypus, 
began to reign ; she attempted to poison him, but he compelled her to swallow 
the poisoned draught, 123. Cyzicenus reigned at Damascus, and Grypus at 
Antioch, 1 1 1 . Pompey defeated Tigranes ; he invaded Syria and dethroned 
Antiochus Asiaticus, circa 65 ; the country suffered severely from famine, A. D. 44 — 
47 ; the Arabs invaded the empire, 633. The dynasty of Abassides founded, 750. 
The territory conquered by the Fatimite caliphs, 970. The Emirs of Damascus 
revolted, 1067 ; and the Emirs of Aleppo, 1068. The crusades from Europe 
began, 1095, which ultimately conquered that part of Syria called the Holy Land, 
1099; Noureddin retook it, 1166. Saladin destroys the power of the Fatimite 
dynasty, I171. The Tartars overran the country, 1259; the sultans of Egypt 
expelled the Crusaders and recovered their possession, 1291. Tamerlane overran 
Syria, 1401 ; the Turks under Selim, took possession, 1517 ; it continued in pos- 
session of the Turks till the invasion of Egypt by the French, July i, 1789. 
Napoleon I. defeated the Mamelukes with great loss, Aug. 6, 1798, and overran 
the country, doing considerable mischief ; he captured Gaza and Jaffa, 1 798. 
Siege of Acre began, March 6; taken, May 27, 1799. The French em- 



820 SZEGEDIN TAE-PING REBELLION 

peror returned to France, Aug. 23, 1799; the army, Sept. 10, 1801 ; Mehemet 
Ali attacked and captured Acre, and marched over the whole of Syria, 1831-32 ; 
Ibrahim Pacha, his son, conquered the army of the grand signior, July 30, 1832 ; 
the country ceded to Mehemet Ali by the Porte, May 6, 1833. Ibrahim Pacha 
defeated the Turkish army, taking 10,000 prisoners, June 25, 1839. The 
Turkish fleet arrived at Alexandria, July 14. Lady Hester Stanhope died, June 
23, 1840. The Five Powers proposed to the Porte to open negotiations with 
Mehemet Ali, July 15. Treaty of London signed, July 15. Sidon captured, 
Sept. 26 ; Beyrout, Oct. 1 1 ; Acre, Nov. 3 ; the government made hereditary in 
the family of Mehemet Ali, Feb. 13, and March 13, 1841. Ibrahim Pacha, the 
elder son of Mehemet Ali, visited England, June 8, 1846 ; he left Portsmouth 
for Alexandria, on his return, July 15. Mehemet Ali died in his 80th year, July 
2, 1849, and was succeeded by his son Ibrahim, and Ibrahim by Abbas Pacha, 
1850. The Druses massacred most of the Christians in Lebanon, May 28, i860 ; 
they captured the town of Zaleh, June 19, and Serai, June 21 ; they burnt the 
town of Deir-el-Kammar, when 1200 persons perished, June 23 ; 2000 Christians 
slain at Damascus, July 9, 10 ; an expedition sent to, by England and France, 
to protect the lives of Europeans, July 21 ; Lord Dufferin sent out, July, i860. 
Convention between Her Majesty Victoria, the Emperor of Austria, the Emperor 
of the French, the Prince Regent of Prussia, and the Emperor of Russia, for 
the pacification of, Sept. 5. Fuad Pasha appointed by the Sultan to quell the 
disturbance ; 167 persons executed, Aug. 20 ; the total number of persons said to 
have been massacred is about 12,000 ; 163 villages, 220 churches, and 7 convents 
were destroyed. 
SZEGEDIN, battle, the Austrians defeated the Hungarians, under Dembmski, 
with great loss, Aug. 4, 1 849. 



TABERNACLE, constructed by Bezaleel and Aholiab, the first day of the first 
month in the second year after leaving Egypt, described in Exodus xxv. to xxvii. 
and xxxv. to xxxvii. 

TABLE BAY, Africa, discovered by Bartholomew Diaz, i486. 

TABLE TURNING, mentioned in "Del'Ancre, ITncredulite et Mescreance du 
Sortilege," 4to, Paris, 1622, as being practised by two magicians in the reign of 
the Emperor Valens, circa 373 ; lately re-introduced into Europe from America. 

TABOR, Bohemia, castle built, 774 ; destroyed, 1268 ; restored, 1420 ; captured 
by the Hussites, 142 1. 

TABORITES, or Hussites, named from the town captured by them and in which 
they settled, under the leadership of Ziski, 1420. They were expelled from New 
Prague, May 28, 1434. 

TAE-PING REBELLION. The followers of Tien Wang, or Heavenly Prince, 
who formally proclaimed his title in May, 1850 ; they established themselves in 
Nankin, 1853 ; Soochow captured. May 24, i860 ; Ward, an American, with a 
mixed force of Europeans, was hired to relieve Sangkiang, in July ; he was de- 
feated at Singpoo, Aug. 2. The rebels attempted to capture Shanghai, Aug. 16; 
they were defeated on the i8th ; again defeated at Wong Kadza, April 4, 1862, 
but were defeated by the rebels, and Singpoo captured, June 10 ; retaken by 
Ward with an army of 3000 men, Aug. 6 ; Ward received a wound from which 
he died, at Tseki, Sept. 21. Henry Burgeoine, an American, succeeded to the 



TAFFETA TALMUD 821 

command. Ningpo retaken by Captain Dew, in the Encounter, and 6 other 
vessels, May 10, 1862 ; and Yuyow, Aug. 3 ; Tseki captured, Sept. 20 ; Fung- 
wha, Oct. 9 ; the city of Shushing besieged by Capt. Dew, Feb. 17, 1863 ; 
evacuated by the rebels, Mai'ch 18. Capt. Gordon appointed to command the 
ever victorious army, consisting of 5000 men, March 24, and captured the towns 
of Fushan and Taitsan, May 2 ; Quinsan, May 30 ; Soochow taken, Dec. 6, and 
the Wangs executed ; Gordon resigned the command in consequence ; retook the 
command, March i, 1864; Chanchu stormed and captured. May 11 ; the ever 
victorious army disbanded, June i ; Nankin invested by the Imperialists, June I ; 
taken, July 19 ; and the Faithful King executed, Aug. 7. 

TAFFETA, a species of silk manufacture, foi-merly made in England by John Tyce 
of Shoreditch, London, 41 Elizabeth, 1598. Watered taffeta invented by Oc- 
tavius May at Lyons, in the 17th century. 

TAGANROG, Russia, founded by Peter the Great, 1697, but little used ; rebuilt, 
1 769 ; the Emperor Alexander died here, 1 825 ; bombarded by the allied fleet, 
and the public buildings destroyed, June 3, 1855. 

TAGLIAMENTO, battle. The French commanded by Napoleon, defeated the 
Austrians commanded by Archduke Charles, March 16, 1797. 

TAIL, creating estates in, act passed for, 1279. 

TAILORS, an act passed regulating the hours of work and the wages of, 7 Geo. I. 
c. 13, 1720. The truck system prohibited, 1 720. This class of artisans again 
engaged the attention of the legislature, and their wages increased and hours 
fixed, 3 Geo. III. c. 17, 1768. Strike of tailors in London commenced, April 
28, 1867; ended by the men having to return upon the old system; trial of Druit 
and others, Aug. 21. It would appear, from several entries in the Civic 
Records of London, that as early as 141 5 this craft had a desire to form an 
especial fraternity, but were forbidden. 

TALAVERA, battle between the allied English and Spanish armies, 22,000 
strong, and the French, under Gen. Victor, 45,000 strong; the latter were defeated 
with a loss of 8794 men, the English lost 6268 men. The grass taking fire from 
the excessive heat, most of the wounded were burnt, July 27 and 28, 1809. The 
town evacuated by Wellington, Aug. 3 ; by the French, Aug 15, 1812. 

TALENT, the Euboic or Phoenician, about ;i^400 sterling ; the Egyptian, ;,^20 ; 
the Jewish, used A.c. 1400. 

TALLIES. A notched stick, 25 notches representing ;^ioo; it was then split down 
the middle, and acted as vouchers for money paid into the Exchequer Court; one 
half was retained by the officer of the court. They were negotiable, and in 1696 
they were at 40 & 50 per cent, discount. " By water to Westminster to the 
Exchequer, and there did strike my tallys for ;!^I7, 500. " — Pepyi Diary, May 12, 
1665. Abolished by 23 Geo. III. c. 82, s. 2, 1783; ordered to be destroyed 
by 4 & 5 Will. IV. c. 15, May 22, 1834. 

TALLOW CHANDLERS' COMPANY, incorporated, 2 Edw. IV., March 8, 
1462; confirmed by various kings, ending with James II., June 27, 1685. Arms 
granted, Sept. 24, 1456 ; confirmed by William Camden Clarencieux, Jan. 29, 
1602. The hall built by Sir C. Wren, after the fire of London, 1666. 

TALMUD, books of the religion, philosophy, medicine, history, &c., of the Jews ; 
reduced to writing by Rabbi Hakkadosh, a.d. 190 — 220 ; this is called the 
Mishna, or text. A series of commentaries appended to, subsequently called the 
Babylonian and Jerusalem commentaries, the former begun by R. Asche, 420 ; 
completed after his death, 500 ; the latter chiefly by the learned Jochanan, circa 
370; first published, 1520-30. 



822 TAMERLANE TARANTO 

TAMERLANE, an Eastern tyrant who overran Persia, India, and Egypt ; he 
took Bajazet, Sultan of the Turks, prisoner, 1402 ; and exposed him in his own 
iron cage which the Sultan had brought to put him in. Tamerlane died, 1405. 

TAMWORTH CASTLE, built by Lord Marmion, 914. 

TANDY, JAMES, an Irishman, wh6 proposed a plan of reform in 1791, and 
became obnoxious to the government in consequence ; he joined in the re- 
bellion of 1 798, acting with the French in their expedition ; it failed, and he 
fled to Hamburgh, where, on the solicitation of the agents of the English minister, 
the city delivered him over to their custody, for which act Bonaparte declared war 
upon Hamburgh, Oct. 15, 1799. He was tried and condemned to death for 
hio-h treason, but was liberated after the treaty of Amiens, and died at Bordeaux, 
1803. 

TANGANYIKA, Africa, this lake discovered by Capt. Burton, Feb. 13, 1858. 

TANGIERS, Morocco. Taken by the Portuguese, 147 1 ; captured by Lord 
Sandwich from that power, Jan. 30, 1662 ; restored, and given by Portugal to 
Charles II. as a dowry to the Infanta, May 20; abandoned as being too expensive 
to maintain as a nursery for the popish army, Oct., 1683 ; nearly destroyed by an 
earthquake, April 12, 1773 ; visited by a plague, which almost depopulated the 
town, Sept., 1818 ; bombarded by three French ships-of-war, commanded by 
Prince Joinville, the town and fortifications destroyed, Aug. 6, 1844. 

TANNING LEATHER, an act was passed for regulating the trade, i James I. c. 
22, 1603-4; a new and expeditious method for, discovered, 1795; the trade 
thrown open, II Geo. IV. c. 16, May 29, 1830. 

TAPESTRY, this ancient method of ornamentation described in the Book of Exodus, 
made in France from the earliest times; first made by the loom at Flanders. The 
celebrated manufacture of Fontainebleau established by Francis I., in the i6th 
century ; Louis XIV. established the Gobelines manufacture. The oldest known 
is the Bayeux tapestry. The art known in England in Saxon times ; the loom 
introduced into England by William Sheldon, and the first manufactory estab- 
lished by Sir Francis Crane, at Mortlake, 1619, towards which James I. gave 
i;2000. 

TAR. Coal Tar first discovered by Becher, a German chemist, circa 1680. Tar 
Water, one of those medical nostrums that has a run for a time in public 
esteem, and then is forgotten ; it was strongly recommended by Bishop Berkley, 
in 1744. Mineral Tar, discovered at Colebrook Dale, in Shropshire, 1779 ; 
and in Scotland, Oct. 10, 1792. Tar of the Pine, extracted from the wood 
by fire, of essential use for nautical' and shipbuilding purposes ; patent coal tar, 
1781. 

TARA, Ireland, the hill of, was for ages the centre of the kingdom ; the palace 
and the burial-place of the kings ; Cormac held his court here ; the last meeting 
of the bards held here, 554 ; a reform meeting, 250,000 persons being present, 
was held here by Mr O'Connell, Aug. 15, 1843. 

TARA, battle, in Ireland, one of the earliest in the rebellion, in which the Irish 
were defeated, and lost 500 killed. May 26, 1798. 

TARANTO, or TARENTUM, Italy. A Spartan colony, founded circa B.C. 
708 ; concluded a treaty with Rome, 303 ; surrendered to the Roman Consul 
Papirius, 272; surrendered to Hannibal, '212 ; taken and the city sacked, 
the paintings and works of art being removed to Rome, by Fabius Maximus, 209 ; 
taken by the Goths under Totila, A.D. 549 ; they were driven out by Narses, 
553 ; taken by the Lombards, 661 ; captured by Robert Guiscard and added to 
the kingdom of Naples, 1063. 



TARBES TAVERNS 823 

TARBES, battle, in France, between Marshal Soult and the Duke of Wellington, 
March 21, 1814. 

TARGUM, Chaldaic paraphrases of the books of the Old Testament, the oldest 
by Oiikeios, B.C. 50. 

TARIFA, Spain, taken from the Moors by the Spaniards under Sancho el Bravo, 
1292 ; attacked by the French, but successfully defended by a small English and 
Spanish force under Col. Gough, Dec. 27 — ^30, 181 1 ; the walls repaired by the 
British, 1812 ; taken by the French under the Due d'Angouleme, 1823 ; the 
Windsor Castle, an English man-of-war, fired upon from the castle, Nov., 1830. 

TARRAGONA, Spain, made the capital by Augustus, B.C. 26; the cathedral built, 
A. D. 1129-30 ; the fa9ade finished, 1280; captured by the English, 1705 ; the 
mole built to protect the harbour, and carried out 1300 yards, begun 1 790 ; oc- 
cupied as a naval station by the English before the capture of Gibraltar ; besieged 
by the French under Suchet, May, 1811 ; the lower town taken, June 21 ; the 
upper, June 28, the inhabitants massacred and the town sacked ; besieged by 
the English under Gen. Murray, who embarked under a panic, 1813 ; evacuated 
by the French, the fortifications being destroyed, Aug. 18, 1813 ; again besieged 
and taken by the French, June, 1823. 

TARSET CASTLE, Northumberland, built by the Red Cummin before 1300 ; 
burnt by the Freebooters of North Tynedale, 15 16. 

TARTARIC ACID, discovered by Scheele, 1770. 

TARTARY, Asia, the country of ancient Scythia ; in 1206 it was ruled by Jenghis 
Khan ; Tamerlane, or Timour the Tartar, conquered Persia, and routed the 
Turks in 1402 ; and the successors to those rulers became a powerful dynasty 
down to a late period. 

TASMANIA, Australia, discovered by Tasman, Nov. 24, 1642 ; and called Van 
Diemen's Land after the governor of the Dutch East India Settlements ; made a 
penal settlement by Great Britain, Aug. 10, 1803 ; Hobart Town founded by 
Collins and a party of convicts, Feb. 19, 1804; made a distinct colony, 1825 ; 
constitution altered, Nov. i, 1854; transportation to, abolished, 18565 Parliament 
opened Aug. 20, 1867. 

TATTERSHALL CASTLE, Lincolnshire, built by Sir Ralph Cromwell, 1453 ; 
destroyed by the Parliamentarians, 1650-1. 

TATTERSALL'S, Hyde Park Corner. This well-known betting, &c., establish- 
ment founded by Richard Tattershall, 1766 ; removed to their new premises near 
Albert Gate, designed by Mr Freeman, and built by Messrs Holland at a cost 
of .^30, 000; opened, April 10, 1865. 

TAUNTON, Somersetshire. Ina, king of the West Saxons, built a castle here, 700 ; 
demolished by his Queen subsequently; castle erected by Henry I. ; taken by Per- 
kin Warbeck, 1497 ; 30 houses burned down, June 29, 1532 ; besieged by the 
Royalists, 10,000 strong, but successfully defended by Colonel Blake, 1645 ; in- 
corporated by Charles!., 1627 ; reincorporated by Charles II. ; James, Duke of 
Monmouth, proclaimed king here, June 21, 1685 ; Judge Jeffreys held his bloody 
assize, Sept., 1685. 

TAVERNS in London. The Lord Mayor appointed the localities in London where 
taverns might be erected. They were closed at curfew, in temp. Edw. I. ; the length 
of the ale stakes projecting from taverns, restricted, 1375 ; regulated in the city 
of London, by an ordinance passed, 1370 ; in the reign of Edward III. only three 
were allowed, one in Chepe, one in Wallbrooke, and one in Lombard-street : 
the Boar's Head in East Chepe is celebrated by Shakespeare ; the White Hart, 
Bishopsgate, was another noted tavern, established in 1480 ; rebuilt, 1829; the 
Horn in Fleet-street and the King's Head, circa 1569 ; St Dunstan, 1606. The 



824 TAVISTOCK ABBEY TEA 

number was generally restrained, 7 Edward VI. c. 5, 1553 ; to forty in London, 
eight in Yorlc, four in Norwicli, three in Westminster, six in Bristol, three in 
Lincoln, four in Hull, three in Shrewsbury, four in Exeter, three in Salisbury, 
four in Gloucester, four in Chester, three in Hereford, three in Worcester, three 
in Southampton, four in Canterbury, three in Ipswich, three in Winchester, three 
in Oxford, four in Cambridge, three in Colchester, four in Newcastle-upon-Tyne. 

TAVISTOCK ABBEY, Devonshire, founded, 961 ; rebuilt, subsequently given to 
the Duke of Bedford, 1539. . 

TAXATIO ECCLESIASTICA ANGLI^E ET WALL/E, a record of the value 
of ecclesiastical benefices, the tenths of which were granted by Pope Nicholas IV. 
to Edward I. for carrying on the Crusades in the Holy Land, A.D. 1291. This 
valuation remained in force until 1534, when it was superseded by the Valor 
Ecclesiasticus compiled by commissioners appointed by 26 Henry VIII. c. 3. 

TAXATION and TAXES. Taxes in specie were first introduced into England by 
William I., 1067 ; by act of parliament no tallage or aid was to be levied by the 
king without the consent of the peers and commonalty of the Realm, 34 Edw. I. 
s. 4, c. I, 1306 ; yet the taxes paid in kind were not abrogated until the reign of 
Richard II., 1387 ; wool, corn, leather, stock, were all subjected to tax in kind, 
to the king, and tithe in kind to the Church. Hearth Tax, the earliest tax known 
sanctioned by parliament, 13 & 14 Charles II. c. 10, 1662 ; repealed, i Will. & 
Mary, c. 10, 1688. Income Tax, first imposed by Mr Pitt, 1798 ; revived, 1803 ; 
the present tax proposed by Sir Robert Peel, 5 & 6 Vict. c. 35, June 22, 1842 ; ex- 
tended, 8 & 9, c. 4, April 5, 1845. La7id Tax, first imposed on Ireland, 16 & 
17 Vict. c. 34, 1693 ; made perpetual, 1798. Statnp Tax, first imposed, 5 Will. 
& Mary, c. 21, 1694. Wmdozv Tax, first inflicted by 6 & 7 Will. III. c. 18, 
1695 5 repealed in 185 1. 

TCHERNAYA, battle, the French, under Marshal Pelissier, and the Sardinians, 
commanded by Gen. Delia Marmora, defeated the Russian army of 50,000 men 
with 160 guns, under Gen. Liprandi, Aug. 16, 1855. 

TCHESME, naval battle, the Turkish fleet defeated and almost destroyed by the 
Russians, July 7, 8, 9, 1770. 

TEA. Cultivated by the Chinese before A. D. 753 ; introduced into Japan, 1206 ; 
spoken of by Mr Wickham, an agent of the East India Company, June 27, 1615 ; 
known in Europe previous to 1657 ; retailed at ^6 to ;if lO per pound ; sold by 
Thomas Garway, at ii,s. to ^os. per pound ; he first sold Tea made into drink. 
Pepys, in his Diary, Sept. 25, 1660, says, ' I did send for a cup of tea (a China 
drink), which I had never drunk before.' The trade monopolized by the East 
India Company, 1677-78 ; a surreptitious trade carried on in 1680 ; price of tea 
advertised in Read's Weekly Journal, or British Gazetteer, Sat, April 27, 1734: 
Green Tea, 9J-. to 12s. per lb. Pekoe, i^f. to 16^-. per lb. 

Congou, loj. to I2J-. ,, ,, Imperial, 9^. to 12s. „ „ 

Bohea, los. to izs. ,, ,, Hyson, 20^^. to 2$s. „ „ 

Tea-dealers obliged to fix a sign-board noticing their sale of tea, 1779 ; the trade 
thrown open by 4 Will. IV. c. 85, April 22, 1834. Tea discovered at Assam, 1823 ; 
introduced into the Himalayas, 1857. A tax of 8^. a gallon levied upon all in- 
fusion of, 12 Car. II. c. 23, 1660 ; no person permitted to sell tea without a 
license, 15 Car. II. c. 11, 1663 ; a duty imposed upon tea in America, 1767 ; tea 
destroyed at New York and Boston, which led to the American war, Nov., 1773. 
The duty increased to Ss. per pound, I Will. & Mary c. 6, 1689 ; reduced 50 per 
cent., 1745 ; doubled, 1795 ; the duty fixed at is. 6d. per pound on Bohea, 2s. 2d. 
on Congou and Hyson, 3^. on other teas, 3 & 4 Will. IV. c. lOl ; reduced to 
2J. \d. on all teas, 1836 ; and to \s., 1856 ; further reduced to 6^., 1865. 



TEA-TREE TELEGRAPH 825 

TEA-TREE was brought to England from China, circa 1769-70; attempts to 
cultivate the plant for any useful purpose at Kew failed. 

TEDBURY CHURCH, Gloucestershire, fell down, Nov. 17, 1770 ; rebuilt and 
opened, Oct., 1781. 

TE DEUM, a hymn of thanks to God, said to have been composed by St Augustine 
or St Ambrose, cv-ca 390. It is used to celebrate events of national importance, 
as a victory over an enemy ; Catherine ordered one on the storming of Ismael by 
Swarroff ; after the battle of Blenheim, before Queen Anne, at St Paul's Cathedral, 
1704; after the battle of Ramillies, 1706; Handel composed his Te Deum to 
celebrate the victory of Dettingen, 1 743 ; and Graun's composition in honour of 
the Prussian victory at Kolin, 1757. 

TEETOTALLER, this designation first applied to the total abstainers from all 
intoxicating drinks, by a working man (James Teare), at Preston, June 18, 1832; 
he died at Manchester, March 16, 1868 ; some give the name of Richard Turner, 
1833. 

TEHERAN, Persia. The town enlarged by Mohammed Khan, 1790 ; the Rus- 
sian ambassador murdered here, Feb. 12, 1829. 

TEIGNMOUTH, Devonshire. The Danes landed here in 787; the town burnt by 
a French pirate, 1340; the town furnished 7 ships for the Calais expedition, 1347; 
the French landed and burnt 116 houses and several vessels in the harbour, July 
26, 1690 ; fort erected, 1745 ; the quay erected in 1820 ; bread riots at, Nov. i, 
1867. 

TELEGRAPH. The art of conveying intelligence by the aid of signals has been 
practised from the most ancient times ; the earliest known -were. Fire signals, B.C. 
588. Homer mentions this kind of telegraph, as being in constant use. Poly- 
bius, in his history of the Punic Wars, speaks of a mode of communicating ideas 
by letters of the alphabet, applied to a telegraph invented by Cleoxenus, B.C. 264. 
The Semaphore or Aerial Telegraph was invented by the brothers Chappe, in 
France, 179 1. The line from Paris to Lille was constructed in 1794; it soon 
after became general throughout the continent; introduced into England, 1795. 
Mr Somand invented an electric telegraph, 1787 ; and M. Reizen, 1794 ; electro- 
magnetism introduced by Professor Oersted, 1820. MM.Gaussand Weber invented 
one at Gottingen, 1833 ; and Mr Alexander, of Scotland, 1837. Mr Samuel T. 
Soemmering invented the electro-chemical telegraph, Aug. 29, 1809; he succeeded 
in making a bell ring through 2000 feet, Aug. 23, 1810. Mr Francis Ronald laid 
down eight miles of insulated wire at his residence, at Hammersmith, to carry 
out his system of telegraphmg, 1816 ; and published his invention 'volenti nihil 
difficile,' 1823. M. Steinheil made several experiments of his system on the rail- 
roads, 1838. Mr Cooke invented the first electrometer telegraph, in March, 
1836. Messrs Cooke and Professor Wheatstone obtained a patent for their inven- 
tion, June 12, 1837, and another for improvements made in communicating, 
April 18, 1838. Mr Davy obtained a patent for an electric telegraph, July 
4. The electric dial telegraph invented by Mr John Nott, and patented, 
Jan. 20, 1846. Mr Morse's invention was patented, June 20, 1840. Mr 
Alfred Vail, of the United States, invented a printing telegraph, Sept., 1837, 
An act passed enabling His Majesty to acquire grounds necessary for signal and 
telegraph stations, 55 Geo. HI. c. 128, June 29, 1815 ; railways to allow lines to 
be established for Her Majesty's service, 7 & 8 Vict. c. 85, s. 13, Aug. 9, 1844. 
An act passed regulating the powers of companies for constructing and main- 
taining of, 26 & 27 Vict. c. 112, July 28, 1863. The longest line in Russia is 
3594 miles, between Irkutzk and St Petersburg. A message was transmitted 
from London to San Francisco and back, a distance of 14,000 miles, in two 



826 TELEGRAPH, SUBMARINE TELESCOPES 

minutes, Feb. i, 1868. An act of Parliament passed, for transferring them to the 
Postmaster-General, 3i&32Vict. c. no, July 31, 1868. 

TELEGRAPH, SUBMARINE. The first cable laid between Dover and Calais, 
Aug.* 27, 1850; this failed, and anew cable, prepared by Messrs Newall & Co., 
substituted, Oct. 17, 1851. One laid between England and Ireland, by the same 
firm, June i, 1852 ; Scotland and Ireland connected, Oct.; one laid between the 
south Foreland and Ostend, May 6, 1853 ; between the Gulf of Spezzia and Cape 
Corso, in Corsica, July 20, 1854; between Cagliari and Malta, Nov. 17, 1857. 
The Atlantic Telegraph Company established, Oct. 31, 1856, for uniting Eng- 
land with Ameiica by a submarine wire ; the Niagara, an American vessel, and 
the Agame7nnoii were placed at the disposal of the Company, by the two 
governments ; they sailed from Valentia, Ireland, Aug. 7, 1857, and after 335 
miles had been submerged, Aug. 11, the same vessels met in mid-ocean, 
and the two ends of the cable having been spliced, they started, June 26, 
1858, but it broke the same day ; the splice was again made, and they started 
on the 27th ; this was found defective, and on the 28th another splice being 
made they started, but after 142 miles had been submerged it broke; the 
vessels again met in mid-ocean, and the two ends having been united they 
started, July 29, 1858 ; the Niagara arrived in Trinity Bay, Newfoundland, 
Aug. 5, and the Agamemno7i at Valentia, the same day. The first message sent 
from the directors in England to the directors in America, Aug. 9 ; a congratu- 
latory message sent by Queen Victoria to the President of the United States, 
Aug, 16 ; the President answers ; reply of the New York directors to the English 
directors received, Aug. 18. The first business message, the collision of the 
Eiiropa sxiA Arabia, received, Aug. 20. A festival held in New York in honour 
of, Aug. 1 7. Message from the Mayor of New York, Mr D. G. Tieman, to Sir 
Robt. Walter Garden, Mayor of London, Aug. 21, 22. Ceased to transmit 
messages, Sept. I. One message alone, countermanding the return of the 62nd 
regiment, saved the government a large sum of money. Another attempt to lay 
the cable : the Gt Eastern left the Nore, July 15, 1865 ; started from Bantry 
Bay in company with H. M. steam ships-of-war, the Terrible and Sphinx, July 
23 ; the cable broke, Wednesday, Aug. 2, after the ship had run 1062 miles from 
Valentia. The Gt Eastern with the cable on board left the Medway, June 30, 
1866; laid successfully, July 27; first telegram received on the 28th. The old 
cable recovered, Sept. 2, and again laid, Sept. 8. A gold medal voted to Mr 
Syrus Field by the American Congress for his services in connection with the 
submarine telegraph, March 6, 1867. The cable of 1866 broken, July 27. The 
Danish laid between Sondervig, in Denmark, to England, Sept. 11, 1868 ; one be- 
tween Malta and Alexandria, Oct., 1868 ; a public dinner given at Willis's 
Rooms, London, to Mr Cyrus Field, for services rendered by him to ocean tele- 
graph, July I, 1868. The French Atlantic Telegraph, the shore end laid at Brest, 
June 17, 1869 ; the Gt Eastern started, June 22 ; arrived at St Pierre, July 14. 

TELEGRAPH, OVER-HOUSE. Messrs Waterlow & Sons, of London, erected 
one from their premises in London-wall to Parliament-street, in 1857. A com- 
pany established to carry out this system over the kingdom ; first portion opened, 
Feb. I, i860; they have since become general. 

TELESCOPES, invented in Germany, though the principle was noticed by Roger 
Bacon, 1250 ; they were perfected by Galileo, who made one that magnified a 
thousand times ; and with it he made several important astronomical discoveries, 
among which were the moons of Jupiter, Jan., 1610 ; telescopes were sold in Lon- 
don at the latter end of that year ; used in Holland, 1609 ; these instruments 
were still further improved by Huygens, Newton, and Gregory, 1663 ; improve- 
ments made by Gascoigne in the use of the astronomical telescope, 1640; reflecting 
telescopes were invented by Isaac Newton, 1668; the one made by him presented 



TEMESUAR TEMPLE BAR 827 

to the Royal Society, 1671. Herschel made his large 40-feet telescope, 1783, 
and his great reflecting one completed, Aug. 27, 1789; George III. defrayed the 
expenses, ;,{J"4000. The telescope of Lord Rosse, at Parsonstown, Ireland, is 
still larger, being 6 feet in diameter and 50 feet in length, erected in 1845. Bi- 
nocular telescope invented by Lippersheim at the Hague. The great telescope 
for Melbourne sent out, July 18, 186S. 
TEMESUAR, Hungary, captured by the Turks, 1552; taken by Prince Eugene, 
1718 ; blockaded by the Austrians, for 107 days, 1849 ; relieved by Gen. Hay- 
nau after defeating the Hungarians, Aug. 10, 1849 ; fort blew up, killing 40 
privates and 2 officers, April 3, 185 1. 
TEMPERANCE SOCIETIES originated with an American minister, Calhoun, 
1818, who prohibited spirits altogether in the American army; the first temperance 
society originated m the United States, at Boston, Feb. 13, 1826; and the novelty 
afterwards spread into England, in 1825, and Ireland ; in 1831, there were 1000 
temperance societies in America. A lecture on temperance delivered at Belfast, 
1829; a society formed in Dublin, 1829; another in London, 1831; an 
association at Paisley, Jan. 14, 1832 ; at Preston, by Mr Joseph Livesay, Aug. 
23 ; at Manchester, by Mr James Teare, June 18, 1832 ; Father Mathew in Ire- 
land made more than a million converts, from 1839 to 1841; he visited America 
in the latter year, arguing from the abuse, the total disuse of spirits in every 
possible way. The Maine law passed in America, June 2, 185 1. 
TEMPLARS, a military order, founded 11 18, by Baldwin II., king of Jerusalem ; 
came to England, 1185 ; the order confirmed by the Council of Troyes, 1228 ; a 
provincial council held in London convicted them of heresy, 13 10 ; suppressed 
by the Council of Vienna, and its revenues given to other orders, 1324; many of 
the knights burned alive or hanged, suff"ering bitter persecutions throughout 
Europe, and in France especially under Philip de Valois ; suppressed by a Bull 
of the Pope, dated, April 3, 1312 ; in England their lands were granted to the 
knights hospitallers, 17 Edw. II. c. 3, 1324. 
TEMPLE, London, formerly the residence of the knights templars, granted by Edw. 
II. to Amier de Valence, Earl of Pembroke, 13 13; Edw. III. gave the custody of, 
to the Lord Mayor. The use of the templars' building granted to law students, 1329. 
They applied to the king for permission to land at the waterside gate, which was 
granted, Nov. 2, 1330. The custody of, given by the king to his beloved clerk, 
William de Landford, and the rents farmed to him for ^24 per annum, 1333. 
The lawyers kept commons in Chaucer's time, 1327 ; he speaks of the manciple. 
Wat Tyler plundered the Temple of all the rolls and law books, 1381. A lease 
granted to the lawyers by Hen. VIII., 1541. Middle Temple Hall, begun, 1563 ; 
finished, 1572. The Temple granted to the benchers of the Inner and Middle 
Temples by James I., for;^20 per annum, Aug. 13, 1608. Parson's court erected 
in 1662. Black building since pulled down, 1663. The fire of London destroyed 
most of the Inn, the church barely escaping, 1666. The ancient portico was 
burned in 1678; restored in 1681. The Inner Temple Hall burnt, Jan., 1678-9; 
rebuilt in 1680. The library of Elias Ashmole burnt, Jan. 26, 1679. The 
Middle Temple, Watergate, built in red-brick by Sir C. Wren, 1684 ; upwards 
of 20 sets of chambers burnt, Jan., 1737. Fire at the paper buildings which de- 
stroyed many valuable papers, March 6, 1838. The library of the Middle Temple 
rebuilt from the design of Mr Abraham, at an expense of ;!{^i4,ooo, opened by 
the Prince of Wales, Oct. 31, 1861 ; the first stone laid in 1858. Middle Temple 
Hall, a dinner given by the English bar in, to M. Berryer, the French advocate 
and statesman, Nov. 8, 1864. 
TEMPLE BAR. The earliest mention of this bar occurs in the Records of the 
Corporation of London, Liber G., 1359. At the coronation of Queen Mary the 
wooden erection was newly painted. This was taken down, being in a ruinous 



828 TEMPLE CHURCH TERMS IN LAW 

state, and the present gate erected by Sir Christopher Wren, 1670-72. The heads 
of traitors last fixed upon the bar, March 31, 1772. Petitions for its removal 
presented to the city, 1853; against its removal, from the parish of St Dunstan 
in the West, Feb. 17; repaired, Oct. — Nov. Decorated at the funeral of the late 
Duke of Wellington, Nov., 1852; and again upon the marriage of the Prince of 
Wales, March 10,1863. 

TEMPLE CHURCH. The round part of this edifice is of great antiquity ; by 
some writers it is mentioned as early as I185 ; the choir was re-edified in 1240, 
and taken down and re-dedicated a second time, 1585 ; beautified, 1682 ; the 
S.W. part new built with stone, 1695 ; the whole new white-washed, gilt, and 
painted within, 1706; the east end repaired, 1707; generally repaired, 1811; 
the restoration of, commenced under the direction of Sir R. Smirke, 1827 ; the 
doorway restored, 1840. William Plantagenet, fifth son of Henry IH., buried 
here, 1256; Geoffrey de Magnaville, Earl of Essex, who was killed in 1148 ; and 
William le Mareschal, Earl of Pembroke, 1219. Dimensions within the walls, 
diameter of the circular area, 58 feet ; length of choir, 82 feet, width 58, and 
height 37 feet. 

TEMPLE OF DIANA, at Ephesus, destroyed by the Goths, 260 ; the first 
temples of ancient art were destroyed by Constantine, 331, because they were 
devoted to pagan worship. 

TENBY, Pembrokeshire. The castle built, 1079 ; the church, 1250. 

TENEDOS, naval battle, the Greek fleet under Canaris defeated the Turkish ; one 
vessel blew up with 1600 men on board, and two frigates run ashore, Nov. 9, 1823. 

TENERIFFE, one of the Canary Islands ; the peak is 15,396 feet above the sea ; 
colonized by the Spaniards, 1461; a deluge of rain drowned 14 individuals, and 
an earthquake destroyed several towns and many persons, 1704. Attacked 
unsuccessfully by Nelson at Santa Cruz, when he lost his right arm, and 141 
officers and men were killed, July 24, 1797 ; a fire at Puerta Oratava, in this 
island, destroyed a convent, when seven women perished, Dec. 11, 1815. 

TENISON, Archbishop, founded a library and school in Castle-street, St Martin's 
Lane, 1685-7. An act passed for the sale of, and better management of the school, 
23 & 24 Vict. c. 43, July 23, i860 ; the library sold by Messrs Sotheby and Co., 
June 3 and July i, 1861, — the Psalterium cum Precibus sold for ;!(^200. 

TENNESSEE, N. America, first settlement made, 1757; Fort London destroyed 
and the settlers murdered by the Cherokee Indians, 1760; re-colonized, 1780 ; 
joined the United States, 1794 ; admitted into the Union, 1796 ; a new constitu- 
tion granted, 1834 ; became one of the Confederate States of the South, June 8, 
1 86 1. A cyclone passed over, devastating many miles of country. May 6, i868. 

TENNIS, played in London in the i6th century ; recommended by James I. to his 
son. The Tennis-court at St James's erected, 1676. 

TENTHS of Church Livings first collected in England, 1320 ; restored to the 
Church by 2 & 3 Phil, and Mary, c. 4, 1555 ; applied by Queen Anne to augment 
poor livings, Feb. 7, 1704. 

TENURES, held by knightly service, abolished by law, 1643. 

TERCEIRA ISLAND, discovered by the Spaniards, 1583 ; expedition to, defeated 
by the British fleet, Jan. 16, 1830. 

TERMS IN LAW, and VACATIONS. The Romans had their Fasti and Ne-Fasti; 
the years were divided into Dies Jiiridicos, or law days, and Dies Feriales, festival 
days. Our Saxon and Norman ancestors had their Dies pads EcdesicB, or days de- 
voted to God, and Dies pads Regis, devoted to law The first law term was fixed 
by Edward the Confessor. The terms settled : 



TERRA FIRMA THAMES 829 

Hilary should begin on Jan. 11, and should end on Jan. 31 

Easter „ „ ,, Apr. 15, ,, „ ,, „ May 8 

Trinity „ „ ,, May 22, „ ,, ,, „ June I2 

Michaelmas ,, ,, ,, Nov. 2, ,, ,, ,, ,, Nov. 25 

by II Geo. IV. and l Will. IV. c. 70, July 23, 1830. — Fosi s Judges . 

TERRA FIRMA, North America, settled by the Spaniards, 1524 ; revolt, and 
colonists from Spain established their freedom, 1810. 

TESCHEN, treaty of, signed, May 13, 1779. 

TESCHEN, a town in Silesia, consumed by fire, March 6, 1789. 

TEST ACT, compelling all persons to subscribe a declaration against transubstan- 
tiation, 25 Chas. II. c. 2, March 29, 1673 ; repealed, 9 Geo. IV. c. 17, May 9, 
1828 ; a bill for abolishing religious tests in connection with the taking of 
academical degrees at Oxford, brought into the House of Commons and read, 
Feb. 18, 1868 ; withdrawn, July 16, 1868. 

TESTER, a coin of silver struck in France by Louis XII., 1513 ; and also in 
Scotland, in the time of Francis II. and Mary Queen of Scots, 1553. It was so 
called from the head of the king which was stamped upon it. In England it 
bore the value of i2d. in the reign of Henry VII., and aftenvards forbidden 
as base money in Elizabeth's reign. Called in by proclamation, 2 Edw. VI., 
April 10, 1548 ; reduced in value to ^d., July 9, 1551 ; to 6d., Aug. 17 ; and to 
AVzd., 1559. 

TETU AN, Morocco, the Spaniards attacked the Mooiish army and defeated them, 
and took the town, March 23, i860 ; treaty signed with, June 15, i860. 

TEUTONI, tribe of ancient Germans, inhabiting N.E. of the Elbe, B.C. 114. 

TEUTONIC ORDER, or Knights of the Holy Cross, established, 1 191 ; abolished, 
1525- 

TEWKESBURY, Gloucestershire. This ancient Saxon town had an abbey founded 
by Odo, Dukeof Mercia, circa 715 ; abbey built, 1102 ; incorporated, 1574 ; taken 
by the Parliamentarians, June 5, 1644 ; the municipality in abeyance, from 1692 — 
98; re-chartered by William III., 1698 ; damaged by a storm, Aug. 18, 1793 ; 
races established here, 1825 ; the Mythe bridge erected from the designs of Tel- 
ford at a cost of ;^36,ooo, 1826. 

TEWKESBURY, battle, in which Edward IV. obtained the victory over the Lan- 
castrian forces, May 4, 147 1 ; Queen Margaret and her son were taken prisoners, 
and she was conveyed to the Tower of London, where King Henry, her husband, 
expired shortly after the engagement, said to have been murdered by the Duke of 
Gloucester, afterwards Richard III.; Margaret was ransomed in 1475 by Louis 
XL, King of France, for 50,000 crowns ; it was the last battle of the Roses. 

TEXAS, N. America. French settlement made at Matergorda, 1687-8 ; expelled 
by the Spaniards, 1690 ; declared its independence, 1836 ; recognized by the 
United States, March 3, 1837 ; a commercial treaty signed with Great Britain, 
Nov. 14, 1840; admitted into the N. American Union, 1846 ; joined the South- 
ern confederation, Feb. i, 1861 ; the towns of Clarkville, Bagdad, and Browns- 
hill near, destroyed by a hurricane, Oct. 29, 1867. 

THABOR, battle, the French, 6000 strong, under Gen. Kleber, defeated 30,000 
Turks at this place, April, 1 799. 

THAMES, the Father of Rivers. The conservancy of, vested in the Lord Mayor 
of London by the charter of Richard I., July 14, 1197 ; rights extended by Hen. 
VI., Oct. 26, 1444 ; confirmed by James I. Aug. 20, 1604. A statute was 
passed in the reign of Richard II., defining the sort of nets to be used for fishing, 
Jan. 13, 1389. The river rose so high at Westminster that the lawyers were 



830 THAMES EMBANKMENT THAVIE'S INN 

brought out of the hall in boats, 1235 ; and to a still greater height, destroying 
a great many houses upon the banks, Oct. 10, 1253. Certain men of Plumstead 
punished for taking salmon with unlawful nets, 1320 ; a guard of 4 aldermen 
and 100 men-at-arms of the different wards, besides archers, appointed to pro- 
tect the shipping on the river between Radcliffe and London Bridge, Aug. 29, 
1377; two stone towers, 60 feet high, and 20 wide, ordered to be erected for 
the protection of the shipping, 1380 ; made navigable to Oxford, 1624 ; the 
ballast monopolized by Charles I., 1636. The tide ebbed and flowed thrice in 
three hours, 1658; three tmies in five hours, March 22, 1682 ; again twice in 
three hours, May 24, 1777. The first regatta upon, June 23, 1775 ; the hulks first 
introduced upon, July 15, 1776 ; first steamer upon, July i, iSoi ; frozen over 
and a fair held upon, Dec, 1814 ; the heat of the weather caused great foul- 
ness in the river, May 22, 1858. Conservancy act passed, 12 conservators appointed, 
20 & 21 Vict. c. 47, Aug. 17, 1857; amended, 27 & 28 Vict. c. 113, July 29, 
1864 ; the powers of the commissioners extended from Staines in Middlesex to 
Cricklade in Wilts, 29 & 30 Vict. c. 89., Aug. 6, 1866 ; additional powers given 
to the commissioners between London and Staines, 30 &31 Vict. c. ci., June 17, 

1867 ; election of commissioners held at Oxford, Dec. 6, 1867. Robbery of 
bullion, valued at ;!{!^2000, off London bridge, Feb. 27, 1867. 

THAMES EMBANKMENT, first suggested by Sir C. Wren after the fire of 1666, 
and ordered to be carried out by 22 Charles IL c. 2 ; a more extensive plan sub- 
mitted by Mr Gwynn, 1766 ; another plan prepared by Col. French, and laid 
before a public meeting, July 17, 1824 ; a company formed to carry this out, Feb, 
3, 1825 ; subsequently abandoned. A parliamentary committee appointed to 
consider the desirability to embank the south side of the river from London 
bridge westward, March 27, 1840 ; the survey completed in 1841 ; the Metropolitan 
Board of Works empowered to embank the river, 21 & 22 Vict. c. 104, Aug. 2, 
1858; a parliamentary committee appointed, i860; made their report, July 2, 
1861. An act passed for embanking the north side from Westminster bridge to 
Blackfiiars bridge, as designed by J. W. Bazalgette, 25 & 26 Vict. c. 93, Aug. 7) 
1862 ; for the south side, 26 & 27 Vict. c. 75, July 28, 1863 ; the foundation- 
stone of the northern embankment laid by Mr Thwaites, chairman of the Metro- 
politan Board of Works, near Hungerford bridge, July 8, 1864, and the founda- 
tion-stone by the same gentleman on the southern side, July 28, 1866. Provisions 
of the act extended, 31 & 32 Vict. c. 43, July 13, 1868 ; the southern embank- 
ment from Westminster to Lambeth bridge opened for public traffic, May 2, 

1868 ; the northern portion between Westminster and the Temple, July 30, 1868. 
THAMES POLICE, established, 2 & 3 Vict. c. 47, s. 5, Aug. 17, 1839 ; succeeded 

the river police, which was established 1 798. 

THAMES TUNNEL, designed by J. K. Brunei, 1823 ; a company formed, 1824 ; 
the first stone laid by William Smith, M.P., March 3, 1825 ; excavation com- 
menced, April I ; first horizontal driving, Dec, 1825 ; first irruption of water, 
540 feet from the shaft, May 18, 1827 ; again, in which six workmen perished, 
Jan. 12, 1828; works resumed, March, 1836; the water again broke in, March 
6, 1838. Length of the tunnel, 1300 feet; breadth, 35 feet; height, 20 feet; 
clear width of archway, including footpath, 14 feet ; thickness of earth between 
the tunnel and bed of the river, 15 feet; completed, Nov., 1841. Mr Brunei 
knighted, March 24, 1842 ; on Aug. 12 he passed through the tunnel, and it was 
opened to the public, March 25, 1843. Visited by the Queen, July 26, 1843. 
Sold to the East London Railway Company for ^173,600, 1867. Closed for foot 
passengers, July 20, 1869. 

THAVIE'S INN, London, formerly the town residence of John Thavie ; purchased 
by the Society of Lincoln's Inn, 1549 ; sold to Thomas Middleton, 1771 ; pulled 
down, 1790. 



THEATINES THEATRES 831 

THEATINES, order of, founded, 1524 ; established at Paris, 1644 ; they vainly 
endeavoured to restrain the luxury of the clergy, and to revive the simplicity and 
poverty of the apostles. 

THEATRES. The earliest known was built at Athens, B.C. circa 500 ; one for 
the performance of the drama in Italy, B.C. 240. The Emperor Pompey estab- 
lished one at Rome, B.C. 54 ; the first erected at Venice, A.D. 1639. The first 
dramatic exhibitions in this country were of a religious nature, and performed at 
the various public buildings by a wandering class of performers and by persons con- 
nected with the Church. Geoffrey, Prior of the Guild of St S within, Winchester, 
was appointed to preside over a dramatic school at St Albans, and subsequently at 
Dunstable, where he made a play on the story of St Katharine ; this is said to 
have been the first play acted in England, circa III9. Richard III., when Duke 
of Gloucester, had a troop of players, 1481-2 ; scenery first used, 1533 ; a license 
given to the domestic servants of the nobility to play where it seemed good, if 
they received permission from their employers, 1572. The first comedy, 'Ralph 
Roister Doister,' written by Nicholas Udall, 1540 ; ' Pammachus ' performed at 
Christ's College, Oxford, 1545 ; by a decree of the Council all players and pipers 
prohibited from strolling through the kingdom, 1556 ; Gammer Gurton's Needle 
performed at Cambridge, 1566 ; James Burbage (the father of Richard) and other 
servants of the Earl of Leicester, licensed to perform at the Blackfriars theatre by 
Queen Elizabeth, 1576 ; Richard II. performed here, 1599 ; James I. granted a 
licence to Hemings, &c., an actor, to perform a comedy, tragedy, and history for 
his Majesty's solace and pleasure at the Globe and Blackfriars, 1619. Charles I. 
gave the players leave to act where they liked and to come to court, 1625 ; Charles 
II. granted a license to Sir Wm Davenant to build a theatre, Jan. 15, 1662 ; 
and to Sir Thomas Killigrew to build two theatres, April 25, the same year; 
he opened one at the Bull, Vere-street, Clare-market, which in the course of the 
next year was removed to Drury Lane, and another at Riding "Yard, Covent 
Garden, and Davenant opened the Duke's theatre, Dorset Gardens. Killigrew 
first introduced Actresses upon the stage to represent female characters, which up 
to that time were taken by men, Jan. 3, 1661. The first Pi ay Bill iss\xtd was 
for a comedy called the ' Humorous Lieutenant,' at Drury Lane, the perform- 
ance to commence at three o'clock, April 8, 1663. After-Pieces introduced, Oct. 
25, 1668. The theatres closed in London on account of the plague for 18 months, 
Oct. II, 1665. The Military Guard z.i theatres arose from a riot which took 
place at the Lincoln's-Inn-Fields theatre, 1 722. An act passed for licensing plays, 
in which it is enacted that all plays shall be submitted to the Lord Chamberlain 
before they are performed, 10 Geo. II. c. 28, June 21, 1737 ; another act passed for 
regulating theatres, 6&7Vict. c. 68, Aug. 22, 1843. The first regular theatre (the 
Ctirtain) was built in Holywell Lane, Shoreditch, 1576 ; the i?tij(? built in South- 
wark, 1584 ; the Fortune, in Playhouse-yard, Cripplegate, 1600. The Globe, 
Bankside, the theatre of Shakespeare, built, 1594 ; burnt on St Peter's day, 
1613 ; rebuilt the next year, but pulled down, 1654. The Royal, Blackfriars, 
opened, 1576 ; pulled down, 1655 ; this was the first theatre licensed by the king 
(James I.) to Lawrence Fletcher, William Shakespeare, and Richard Burbage. 
The company took the name of His Majesty's servants, they were previously 
known as the servants of the Lord Chamberlain, 1603. The Z'/^/Jt? theatre, Dor- 
set Gardens, built, i66q ; burnt, 1666 ; restored, 1671. The Hope, Bankside, 
erected, 1610 ; the Play of Bartholomew Fair first played at this theatre, Oct. 13, 
1614, The Cockpit, Drury Lane, erected, 1616 ; the new theatre, Lincoln's-Inn- 
Fields, opened, 1695. Theatrical performances were violently opposed by the 
Puritan.s, 1643 ; and an act was passed to suppress these displays and to punish 
the actors, Feb. 11, 1647, O.S.; they revived in 1660. The last theatre opened 
in London, June 19, i8i59 (the New Charing Cross Theatre). 



832 



THEATRES 



THELUSSON'S WILL 



THE FOLLOWING ARE THE DIMENSIONS OF THE PRINCIPAL HOUSES IN 
LONDON : — 





"a 




S Ml 
CI. a 




a, ■ 


. 
'5.:-3 


"nl 


V 




^oi 


^ V 


<« a, 




^ a 
3 


i^ 


° 3 




-S " i! 


^^ 


X e 


^■^ 


"4-. ■" 

rC3 i 





5J 




^■3 S 
C ™ H 


•3 


~ 3 


M 


.bjO c 


0.2 


■S ■" 




a5 ■»-• " 

i-I 


^ 


^ 


ft. in. 


ffi" 





"^ 




ft. in. 


ft. in. 


ft. in. 


ft. in. 


ft. in. 


ft. in. 


Her Majesty's 


69 5 


56 


39 7 


36 


62 4 


53 4 


94 10 


Covent Garden 


81 


63 


50 


43 


65 


60 


90 


Drury Lane 


62 


51 6 


378 


386 


54 


80 


78 


Lyceum 


— 


385 


32 


35 


— 


— 


— 


Haymarket 


46 


35 


32 


28 


— 


48 


58 


Holborn 


41 


32 


29 


28 


42 


36 


52 


Olympic 


— 


33 


27 


29 


— 


— 


— 


Princess's 


— 


— 


26 


30 


— 


— 


62 


Britannia 


>J^ ° 


52 


34 


37 


48 


53 


77 


Adelphi 


*40 
|t46 


31 o| 

44 0) 


35 


38 


44 9 


55 


67 


New Sm-rey 


68 


62 


— 


— 


— 


60 


70 


The Queen's, Long 
Acre 


(*44 6 

t47 6 

(+50 


3801 
43 0^ 
48 0) 


30 


29 6 


50 


50 


55 


Gaiety 


43 


41 


30 


28 6 


65 


40 


64 


Globe § 
















Prince of Wales 


62 


51 6 


378 


38 6 


54 


80 


78 


Standard 


II 167 


90 






184 







See alphabetical arrangement for further particulars. 

THEATRICAL FUNDS. A fund for the relief of decayed actors and actresses 
was promoted at Covent Garden by Thomas Hull and Mr Mattocks, 1762 ; and 
an act of parliament was passed legalizing it, 16 Geo. III. c. 31, 1776 ; David 
Garrick and Mr Lacy, at Drury Lane Theatre, established one for the same pur- 
pose, 1766 ; confirmed by 16 Geo. HI. c. 13, 1776. 

THEBES. The most celebrated city of ancient Greece, said by Homer to 
have had a hundred gates ; founded by Cadmus, a Phoenician, B.C. 1500; expelled 
by the Boeotians, 1124 ; took part with the Persians against the Athenians, 480 ; 
taken by the Spartans, 387 ; recovered by the Thebans, 375; peace proclaimed, 
371 ; engaged in the Phocian war, 357 ; taken by Philip, 336 ; destroyed, 335 ; 
restored 20 years afterwards, but never became independent. It now consists of 
a few miserable dwellings. Belzoni opened the tomb of the kings, A.D. 1819. 

THEISTS, a class of Deists in France, who rejected public worship and exterior 
forms, but would unite themselves with all who believed in God alone ; they 
appeared 1660. 

THELUSSON'S WILL, a remarkable document; he left ;^ioo,oooto his family, 
and ;^6oo,ooo to trustees, to accumulate until the eldest male heir of his three 
sons' sons should be of age ; the money to accumulate, and to be laid out in the 
purchase of estates. The will was contested, but confirmed in an appeal to the 
lords, June 25, 1805. Thelusson died, July 21, 1797, and the stock might possibly 

* To grand tire box-front. t To upper box-front. t Gallery tier. 

§ Opened, Nov. 28, 186S. 1| Whole length, width and height. 



THELWALL THIRTY YEARS' WAR 833 

accumulate for 120 years, and reach ;!f 140,000,000 sterling ; should there be no 
heir the property was to go to lessen the national debt. It got, however, into 
chancery management, and report stated that it had not doubled its principal 
more than thirty years afterwards, as might be expected. The testator's last grand- 
son died in 1856 ; a dispute then began as to whether his great-grandson, or the 
grandson of his eldest son, should inherit the property. The House of Lords 
declared in favour of the latter, 1859. An act passed for prescribing the accumu- 
lation of property, 39 & 40 Geo. HI. c. 98, July 28, 1800. 

THELWALL, Tooke, and Hardy, tried for high treason, for having belonged to 
a society for promoting parliamentary reform ; they were honourably acquitted 
in Nov. and Dec, 1794. Aftenvards committed to the Tower, May 20, 1794, but 
subsequently released through the gi-eat abilities and exertions of their counsel, 
Messrs Erskine and Gibbs. Lord Eldon was opposed to the proceedings, being 
then of the administration, and only wished to prosecute them for a misdemeanour ; 
but Pitt insisted upon the prosecution. 

THEODOLITE, first used by Mr Bugge, 1763 ; Ramsey's great Theodolite 

finished, 1787. 
THEODOSIAN CODE. A commission appointed by Theodosius II. under the 

direction of Antiochus, A.D. 429. Second commission appointed, 435; completed, 

438 ; adopted and promulgated, 448. 
THERESA. The female order for jimmarried ladies of all sects founded by 

Theresa, Queen of Bavaria, Dec. 12, 1827. 
THERMOMETER, known in the 17th century. Air-thermometer invented by 

Amontons, 1702; his treatise upon it appeared, 1724; that of Fahrenheit invented 

about 1720; Reaumur's, 1730, since abandoned; and the Centigrade, 1780. 

Differential thermometer invented by M. Sturmius, 1676; revived by Professor 

Leslie, 1804 ; Professor Wheatstone invented his telegraphic thermometer, 1843. 

THERMOPYL.^, Greece. The defence of the Pass of, by 300 Spartans under 
Leonidas, against the army of Xerxes for 3 days, B.C. Aug. 7, 480 ; the Gauls, 
under Brennus, defeated the Greeks here, 279 ; taken by Philip V. of Macedon, 
207 ; the Romans again defeated here, 181; the Turks, 5000 strong, defeated by 
the Greeks under Odysseus, with a loss of 1200 slain, 7 guns, and 17 standards, 
Sept. 6, A.D. 1 82 1 ; the Turks again defeated, Nov., 1822. 

THESSALONIANS, First Epistle written to the, by the Apostle Paul at Corinth, 
A.D. 52-3 ; the second written from the same place the following year. 

THESSALONICA, Macedonia, rebuilt by Philip of Macedon, and named after 
his daughter, B.C. 315. The first Christian Church established by St Paul, A.D, 
53. Riot and massacre in the city, 390. Taken by the Saracens, 904 ; by 
Tancred, 1185 ; and by the Turks, 1430. 

THIRTY-NINE ARTICLES. A committee appointed to reform the Ecclesias- 
tical laws, 1549. Cranmer directed to frame the Articles, 155 1 ; he submitted 
them to Sir W. Cecil and Sir T- Cheke, Sept., 1552. 42 articles first published, 
1553 ; revised by Archbishop Parker, 1562. 38 published by convocation, Feb. 
5, 1563. Clergymen compelled to subscribe to the, 13 Eliz. c. 12, 1570. The 39 
articles agreed to by convocation, May 11, 1604. — Short'' s History of the Church 
of England. 

THIRTY TYRANTS. In Roman history a fanciful designation given to a number 
of adventurers, who, after the defeat of Valerian and during the reign of his suc- 
cessor, Gallinius, aspired to the throne, A.D. 260 — 267. The Thirty Tyrants of 
Athens, who, after the conquest of the city by Lysander, assumed the sway over 
the city, Ciitias and Theramenes, B.C. 404. 

THIRTY YEARS' WAR, a series of wars between the Protestants and Roman 

53 



834 THISTLE THREE GOLDEN FLEECES 

Catholics in Germany; it began with an insurrection of the Bohemians, in 1618 ; the 
House of Austria was at the head of the Roman Catholic party, and Gustavus Adol- 
phus was the chief support of the Protestants ; it ended with the peace of West- 
phalia, signed at Munster, Oct. 24, 1648. 

THISTLE, Order of the, in Scotland, founded, 1540 ; some pretend it is much 
more ancient ; revived. May 29, 1687, by James II. of England. The Duke of 
Gordon, the Marquis of Athol, the Earl of Arran, afterwards Duke of Hamilton, 
the Earls of Moray, Perth, Seaforth, Dumbarton, and Melford, were the first 
knights. Again revived by Queen Anne, Dec. 31, 1703 ; confirmed by Geo. I., 
Feb. 17, 1714. Thistle of Bourbon, order of, begun, 1370. 

THISTLEWOOD, Brunt, Ings, Davidson, and Tidd, arrested for the Cato-street 
conspiracy, Feb. 23, 1 820 ; condemned to death, April 20; executed at the Old 
Bailey, May I. 

THOMAS, ST, Festival of, instituted, 1130. 

THOMAS'S, ST, Hospital, founded by the Prior of Bermondsey, 1213; remodeled 
by Peter de Rupibus, bishop of Winchester, 1215 ; surrendered to Henry VIII., 
1539 ; purchased by the city for ;^246i 2s. 6d., July 5, 1551 j charter of in- 
corporation granted by Edw. VI., Aug. 12 ; opened for patients, Nov., 1552 ; 
rebuilt, 1701-6; enlarged, 1732 and 1736; the south wing added, 1842 ; removed 
temporarily to the Surrey Gardens ; sold to the* South Eastern Railway for 
;i{^296,ooo. The first stone of the new building laid by Her Majesty Victoria, 
upon the new embankment, at Stangate, May 12, 1868. 

THOMAS'S, ST, one of the Virgin Islands, West Indies, discovered by Colum- 
bus, 1494 ; colonized by the Danes subsequently, cij'ca 1666 ; taken by the Eng- 
lish, 1801, restored the same year ; surrendered to them, 1807, and again restored, 
181 5. Visited by a fearful hurricane, which destroyed 80 vessels, many the mail 
steamers belonging to the Royal Mail Steampacket Company ; some were blown 
ashore ; many houses were destroyed, and upwards of 100 persons perished ; this 
was followed by three shocks of an earthquake, Oct. 29, 1867. 

THOMITES, the name of a party of the poorer class, whose ignorance led them to fol- 
low an impostor named Thom, pretending to particular revelations, and calling him- 
self King of Jerusalem : he declared himself invulnerable, and shot a constable 
ordered to apprehend him ; and afterwards the officer in command of a party of 
military, sent to Canterbury after him ; he was himself shot by one of the soldiers; 
his devotees then ^attacked the military, who were compelled to fii^e on them, 
May 31, 1838. 

THORN, Prussia, founded by 'the Teutonic knights, 1232 ; became one of the 
Hanseatic League in the 14th century; captured by Charles XII. of Sweden, 
1703; captured by Prussia, 1793; taken by the French under Marshal Ney, 1806; 
garrisoned by the French, 1813 ; blockaded by the Russians, July, .1813 ; sur- 
rendered to them, July 22 ; ceded to Prussia, 181 5. 

THORNBURY CASTLE, Gloucestershire, built by Edward Stafford, Duke of 
Buckingham, 1511-20 ; Henry VIII. and Anne Boleyn entertained in, for ten 
days, 1539. 

THREAD, first made at Paisley, in Scotland, 1722. 

THREATENING LETTERS sent to various persons demanding money became 
such a nuisance in the reign of Henry VI., that an act was passed for their punish- 
ment, 8 Hen. VI. c. 6, 1429 ; amended by i Eliz. c. 6, 1558 ; better provisions 
made for the punishment of offenders, 4 Geo. IV. c. 54,' July 8, 1823 ; repealed 
by 24 & 25 Vict. c. 95 and loi, Aug. 6, 1861 ; and new provisions made by 24 
& 25 Vict. c. 96, Aug. 6, 1 86 1. 

THREE GOLDEN FLEECES, order of, instituted by Napoleon I., Aug. 15, 1809. 



THREE KINGS OF COLOGNE TIGER 835 

THREE KINGS OF COLOGNE, or the Eastern Magi, who came to do homage 
to Our Saviour at his birth ; their bones were removed by the Empress Helena 
to Constantinople, and from thence to Cologne, 1 164; their Lives were printed in 
Paris by Tresyrel, 1498 ; and by Wynkyn de Worde, 15 16. 

THRESHING MACHINES, invented by Michael Menzies of Edinburgh, 1732. 

THUMBSCREW, an instrument of torture used in the Inquisition, and also in 
England when ordered by the privy council, though torture was declared by the 
judges contrary to the law of the land; at the revolution of 1688, it was abolished. 
Carstairs, accused of having a guilty knowledge of the Ryehouse plot, was the last 
put to the torture, in the reign of Charles II., about 1682 ; the privy council of 
King William made him a present of the instrument, 1688. 

THUNDERING LEGION, a name given to a Roman Legion, a.d. 179, from 
their thirst being relieved by a thunder-storm, which also tended to discomfit the 
invading force of Marcomanni. 

THUROT'S invasion of Carrickfergus, Ireland, which he plundered, but was over- 
taken by Captain Elliot, who took his squadron, he being killed, Feb. 28, 1760. 

THYNNE, THOMAS, shot in his carriage in Pall-Mali, by assassins hired by 

Count Konigsmark, who was himself assassinated by order of George I., Feb. 

12, 1682. 
TIARA, the ecclesiastical crown with which the pope was crowned for the first time 

in 1053 : John XIX. had it encircled with a crown, 1276 ; Boniface VIII. added 

a second, 1295 ; and Benedict XII. a third. 

TIBERIAS, Palestine, the capital of Galilee, built by Herod Antipas, and named 
after the Emperor Tiberias; first mentioned in the Gospel of John. The Mishna 
was compiled here by the Great Rabbi, Judah Hakkodesh, a.d. 190; almost de- 
stroyed by the earthquake of 1837. 

TICHFIELD ABBEY, Hants, built, 1232. 

TICKET OF LEAVE, a licence given to convicts for good conduct, 16 & 17 Vict, 
c. 99, Aug. 20, 1853 ; amended, 20 & 21 Vict. c. 3, s. 5, June 26, 1857 ; further 
amended by 27 & 28 Vict. c. 47, s. 4, July 25, 1864. 

TICKHILL CASTLE, Yorkshire, erected by Roger de Bresli, temp. William I., 
1080-7 ; John of Gaunt resided at, 1383-4; garrisoned for Charles I., 1645 5 cap- 
tured by the Parliamentarians, and destroyed, 1651. 

TICONDEROGA, N. America. The fortress built by the French, 1756 ; assailed 
unsuccessfully by Abercrombie with a loss of 2000 men, 1758 ; surrendered to 
Gen. Amherst, July, 1759 5 captured by surprise by the Americans under Gen. 
Allen, May 10, 1775 ; evacuated, July, 1777, and taken by the English. 

TIDE ebbed and flowed three times in an hour at Lyme, in Dorset, May 31, 1682, 
and four times in an hour at Whitby, July 17, 1761 ; three times in two hours on 
the Kentish coast, Oct. 31, 1827. 6'<?e' Thames. 

TIDES, their theory first elucidated by Kepler, 1591 ; but Sir Isaac Newton gave 
proof of the correctness of the theory by gravitation, between 1680 and 1690. 

TIEN-TSIN, China. The fleet having forced the entrance to the Peiho river, April 
14, 1858, the ambassadors of France and England, Baron Gros and Lord Elgin, 
proceeded to this city. The Chinese commissioners met them on June 4 ; treaty 
signed, June 26; the town occupied by the British, Aug. 23, i860; the treaty of, 
ratified, Oct. 24, and the troops evacuated Pekin, and returned to this town, 
Nov. 5. 

TIGER, steam frigate-of-war, wrecked on a shoal off Odessa, and destroyed by 
the fire of the Russian guns, May 12, 1854. 



836 TILBURY FORT TINTAGEL CASTLE 

TILBURY FORT, Essex, erected by Henry VIII. ; camp formed here by Queen 
Elizabeth to resist the Armada, 1588 ; fortified, 1667. 

TILERS AND BRICKLAYERS' COMPANY, incorporated, 10 Eliz., Aug. 3, 
1568 ; confirmed, 2 James I., April 30, 1604 ; reincorporated, i James II., Feb. 
18, 1685. 

TILES were made by the Greeks and Romans, and were used in England during 
the occupation of the latter. The finest specimens have been found at Chertsey, 
circa 1270. The price of tiles in London fixed at 5^. a thousand at the highest, 
1350. Taxed, 1784; and again, 1830; abolished, 3 Will. IV. c. 11, May 17, 1833. 

TILSIT, Prussia. Castle built, 1289; made a city, 1552; captured by the French 
under Murat, June 20, 1807 ; meeting of the Emperor Alexander of Russia and 
Napoleon at, June 25 ; treaty of, signed between France and Russia, July 7, and 
between France and Prussia, July 9. 

TIMBUCTOO, Africa, said to have been built by Mousa Suleiman, 1214 ; taken 
by the Moors, 1396; became independent, 1500 ; retaken by the Moors, 1672. 
Visited by Dr Barth, Sept. 7, 1853, who remained there till July 8, 1854. 

TIME. The Romans reckoned from the building of the city, A.U.C. The calendar 
was altered by the Csesars, B.C. 47, or A.U.C. 707. The Greeks reckoned by 
Olympiads; each measured 4 years; they begun B.C. 776. The Christian era 
dates from the birth of Christ: according to the Greek chronology that event 
happened in the 4th year of the 194th Olympiad, according to Rome A.U.C. 753. 
The Mohammedan era dates from Mohammed's flight to Medina, July 15, A. p. 
622. First computed fi-om the Christian era, 516 ; in history, 748 ; in Spam, 
1358; in Arragon and Castile, 1383 ; in Portugal, 1415. 

TIME-MEASURE. Barometer introduced by Scipio Nasica, B.C. 159. King Alfred 
measured the time with six large wax tapers, each twelve inches long ; as they 
burnt unequally, owing to the wind, he invented a lantern made of wood and thin- 
scraped plates of ox-horns, glass being a great rarity, A. D. 887. Hour-glasses were 
subsequently invented. 

TIMOTHY, the First Epistle of Paul to, written from Rome, circa A.D. 64. The 
Second Epistle, from the same place, written circa A.D. 65 or 66. 

TIN found in Cornwall since the trading times of the Phrenicians, 1200 years be- 
fore the Christian era ; found among the spoils taken from the Midianites, Num. 
xxxi. 22. The trade carried on by the Greeks in the time of Homer ; Agamem- 
non's cuirass was made of 20 layers of tin, and 20 bosses were upon his shield, 
//. xi. The markets of Tyre supplied by the ships from Tarshish, Ezek. xxvii. 12, 
circa B.C. 590 ; and of Solomon is said by Ecclesiasticus, xlvii. 18, "Thou didst 
gather gold as tin, and didst multiply silver as lead." Herodotus speaks of the 
Tin Islands, iii. 15. Strabo describes them as 10 islands situated in the open 
sea, to the north of the country of the Artabri, iii. 147. Small quantities 
have been found in Spain and Brittany. Tin is found in considerable quantities 
in Banca, an island of the Indian Ocean ; it was also found in New Spain, 1782. 
Bancatin imported, 1787 ; exportation of tin from England, 1789. The quantity 
of tin in Cornwall raised for so many ages is surprising: in 1750, 2876 tons, and 
in 1834, 4180 tons, were raised. The duchy of Cornwall and the tin dues were 
bestowed by Edward III. on the Black Prince, 1335. 

TIN-PLATE WORKERS' COMPANY, incorporated, 22 Car. II., Dec. 29, 
1670; livery granted, 6 Geo. III., Dec. 9, 1766. 

TINCHEBRAI, battle, Robert of Normandy defeated the Saracens in Syria, Sept. 

27, 1 106. 
TINTAGEL CASTLE, Cornwall, built by William I., X080-5. Richard, Eari of 
Cornwall, entertained David, Prince of Wales here, 1245. 



TINTERN ABBEY TITLES 837 

TINTERN ABBEY, Monmouthshire, founded by Walter de Clare, 1131 ; con- 
firmed by charter to the Cistercian monks, Maixh 22, 1223 ; the building com- 
pleted and the first service held, July 28, 1287; given to Henry, Earl of Worcester, 
at the dissolution. The length of the abbey is 228 ft., transepts 150 ft., height 
70 ft. The Hospitium discovered, 1847. 

TIPPERARY, Ireland. The abbey of the Holy Cross founded, 1182 ; formed into 
a county by King John, 1210 ; made a county palatine by Edw. III., 1328 ; 
granted to the Duke of Ormond. Insurrection at, 179S; the militia of, mutinied, 
three of the mutineers were killed and many wounded, July 7, 1856. 

TITHES or tenths, are mentioned in sacred history, ist, Abraham presenting a 
tenth of the spoils of his victory to Melchizedek, Gen. xiv. 20 ; 2nd, Jacob, after 
his vision at Luz, Gen. xxviii. 22. Established by Charlemagne in France ; first 
enjoined by the English law, A. d. 786, by King Alfred ; confirmed by the laws 
of Athelstan, 930. Tithes in London fixed at the rate of 2.s. gd. in the £1, by 
37 Hen. VIII. c. 12, 1545. Levied on all kinds of produce, nothing escaping, 
even in some cases the fish from the sea were claimed ; to obviate this incon- 
venient and vexatious mode the composition act was passed for Ireland, 2 & 3 Geo. 
IV. c. 119, Aug. 16,1832. An act was passed appointing a board of commissioners 
for converting in England the tithes into a rent charge payable in money, 6 & 7 
Will. IV. c. 71, Aug. 13, 1836 ; explained and amended by 3 & 4 Vict. c. 15, 
June 4, 1840 ; amended, 10 & ii Vict. c. 104, July 22, 1847 ; consolidated by 
14 & 15 Vict. c. 53, Aug. I, 1851 ; amendment act, 31 & 32 Vict. c. 89, July 
31, 1868. Made a rent charge in Ireland, i & 2 Vict. c. 56, July 31, 1838; 
amended by 1 1 & 12 Vict. c. 80, Aug. 31, 1848. The payments settled averages of 
every seven years in the following mode : — Tithe rent charge per cent, for seven- 
teen yeai's, to Christmas, 1852, being the result of the corn averages ; Wheat, 
6s. o%d.; Barley, 3^-. 9/^^.; and Oats, 2s. 6^d. the imperial bushel. 

1837 

1838 

1839 

1840 

1841 

1842 

1843 

1844 

1845 

1846 

1847 

1848 

1849 

1850 

1851 

1852 

1853 



Average 17 years ... 99 17 7^ 

TITIAN'S masterpiece, " Peter Martyr," burnt in the Venetian church of SS. 

Giovanni e Paolo, Aug. 15, 1867. 
TITLES, Royal : the following are some of the titles privileged to be held by 

royalty. The title of ',' Grace" conferred on Henry IV., circa 1398 ; Henry VI. 



98 


s. 
13 


d. 
9% 


97 


7 


II 


95 


7 


9 , 


98 


IS 


9^ 


102 


12 


sx 


105 


8 


2% 


105 


12 


2K 


104 


3 


5^ 


103 


17 


11% 


102 


17 


m 


99 


18 


loX 


102 


I 





100 


3 


7H 


98 


16 


10 


96 


II 


4K 


93 


16 


iiH 


91 


13 


5M 


1697 


19 


A'A 



83S TITUS . TOKENS 

that of "Excellent Grace ; " Edward IV. was called " High and Mighty Prince," 
1461 ; Henry VII. "Highness;" Henry VIII. "Majesty," 1520; (James I, 
was the last that was styled "Dread Sovereign;") and Charles I. that of 
" Sacred." That of " Majesty" was first given to Louis XL of France ; be- 
fore, it was the title only of emperors. The kings of Arragon, Castile, and 
Portugal, had the title only of " Highness;" those of England, " Your Grace ; " 
those of France, " Your Despotism." Titles of families first created by patent, 
1344; abolished in France, 1790; re-established, March, 1808. 

TITUS, St Paul's Epistle to, written from Macedonia; the date has been much con- 
troverted, but the best authorities fix the period between a.d. 57 and 64. 

TIVERTON, Devonshire. The castle built, 1106, the residence of the Earls of 
Devon; occupied by Charles I., 1644 ; carried by storm, by the Parliamentarians 
under Fairfax, Oct., 1645. The church of St Peter's partially rebuilt, 1853. The 
grammar-school founded by Peter Blundell, 1604. 298 houses burned down at, 
June 5, 1731 ; and 200 on June 30, 1794. The lace trade established here, 1816. 
The town hall opened by Lord Palmerston, 1864. 

TOBACCO, discovered in Cuba by Columbus the first week in Nov., 1492 ; used 
at St Domingo, 1496, and by the Spaniards at Yucatan, 1520. Francis Lopez 
de Gomera, chaplain to Cortez, in Mexico, speaks of it being in general use, 15 19. 
Introduced into France, by M. Nicot, 1561. Cultivated in Virginia, 1586. 
Brought to England by Sir John Hawkins, 1565. Gerard's Herbal describes 
tobacco found in Trinidad, 1597. Paul Hentzner, who visited England in 1598, 
notes the custom of smoking in England. Cultivated at Winchcombe, Gloucester- 
shire, 1583 ; a proclamation against the use of it issued, 1584 ; a duty of 6^-. lod. 
a pound fixed by the Star Chamber, 1614. " The Coii7iter-blast to,^' written by 
James I. of England in 1607. The growing of, prohibited in England and Ire- 
land, by the 12 Charles II. c. 34, 1660. Pope Urban published a decree 
of excommunication against those who smoked tobacco in church, 1624 ; and 
Innocent XII. excommunicated all who took snuff or tobacco in St Peter's, 1690. 
Regulations made as to the cultivation of, 1684. Cultivation allowed in Ireland 
by 19 Geo. III., 1779. Tax increased, 1 789. Cultivation prohibited in Great 
Britain, i «& 2 Will. IV. c. 13, Aug. 23, 1831. The duty fixed at 3^. a pound by 
5 & 6 Vict. c. 47, July 9, 1842. Duty upon, altered, March 27, 1863. 

TOBACCO-PIPE MAKERS, Company of, incorporated, Oct. 5, 1619 ; con- 
firmed by Charles I., and by 15 Charles II., April 29, 1663. 

TOBACCO PIPES. Paul Hentzner, who visited England in 1598, was surprised 
to find the people "draw the smoke into their mouths through pipes made of 
clay, which they puff out again through their nostrils like funnels." The earliest 
engraving of, is in De Bry, Historia Brasiliana, 1590. Le Sieur Baillard, in his 
Discours du Tabac, published in 1668, says of the English, " ces derniers ont in- 
vents les pipes de terre cuite, qui ont cours aujourd'huy par tout le monde." 

TOBAGO, West India Island, discovered by Columbus, A.D. 1496 ; colonized by 
the Dutch, 1632 ; taken by the English, 1672 ; again, 1674 ; declared a neutral 
island, 1748 ; ceded to the English, Feb. 10, 1763 ; taken by the French under de 
Grasse, 1781 ; confirmed to them, 1783 ; taken by the English, April 14, 1793 ; 
restored, 1802, at the peace of Amiens, Oct. 6 ; taken by the English, July i, 1804 ; 
and confirmed to them, 1814, at the general peace. Seriously damaged by a 
severe hurricane ; relief granted to, by a loan, II & 12 Vict. c. 22, June 9, 1848. 

TOKENS, issued amongst small traders on account of the want of inferior coins. 
They were made in lead, tin, and leather, in the early part of Henry Vlllth's 
reign ; abolished, 1613 ; reissued in the reign of Charles I., 1648 ; proclama- 
tion issued by Charles II. prohibiting their use, Aug. 16, 1672. Silver tokens 
issued by the Bank of England, passed for ^s., Jan. i, 1798 ; raised to the value 



TOLEDO TORPEDOES 839 

of 5^-. 61/., Nov. 14, 181 1 ; passed in Ireland for 6s. until the year 1817. Inferior 
tokens abolished by 52 Geo. III. c. 157, July 29, 1812 ; another act was passed 
to prevent the issue of pieces of copper or other metal, 57 Geo. III. c. 46, June 
27, 1817. 
TOLEDO, Spain, taken by Marius Fulvius, B.C. 193, and made a Roman city ; 
captured by the Goths, A.D. 467. The castle built, 674 ; held by the Moors, 720 ; 
made a walled town, II09. Cathedral built, 1492 ; 404 feet in length, 204 broad ; 
the tower is 325 feet high. The hospital de la Santa Cruz founded, 1504; the 
celebrated factory of Toledo swords built, 1788; captured by the French under 
Victor, Nov., 1808 ; evacuated by them, 181 3. 

TOLERATION ACT, by which the sovereign conceded to British subjects, Will. 
& Mary, c. 18, May 24, 1689, the right of every man to think for himself in 
matters of religion : became law, Aug. i, 1714- 

TOLLS, first used on turnpikes, 1663 ; first collected in London for repairing the 
highways of Holborn, St Martin's Lane, and Gray's-Inn Lane, 1346. 

TONBRIDGE CASTLE, Kent, built by Richard Fitzgilbert, Eari of Clare, 1080; 
taken by King John; Edward II. resided at, circa 1311 ; made one of the three 
depositories of the National Records, upon the attainder of Strafford, Duke of 
Buckingham ; it was taken by Henry VIII., 1 52 1. 

TONNAGE AND POUNDAGE, duties on wine and other goods imported or 
exported, first levied by Edw. III., 1346 ; and 2s. per tvm of wine and I2(f. a 
pound on all imported goods granted to the king of England for life, first to Hen. 
VI., 1452 ; and to Edward IV., 1465 ; granted to Charles II. by an act passed 
in the 12th year of his reign, c. 4, 1660 ; James II. for life, 1685 ; made per- 
petual, 9 Anne, c. 6, May 3, 1710 ; 3 Geo. 1. c. 7, s. 39, 1716 ; the poundage 
was a percentage on goods only. The tonnage of British vessels is specified and 
defined by 3 & 4 Will. IV. c. 55, Aug. 28, 1833 ; repealed and substituted by 8 
& 9 Vict. c. 89, Aug. 4, 1845. The abolition of the tonnage dues by France to 
the ships of certain countries from Jan. i, 1867. 

TONSURE. It was ordered by the 47th canon of King Edgar, that no priest should 
hide his tonsure. 

TONTINES, called from its projector, Lawrence Tonti, protege of Cardinal 
Mazarin. Loans for Life Annuities given out to the people of France, as a chance 
of making enormous interest, 1653 ; a second, the Royale, for 1,400,000 livres, 
opened in France, 1689; the last opened, 1789. -In 1798, there died a Mr 
Jennings, aged 103 ; he had purchased a share of ^100 value in a tontine com- 
pany, and, being the last survivor, his share produced him ^3000 per annum. 

TOOTHPICKS, of great antiquity. Agathocles was poisoned by means of a medi- 
cated quill handed to him after dinner, B.C. 289. — Grofc^s Greece, xii. vol. 608. 
Martial mentions them in his Epigrams written a.d. 100. 

TOPLITZ, battle, between the Austrian and Prussian armies, in which the latter 

were entirely defeated, 1 762 ; another between the French and the allies, Aug. 

30, 1813 ; treaty of, between Russia, Austria, and Prussia, signed, Oct. 3, 1813. 
TORGAU, battle, between Frederick the Great of Prussia and the Austrians, in 

which he obtained a great victory ; the Austrian commander, Count Daun, was 

wounded, Nov. 11, 1760. 
TORONTO, Canada, founded by Governor Simcoe, 1794; defeat of the British 

at, by the Americans, Jan., 1813 ; insurrection in, Dec. 4, 1837 ; rebels defeated, 

Dec. 7 ; suppressed, Jan., 1838 ; made the seat of government, 1844. 
TORPEDOES, Fulton, an American, made several successful attempts with, in 

France, Aug., 1801 ; tried in England off the Isle of Wight, 1805. 



840 TORRES VEDRAS TOULOUSE 

TORRES VEDRAS, Portugal, the celebrated lines of, begun by Wellington, Dec, 
1809 ; they were defended by 600 pieces of artillery and 150 redoubts ; the British 
army assembled within them, Oct. 8, 1810 ; the French retreated from, Nov. 14, 
1810. 

TORRIJOS, GEN., treacherously entrapped to Malaga by Ferdinand VII. of 
Spain, and then shot in the market-place without a trial, Dec. 10, 1831. 

TORTOLA, West Indies, the importation and exportation of goods prohibited on 
the island, 42 George III. c. 102, June 26, 1802 ; partially destroyed by a hurri-' 
cane, Oct. 13, 1819 ; and again almost destroyed, Oct. 30, 1867. 

TORTONA, Italy, a Roman town captured by Frederick I., 1155 ; refortified, 
1 157 ; by the treaty of Luxemburg ceded to Sardinia, June 6, 1736 ; the Spaniards 
took the town, 1745 ; surrendered to the French who blew up the citadel, 1796 ; 
besieged by the Russians, Aug. 25, 1 799 ; surrendered, but shortly afterwards re- 
stored ; ceded to France, June 24, 1800. 

TORTOSA, Spain, besieged by Louis le Debonnaire, unsuccessfully, A. D. 809 ; taken 
by him, 81 1 ; recovered by the Moors, 813 ; taken by the French under the Duke 
of Orleans, July 15, 1708 ; besieged by the French under Suchet, Dec. 19, 1810; 
surrendered, Nov. 2, 1811. Cathedral built, 1347; college founded, 1362. 

TORTURE, used by the Romans against slaves only; used in the Roman Catholic 
Church against heretics and schismatics ; used in England, though declared con- 
traiy to law, in the reign of Queen Elizabeth, and in Scotland under James II., until 
1690 ; abolished in Portugal, 1776; in France, 1780 ; in Sweden by Gustavus 
III., 1786; in Spain, Aug. 3, 1814. 

TORY, said to have been derived from an Iiish word for savage, applied to an op- 
pressive collector of tithes and taxes ; the Cavaliers and Roundheads, terms used 
during the Commonwealth, are said to have been exchanged for Tories and Whigs, 
the Tories supporting the arbitrary power and divine right of kings, and the 
Whigs friends to civil and religious freedom, 1679 ; but the exact origin is uncer- 
tain ; called Whiggs or Whiggamors in Scotland, 1648. 

TOTTENHAM-COURT ROAD, the tabernacle erected by George Whitfield, the 
first stone laid. May 10, 1756 ; opened, Nov. 7; destroyed by fire, Feb. 23, 1857. 

TOUCH PIECES, a gold coin about the size of a shilling worn on the necks of 
persons touched for the King's Evil. Obv., a ship of war under sail. Rev., St 
Michael and the Dragon. The latest are those issued by James II. and Queen 
Anne, 1707 — 9. 

TOULON, France. Fortified by Vauban ; bombarded by the allies, July 26, 1706, 
and reduced to a heap of ruins ; also some ships burned, but the siege was raised. 
Insurrection at, 1 790. The British assisted in the defence of the city, assaulted, 
Dec. 17, 1793 ; evacuated by the English and Spaniards, Dec. 18 ; the town 
given up to pillage by the French for 24 hours ; here Bonaparte first became con- 
spicuous ; 14,000 persons perished. A fire broke out in the arsenal Mourillon, 
which destroyed stores valued at ;^ 120,000, Aug. I, 1845. 

TOULOUSE, France, the ancient Tolosa of the Volcse Tectosages. Captured by 
the Romans, B.C. 106 ; the capital of Visigoths from 413 to 507 ; the church of 
St Saturnin consecrated, 1090 ; a tribimal of a fearful nature established there by 
the Catholics to extirpate heretics, 1229 ; the Troubadours originated here, 850 ; 
the British and allies under Wellington defeated the French under Soult, April 
10, and entered the town, April 12, 1814 ; insurrection, July 3, 1841 ; suppressed, 
and the National Guard disarmed and dissolved, Jvdy 13. 

TOULOUSE, battle, the last contest between the French, commanded by Soult, 
and English armies, under Wellington, in the south of France. The battle con- 
tinued twelve hours, and was of the most sanguinary character ; but the French 



TOURLONE TOWNLEY MARBLES 841 

were forced from all their positions, with the loss of 4600 men ; the victorious army 
lost between 4000 and 5000. At the same period Bonaparte had abdicated the 
throne, but neither of the commanders was aware that hostilities had ceased in 
Paris, April 10, 1814. 

TOURLONE, Cardinal, the high inquisitor of Rome, dragged out of his carriage 
and hanged by an incensed mob, 1786. 

TOURNAMENTS are said to have been introduced by Hem-y the Fowler, Duke 
of Savoy, afterwards Emperor of Germany. The first held at Magdeburg, a.D. 
930 ; first practised in France, 1066 ; in England, 1140-49 ; Richard I. appoint- 
ed the following places where this sport might be exercised — between Sarum and 
Wilton, Warwick and Kenilworth, Stamford and Wallingford, Brakely and 
Mixeburg, Blie and Tykehill, and all combatants were to be taxed, circa 1194 ; 
regulated by the statute of arms, 1295. A tournament was held in Windsor Park, 
July 9, 1278 ; a record of this meeting will be found in the Record Office. They 
were frequently held in Smithfield, and in 1332 one was held before Queen Phi- 
lippa in Cheapside, when the scaffold on which she was standing with her ladies 
gave way and they narrowly escaped injury ; Richard de Prestone received from 
the civic authorities ;^88 \2s. for fitting up the various stands, &c. One is 
described by Chaucer in his Knight's Tale. A code of laws drawn up for the re- 
gulation of, by John Tiptoft, Earl of Worcester, May 14, 1465 ; the original roll 
of the tournament held at Westminster, by Hen. VIII., Feb. 12, 1511, is still 
preserved ; the last held at Eglington Castle, Aug. 29, 1S39. 

TOURNAY, Belgium, invested and captured by Henry VIII., Sept. 29, 1513 ; 
taken by the allies, under Prince Eugene, July 30, 1709 ; ceded to Austria by 
the treaty of Utrecht ; taken by the French, Nov. 11, 1792 ; battle of, between 
the English, Austrians, and the French, May 8, 1793.; skirmish between the 
British and French, May 6, 1794. 

TOURNIQUET, an instrument used for compression, invented by Morelli, 1674 ; 
new screw tourniquet invented by Petit of France, 171 8. 

TOURS, France, a silk manufactory established by Louis XL, 1480 ; the west 
front of the cathedral erected by Henry V. of England, circa 1415 ; completed, 
1550 ; suffered greatly from an inundation, 1856. 

TOURS, battle, won by Charles Martel over the Saracens, near Tours, which 
stopped their progress in Europe, a.d. Oct. 10, 732. 

TOWER AND SWORD, order of, instituted, byAlphonsus V. of Portugal, 1459; 
restored at Rio de Janeiro, Nov. 8, 1808. 

TOWER HAMLETS, London, made a borough, 2 & 3 Will. IV. c. 45, June 7, 
1832 ; two members given to, by the Reform Act, 30&31 Vict. c. 102, Aug. 15, 
1867. 

TOWER, LEANING, at Pisa, built 11 74; one at Caerleon, Monmouthshire; a 

still more remarkable one, from its inclination, at Caerphilly Castle, South Wales. 
TOWER OF LONDON.— ^^t'^ London, Tower of. 
TOWER OF THE WINDS, Athens, a relic of the early city, built before the 

Christian era. 
TOWERS, in Ireland ; these old stone structures or round towers, fifty-six of which 

remain, are from 50 to 130 feet high, mere hollow pillars with conical roofs, 

having lateral holes to admit light. 

TOWNLEY MARBLES, collected chiefly by Mr Charles Townley, at Rome, be- 
tween 1765-72 ; and subsequently removed to his house in Park-street, Westmin- 
ster, which he had fitted up as a Roman villa ; he died, 1805 ; his collection 
purchased by the nation for ;!f 20,000, and placed in the British Museum, by 45 
Geo. III. c. 127, July 12, 1805. 



842 TOWTON TRAINED BANDS 

TO WTON, battle, fought between the Houses of York and Lancaster, or Edward 
IV. and Henry VI. ; the latter was defeated, and 38,000 of his subjects fell. 
This battle was won by the talents and experience of the Earl of Warwick, who 
killed his horse before the combat began, to indicate that he would conquer or 
die ; fought on Palm Sunday, March 29, 1461. 

TOXOPHILITES, society, the descendants of the Finsbury Archers, established 
at Leicester House, 1781 ; their meetings were held at different localities ; they 
purchased a piece of ground in the inner circle of Regent's Park, 1834, where 
they still meet. 

TRACTARIANISM, this movement commenced in Oxford, with the publication 
of the first 'Tract of the Times,' in 1833; Dr Pusey's tract upon fasting 
appeared, Dec. 21, 1833 ; at a meeting of the vice-chancellors, heads of houses, 
and proctors at Oxford, Maixh 15, 1841, tract 90 was condemned ; Dr Newman 
acknowledged its authorship, March 16 ; he left Oxford, Feb. 23, 1846. 

TRADE AND PLANTATION OFFICE, formed, Nov. 7, 1660. 

TRADES' UNIONS, established in England, 1820 ; made lawful, 6 Geo. IV. c 
129, July 6, 1825 ; outrages broke out in Manchester and Sheffield ; an act passed 
for facilitating in certain cases the proceedings of the commissioners appointed to 
inquire into Trades' Unions and associations of employers or workmen, 30 & 31 
Vict c. 8, April 5, 1867 ; extended, 30 & 31 Vict. c. 74, Aug. 12, 1867 ; com- 
missioners appointed to inquire into the facts of intimidation at Sheffield, May 
23 ; inquiry opened, June 3 ; closed, July 7 ; report signed, Aug. 2 ; inquiry at 
Manchester began, Sept. 4 ; commission appointed to inquire into the organiza- 
tion and rules of Trades' Unions and the like associations, Feb, 12, 1867 ; first 
report presented to Parliament, May 21 ; second report, May 28 ; third report, 
July 5, and Aug. 6. 

TRADING COMPANIES, and other associations, an act passed for the" incor- 
poration, regulation, and winding-up of, 25 & 26 Vict. c. 89, Aug. 7, 1862 , 
amended by 30 & 31 Vict. c. 131, Aug. 20, 1867. 

TRAFALGAR, battle, between the English under Nelson, and the combined fleets 
of France and Spain ; the allies had 33 sail-of-the-line, 2634 guns, the English 
27, 2148 guns. After an obstinate battle the French were defeated, with the 
loss of 19 sail-of-the-line ; but Nelson was mortally wounded, and died in an hour 
or two after the battle was over, Oct. 21, 1805. 

TRAFALGAR SQUARE, began, 1829 ; an act passed for the preservation of, 7 
& 8 Vict. c. 60, Aug. 6, 1844 ; finished, 1850 ; Nelson's column finished and the 
statue set up, Nov. 4, 1843 ; fountains opened, 1845 5 the four lions, modelled by 
Sir Edwin Landseer, uncovered, Jan. 31, 1867. 

TRAFFIC, an act passed for the better regulation of, in the streets of the metropolis, 
30 & 31 Vict. c. 134, Aug. 20, 1867 ; amended, 31 & 32 Vict. c. 5, Dec. 7, 1867. 

TRAINED BANDS. The city of London provided and furnished 200 men to march 
against the Scots in the reign of Edward I., A.D. 1318 ; they provided and pre- 
sented to Edward III. 25 men-at-arms and 500 archers to serve in the army then in 
France, 1354 ; increased to 1400 men, 1360 ; they equipped a regiment of looo 
men to serve in France, and sent them to Heniy VIII., 1545 ; a large body of men 
were provided for Queen Elizabeth to assist the Dutch against the Spaniards, 
1585 ; a regiment of 1000 was furnished to assist in placing Henry of Navarre 
upon the French throne, 1589 ; 2000 were raised for the relief of Calais, 1596 ; 
and 600 were provided for the invasion of Ireland, 1600 ; they furnished James I. 
with a force of 2000 men to go to Germany, 1624 ; 5200 men were provided in the 
reign of Charles I. to serve against the Scots, 1640 ; there was a general muster. 



TRAJAN, MARCUS TRAUTENAU 843 

held in Finsbury Fields, May, 1642 ; the regiments when completed were of the 
following strength : Companies Men 

The Blue Regiment ... ... 8 ... ... 1411 



Yellow 

Green 

Orange 

White 

Red 



1526 
1566 
1 741 
2088 
1630 



40 9962 

The following regiments emanated from the Trained Bands, and as such hold the 
privilege of marching through the city with colours flying and bayonets fixed : 3rd 
Battalion of Grenadier Guards, the 3rd East Kent, the Buffs, the Royal Marines, 
and the London Militia. 

TRAJAN, MARCUS, a Roman emperor who governed between a. d. 52-andii7; 
his pillar, erected by Apollodorus, 114, yet stands entire at Rome, 140 feet 
high, but the popes crowned it with an apostle ! a piazza at Rome built round 
it, 100. 

TRANSFIGURATION, festival of the, first observed, 700. 

TRANSFUSION OF BLOOD, first practised in France in the iSth century. 
Louis XL, when dying, drank the warm blood of infants under the notion of 
preserving life, 1483 ; trials were made of transfusion upon animals in Paris, and 
then upon the human body ; of five operated upon, two died, 1668 ; practised in 
England, Nov., 1667, before the Royal Society. The idea is said to have been 
originally suggested by an Oxonian, named Wrean. In 1797, the trial was again 
made in France, but rarely with success, though in some few instances it seems to 
have answered. 

TRANSPORTATION, a punishment inflicted by the 39th Elizabeth, c. 4, 1590 ; 
banishment was pronounced for criminal offences much earlier. First ordered by 
the legislature, 13 & 14 Charles II. ; first transported to America, 18 Car. II. c. 3, 
s. 2, 1666; and 4 Geo. I. c. 11, 1717. Transportation to New South Wales 
began. May, 1787. Returning from transportation was made death until 1834, 
when it was changed to transportation for life. Transportation abolished, 16 & 17 
Vict. c. 99, Aug. 20, 1853 ; subsequently amended by 20 & 21 Vict. c. 3, June 
26, 1857. 

TRANSUBSTANTIATION, introduced into the Roman Church as an article of 
faith, A.D. 840 ; confirmed, looo ; admitted in England, 1066 ; belief in, neces- 
sary to salvation, declared by the Council of Placentia, 1095 ; the word to 
describe it, "transubstantiation," first introduced by Peter de Blois, 1165 ; con- 
firmed by the Lateran Council, 1215 ; and by the Council of Trent, Jan. 18, 1562. 
John Huss first opposed the doctrine, and he was answered by being burned, 
under order of the Council of Constance, 1415. The declaration against, abolished 
as a qualification for the exercise of civil offices, 30 & 31 Vict. c. 62, July 25, 1867. 

TRAPPISTS, the monks of La Trappe, a French order of strict discipline, but not 
to the severe extent reported of it ; perpetual silence is only enjoined in particular 
apartments of their monastery ; founded in Normandy, 1 140 ; the English and 
Irish were ordered to quit France in 1831 from their establishment at Meillerai, 
and they have since formed themselves into a society at Mount St Bernard, in 
Leicestershire. 

TRAUN, battle. The French under Massena defeated the Austrians after a severe 
fight, 6000 men fell on both sides, 1809. 

TRAUTENAU, battle. The Austrians bravely defended this town. The first 



844 TRAVANCORE TRAVELLING POST 

regiment of Prussian dragoons entirely overthrew the celebrated Windischgratz 
dragoons; the Austrian Gen, Gablenz brought up some fresh troops and com- 
pelled the Prussians to retreat; the Prussians lost in killed and wounded 63 
officers and 1214 men; the Austrians, 196 officei-s and 5536 men, June 27, 1866; 
the action renewed the next day, and the Austrians suffered a defeat. 
TRAVANCORE, Hindustan. Treaty made between the Rajah of, and the East 
India Company, 1784; the country overrun by Tippoo Sultan, 1789; defeated 
by the British and compelled to restore the possession in Travancore ; treaty of 
friendship signed with the East India Company, 1797 ; again in 1805 ; murder 
of several British soldiers at, 1809. 

TRAVELLERS' CLUB, Pall Mall, London, built from the design of C. Barry, 
and opened, 1831 ; partially destroyed by fire, Oct. 24, 1850. 

TRAVELLING. Only six coaches were on the roads for all England in 1672 ; 
and one John Cresset, of the Charter-house, wrote a pamphlet to show the 
necessity for their suppression. At a later period, the following advertisement 
tells its own tale :— " York four-days' Stage-Coach. — Begins on Friday the I2th 
April, 1 706. — All that are desirous to pass from London to York, or from York 
to London, or any other place on that road, let 'them repair to the Black Swan 
in Holbourn, in London, and to the Black Swan in Coney-street, in York. At 
both which places they may be received in a light coach every Monday, Wed- 
nesday, and Friday, which performs the whole journey in four days (if God 
permit), and sets forth at 5 in the morning, and returns from York to Stamford in 
2 days; and from Stamford, by Huntingdon, to London, in 2 days more; and the 
like stages on the return." — Again, 171 2, " Edinburgh, Bei'wick, Newcastle, 
Durham, and London Stage-Coach begins on Monday the 13th October, 1712. 
All that desire to pass from Edinbro' to London, or from London to Edinbro', or 
any place on that road, let them repair to Mr John Baillie's, at the Coach and 
Horses, at the Head of Cannongate, Edinbro', every other Saturday, or to the Black 
Swan, in Holborn, every other Monday, at both of which places they may be 
received in a Stage-Coach, which performs the whole journey in thirteen days, 
without any stoppage (if God permit), having 80 able horses to perform the whole 
stage. Each passenger paying ^^4 lOs. for the whole journey, allowing each 
passenger 20 lb. weight, and all above to pay 6d. per pound. The coach sets out 
at six in the morning." In 1825, the mail-coach did this distance in 46 hours. 
In 1780, the first stage-coach between London and Maidstone left at six in the 
morning, and only arrived at half-past 8 p.m., a distance of 34 miles. The 
coaches went about 7/^ miles an hour on the average, and the mail-coach charge 
was 52J. inside per 100 miles, and 30^-. outside ; first common coaches, 42^-. 
inside, and 26s. out, exclusive of coachman and guard. Railways have altered 
all this. 

TRAVELLING ABROAD, a license to travel abroad required from British sub- 
jects, and a tax levied by the crown, 10 Charles I., 1635; attempts to tax travel- 
lers and absentees made, 1753, but failed. 

TRAVELLING POST. In the time of James L, 1610, letters were conveyed 
by men who rode post ; those who took government despatches in the time of 
Henry VIII. were hanged if dilatory; letters were indorsed "Haste Post! Haste!" 
and a gallows was often sketched on the letter ; in 1626, a letter was indorsed 
and addressed by Mr Bagg, deputy mayor of Plymouth, to Sir Edward Conway: — 
" For His Majesty's especial service. 
"To the Right Honourable Sir Edward Conway, Knight, one of his Majesty's 

principal secretaries, these, at Court. 
" Post hast — post hast-— hast — hast — with speed. 
" Plymouth, 17th June, 1623, eleven o'clock in the morning. 
" Ashton (Ashburton), 17 June, 1623, four o'clock in the afternoon. 



TREADMILL TREASURE TROVE 845 

" Exeter at four in the morning, June 18, 1623. 
" Received this packet at Honyton, at eleven in tlie forenoon. 
"Sherborne, late at night, 18 June, 1623. 
" At Sarum, 19 June, at six in the morning. 

" Andover, past nine o'clocke in the morninge, 19th day of June. 
"At Basing, at twelve at noon. 
" Hartford Bridge, half-past two in the afternoon. 
" Staines, at past five o'clock in the afternoon. 
"Stroud (the Strand) at house, past eight o'clock at night." 

The post, riding, according to the proverbial sa3nng, "for his life," was 17 hours 
on the road between Plymouth and Exeter, a distance of only 41 j^ miles. Seven 
hours were consumed from Exeter to Honiton, the distance of 16X miles ; from 
Honiton to Sherborne, in Dorsetshire, 35 miles, occupied about 11 hours ; from 
Sherborne to Salisbury, 34 miles, 10 hours ; Salisbury to Andover, 17X miles, say 
3^ hours. The courier, arrived now upon the beaten line of the old Roman road, 
passed to Basingstoke, 19^ miles from Andover, in 3 hours ; from Basingstoke 
to Hartford Bridge, lo miles, occvipied him 2/4 hours ; from Hartford Bridge to 
Staines, 19 miles, about 3/4 hours ; the remaining 19 miles, to the residence of Mr 
Secretary Conway in the Strand, where he delivered his despatch, consumed 
nearly 3^ hours. A distance, therefore, of 212 or 214 miles was traversed in 57 
hours, the average being little more than 3% miles in the hour. The Defiance 
coach in 1835 traversed the whole distance between London and Plymouth in 27 
hours ; the i-ailway express completes the distance in 8 hours, 1869. 
TREADMILL, a Chinese invention to irrigate their lands ; suggested by Mr 
Cubitt, in England, as an instrument of punishment for felons, called the Tread- 
wheel, and introduced into Brixton jail, 181 7. 

TREASON punished in England only by banishment until the reign of Heniy I. 
Defined by 25 Edward III. st. 5, c. 2, 1349 ; two witnesses required to convict ; 
the punishment sanguinary, and of the most direful character — to be hung by the 
neck, but not until dead, the bowels to be torn out before the writhing sufferer's face 
and cast into the fire ; the heart to be afterwards torn out and burned, the mangled 
body to be beheaded and quartered, the head and quarters to be stuck up in 
public places, for which purpose they v\'ere parboiled in caldrons with spices and 
herbs, to preserve them as long as possible from decay ; portions were sometimes 
sent to be displayed in different parts of the kingdom. Burning alive was 
practised for petit treason against the king's image, as in coining, or the murder 
of a bishop or other ecclesiastic by an inferior, of a husband by a wife, or of a 
master by a servant ; for the reverse, a husband or master was hung. The last 
victim of this law was a woman for coining, 1787 ; she was burned at the Old 
Bailey 28 years after George III. had reigned, however incredible it may appear; 
an act passed abolishing burning, 30 Geo. III. c. 48, 1790. Petit treason to be 
punished as murder only, 9 Geo. IV. c. 31, s. 2, June 27, 1809 ; repealed by 24 
& 25 Vict. c. 95, Aug. 6, 1861 ; re-enacted, 24 & 25 Vict. c. 100, s. 8, Aug. 6, 
1861. 

TREASURER, Lord High, of England, the third great officer of the crown ; Odo, 
Earl of Kent, was the first appointed, 1069. The office is now filled by the com- 
mission called the Treasury, with its lords commissioners, first put in commission, 
1612 ; the first officer that held this rank in Ireland was John de St John, 1217 ; 
this officer called the Lord High Treasurer of Gt Britain, upon the union of Scot- 
land, 1707; -of the United Kingdom after the union with Ireland, 1816. The 
treasury chest fund limited and regulated by 24 & 25 Vict. c. 127, Aug. 6, 1861. 

TREASURE TROVE. The Roman law in the time of Constantine I. gave half 
the treasure to the finder and half to the treasury, a.d. 315 ; vested in the finder 
by the Codex Theodosianus, 3S0 ; this was adopted by the Saxons. The con- 



TREASURY OFFICE 



TREATIES 



cealment of, punished by death temp. Hen. IT.; vested m the king, by 4 Edw. I., 
1276. A bill introduced into the House of Lords by Lord Talbot de Malahide for 
amending the law of treasure trove, July 5, 1858, but not proceeded vi^ith. Letter 
of Sir Geo. C. Lewis, claiming all treasure of antiquity for the crown, issued 
Aug. 27, i860. 

TREASURY OFFICE, Westminster, built from the design of Mr Kent, 1733 ; 
the north wing built from the design of Mr Barry, R.A., began in 1847-8 ; and 
the Whitehall front added, 1868-9. 

TREATIES. The first formal English treaty on record is dated 1217 ; the first 
commercial treaty with the Flemings, 1272. The following are among the most 
noted of the European treaties : 



Abo, peace of, Aug. 7, 1743 
Abyssinia, commercial treaty, Nov. 2, 

1849 
Adrianople, peace of, Sept. 14, 1829 
Aix-la-Chapelle, May 2, 1668 ; Oct. 

18, 1748 
Akerman, Sept. 4, 1826 
Algiers, Aug. 28, 1816 
Alt Radstadt, 1 706 

America, peace with, Sept. 3, 1783 ; 
convention relative to a ship-canal 
between the Atlantic and the Pacific 
Oceans, April 19, 1850; reciprocity 
treaty with Gt Britain, July 2, 1854 
Amiens, March 25, 1802 
Armed Neutrality, July 9, 1780 ; and 

Dec. 16, 1800 
Arras, treaty of, Sept. 22, 1435 
Augsburg, league of, July 9, 1686 
Ava, treaty of commerce, Feb. 24,1826 
Baden, peace of, Sept. 7, 17 14 
Barrier treaty, Nov. 13, 1715 
Basel, peace of, April 5, 1795 
Bassein, India, Dec. 31, 1802 
Bayonne, treaty of, May 5, 1808 
Belgium, treaty of separation from Hol- 
land, April 19, 1839 ; treaty of com- 
merce with Gt Britain, July 23, 1862; 
Scheldt Toll, July 16, 1863 
Belgrade, peace of, Sept. 22, 1739 
Berlin, peace of, June 28, 1 742 ; decree, 
Nov. 21, 1806; convention, Nov. 5, 
1808 
Bessarabia, the Isle of Serpents and the 
Delta of the Danube, treaty, settling 
the frontier, June 19, 1857 
Borneo, commercial treaty with Gt 

Britain, May 27, 1847 
Brazil, treaty for the suppression of the 

slave trade, July 28, 1 81 7 
Breda, peace of, July 25, 1667 
Bretigny, peace of, May 8, 1360 
Bucharest, treaty of, May 28, 1812 



Cambray, league of, Dec. 10, 15085 

peace of, Aug. 5, 1529 
Campo Formio, treaty of, Oct. 17, 1797 
Carlowitz, peace of, Jan. 26, 1699 
Carlsbad, congress of, Aug. i, 1 81 9 
Chamount, treaty of, March I, 1814 
Chateau Cambresis, peace of, April 2, 

3, 1559 
Chili, ' commercial treaty with Gt 

Britain, Oct. 4, 1856 
Chunar, India, 1781 
Cintra, convention of, Aug. 30, 1808 
Clayton Bulwer treaty, April 19, 1850 
Closterseven, convention of, Sept. 10, 

1757 
Coalition, first against France, June 26, 

1792 ; second, June 22, 1799; third, 

Sept. 8, 1805 ; fourth, Oct. 6, 1806; 

fifth, April 9, 1809 ; sixth, March i, 

1813 
Concordat, July 15, 1 801 ; Jan. 25, 

1813 
Conflans, treaty of, 1465 
Constantinople, treaty of, and peace of, 

April 16, 1712 ; peace of, July 8, 

1833 
Copenhagen, peace of, May 27, 1660 ; 

treaty for the abolition of the Sound 

duesj March 14, 1857 
Cressy, treaty of, 1544 
Danish succession, treaty for settling. 

May 8, 1852 
Denmark, treaty for the cession of the 

Danish possessions on the coast of 

Africa to Gt Britain, Aug. 17, 1850; 

treaty for the surrender of criminals, 

April 15, 1862 
Domingo, St, commercial treaty of, 

March 6, 1850 
Dresden, Dec. 25, 1745 
England and Scotland, Union of, July 

27, 1706 
England and America, acknowledging 



TREATIES 



847 



the independence of the latter, Sept. 

3, 1783 
England, France, and Spain, peace of, 

Sept. 3, 1783 
England and the United States copy- 
right, Feb. 18, 1853 
England and Austria, commercial, Dec. 

16, 1865 
Equator, treaty of commerce between, 

and Gt Britain, Nov. 2, 1853 
Family compact, Aug. 15, 1761 
Fontainebleau, peace of, Sept. 2, 1679; 

treaty of, Nov. 8, 1 785 ; concordat, 

Jan. 25, 1813 
France with America, Feb. 6, 1778 
France and Sardinia, treaty for the 

cession of .Savoy and Nice, March 24, 

i860 
France, treaty of commerce with Gt 

Britain, Jan. 23, i86o 
France, relative to joint stock companies, 

April 30, 1862 
Frankfort, commercial treaty with 

England, May 13, 1832 ; and Dec. 

29, 1835 
Frieldwald, treaty of, Oct. 5, 1 55 1 
Fuesren, treaty of, April 23, 1745 
Galatz, treaty of, between Russia and 

Turkey, Aug. 11, 1791 
Ghent, pacification of, Nov. 8, 1576 ; 

peace of (America), Dec. 24, 1814 
Golden Bull, 1356 
Grand Alliance, May 12, 1689 
Greece, London, treaty of, July 6, 1829 
Greece, treaty relative to the succession 

to the crown of, Feb. I, 1853 
Greece, succession to the throne of, July 

13, 1863 
Hague, treaty of the. May 21, 1659 ; 

May 7, 1669 
Halle, treaty of, 16 10 
Hamburg, peace of. May 22, 1762 
Hanover, treaty, Sept. 3, 1725 ; com- 
mercial, with England, July 22, 1844; 

redemption of Stadt toll, June 22, 

1861 
Holland, peace with England, May 20, 

1784 
Holy Alliance, Sept. 26, 1815 
Honduras, commercial treaty, Aug. 27, 

1856; boundary of, British treaty for, 

April 30, 1859 
Hubertsberg, peace of, Feb. 15, 17^3 
Interim, May 15, 1548 
Ionian Islands, protectorate of, Nov. 5) 



1815 ; union with Greece, Nov. 14, 
1865 
Ireland, union of, with Gt Britain, July 

2, 1800 

Italy, commercial, Aug. 6, 1863 
Japan, commercial treaty with Gt 
Britain, Oct. 14, 1854, and Aug. 26, 
1858 
Kiel, treaty of, Jan. 14, 1814 
Kutchuk, peace of, July 21, 1774 
Labuan, Borneo, treaty of, Dec. 18, 1846 
Laybach, congress of, Jan., May, 1821 
League against the Protestants in 

France, Feb. 15, 1577 
Leipsic, alliance of, April, 1 63 1 
Leoben, peace of, April 18, I797 
Liberia, commercial treaty with Great 

Britain, Nov. 21, 1848 
Lisbon, peace of, Feb. 13, 1668 
London, treaty of (Greece), July 6, 1829 
London, treaty of, Spain and Portugal, 

April 22, 1834 
London, convention of (Turkey), July 

15, 1840 
Lubeck, peace of. May 22, 1629 
Luneville, peace of, Feb. 9, 1801 
Madagascar, slave trade suppression, 

Oct. 23, 1817 ; and May 31, 1823 
Madrid, treaty of, 1526 
Methuen, treaty, May 6, 1703 
Mexico, commercial, with England, Dec. 
26, 1826 ; slave trade suppression, 
Feb. 24, 1 841 ; convention for inter- 
vention between England, France, 
and Spain, Oct. 31, 1861 
Milan, decree, Dec. 17, 1807 
Modena, navigation of the river Po, July 

3, 1849 

Morocco, commercial, with England, 
Jan. 23, 1 721 ; July 10, 1729; and 
April 8, 1791 ; peace and commerce, 
Dec. 9, 1856. 

Munster, peace of, Jan. 30, 1648 

Muscat, for the suppression of the slave 
trade, Sept. 10, 1822 ; commercial, 
May 31, 1839 

Nankin, treaty, cession of Hongkong, 
Aug. 29, 1842 

Nantes, edict of, April 15, 1598 

Naumberg, treaty of, 1554 

Netherlands, suppression of the slave 
trade, May 4, 1818 ; commercial, 
with the East Indies, March 17, 
1824 ; separation of Belgium, April 
19, 1839 



TREATIES 



New Granada, commercial, April i8, 

1825 ; slave trade, April 2, 1851 
New Zealand, cession of sovereignty, 

Feb. 5, 1840 
Neuchatel, treaty of, May 26, 1857 _ 
Nicaragua, commercial treaty with 

Great Britain, Feb. 11, i860 
Nice, treaty of, 15 18 
Nimeguen, peace of, Aug. il, 1678 
Nipchoo, treaty of, Oct. 21, 1727 
Noyon, treaty of, Aug. 16, 15 16 
Nuremberg, treaty of, Aug. 2, 1532 
Oldenburg, commercial, April 4, 1844 
Oliva, peace of, May 3, 1660 
Paraguay, treaty of commerce between 

Great Britain and, March 4, 1853 
Paris, peace of, Feb. 10, 1763 ; treaty 
of, May 15, 1796 ; peace of (Sweden), 
Jan. 6, 1 8 10 ; convention, April 23, 
1814; capitulation of. May 30, 1814; 
peace of, Nov. 20, 1815 ; treaty of, 
June 10, 1817; convention for the 
witlidrawal of the allied armies, Oct. 
9, i8i8; communication by post, 
June 14, 1833, and Sept. 24, 1856 ; 
general treaty of peace with Russia, 
March 30, 1856 ; relating to Mol- 
davia, Aug. 19, 1858 ; commercial 
treaty, Jan. 23, additional article add- 
ed, Feb. 25, i860 
Parma, navigation of the river Po, July 

3> 1849 ^ „ 

Partition, first treaty, Oct. 11, 1698; 

second treaty. Mar. 13, 1700 
Passarowitz, peace of, July 21, 1718 
Passau, treaty of, Aug. 15, 1552 
Pekin, peace and friendship, Oct. 24, 

i860 
Persia, commercial, with Great Britain, 

Nov. 25, 1814, and Oct. 28, 1841 ; 

treaty of peace with Great Britain, 

March 4, 1857 
Peru, treaty of commerce between Great 

Britain and, April 10, 1850 
Petersburg, peace of. May 5, 1762 ; 

treaty of, Aug. 5, 1772 ; treaty of, 

April 8 and Sept. 8, 1805 ; treaty 

of, 1 8 10 
Peterswalden, convention of, July 8, 

1813 
Pilnitz, convention of, July 20, 1791 
Poland, partition of, Nov. 25, 1795 
Portugal, commercial, with Gt Britain, 
Jan. 29, 1642 ; July 10, 1654; al- 
liance, May 16, 1703 ; commercial. 



Dec. 27, 1703; Feb. 19, 1810 ; 

abolition of slave trade, Jan. 22, 
1815 ; general treaty, June 9, 1815 ; 
slave trade, July 3, 1842 
Pragmatic Sanction, 1439, and April 

13. 1713 
Prague, peace of, 1653 
Presburg, peace of, Dec. 26, 1805 
Protestants of France, league against, 

Feb. 15, 1577 
Prussia, treaty with Sweden, June 7, 

1815 ; general ireaty, Jime 9, 181 5 ; 

slave trade, with Belgium, Feb. 24, 

1848 
Prussia, Gt Britain, copyright, Nov. 9, 

1855 
Public Good, league for the, 1464 
Pyrenees, treaty of the, Nov. 7, 1659 
Quadruple AUiance, Aug. 2, 1718 
Radstadt, peace of, March 6, 1714 ; 

congress of, Dec. 9, 1797 
Ratisbon, peace of, Oct. 13, 1630; treaty 

of, Aug. I, 1806 
Rhine, confederation of the, July 12, 

1806 
Russia, peace and union with Great Bri- 
tain, Aug. I, 1812 ; alliance with 
Sweden, March 3, 1813; Austria, and 
Prussia, treaty of alliance, Sept. 9, 
1813 ; treaty of peace between Great 
Britain, France, and Turkey, March 
30, 1856 
Ryswick, peace of, Sept. 20, 1697 
Sardinia, Vaudois Protestants, Oct. 20, 
1 690, Aug. 4, 1 704 ; slave trade, Aug. 
8, 1834; commercial, Feb. 27, 1851 
Scheldt toll, July 16, 1863 
Schmalcald, league of, Dec. 31, 1530 
Seville, peace of, Nov. 9, 1729 
Siam, commercial treaty, June 20, 1826; 

April 18, 1855 
Slave. Trade, treaty for the suppression 
of, between England and Brazil, Oct. 
18, 1825 ; between England and 
France, May 29, 1845 ; England and 
the United States, April 7, 1862 
Sleswick and Holstein, treaty between 
Prussia and Denmark, July 2, 1850 ' 
Spain, peace and friendship, May 23, 
1667 ; with America, July 18, 1670; 
friendship and alliance, July 5, 1814J 
treaty of congress, June 9, 1815 ; 
slave trade, Sept. 23, 1817; Jvme 28, 
I S35 ; pacification of, London, April 
22, 1834. 



TREATIES 



TRENT 



St Germains, peace of, 1570 

St Germain-en-Laye, June 29, 1679 

St Ildefonso, alliance of Spain with 

France, July 22, 1795 
Stadestoll, June 22, 1861 
Stettin, peace of, Dec. 13, 1570 
Stockholm, 1630 ; peace of, Nov. 21, 
1 719 ; treaty of, March 24, 1724; 
treaty of, March 3, 1813 
Sweden and Norway, peace and com- 
merce. May 9, 1654; renewed, July 
18, 1812 ; slave trade, Nov. 6, 1824 
Switzerland, commercial treaty, Sept. 6, 

1855, 
Temesvar, truce of, Sept. 7, 1664 
Teschen, peace of. May 13, 1779 
Texas, commercial treaty with Great 
Britain, Nov. 13, 1 840 ; slave trade, 
Nov. 16, 1840 
Tientsin, treaty for opening the ports of 

China, June 26, 1858? 
Tilsit, peace of, July 7, 1807 
Tolentino, treaty of, 1793 
Toplitz, treaty of, Oct. 3, 1813 
Triple Alliance, Jan. 4, 171 7 
Triple Alliance of the Hague, Jan. 28, 

1668 
Tripoli, peace and commerce, Oct. 18, 
1662 ; renewed lastly. May 10, 181 2 
Troppau, congress of, Oct. 20, 1820 
Troyes, treaty of. May 21, 1420 
Tunis, peace and commerce, Oct. 5) 
1662 ; renewed, June 22, 1762 ; set- 
tlement of complaints. May 2, 1812 
Turin, commercial, Aug. 6, 1863 
Turkey, peace and friendship, Jan. 5> 
1809 ; treaty of alliance between Great 
Britain and France, for the defence of. 



March 12, 1854; peace with Russia, 
March 30, 1856 ; general treaty, June 
19, 1857 ; commercial treaty with 
Great Britain, April 29, 1861 
Turkmanchay, peace of, Feb. 22, 1828 
Ulm, peace of, July 3, 1620 
United States. — See America. 
Uruguay, commerce and navigation, 

Aug. 26, 1842 
Utrecht, union of, Jan. 22, 1579 ; peace 

of, April II, 1713 
Valen5ay, treaty of, Dec. 8, 1813 
Venezuela, of commerce, April 18, 
1825 ; against the slave trade, March 
15, 1839 
Verona, congress of, Aug. 25, 1822 
Vervins, peace of, May 2, 1598 
Versailles, treaty between France and 
Austria, May l, 1756 ; peace of, Sept. 

3, 1783 

Vienna, treaty of, April 30, 1725 ; treaty 
of alliance, March 16, 1731; defini- 
tive peace, Nov. 18, 1738; peace of, 
Oct. 14, 1809; treaty of, March 23, 
1815; treaty of. May 31, 1815, June 
9, 1815 ; treaty, Oct. 30, 1864 

Villafranca, treaty of, July 11, 1859 

Vossem, peace of, June 16, 1673 

Warsaw, treaty of, Feb. 24, 1 768 ; al- 
liance of, March 31, 1683 

Westminster, peace of, Feb. 19, 1674; 
(with Holland), 1716 

Westphaha, peace of, Oct. 24, 1648 

Wilna, treaty of, Aug. 31, 1559 

Worms, edict of, 1521 

Wurtzburg, treaty of, 1 6 10 

Zurich, ratification of the treaty of Villa- 
franca, Nov. 10, 1859 



TREBBIA, Italy, battles, between Hannibal and the Romans under Sempronius, 
when the latter were defeated, B.C. 218 ; the French and Spanish army defeated 
by the Austro-Piedmontese, 1746 ; the Russians under Suwarroff defeated the 
French after three days' fighting, the latter lost 12,000 men, June 20, 1799. 

TRENT, Austria, the Council of Trent held its sittings here from 1545 to 1563 ; cap- 
tured by the French, 1801 ; the bishopric ceded to Austria, Dec, 1802 ; evacu- 
ated by the French, 1809 ; by the Bavarians, Oct., 1809 ; by the Austrians, 
1813. 

TRENT, Council of, the i8th in the Roman Catholic Church, met, Dec. 13, 1545 ; 
,its decisions are considered orthodox by the Romanists ; the sittings of the 
council were continued under Pope Paul III., Julius III., and Pius IV., to 1563, 
when the last council sat, Dec. 3. 

TRENT, mail steamer, with the Confederate commissioners, Messrs Slidell and 
Mason, stopped by the United States' war steamer, the San Jacinto, com- 
manded by Captain Wilkes, and those gentlemen taken out and carried prisoners 

54 



850 TREUGA DEI TRIGONOMETRICAL SURVEY 

to the United States, Nov. 8, 1861 ; they were demanded by England, Nov. 30; 
given up by the United States, Dec. 26; released, Jan. 8, 1862. 

TREUGA DEI, or TRUCE OF GOD, to prevent the frequency of private wars. 
Odilo, Bishop of Aquitaine, first published a revelation he pretended he had re- 
ceived from Heaven, enjoining men to cease from hostilities and to be reconciled 
to each other, A.D. 1032; it was at first enforced during the celebrating of the 
great festivals of the Church. Extended to the festivals of the Virgin and the 
Apostles by the Council of Clermont, 1095. 

TREVES, Prussia, the capital of the Treviri in the time of Csesar, B. c. 58 ; taken 
by Gen. Marlborough, 1704; captured by the French, Aug. 9, 1794; ceded 
to them by the treaty of Luneville, Feb. 9, 1801 ; ceded to Prussia by the treaty 
of Vienna, 1815 ; the holy coat belonging to the cathedral exhibited the last 
time, 1844. 

TREVISO, Italy, the ancient Trevisiiun, a free Roman town, put itself under the 
protection of Venice, 1344 ; invested by the Austrians, June 10, 1848 ; capitu- 
lated, June 13. 

TRIA JUNCTA IN UNO, the motto of the Order of the Bath, first used, it is 
said, by Richard II., and also by Henry IV., 1399, and on the revival of the 
order by George I., May 18, 1725- 

TRIAL BY BATTLE. The last appeal to this ancient custom was in the case of 
Ashford v. Thornton. The defendant was tried for the murder of a female. He 
was acquitted, there not being sufficient evidence to establish his guilt. The 
brother and next heir of the murdered woman appealed, in order to bring the 
matter again before a jury. The accused man asserted his right to prove his 

' innocence by battle. The judges acknowledged his right to do so ; and the legal 
antiquaries would have been gratified with the rare spectacle of a judicial duel, 
but for a voluntary abandonment of the prosecution, April 11, 1818. The 
custom abolished by 59 Geo. III. c. 46, June 22, 1819 ; counsel first allowed to 
address the jury, 6 & 7 Will. IV. c. 114, Aug. 20, 1836. 

TRICHINOPOLY, Hindustan. Part of the town blown up by the firing of a pow- 
der magazine, 300 of the inhabitants killed, 310,000 musket cartridges destroyed, 
and the whole place shaken to its foundation, 1772 ; Chunda Sahib forcibly took 
possession of, April 26, 1736 ; besieged and taken by the Mahrattas, 1741 ; the 
English besieged by the French at, July 28, 1751 ; attempt of the French to 
take it by surprise, failed, Dec. 9, 1753 ; besieged by the French, May 14, 1757, 
and relieved by the British by an extraordinary march under Capt. Calliaud, May 
25, 1757- 

TRICOLOR FLAG of France, first adopted by the Parisian militia in the revolu- 
tion of 1789, red and blue ribbon the colours of the city of Paris, and white for 
the Union ; abandoned, 1814 ; changed, Feb. 25, 1848. 

TRIENNIAL PARLIAMENTS, established by 16 Charles II., April 6, 1664; 
regulated by 6 & 7 Will, and Mary, c. 2, Dec. 22, 1694 ; repealed, and septen- 
nial parliaments voted, 1715- 

TRIESTE, Illyria. Fouche murdered here, 1768 ; captured by the French, 1797 ; 
again taken by them, 1809 ; ceded to Italy by the treaty of Vienna, Oct. 14, 
1809 ; captured by the allied forces of England and Austria, Oct. 31, 1813. The 
remains of the Emperor Maximihan of Mexico landed, Jan. 16, 1868. 

TRIGONOMETRICAL SURVEY. The first commenced in the highlands of 
Scotland, 1747; the general survey of the United Kingdom begun under Gen. Roy, 
1783 ; the first preliminary operations finished, 1784. The triangulation of Ireland 
completed, 1838 ; an act passed to facilitate the completion of the survey of Gt 
Britain, 4 & 5 Vict. c. 30, June 21, 1841 ; England completed, 1857. Commis- 



TRIMMERS TRINITY SUNDAY 851 

sion appointed to inquire into, Dec. 24, 1857 ; reported, May 20, 1858, recom- 
mending the one-inch map of the United Kingdom to be completed and published 
immediately ; further reports, Dec. 31, 1858, and Dec. 31, 1859. 

TRIMMERS, a contemptible set of politicians so called by the two great parties 
in England in the reign of Charles 11., Halifax was at their head, 1682. 

TRINCOMALEE, Ceylon, the noblest harbour in India, taken by the Dutch, 
1639 ; captured by the French, 1672, but re-captured immediately by the Dutch ; 
captured by the English under Sir Hector Munro, 1782 ; re-captured by the 
French fleet ; restored to the Dutch, 1783 ; taken again by the English, 1795 ; 
ceded to that power by the treaty of Amiens, March 25, 1802. 

TRINIDAD, West India Islands, discovered by Columbus, 1498 ; a settlement 
made by the Spaniards, 1588; taken by Sir Walter Raleigh, 1595 ; by the 
French, 1676 ; restored to Spain ; retaken by the English, Feb. 13, 1797 ; ceded 
to them by the peace of Amiens, March 25, 1802. The negroes rose in insurrec- 
tion, committing great excesses, Jan. 4, 1832. 

TRINITARIANS. The term Trinity first used by Theophilus, Bishop of Antioch, 
in the second century ; order of, founded, 1594, in Spain ; an order also founded 
as early as 1198, by Felix de Valois and others ; St Philip de Noir founded an 
order of fifteen persons in Rome, 1548, under the same name. 

TRINITY ACT, passed to exempt persons from penalties who denied the doctrine, 
53 Geo. III. c. 160, July 21, 1813. 

TRINITY COLLEGE, Cambridge, founded by charter of Henry VIII., Dec. 19, 
1546 ; it includes St MickaePs House, founded, 1324 ; and King^s //a//, founded 
by Edw. III., 1337 ; the library projected by Dr Barrow, and built by Sir Chris- 
pher Wren. — Trinity Hall, founded by Bishop Bateman, Jan. 15, 1350 ; char- 
tered by Edw. III., Nov. 20, 1350. 

TRINITY COLLEGE, Oxford, founded by Sir Thomas Pope, May 4, 1554; 
building begun, March 28, 1555 ; the statute bears the date May i, 1556 ; the 
first president and fellows admitted, May 30, 1556 ; he visited the College, July 
15 ; the Hall built, 1618-20 ; the chapel rebuilt by Dr Bathurst and consecrated. 
1694. 

TRINITY COLLEGE, Dubhn, founded upon the site of the Augustine monastery 
of All Saints, by Queen Elizabeth, Dec. 29, 1591 ; first stone laid, Jan. i, 1593; 
received anew charter from James I., May 12, 1613 ; and from Charles I., 1637 ; 
made a barracks, 1689; west front erected, 1759; a Royal commission appoint- 
ed to inquire into the ailairs of, 185 1 ; report of the commissioners, 1853 ; consti- 
tution of the college altered by charter, Jan. 31, 1855 ; the library founded, 1601. 

TRINITY HOUSE, Tower Hill, founded by Thomas Spert, comptroller of the 
navy to Henry VIII., and commander of the Harry Grace de Dieu, for regulat- 
ing the pilot service and erecting lighthouses, &c., 151 1 ; incorporated by Henry 
VIII., 1512 ; re-incorporated by James II., 1685 ; its jurisdiction extended to 
Ireland, 52 Geo. III. c. 39, April 20, 1812. There wer.e formerly three establish- 
ments, at Deptford, Hull, and Newcastle: the one at Hull established, 1369; 
incorporated, March 20, 1529 ; their records destroyed by fire, 1714. Their second 
hall built in Water Lane, Tower-street, 1671. The one at Deptford pulled down, 
1787. The present building erected from the designs of Samuel Wyatt ; the first 
stone laid by the Right Hon. Wm. Pitt, first Lord of the Treasury, and master, 
.Sept. 12, 1793 ; the corporation consists of a master, four wardens, eight assist- 
ants, and 31 elder brethren. Prince Alfred installed as master, March 21, 1866. 

TRINITY SUNDAY, first introduced into the calendar by Pope Gregory IV., 
the Sunday after Whitsuntide, 834 ; this date is disputed by some authorities, who 
fix it 1 150 ; kept by the Roman and Reformed Churches alike. 



8S2 TRINK-PIALLES TROYES 

TRINK-HALLES, for the sale of summer drinks, as Eau de Seltz, and syrups, first 
established at Leipzic, i860 ; they have since become general in Germany, and 
Capt. Foutrobert introduced them into Paris, 1866. 

TRIPLE ALLIANCE, formed between the States-general and England against 
France, for the protection of the Spanish Netherlands, Jan. 13, 1668 ; Sweden 
afterwards joined the league, April 25 : the second alliance formed between Eng- 
land, France, and Holland; the first two powers signed, Nov. 28, 1716 ; and 
Holland, Jan. 4, 1717 : a third signed between England, Russia, and Austria, 
Sept. 28, 1795. 

TRIPOLI, Africa, captured by the Saracens, 638; taken by the Sicilians, 1146, 
but retaken by the Saracens, 1184, from whom it was taken by the Spaniards, 
1510 ; given to the knights of St John by Charles V., 1530 ; taken by the Turks, 
1551 ; the Moors succeeded in defeating the garrison, 1703 ; recaptured by the 
Turks, 1835. Slavery abolished, 1816; and piracy, 1817. 

TRIPOLI, Asia Minor, the government invested in Mehemet Ali by treaty. May 
6, 1833 ; captured by the British fleet, Sept. 22, 1840 ; revolt of the Arabs at, 
and repulse of the Turkish troops with a loss of 2000 men and all their guns, July 
12, 1855. 

TRIPOLITZA, Greece, besieged by the Greeks under Demetrius Ipsilanti, Aug., 
182 1 ; carried by storm, and 9000 of the inhabitants massacred, Oct. 5 ; recap- 
tured by the Turks under Ibrahim Pacha, June 23, 1825. 

TRISTAN D'ACUNHA, island of, discovered, 1651. In the year 181 1, Jonathan 
Lambert, an American sailor, took possession of the desolate island of Tristan 
d'Acunha, and issued a manifesto, drawn up in a strictly diplomatic form, which 
was signed by his chief minister, another American sailor, whose name was An- 
drew Millet. He declares that, on Feb. 4, 181 1, he took entire possession for 
himself, and his descendants for ever, of the island of Tristan d'Acunha, as well 
as of two neighbouring islands, the Inaccessible Island, and the island called 
Nightingale, of vi^hich he thereby declares himself the lord and prince. When 
Napoleon was a prisoner at St Helena, this island was occupied by the English, 
and after the Emperor's death, when the party occupying was withdrawn, an 
English seaman remained, and, joined by one or two others, became sole inhabit- 
ants and occupiers of the island, 1825. 

TRIUMVIRATES. Triumviri Capitales were regular magistrates appointed circa 
B.C. 292. Triumviri Nocturni appointed to protect the city from nocturnal fires, 
circa B.C. 304. Triiwiviri Reipubliciz Constituouice appointed for five years, B.C. 
43 ; the last at Rome, 1 849, Mazzini being one of them. 

TROPPAU, congress, the Emperor of Austria and King of Prussia met here, Oct. 
20, 1820, to consider the affairs of Naples, and afterwards adjourned to Laybach, 
Dec. 20, 1820. 

TROUBADOURS, or French poets of the nth and 12th centuries. The earliest 
songs known were written by William, Duke of Guienne, in the Romance lan- 
guage, circa 1096. — Ha/lam. 

TROY, Asia Minor ; the ancient Iliu?n. Supposed to have withstood a siege of 10 
years before it was taken ; the site of the town discovered by M. Lechevalier, 
in 1785. 

TROYES, France. Taken by Joan of Arc, 1429. The parliament of Paris 
banished to, 1787. The mayor of, M. Huez, murdered by the insurrectionists, 
1789. Occupied by the French under Napoleon, 1814 ; entrance of the allied 
sovereigns into, Feb. 7 ; retaken by Napoleon, Feb. 23, and by the allies a few 
days afterwards. 



TROY WEIGHT TURIN 853 

TROY WEIGHT, from Troyes in France, where it was first used ; the oz. troy 

is said to have been brought originally fi-om Egypt, in the time of the Crusaders, 

1095 ; the Scotch troy weight was introduced by James I. of England, 1618. 
TRUELLAS, battle. The French attacked the Spanish army, but were defeated 

with a loss of 5000 men and lO cannon, Sept. 22, 1793. 
TRUMPET, the invention of, ascribed to the Etruscans ; first sounded in England 

before the sovereign, in the time of Offa, King of Mercia, 790. 
TRUMPET-FLOWERS, brought from North America, 1640 ; the large- flowered 

from China, 1 800 ; there are other varieties from the Cape and America. 
TRUMPETS for speaking, known to the Greeks before 1596 ; made by Talland, 

1654; the subject of inquiry before the Royal Society in 1670. 
TRUXILLO, order of knighthood, instituted in Spain, 1227. 
TRUXILLO, Peru, founded by Pizarro, 1535 > I'uined by an earthquake, Dec, 

1759- 
TUAM, Archbishopric of, founded, 501; the see of Mayo annexed to Tuam, I559> 

it ceased to be archiepiscopal, 1839, and is now a bishopric, to which Killala, 

Enachdune, and Achonry were annexed, 1573- 
TUBULAR BRIDGE, for the Chester and Holyhead Railway, over the Menai 

Straits, the construction of which is no less novel than gigantic ; it consists of 

two lines of tubes, each of great length, lifted above a hundred feet over the level 

of the water ; the engineers were Stephenson, Foster, and Fairbairn, March 5, 

1850. — See Bridges. 

TUDELA, battle. The Spaniards under Gen. Palafox defeated by the Fi-ench under 
Marshal Ney ; 5000 Spaniards were killed, Sept. 22, 180S. 

TUILLERIES, Paris, one of the royal palaces, begun by Catharine de Medicis, 
. 15.64 ; Louis XVI. iDrought here a prisoner, Oct. 6, 1789 ; invaded by the mob, 
June 20, 1792 ; attacked and taken by the insurgents, after 300 of the Swiss 
Guards had been slain, Aug. 10, 1792 ; the National Convention held their first 
sittings, May 10, 1793 ; captured by the insurgents, July 29, 1830 ; taken and 
sacked by the mob for nine days, the building saved, Feb. 25 — March 6, 1848 ; 
the present Emperor took up his residence here, 1851. 

TULIPS, came first to England, 1578 ; were objects of commerce in the i6th 
century : in 1639, the sum of 90,oao florins was given in Holland for 120 tulips, 
with the offsets ; one called the Viceroy sold for 4203 guilders ; the tulip-tree 
came to England from America, 1663. 

TUNBRIDGE, Kent. The priory built, 1094 ; grammar-school established by 
Sir Andrew Judde, 1553 ; wells became noted as curative through Dudley, Lord 
North, 1606 ; Henrietta Maria, wife of Charles I., resided here, 1630; Charles 
II. and Catherine of Portugal visited this town, 1664 ; the wells were covered in 
at the cost of ;!f400, 1847 ; visited by the Queen and Prince Albert, 1849. — See 
Tonbridge Castle. 

TUNIS, city of, Africa, stands near the site of ancient Carthage. Besieged by 
Louis IX. of France, 1270 ; taken by Barbarossa — he was expelled by Charles 
v., but recovered by the Turks under Selim II.; 10,000 Christian slaves there 
set at liberty, 1535 ; the Bey of Tunis first appointed, 1570 ; taken by the Turks, 
1574 ; reduced by Admiral Blake on the Bey refusing to give up the English cap- 
tives, 1655 ; piracy suppressed, 1818 ; a new constitution granted, i860 ; an insur- 
rection, which lasted for several months, broke out, April, 1864. 

TURIN, Italy, the Augusta Taurifionim of the ancients. The cathedral founded, 
A.D. 602 ; the present building began in 1498, and consecrated in 1505. Philip I. of 
Savoy resided at, 1 280-1 ; made the capital of Sardinia, by Amadeus VIII., 



8S4 TURKEY 

1418 ; the university founded, 1412; Francis I. ravaged and almost demolished 
the city, 1536 ; besieged by the French and taken after a gallant defence of four 
^months, Sept. 22, 1640. It vi^as invested by the allies, commanded by Prince 
Eugene, the French vi^ere defeated vs^ith great loss, Sept. 1, 1706; the victors 
captured 153 pieces of cannon. The Basilica erected by Juvara, 1 71 7-31 ; 
taken from the French, 1799 ; reoccupied by them, June 24, i8(X) ; the French 
driven out by the Austrians and Russians, May 30, 18 14, and given up to the 
King of Sardinia ; museum established, 1820 ; revolution in, 1821 ; a political 
riot among the students of the university, detected and the university closed, 
April 27, 1864 ; the seat of Government removed to Florence by treaty v^ith 
France, Sept. 15 ; riots in consequence broke out, Sept. 21 — 23, and again, Jan. 
30, 1865 ; the last sittings of Parliament held in, May 16. 

TURKEY trade commenced m the reign of Queen Elizabeth, 1550 ; the Levant 
company instituted by charter, 1579 ; it is now a most extensive and open trade. 

TURKEY, Empire of, consisting of mixed Asiatic races, the greater number of whom 
were originally of Tartar blood, combined under the influence of the Mahometan 
creed and conquests. The empire founded by Constantine, A.D. 330 ; Constan- 
tinople besieged by Chosroes, 616. Birth of Mahomet, the prophet, at Mecca, 
571 ; his imposture commenced, 604 ; the Koran written, 610; flight to Medina, 
622 ; death of Mahomet, 631. Holy wars began, 1095; the Turkish empire first 
formed under Othman at Bithynia, 1298 ; the Turks took Thrace and Adrianople, 
1360 ; Janissaries, a guard composed of the descendants of Christian slaves, in- 
stituted by Amurath I., 1362 ; the provinces of the Eastern empire conquered by 
Bajazet I., 1389 ; defeated Sigismund, King of Hungary, with an army of 100,000 
men, at Nicopolis, 1396; he besieged Constantinople, but was captured by Tamer- 
lane, 1402; the Turks made a raid upon Hungary, but were repelled by the 
Huniades, 1450 ; Constantinople taken by Mahomet II., May 29, 1453 ; the 
Mahometans attacked Greece, 1458 ; subdued the whole of the country, 1460 ; 
they penetrated into Italy, and took Otranto, 1480; the Janissaries cause Selim I. 
to be raised to the throne ; he murdered his father, brothers, and their families, 
1512; he took the islands of the Archipelago, 1514; overran Syria, 1515 ; Egypt 
added to his empire, 1516; Soliman II. took Belgrade, 1521 ; Rhodes wrested 
from the knights of St John, 1522 ; the Hungarians defeated at Mohatz, Aug. 
29, 1526 ; Soliman II. besieged Vienna with 250,000 men, but was repulsed, 
1529 ; peace concluded with Hungary, 1533 ; the Venetians defeated, and Cyprus 
taken, 1571 ; great battle of Lepanto, the whole Turkish fleet destroyed, Oct. 
7, 1571 ; Amurath III. ascended the throne, and strangled his five brothers, 
1574 ; commerce with England first began, 1583 ; the Turks driven out of Persia 
by Schah Abbas, 1585 ; Mahomet III. ascended the throne, 1595 ; Ahmet I. 
succeeded him, 1603 ; great fire in Constantinople, 1606 ; Amurath IV. began 
to reigt), he caused his father and four brothers to be strangled, 1624 ; the 
Persians defeated by the Turks, who took the city of Bagdad, 1639 ; the island 
of Candia taken after a long siege, 1669 ; Vienna besieged by Mahomet IV., re- 
lieved by John Sobieski, of Poland, Sept. 12, 1683 ; the Austrians retake 
Buda, 1686 ; Mahomet IV. deposed by Soliman II., his brother, 1687 ; the 
Turks recover Belgrade, 1690, but they were totally defeated at Salankemen by 
the Austrians, 1691, and at Zeuta, 1697 ; peace restored by the treaty of 
Carlowitz, Jan. 26, 1699; Mustapha 11. deposed by the Janissaries, 1703 ; war 
declared against Russia, 1710; the Morea conquered by the Turks, 1715 J 
Russia relinquished Azof by treaty, July 10, 1711 ; peace made with Austria, 
July 21, 1718 ; war declared against Persia, 1726 ; Mohammed V. began to 
reign, Sept., 1730 ; the Austrians defeated at Krotzka, July 22, 1739 ; the entire 
Turkish fleet destroyed in the Bay of Tchesme in the Scio Channel, 1770. A 
declaration of war proclaimed against France, 1798 ; the Crimea ceded to Russia 



TURKEY 855 

by treaty, Jan. 8, 1784; war again breaks out against Russia, 1787, and with 
Austria, 17S8 ; 20,000 Turks slain at Oczakow, Dec. 17, 1788 ; Ismail stormed 
by the Russians and 45,000 Turks killed, Dec. 22, 1790; peace concluded with 
Russia, Aug. 11, 1791 ; war against Russia, Jan. 7, 1807 ; the passage of the 
Dardanelles forced by the British fleet, Feb. 19, 1807 ; Hall Aga murdered, May 
25; the Sultan Selim deposed and cut to pieces by the Janissaries, who called 
Mustapha IV. to the throne. May 29; treaty of Bucharest, May 28, 1812, 
restoring peace to Russia ; a caravan of 2000 pilgrims returning from Mecca, deci- 
mated by a pestilential wind in the desert — only 20 being saved, Aug. 9 ; Waha- 
bees brought to subjection, 1818 ; Ali Pacha of Albania, in Greece, declared his 
independence, 1820; Moldavia and Wallachia rose in rebellion, March, 1821 ; 
the Greek patriarch hanged at Constantinople by a mob, April 23 ; the Turks 
take Scio and slay the inhabitants, April 11, 1822; dreadful fire at Constanti- 
nople, March i, 1823 ; revolution at, Nov. 3 ; the Turkish fleet defeated near 
Mitylene, Oct. 7, 1824 ; statute passed reforming the Janissaries, May 28, 1826 ; 
a new army organized. May 29 ; insurrection of the Janissaries at Constantinople, 
June 14, 15 ; abolished by the Sultan, June 16 ; fire at Constantinople, 6000 
houses destroyed, Aug. 30 ; the Turkish fleet destroyed by the fleets of England 
and France, at Navarino, Oct. 20, 1827; 132 French, 120 English, and 85 
Russian residents banished from the Turkish empire, Jan. 5, 1828 ; war declared 
against Russia, April 26 ; the Turks defeated at Brailow, June 18 ; Anapa sur- 
rendered, June 23 ; Varna besieged, Aug. 5 ; the Turks defeated at | the 
battle of Akhalzikh, Aug. 24 ; fortress of Bajazet taken, Sept. 9 ; ' the 
Sultan joined his army with the sacred standard, Sept. 26 ; the Dardanelles 
blockaded, Oct. i ; Varna surrendered, Oct. 11 ; Russians retreated from 
before Schumla, Oct. 15 ; the castle of the Morea surrendered to the French, Oct. 
30 ; the Russians raised the siege of Silistria, Nov. 10 ; the Russians defeated the 
Turks at Kolawtscha, near Schumla, June 11, 1829 ; Silistria captured, June 30; 
battle of Kainly near Erzeroum, July 2 ; Erzeroum captured by the Russians, 
July 20; the Russian troops enter Adrianople, Aug. 20; peace concluded at 
Adrianople, Sept. 14; fire at Constantinople, the crew of H.B. M.S. Blonde as- 
sisted in saving the city, Jan. 22, 1830 ; the independence of Greece recognized, 
April 23 ; treaty signed with America, May 7 ; Ibrahim Pacha, son of Mehemet 
Ali, captured St Jean d'Acre, May 27, 1832 ; the Turks defeated at Horns, 
July 6 ; the Egyptians captured Aleppo, July 8 ; the Turks again defeated 
at Beylau, July 29 ; Ibrahim Pacha defeated the army of the Sultan in Syria, with 
considerable loss, July 30 ; the Egyptians defeated the Turks at Konieh, Dec. 2 1 ; 
the army of Ibrahim Pacha comes within 80 leagues of Constantinople, and the 
Sultan requests the assistance of Russia, Jan., 1833 ; a Russian fleet arrived at 
the capital, April 3 ; treaty concluded with Mehemet Ali, May 6 ; treaty with 
Russia concluded, July 8 ; office of Grand Vizier abolished by the Sultan, March 
30, 1838; treaty of commerce with England ratified, Aug. 16; hostilities re- 
newed with Mehemet Ali, June 17, 1839 ; the Turks defeated at Nezib, June 
24 ; Sultan Mahmoud died, June 30 ; the Turkish fleet given up to the Egyptians, 
July 14 ; revolution in Servia against, May ; a treaty of protection, July 15, 
1840; St Jean d'Acre captured, Nov. 3. Treaty with the four powers, for clos- 
ing the passage of the Dardanelles, March 13, 1841 ; the Hungarian leaders, 
Bern and Kossuth, escaped into Turkey, Aug. 21, 1849 ; the government refused 
to suiTender them on the joint demand of Russia and Austria, Sept. 16, 1849 '■> 
Russia again demanded the expulsion of the Hungarian refugees, and suspended 
all intercourse with the Porte, Nov. 12 ; the Porte (countenanced by England) 
firmly resisted this demand ; the British fleet, under Sir W. Parker, anchored in 
Besika bay, Nov. 13 ; diplomatic relations with the Porte resumed by Russia ; 
the refugees were sent to Konieh, in Asia Minor, Dec. 30, 3 1 ; friendly relations 
resumed with Austria, April 6, 1850 ; insurrection breaks out in Samos, Jan., 



856 TURKEY 

1851 ; in Turkish Croatia, Marcli 4, suppressed in the same month ; a treaty re- 
ferring to the Holy Temple in Palestine agreed to with France, Feb. 14, 1852 ; 
the concession made to the Christians led to a misunderstanding with Russia, Feb., 
1853 ; Menshikoff presented his Russian ultimatum. May 5 ; the Porte declared 
war against Russia, Oct. 5, 1853 ; the allied fleet entered the Bosphorus, Oct. 
22 ; the Turkish army crossed the Danube and occupied Kalefat, Oct. 27 ; de- 
feated the Russian army at Oltenitza. — See Russian War. The Greek provinces 
revolted, Jan. 27, 1854 ; the Sultan makes several demands upon Greece, but his 
ultimatum was rejected, March 21 ; the Greek rebels defeated in their strong- 
hold at Damoko, April 22 ; peace made with Russia— treaty signed, March 30, 
1857; Charter of liberties granted in a " Hatti Humayoun," Feb. 18, 1856; 
massacre of Christians at Jedda, July 25, 1858 ; several reforms made in the 
government in Aug. ; a plot against the life of the Sultan discovered, Sept. 17 ; a 
decree of the Sultan limiting the luxury of the Turkish ladies and ordering certain 
changes in their costume, Nov. 12, 1859 ; Russia complained of the treatment 
the Christians received in Turkey, May 5, i860 ; satisfactory reply given, June 
3 ; a treaty of commerce made with France, April 29, 1S61, and with Gt Britain 
the same day ; Abdul Medjid died, June 25 ; reconciliation of the Sultan with 
the Hospodar of Moldo-Wallachia, 1864. The Sultan left Constantinople to 
visit Europe, and arrived at Paris, June 30, 1867 ; received at Dover by the 
Prince of Wales, July 12 ; arrived at Buckingham Palace the same day ; visited 
the Queen at Windsor Castle, July 13 ; state visit to the Royal Italian Opera, 
July 15 ; Woolwich dockyards, and the Crystal Palace, July 16 ; review at 
Spithead, July 17; the Sultan invested with the Order of the Garter by Her 
Majesty, July 17 ; His Majesty entertained by the Corporation of London, at 
the Guildhall, July 1 8 ; banquet in honour of, given by the Duke of Cambridge, 
at Cambridge House, July 19 ; and a state ball at the new India Office, July 19 ; 
present at the volunteer review at Wimbledon, July 20 ; entertained by the 
Duke of Sutherland, at Stafford House, July 22, and visited the Horticultural 
Gardens ; left London, July 23 ; entered the Bosphorus upon his return, received 
with great rejoicing, 60 vessels went to meet him, Aug. 7 ; held a grand reception 
at Constantinople, Aug. 12 ; a new council of state composed of 10 Mussulmans 
and 10 Christians formed, Aug. 19. Insurrection in Crete ; the Turkish am- 
bassador applied to the King of Greece to assist in putting a stop to their pro- 
gress, but he refused and assisted the insurgents ; the Turkish ultimatum presented 
to him, Dec. 10. 

TURKISH SOVEREIGNS. 
Othman I. ... ... ... 1299 Mustapha I. (again) ... ... 1622 

Orchan, son of Othman ... 1326 Amurath IV. ... 1623 

Amurath 1 1360 Ibrahim 1640 

Bajazet I. ... 1389 Mohammed IV., son of Ibrahim 1649 

Solyman I. ... ... ... 1402 Solyman III., his brother ... 1687 

Musa-Chelebi 1410 Ahmed II 1691 

Mohammed I., son of Bajazet ... 1413 Mustapha II., eldest son of Mo- 

Amurath II. ... 1421 hammed IV 1695 

Mohammed II 1451 Ahmed HI 1763 

Bajazet II. ... 1481 Mohammed V. succeeded his uncle 1703 

Selim I. 1512 Osman III 1754 

Solyman II., the Magnificent, his Mustapha III 1757 

son ... ... 1520 Abdul-Ahmed ... 1774 

Selim IL, son of Solyman ... 1566 Selim HI 1788 

Amurath HI 1574 Mustapha IV 1807 

Mohammed HI., son of Amurath 1595 Mohammed VI. 1808 

Ahmed I., 1603 Abdul-Mejid 1839 

Mustapha I. ... ... ... 1617 Abdul- Aziz, brother of the former 

Osman I. ... ... ... 1618 Emperor ... ...June 25, 1861 



TURKEYS TUSCANY 857 

TURKEYS first brought to England, 1523, and to France, 1570. 

TURKISH BATHS. Mr Urquhart attempted for several years to introduce them 
into this country; he constructed one at Lytham, 1857; the first public one 
opened in London, i860. 

TURNERS' COMPANY, incorporated, 2 Jac. I., June 12, 1604 ; grant of arms 
to, Dec. 17, 1634. 

TURNPIKES, or TOLLBARS, originated in England, 1267 ; the lord of the 
manor being allowed to collect a liaf. from every waggon passing through his 
manor ; an act passed for erecting, 1663 ; the first erected at St Giles', London, in 
this year. Riots in various places in England, and the turnpikes destroyed, 1728, 
1729; Reynolds hanged at T)'burn for encom-aging, 1736; the turnpike near 
Bedminster destroyed, 1749 ; Rebecca riots in Wales for the abolition of, 1842-3 ; 
27 removed, by 7 & 8 Geo. IV. c. 24, 1827 ; tolls to be levied on locomotives, 
and on waggons and carriages drawn by steam, 24 & 25 Vict. c. 70, Aug. i, 
1861 ; abolished in certain places near London, by 26 & 27 Vict. c. 78, July 28, 
1863, to take effect on June 30, 1864. 

TURPENTINE, the produce of a species of fir-tree, imported from Barbary prior 
to 1656 ; there are two kinds, the Venice or Venetian, and the common. The 
manufacture of, in London and its neighbourhood regulated by 7 & 8 Vict. c. 84, 
ss. 54 — 63, Aug. 9, 1844, and 18 & 19 Vict. c. 122, Aug. 14, 1855. 

TURTLES, first brought to England from the West Indies, between 1740 and 1750. 

TUSCALOOSA, ship-of-war, formerly the Coizfad, a trading vessel, captured by 
the Alabama, Capt. Semmes of the Confederate navy, June 21, 1863 ; taken in- 
to Simon's Bay, South Africa, and acknowledged a lawful prize by the authorities, 
Aug. 8 ; a protest being made by the United States Consul, the case being 
referred to the law officers, their decision was unfavourable, and she was ordered 
to be detained, Dec. 26 ; her commander protested against this act, Dec. 28 ; the 
whole case being communicated to the Home authorities, Jan. 11, 1864, the 
ship was ordered to be delivered up by the Duke of Newcastle, Foreign Secretary, 
March 10, and Capt. Semmes warned not to bring any prizes into English ports. 

TUSCANY, Italy, called by the ancients Etiiina ; annexed to the Lombard king- 
dom of Alboin, a.d. 568 ; incorporated by Charlemagne into his empire, 773-4 ; 
ravaged by Henry IV., 1081 ; erected into a dukedom, by the bull of Pius V., 
Cosmo de Medici being made Grand-Duke, Aug. 27, 1569 ; upon the extinction 
of this family, Francis of Lorraine elected to the throne, 1737 ; seized by the 
French, March 24, 1799; recovered its independence, July 17, 1799, but was 
again taken by France the following year ; given to Louis, son of the King of 
Spain, as King of Etruria, Feb. 26, 1801 ; he died, June 30, 1803 ; united to 
France, May 24, 1808 ; restored to Austria, 1814; Leopold II. ascended the ducal 
seat, June 18, 1824; insurrection in, Feb., 1831 ; a treaty made with Great 
Britain and France for suppressing the slave trade, Nov. 30, 1831, and 
March 22, 1833 ; ordered to be carried into effect, by I & 2 Vict. c. 83, Aug. 10, 
1838 ; treaty for the suppression of the slave trade with England, Dec. 20, 1841 ; 
Lucca annexed to Tuscany, Aug. 31, 1847; a representative government proclaimed, 
Feb. II, 1848; Leopold fled from Sienna" in consequence of the civil war, Feb. 
7, 1849 ; arrived at Gaeta, Feb. 23 ; the town restored, Aug. 6; recovered by an 
Austrian army. May 5, 1850 ; Leopold returned, July 23; outrage committed 
upon Mr Erskine Mather in the streets of Florence, Jan. 29, 1851 ; agreed and 
signed a concordat with the Pope, April 25, 1858 ; the abolition of the constitu- 
tion of 1848, May 6, 1852 ; revolution in, and Victor Emmanuel made Dictator, 
April 28, 1859, but refused ; the French landed an army at Leghorn, May 20; 
the Grand-Duke Leopold abdicated, Sept. 3 ; the Pope's concordat annulled. 



858 TUTBURY CASTLE TYROL 

Jan. 27, i860 ; voted for annexation to Sardinia, March 22 ; Florence declared 
the capital of Italy, April 26, 1865. 

TUTBURY CASTLE, Staffordshire, built by Henry de Ferrers, circa 1066 ; re- 
built by John of Gaunt, 1350 ; Mary Queen of Scots confined in, 1569 ; taken 
and destroyed by the Parliamentarians, 1645. 

TWELFTH-DAY, or Old Christmas, custom of drawing king and queen on, was 
borrowed from the Greeks and Romans, who, on the tabernacle or Christmas 
festivals, drew lots for kings, by putting a piece of money in the middle of 
a cake, which whoever found was saluted as king of the festival of the Epiphany ; 
instituted, 813. 

TYBURN, London, the ancient place for the execution of malefactors. Nicholas 
Brembre, Lord Mayor of London, executed at, Feb. 20, 1388 ; the exact spot is 
situated at the junction of the Edgeware and Bayswater roads, where No. 49, 
Connaught Square, stands. A German writer in 1 778 speaks of it as distant two 
miles from London. John Austin the last person executed here, Nov. 7, 1783 ; 
the gate removed, 1829. Water was conveyed from the springs here to supply 
the city of London in the 13th century. 

TYCHFIELD ABBEY, Hants, built, 1232. 

TYNEMOUTH CASTLE, Northumberland, built by Waltheof, Earl of North- 
umberland, who married William the Conqueror's niece, 1070; held by the Earl 
of Albemarle against William Rufus, 1093; captured by the Scots, 1644, and 
by the Roundheads, 1648. 

TYPE-FOUNDING, invented at Mentz, circa 1457 ; separated from printing by 
a decree of Charles I., July 11, 1637 ; 4 founders appointed, revived by Charles 
11. , 1662-3 ; and again for 7 years by James II., 1685 ; not since renewed. 
Composing-machine invented by Mr Hattersley, 1859. 

TYRCONNEL, Earl of The Roman Catholics in Ireland, headed by, with a 
French force, attacked Ulster, Londonderry, and Ennskillen, 1690, but were 
defeated by the forces, but this rebellion in favour of James II. was not finally 
crushed until Oct., 1691. 

TYRE, Phoenicia, said to have been founded B.C. 1250 ; besieged unsuccessfully 
by Shalmanaser, King of Assyria, 722 ; and again by Nebuchadnezzar, King of 
Babylon, 690 ; captured by Alexander, 332-4 ; taken by the Crusaders, June 27, 
A.D. I124 ; again in the possession of the Saracens, May 19, 1291. 

TYRE, era of, began Oct. 19, 125 B.C.; to reduce this era to our own, subtract 124, 
and if the given year be less than 125, deduct it from 125, and the remainder will 
be the era before Christ. 

TYROL, Austria, made a part of the Austrian empire, 1665 ; ceded to Bavaria by 
the treaty of Presburg, Dec. 26, 1805 ; an insurrection, under the leadership of 
Andrew Hofer, against this power broke out in the early part of 1809, and their 
rulers expelled. The French invaded the country, but were defeated in several 
engagements, and finally expelled after the battle of Iselberg, Aug. 13, 1809; and 
the treaty of Schonbrunn concluded, Oct. 14, by which Bavaria was restored ; the 
Tyrolese refused to assent to it, and continued the struggle ; the patriot Hofer 
captured by the French, Jan. 20, 18 10, and shot at Mantua, Feb. 20 ; the Aus- 
trians regained possession of the country, 1814. 



UBIQUITARIANS UNCTION, EXTREME 859 



u 



UBIQUITARIANS, a Lutheran sect, which at one time spread over Germany 
and through other countries ; they beUeved the natural body of Christ to be 
every where present : the sect arose «;ra 1560. 

UCLES, battle, the Spanish army was defeated by the French, under Marshal 
Victor, with a loss of 1500 men killed and 9000 prisoners, their whole artillery 
and baggage, Jan. 13, 1809. 

UKRAINE, or the Frontier, as the term imports. Russia and Poland divided the 
Ukraine by treaty, 1693 ; the west side of the Dneiper being taken by Poland, and 
the east by Russia ; the borders of Poland, Russia, and Little Tarlary were ap- 
propriated by Russia, 1795, according to the iniquitous treaty of partition, Nov. 
25. The Emperor, Alexander I., visited here, April, 1818 ; insurrection broke 
out, April 25, 1831 ; suppressed, May 26. 

ULEABORG, Finland, founded, 1610 ; taken by the Russians from the Swedes, 
1809 ; formally ceded, Sept. 17; destroyed by fire, 1822 ; rebuilt, 1823-4. The 
English fleet destroyed 23 vessels, and the governmental stores, June i, 2, 1854. 

ULM, Wiirtemberg, peace of, by which Frederic V. was deprived of Bohemia, 
signed July 3, 1620 ; taken by the French, 1796 ; fortified by the Grand-Duke, 
1800; ceded to Bavaria, July 17, 1802; the battle of, between the French, 
commanded by Marshal Ney,and the Austrians, by Gen. Mack, the latter were 
defeated, Oct. 17 — 20, 1805, and the fortifications of the town were destroyed ; 
restored, 1842. 

ULSTER, Ireland, divided between the O'Neills and O'Dohertys in the reign of 
Elizabeth. Insurrection, 1598; commissioners appointed to inquire into the for- 
feited lands, 1602 — 1609; a settlement founded and a grant made to Nicholas 
Bacon, May 22, 161 1. The Irish Society of London founded by James I., 
March 29, 1613. The Chemico-Agricultural Society instituted at Belfast, 1845 ; 
report upon the potato disease, 1 845. Statistical Society founded at Londondeny, 
1838. 

ULVERSCROFT PRIORY, Leicestershire, founded by Robert Bossu, circa 11^4. 

ULVERSTONE, Lancashire, the gunpowder mills of Messrs Dickson and Co. 
exploded at, killing 3 men and seriously wounding 3 others, one man was found with 
his clothes burnt off 100 yards from the mill, and the horse and van were carried 
into a wood 50 yards away, the shock was felt for miles, Dec. 7, 1867. Another 
explosion at these mills, which resulted in their total destruction, and the loss of 
9 workmen, happened, July 25, 1868. 

UMBRELLA, mentioned by Ben Jonson, in a comedy, 1616 ; used by the ladies 
in the reign of Queen Anne, 1 710; Mr John Jameson used one in Glasgow, 
1782 ; the first person who used the umbrella in the streets of London was Jonas 
Hanway, who died, 1786; alpaca first used as a covering in lieu of silk by 
Sangster, 1851. 

UNCTION, EXTREME, a ceremony originally of the Jews, who anointed them- 
selves with oil upon particular occasions, and hence the imitation of the cere- 
mony ; it was in common use about 550 ; the first who received extreme unction 
from the pope is said to have been St Asaph, 590. 



86o UNIFORMITY UNITED PROVINCES 

UNIFORMITY, first Act of, passed, i Elizabeth, c. 2, 1558. Second, obliging all 
the clergy to subscribe the same 39 Articles and to use the same form of worship ; 
upwards of 2000 ministers quitted the Church of England upon that occasion, 
joined the Dissenters, and ranked among the fathers of the Dissenting interest, 13 
& 14 Car. II., c. 4 ; received the royal assent, May 19, to come into force, Aug. 
24, 1662. 

UNION of the Three Crowns : England and Scotland became united at the ac- 
cession of James VI. of Scotland, as James I. of England, March 24, 1603 ; 
the union of the two kingdoms was attempted, but failed, 1670 ; commis- 
sioners appointed to agree as to the terms of the settlement, i Anne, c. 8 ; the 
terms agreed to, July 22, 1706; the Tories opposed the union, 1706, in the 
House of Commons, but it became a law, 6 Anne, c. 11, June 6, 1706, and 
was ratified by a large majority in the Scotch parliament, Jan. 16, 1707; the 
union to commence from the 1st of May, 1707. Union with Ireland proposed in 
the Irish parliament by a royal message, Jan. 22, 1799 ; resolutions passed by 
the city of Cork in favour of, Jan. 12 ; the plan of the union detailed, Feb. 5, 
1800 ; the act of union passed the British parliament, 39 & 40 Geo. III. c. 47, 
July 2, 1800 ; the Irish parliament agreed to the union by 40 Geo. III. c. 38, 
June 13, 1800. The united standard of England and Ireland first displayed on 
Dublin castle, Jan. I, 1801 ; the realm thence became the united kingdom of 
Great Britain and Ireland, the title to France being dropped. 

UNION FIRE-OFFICE established, 1715. 

UNION JACK, the National Flag of Gt Britain (the cross of St George, with the 

Saltire of St Andrew), adopted by proclamation of James I., April 12, 1606; 

the Sahire of St Patrick added, Jan. i, iSoi. 
UNION PACKET, of Dover, lost off Calais, Jan. 28, 1792, the first accident of 

the kind for 105 years. 

UNITARIANS, who worship only one self-existent Deity, in place of three equal 
Deities in one, arose under Servetus, 1553 ; on his passing through Geneva, pro- 
ceeding to Naples, in that year, Calvin incited the magistrates to arrest him on 
charges of blasphemy and heresy, and on his refusing to retract his opinions con- 
demned him to be burned ; this murder took place, Oct. 27, 1553 ; the act passed 
to relieve them from their disabilities, 53 Geo. III. c. 160, July 21, 1813 ; ex- 
tended to Ireland, 57 Geo. III. c. 70, July 7, 1817; their meeting-house pro- 
tected by 7 & 8 Vict. c. 45, July 19, 1844 ; a national convention of, held in 
New York, April 5, 1865. 

UNITED BRETHREN, called by some Moravians, existed at a very early period ; 
they were joined by the Waldenses, 1176, and by the followers of John Huss, 
141 7 ; after the Reformation they obtained an edict for the exercise of their 
worship in public, 1575, which was confirmed, 1609 ; they were afterwards dis- 
persed, 1612-21 ; revived in Moravia and Bohemia, 1 720, where Count Zinzendorf 
supported them, 1722 ; made one of their bishops, 1737 ; first mission to Green- 
land, 1733; to America, 1734 ; an act passed removing some of the disabilities 
under which they suffered with other Dissenters, 20 Geo. II., c. 44, June 17, 
1747 ; and an act passed to encourage their settlement in America, 22 Geo. II., 
c. 30, May 26, 1749. 

UNITED IRISHMEN, a conspiracy established, and a society formed to invade 
England, 1791 ; the leaders concluded a treaty with France, June, 1796 ; their 
leader, Theobald Tone, was convicted, Nov. 10, 1798; he committed suicide 
shortly afterwards, see the report of the House of Commons, March 15, 1799. 

UNITED PROVINCES, once subjected to Spain ; became a republic, 1579 ; 
deputies appointed by the provinces of Holland, Zealand, Utrecht, Friesland, 



UNITED SERVICE CLUB UNITED STATES 86i 

Groningen, Overyssel, and Guelderland, met at Utrecht, Jan. 23, 1579 ; they 
agreed to and signed a treaty of mutual defence, appointing the Prince of 
Orange stadtholder, thus forming the union of Utrecht, or the foundation of the 
Seven United Provinces. In 1609 their independence was acknowledged ; 
Holland was united to France, 1796 ; Louis Bonaparte crowned king of, June 5, 
1806 ; he abdicated, July i, 1810 ; Holland restored to the house of Orange, 
with Belgium annexed, Nov. 18, 1813 ; separated from Belgium, and Leopold of 
Saxe-Coburg elected king, July 12, 1831 ; died, Dec, 1865 ; Leopold II. elected 
king, Dec. lo, 1865. 

UNITED SERVICE CLUB, formed in London, 1816 ; their Club House built, 
1828. 

UNITED SERVICE INSTITUTION (Royal), established in London, 1831. 

UNITED SERVICE MUSEUM, established at Whitehall, 1830 ; robbery of 
coins from, 1869. 

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. Jamestown, Virginia, settled by the English, 
May 13, 1607 ; tlie Pilgrim Fathers settled at Plymouth, Dec. 20, 1620 ; New York 
settled by the Dutch, 1664-74 5 Maryland first settlement made, 1634 ; North 
Carolina, 1665 ; South Carolina, 1660 ; New Jersey, 1665 ; Pennsylvania, 1681; 
Savannah founded, 1733 ; revolted from the sway of England, though English 
colonists, originally established by voluntary exile to avoid persecution for opinion's 
sake, and secure civil and religious liberty to themselves and their posterity. The 
English parliament passed a measure increasing the duty upon all imported goods, 
4 Geo. III. c. 15, April 5, 1764; the Stamp Act, which caused great discontent, 
passed, 5 Geo. III. c. 12, March 22, 1765; to take effect from, Nov. i. First 
American Congress met, Oct. 7, 1765. The Stamp Act repealed, 6 Geo. III. c. 
II, March 18, 1766. An act levying duties on paper, tea, and other imports, 
7 Geo. III. c. 46, passed, June 29, 1767 ; they petition against the measure, 
Jan. 20, 1768; an English expedition arrived at Boston, Oct. i ; 342 chests of tea 
thrown into the sea by the people at Boston, and 17 at New York, Dec. 16, 1773. 
deputies of the several States met in congress at Philadelphia, Sept. 5, 1774 > ^^'st 
battle fought between the English and Americans at Lexington, April 19, 1775 > 
Bunkers Hill battle, June 17 ; Act of perpetual State Union passed, May 20; 
Washington appointed commander-in-chief, June 15 ; America declared 'inde- 
pendent' at Philadelphia, July 4, 1776; New York occupied by the English, Sept. 
15 ; the battle of Brandy wine, an affluent of the Delaware, fought, Sept. 11, 1777 > 
Philadelphia taken, Sept. 26; the battle of Germantown,Oct. 4 ; the English army, 
commanded by Gen. Burgoyne, surrendered at Saratoga, Oct. 17 ; the independ- 
ence of America acknowledged by France, Dec. 16 ; a treaty of commerce and 
alliance signed with France, Feb. 6, 1778 ; the English forces captured Charles- 
ton, May 12, 1780; the battle of Camden, Aug. 16; Major Andre arrested, Sept. 
23 ; shot as a spy, Oct. 2 ; Eutaw Springs battle fought, Sept. 8, 1 781 ; Lord 
Cornwallis surrendered with 7000 men to Washington, at Yorktown, Oct. 19, 
1781 ; their independence recognized by Holland, April 19, 1782 ; Sir Guy 
Caiieton arrived to treat for peace, May 5, 1782 ; the treaty of peace signed at 
Paris, Sept. 3, 1783 ; New York evacuated by the English forces, Nov. 25 ; the 
treaty ratified by congress, Jan. 4, 1784. John Adams, the first American am- 
bassador, received by George III. of England, June I, 1785 > ^^w constitution 
proposed to congress, Sept. 17, 1787 ; the slaves in Philadelphia emancipated, 
Jan. I, 1788 ; the new government organized at New York, March 4, 1789 ; 
General Washington elected the president, April 14 ; the management of the navy 
committed to the war department, Aug. 7 ; the loth amendment made in the 
constitution, Dec. 15, 1791 ; National Bank instituted, with a capital of 10,000,000 
of dollars, June 7 ; the city of Washington chosen for the capital, July 8, 1792 ; 
General Washington re-elected as president, March 4, 1 793 ; he resigned office, 



32 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 

Sept. 17, 1796; Mr AJanis elected, March 4, 1797; a separate departiiient of 
the navy formed, April 30, 1798; the constitution amended, Jan. 8, 1798 ; 
General Washington died, Dec. 14, 1799; the seat of government removed to 
Washington in Dec, 1799; Louisiana purchased of France, for ^3, 200, 000, April 
30, 1803 ; the I2th amendment made in the constitution, Sept. 25, 1804 ; an 
embargo laid on all English vessels, Dec. 9, 1807 ; repealed, March i, i8c9 ; 
French vessels prohibited from entering American ports by Napoleon, March 
23, 1810, and American vessels ordered to be seized in French waters ; re- 
pealed, Nov. 2. Declaration of war issued against England, June 18, 1812 ; the 
American ship Constitutloft, captured the British frigate Guerriere, Aug. 19 ; Fort 
Detroit captured, Aug. 21 ; the American ship Wasp took the English ship the 
Frolic, Oct. 18 ; re-captured by the Poictiers ; the ship United States, of 54 guns, 
captured the British frigate Macedonian, Oct. 25 ; the Java, 46 guns, captured by 
the Constitution, 28 guns, of the United States, Dec. 29 ; battle of Frenchtown 
fought, Jan. 24, 1813 ; the Hornet sunk the British sloop-of-war Peacock, Feb. 
25 ; Forts Erie and George abandoned by the English forces, May 27 ; the 
American frigate Chesapeake captured by the frigate Shannoii, June i ; the 
Americans defeated at the battle of Burlington Heights, June 6; H.M. sloop 
Pelican took the American sloop Argus, Aug. 14 ; the English took Bufifalotown 
and burnt it, Dec. 30 ; the Phcebe and Cherub took the American frigate Essex, 
March 28, 1814; the ports declared blockaded by Adm. Cochrane, April 25 ; the 
British defeat the Americans in a severe conflict, at Fort Oswego, May 6 ; 
Fort Erie captured by the Americans, July 3 ; attempt to recapture it by the 
English forces, failed, Aug. 15 ; the city of Washington taken by the British 
forces, and the public edifices, records, and libraries burned, Aug. 24 ; Alex- 
andria taken by the British, Aug. 29 ; the American ship Wasp attacked and sunk 
the British ship-of-war Avon, Sept. 8 ; the English squadron on Lake Champlain 
captured, Sept. 11 ; Baltimore taken by the English, General Ross killed, Sept. 
12 ; treaty of peace with Great Britain signed at Ghent, Dec. 24 ; the English 
vessel Endymion captured the ship President, Jan. 14, 181 5 ; the treaty of Ghent 
ratified, Feb. 17. The foundation of the capitol of Washington laid, Aug. 24, 1818; 
Florida ceded by Spain to the United States, Oct. 24, 1820 ; the independence 
of South America acknowledged, March 19, 1822 ; treaty made with Colombia, 
May 28, 1825 ; the two ex-presidents, Adams and Jeft'erson, died on the 50th an- 
niversary of the independence of the American States, July 4, 1826 ; indemnity 
convention made with Great Britain, for indemnifying those who suffered in the war, 
Nov. 3 ; American tariff bill passed. May 13, 1828 ; treaty between the United 
States and Turkey signed, May 7, 1830 ; the ports re-opened to British commerce, 
Oct. 5 ; new laws of tariff made, July 14, 1832 ; 647 houses and many public 
edifices burnt in New York, Dec. 15, 1835 ; the American steam-boat Caroline 
attacked and burnt by the English near Schlosser, on the territory of the United 
States, Dec. 29, 1837; the president issued a proclamation against American 
citizens aiding the Canadians in their rebellion against England, Jan. 5, 1838 ; 
the Great Western steam-ship first arrived at New York, June 1 7 ; cash payments 
suspended by the American banks, Oct. 9, 1839 ; Mr iM'Leod charged with aid- 
ing in the destruction of the ship Caroline, when a true bill was found against 
him for murder and arson, Feb. 6, 1841 ; the United States bank again suspended 
payment, Feb. 7 ; Mr Fox, the English minister, demanded the release of Mr 
M'Leod, March 12. General Harrison died a month after his inauguration, April 
4 ; the presidency devolved on the vice-president, John Tyler, April 5. The case 
of M'Leod removed to the supreme court at New York by habeas corpus, May 6 ; 
a number of Canadian volunteers crossed the frontier and carried off Colonel 
Grogan into Canada, Sept. 9 ; all the mmisters, with the exception of Mr 
Webster, resigned, Sept. 11 ; the president issued a proclamation against lawless 
attempts of American citizens to invade British possessions, and to suppress secret 



UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 863 

lodges and clubs, Sept. 25 ; trial of Mr M'Leod commenced in the supreme 
court, Oct. 4 ; Col. Grogan restored to the United States' government, Oct. 4 ; 
M'Leod acquitted after a trial of eight days, Oct. 12 ; colossal statue of 
Washington erected in the capitol at Washington, Dec. I ; the Creole, an 
American vessel on her voyage to New Orleans with a cargo of slaves, Nov. 7, 
mutinied and murdered the owner, Mr Hewell, wounded the captain, and 
compelled the crew to navigate the ship to Nassau, New Providence; the governor, 
considering them as passengers, allowed all to go at liberty, with the exception 
of those engaged in the actual murder, Nov. 9. Arrest of Hogan, implicated in 
the Caroline affair, Feb. 2, 1842 ; Lord Ashburton arrived at New York on a 
special mission, April i ; negotiated and signed the Washington treaty, defining 
the boundaries between the United States and the British American possessions, 
for suppressing the slave trade, and giving up fugitive criminals, Aug. 9 ; a new 
measure passed amending the tariff act, Aug. 30. Joe Smith, the Mormon 
prophet, shot, June 27, 1844. Mexico declared war against the United States, 
June 4, 1845 ; resolution of the senate and house of representatives for terminat- 
ing the joint occupancy of Oregon passed, April 23, 1846 ; New Mexico annexed 
to the United States, after a disastrous war, Aug. 22 ; the north-west boundary 
of the United States fixed at the 49th parallel of latitude ; the British possession 
of Vancouver's Island and the free navigation of the Columbia river settled by 
treaty, June 12. The Mexicans defeated by the forces commanded by General 
Taylor at Bueno Vista, Feb. 23 ; Vera Cruz taken by storm, and the Mexicans 
defeated in the battle of Sierra Gorda, April 18 ; treaty between the United 
States and Mexico ratified, May 19, 1848. Park Theatre burnt, Dec. 16 ; a 
serious riot at the New York Theatre, occasioned by a dispute between two 
actors. May 10, 1849 ; proclamation forbidding the expedition to Cuba, issued, 
Aug. II ; the French ambassador ordered to leave Washington, Sept. 15 ; 
convention made with Gt Britain for the establishment of a Ship Canal between 
the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, April 19, 1850 ; destractive fire in Philadelphia, 
July 9 ; California admitted into the Union, Aug. 1 5 ; the President issued 
a proclamation against the expedition to Cuba, April 25, 185 1 ; Gen. Lopez 
landed at Cuba, Aug. 12 ; executed for treason at Havanna, Sept. I ; the Library 
of Congress at Washington burnt, Dec. 24 ; the New York Exhibition opened 
by the President, July 14, 1853 ; a treaty of commerce signed with Japan, March 
8, 1854 ; riots at Boston in consequence of the seizure of a fugitive slave, June 
24 ; proclamation issued against the Cuban expedition. May 31 ; Preston Brooks 
assaulted Senator Sumner in the Senate House, May 2, 1856 ; the English am- 
bassador ordered to quit Washington, May 28 ; succeeded by Lord Napier, March 
18, 1857 j the salary of a Senator fixed at 6000 dollars for each session, Aug. 16, 
1856. The ship Resolute rt^covey'^d in the Arctic Regions ; presented to the Queen 
of England, Dec. 16 ; riots at Washington, June i, and at New York, June 16, 
1857 ; the banks of New York stopped payment in Oct.; an expedition defeated 
the Mormons, Feb., 1858 ; Governor Cummings sent to replace Brigham Young as 
President of Utah, May 2 ; enters the capital of Utah, June 26 ; the Atlantic 
Telegraph completed, Aug. 5. Negro insurrection headed by John Brown at 
Harper's Ferry, Oct. 17, 1859 ; Washington Irving died, Nov. 28 ; the Pemberton 
Mills fell down, burying 400 workpeople in its ruins, Jan. 10, i860 ; a committee 
appointed to inquire into the conduct of the election of President Buchanan, 
March 5 ; he protested against it, March 28 ; the Prince of Wales received at 
Washington by the President, Oct. 3 ; Abraham Lincoln elected President, Nov. 6. 
A General Fast ordered to be observed on account of the rising in the Southern 
States, Jan. 4, 186 1 ; New Mexico admitted into the Union, March 2 ; Abraham 
Lincoln inaugurated as President, March 4 ; he called for 75,000 volunteers for 
three months, April 15, and 42,000 for three years, May 3; the Congress passed an 
act, authorizing the President to accept the sen'ices of 500,000 volunteers, July 25; 



864 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 

the postal service with the Southern States ceased, May 31 ; six ballet girls burnt 
at the Philadelphia Theatre in Sept. ; Messrs Slidell and Mason taken from the 
Trentma.il steam vessel, by Capt. Wilks, Nov. 8, and Wilks thanked by Congress. 
The surrender of Messrs Slidell and Mason demanded by the English ambassador, 
Lord Lyons, Dec. 23 ; they are given up, Dec. 27. The New York bankers 
stopped cash payment, Dec. 30. Capt. Goi-don executed for piracy at New York, 
Jan. 19, 1862 ; treaty with Gt Britain for the suppression of the African slave 
trade, April 7. The Congress decrees the abolition of slavery in the Union, June 
9 ; the slaves of the South declared confiscated, June 19 ; the President declares 
the emancipation of the slaves of all rebels, July 17. Fire at St Louis, property 
valued at 20,000 dollars destroyed. May 18. The Treasury determine to give a 
postage stamp currency, Aug. i. The slaves in the revolted States declared free 
by proclamation, to come in force, Jan. i, 1863 ; confirmed, Jan. i, 1863 ; the 
restoration of peace suggested, Jan. 9 ; Gen. Grant appointed Commander-in- 
chief in March ; 500,000 volunteers called for by the President, July 16, 1864. 
Franz Muller arrested in New York for the murder of Mr Briggs in London, 
Aug. 24, 1864. Abraham Lincoln elected a second time as President, Dec. 6; 
Abraham Lincoln, President, shot by Wilkes Booth in Ford's Theatre, Washington, 
April 14, 1865, died April 15. The life of secretary Seward and his son attempted 
by Payne, April 14 ; the assassin shot, attempting to escape, April 26. Vice-presid- 
ent Johnson takes the office of President, April 15 ; he had been elected to the 
office of Vice-president, Nov. 8, 1864. Mrs Surratt and three other accomplices 
hanged for being implicated in the murder of the President, July 7, 1S65. The 
Habeas Corpus restored in the Northern States, Dec. i. President Johnson de- 
livered his message to Congress, Dec. 4 ; the 13th amendment made in the consti- 
tution abolishing slavery throughout the States, Dec. 18; the Southern States re- 
admitted into the Union, by Congress, April 2, 1866 ; all natives of the United 
States except Indians declared citizens in Feb. ; President Johnson vetoed the 
freeman's bureau bill as unconstitutional, Feb. 19, 1866 ; and the civil rights 
bill, March 27 ; passed by the Senate over the veto, April 7. The bill for ad- 
mitting Colorado into the Union vetoed by the President, May 16. The Fenians 
made a raid into Canada, May 31, and again June 7 ; a proclamation against, 
issued ; riot in New Orleans, martial law proclaimed in July. The President in his 
message to Congress recommended conciliation to, and re-admission into the Union 
of, the Southern States, Dec. 3. Great distress in Mississippi, Dec. 20. The 
President vetoed the bill for the admission of Colorado as a State into the Union, 
Jan. 28, 1S67 ; passed over the veto by Congress, Feb. 9 ; the 46th Congress 
opened, March 4, and passed a vote of thanks to Mr Peabody for his gifts to the 
people. Russian America sold to America for 7,000,000 dollars in gold, April 10; 
treaty signed, June 30. The Court of Richmond released Mr Davis, the late 
President of the Southern States, on bail, May 13 ; the first Turkish minister, M. 
Blacque, received by the President, May 23 ; postal treaty with Gt Britain ap- 
proved by the President, July 1 1 ; the President vetoed the bill enlarging the 
powers of the Southern district commanders, July 19 ; the Congress passed it 
over the veto ; the supplementary reconstruction act vetoed by tlie President, 
July 20, but passed by Congress. Secretary Stanton suspended by the President, 
and Gen. Grant appointed Secretary of war, Aug. 12. Surratt's trial, verdict 
given, Aug. 10. The President issued a proclamation setting forth his determin- 
ation to protect and defend the constitution of the States, &c., Sept. 3. Gen. 
Sheridan removed from the command of the 5th district, Sept. 8 ; a general amnesty 
granted to the Confederates, Sept. 9. Sir Frederick Bruce, the English ambassador 
at Washington, died of diphtheria, Sept. 17 ; the new constitution adopted in 
Maryland, Sept. 19; the rate of postage upon newspapers and books fixed, Oct. i ; 
a day of prayer and thanksgiving appointed, Nov. 28 ; a resolution to impeach 
the President defeated in the House of Representatives by 108 votes to 57> Dec. 8 ; 



UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 865 

41 persons burned and many injured by an accident on the Lake Erie Railway, 
Dec. 18 ; Gen. Pope removed from the command of the 3rd district, Dec. 28. 
Congress agrees to impeach the President by 126 votes to 41, Feb. 24, 1868, he 
having removed Mr Stanton, Secretary of War, Felx 21, 1868 ; tried by the 
Senate, Chief Justice Chase being appointed president, March 18 — May 16 ; ac- 
quitted upon all the charges, May 26. A serious riot broke out at Ward's Island, 
New York, March 5 ; a republican convention held at Chicago, May 20 ; the 
President issued a proclamation granting a free pardon to all persons who partici- 
pated in the rebellion, July i ; the I4di amendment made in the constitution, 
July 28; the revolution in Spain recognized, Oct. 5; General Grant elected 
President, Nov. 3 ; the meeting of Congress held, Dec. 7 ; the President's message 
read, Dec. 9. — i'tvthe War of Succession. 

CONFEDERATE STATES: South Carohna seceded, Dec. 20, i860; 
Mississippi, Jan. 9, 1861 ; Alabama, Jan. Ii ; Florida, Jan. 12 ; Georgia, Jan. 
19 ; Louisiana, Jan. 26 ; Texas, Feb. i ; Virginia, April 17 ; Arkansas, May 6 ; 
Tennessee, May 8 ; North Carolina, May 20. The first shot fired at Fort Surap- 
ter, Jan. 9, 1861 ; at a meeting of the seceding States at Montgomery, Mr 
Howard Cobb was selected President of the Congress, Feb. 4 ; Mr Jefferson 
Davis appointed President of the Confederate States, Feb. 18. Confederate 
colours : the flag of these States was a red field with a white space extending hori- 
zontally through the centre, and equal in width to one-third the width of the flag ; 
the red spaces above and below to be the same width as the white ; the Union 
blue extending down through the white space and stopping at the lower red space; 
in the centre of the Union a circle of white stars : first unfurled at Montgomery, 
March 4. Congress met at Richmond, July 20 ; President Davis sent his message 
to the Confederate Congress, congratulating them upon the victory of Bethel, 
Bull's Run, &c., Nov. 18 ; Mr Jefferson Davis elected President, and Mr Stevens 
Vice-president for six years, Nov. 30, 1861. The conscription act extended to all 
citizens from 35 to 45 years of age, Aug. 18, 1862 ; extended to the ages of 18 & 
45' J'-'ly 21, 1863 ; the Confederate Congress convened, March 15, 1865. 

WAR OF SUCCESSION, i86o : message of the President to Mr Buchanan 
deprecating the threatened secession of the South, Dec. 4. South Carolina takes 
the lead in seceding from the Union, Dec.20; 10 other States subsequentlyfoUowed. 
Alajor Anderson removed the troops from fort Moultrie to fort Sumpter, Dec. 26 ; 
commissioners from South Carolina request the President to withdraw the troops 
from the forts in Cliarleston harbour, Jan. 3, 1861 ; a fast held in the Northern 
States on account of the threatened secession, Jan. 4. Mr Abraham Lincoln en- 
tered upon his duties as President of the United States, March 4 ; fort Sumpter 
captured by the Confederates, April 15 ; proclamation issued calling out 75,000 
militia, April 15 , the Armoury, Arsenal, and other buildings destroyed by the 
Federals at Harper's Ferry, April 18; the Confederate ports declared in a state of 
blockade, April 19 ; the navy yard at Norfolk dismantled by the Federals, and 
four steam vessels of war sunk, April 20. Proclamation issued, calling out 42,000 
volunteers, and increasing the regular army to 23,000 soldiers, and the navy to 
18,000 seamen. May 3. Mr Seward, the Federal Secretary of State, accepted the 
civil war as inevitable. May 4 ; the Federal troops repulsed at Great Bethel, June 
10 ; the queen of England issued a proclamation of neutrality. May 13 ; Harper's 
Ferry evacuated by the Confederates, June 16 ; President Lincoln, in his message 
to Congress, asked for 400,000 men, and 400,000,000 dollars to carry on the 
war, July 5 ; the Senate authorized the raising of 500,000 men and a loan of 
500,000,000 dollars, July 22 ; the Federals defeated at Bull's Run, near 
Manassas junction, leaving all their dead and wounded, artillery and stores, in 
their flight, July 21 ; a bill to provide iron-clad ships and floating batteries, 
passed by the Federal Congress, July 22 ; the President again authorized to call 
out 500,000 volunteers, July 25; the Federals again defeatedand Gen. Lyonskilled, 

55 



856 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 

Aug. lo ; fort Hatteras taken by the Federals, Aug. 29 ; Lexington captured by 
the Confederates after 3 days' fighting, Sept. 20 ; the Federals, under Gen. 
Sherman, captured the forts at Hilton's Head and Philips' Island with 40 guns, 
Oct. 21. Messrs Mason and Slidell, Confederate commissioners, taken from 
the British mail packet, Troit, by Commodore Wilkes of the San Jacinto, Nov. 
8 ; claimed by the British government, and given up to Lord Lyons at 
Washington, Dec. 28 ; arrived in England, Jan. 29, 1862 ; the President's mes- 
sage to Congress stated the number of the army to be 660,971 men ; the 
Federals attempted to blockade the harbour of Charleston by the sinking of 18 
vessels laden with large blocks of stone, Dec. 28 ; cash payments suspended in 
the Federal States, Dec. 31; the Confederates defeated at MilFSprings, Kentucky, 
Jan. 19, 1862 ; the island of Roanoke, N. Carolina, captured by the Federals 
under Gen. Biirnside in Feb ; fort Donnelson and fort Henry in Tennessee captured 
by the Federals under Gen . Grant, with 1 3, 500 prisoners and all their war material, 
Feb. 16 ; Nashville evacuated by the Confederates, Feb. 23 ; the Confederate 
iron-clad Virginia, late the Federal steam vessel Merrimac, attacked the Federal 
fleet in Hampton roads ; she sunk the Cumberland, captured and burnt the Con- 
gress, disabled the Minnesota, and defeated the St Lawrence and Roanoke, March 
8 ; attacked by the Monitor next day, and after a gallant struggle, retired 
for repairs, March 9. The army of the Potomac under Gen. McClellan em- 
barked for the York river, March 22. Slavery abolished in the district of Colum- 
bia, April 4; island No. 10 captured by the Federals under Gen. Pope, after a de- 
fence of 17 days, April 7. The Confederates under Gen. Johnston attacked the 
Federals, 40,000 strong, at Pittsburg, landing on the Tennessee river, and drove him 
back and captured part of his camp, April 6; the Federals, receiving reinforcements, 
renewed the battle the next day, defeating the Confederates, Gen. Johnston was 
killed, April 7. New Orleans captured by the fleet under commander Farragut, 
April 24 ; the city surrendered, April 26 ; York town evacuated by the Con- 
federates, May 3. The battle of Williamsburg fought. May 5 ; the Federals occu- 
pied the city of Norfolk, the Confederates retired after destroying the docks, 
navy yard, and the vessels in the harbour, the Merrimac being blown up. May 
lo-il. The Federal gun boats defeated on the James river ; the Federals, com- 
manded by Gen. Banks, defeated at Winchester, May 18 ; Gen. Beauregard, with 
the Confederate army, evacuated Corinth, May 29. The Federals under Gen. 
Casey defeated, with the loss of 19 guns and all their baggage, at Fair Oaks, May 
31 ; the Federals defeated in the Shenandoah valley, by Gens. Ewell and Jackson, 
May 25 ; the Federal fleet attacked and defeated 8 Confederate gun boats at 
Memphis, and captured the town, June 6 ; the Federals defeated at Secessionville, 
4 miles from Charleston, June i6 ; and under Gen. McClellan, again de- 
feated on the Chicahominy in several battles, June 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 
and July i ; their loss amounted to 20,000 killed and wounded, 53 pieces 
of artillery, and immense stores ; the Federals, under Gen. Banks, defeated 
at Cedar mountain, Aug. 9 ; again defeated at Bull's Run, Aug. 29-30, and at 
Centreville, Sept. i ; the Confederates, under Gen. Lee, invaded Maryland and 
Pennsylvania, Sept. 5, and occupied Hagerstown ; attacked at South Mountain 
by the Federals, Sept. 14. Harper's Ferry invested by the Confederates, under 
Gen. Jackson, Sept. 12 ; surrendered with 8000 prisoners ; the Confederates cap- 
tured 10,000 small arms, 40 cannon, and a large quantity of ammunition and 
stores, Sept. 15. The battle of Antietam fought, the Federals lost 14,700 men, 
and the Confederates evacuated Maryland, Sept. 17. The Confederates, under 
Gen. Price, defeated at Corinth, in Western Tennessee, Oct. 4 ; and under Gen. 
Bragg, defeated at Perryville, Oct. 9 ; Gan. McClellan superseded by Gen. 
Burnside, Nov. 7 ; the Federals, under that General, crossed the river at 
Fredericksburgh, Dec. 12 ; attacked the Confederates under Gens. Jackson 
and Longstreet, and were repulsed, Dec. 13 ; they lost 14,000 men, and re- 



UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 867 

treated in the midst of a tremendous thunder storm in the night, Dec. 14 ; 
Vicksburg attaclied by Federal gun-boats, when tliey were repulsed with great 
loss, Dec. 27, 28, 29. The Alonitor iron-clad sunk off Cape Hatteras in a 
storm, Dec. 30 ; the Federals, under Gen. Rosecrans, 45,000 strong, with 100 
pieces of artillery, defeated by the Confederates, under Gen. Bragg, Dec. 31 ; the 
Federals, under Gen. Rosecrans, defeated the Confederates at Murfreesborough, 
each army lost 10,000 men, Jan. 2,1863. Gen. Hooker succeeded Gen. Burnsidein 
the command of the army of the Potomac, Jan. 27. The North passed the con- 
scription act, all persons between 18 and 45 years of age, but persons to be ex- 
empted by paying 300 dollars, in Feb. ; Charleston attacked by the Federal fleet of 
iron-clads, the Keokuk sunk the next morning, five of the ironsides much damaged, 
April 7 ; the battle of Chancellorsville, the Confederates, under Gen. Jackson, 
attacked the Federals 70,000 strong, and drove them back with great loss. Gen. 
Jackson was wounded, May 2, he died, May g ; Gen. Lee renewed the battle the 
next day, and compelled them to retreat. May 3 ; the Federals, under Gen. Sedg- 
wick, captured the heights of Fredericksburg, May 3 ; they were defeated and 
driven across the river with great loss. May 4 ; Vicksburg attacked by the fleet 
of 100 armed vessels, under Admirals Farragut and Porter, and the army under 
Gen. Grant ; the Confederates defeated under Gen. Pemberton, with a loss of 
60 guns. May 16 ; the city assaulted on the 19th and 22nd, the army defeated with 
great loss and the city surrendered, July 4, with 30,000 men and 200 pieces 01 
artillery. The Confederates again invaded Maiyland, June 3 ; Gen. Ewell cap- 
tured Winchester with the whole army of Federals, June 14 ; 4000 prisoners, 29 
pieces of artillery, and 270 waggons and ambulances were taken, they obtained 
large quantities of stores, horses, and cattle, June 27 ; Gen. Meade superseded 
Gen. Hooker, June 29. The battles of Gettysburg, the Federals were defeated 
by Gens. Ewell and Hill, July i ; the battle was renewed on the 2nd and 3rd, but the 
Confederates failed to carry the position, they retired on the 4th, and recrossed the 
Potomac with the whole of their trains on the 14th ; the loss of both armies 
amounted to little short of 30,000 men ; Port Hudson surrendered to the Federals 
under Gen. Banks, July 8 ; Charleston besieged by Admiral Dahlgren and 
Gen. Gilmore, they occupied Morris island, July 10 ; failed in an attempt to 
take Fort Wagner, with a loss of 2000 killed and wounded, the Confederates lost 
150, July 18 ; fort Sumpter attacked without success, Aug. 17-22 ; Greek fire 
thrown into the city, Aug. 24 ; forts Wagner and Gregg taken, Sept. 6 ; Chatt- 
anooga taken, Sept. 10 ; the Confederates, under Gens. Bragg and Longstreet, at- 
tacked the Federals, under Gens. Rosecrans and Thomas, and defeated them at 
Chicamauga, Sept. 19 ; and again on the 20th, they captured 7000 prisoners, 36 
pieces of artillery, and 15,000 small arms. The Manassas railroad destroyed by 
Gen. Lee's forces, Oct. 8. Two Steam Rams supposed to be built for the Con- 
federate service, seized at Liverpool by the English Government, Oct. 12. The 
President called out by proclamation 300,000 Volunteers, Oct. 17. The battle of 
Missonary Ridge, Tennessee, the Confederates retired, after a severe fight of 2 days, 
Nov. 25 & 26 ; the Federals, under Gen. Meade, defeated at Germania Ford, 
Nov. 27 ; the Confederates, under Gen. Longstreet, stormed Knoxville unsuccess- 
fully, Nov. 29 ; Gen. Joseph E. Johnston appointed commander-in-chief of the 
Confederate army of Georgia, Dec. 27 ; Gen. Sedgwick defeated on the Rapidan, 
Feb. 6, 7> 1864 ; the Federal cavalry, under Gens. Kilpatrick and Dahlgren, 
attacked Richmond, but were defeated, March I ; the Federals defeated at 
Mansfield, by Kirk Smith, April 8. Fort Pillow captured by the Confederates 
under Gen. Forrest, April 12; Plymouth, N. Carolina, taken by the Confederates, 
under Gen. Hoke, April 28 ; Gen. Grant superseded Gen. Meade, in the com- 
mand of the army of the Potomac, May. The battle of Chancellorsville, the 
Federals attacked by Gen. Lee, May 5, 6, Gen. Longstreet wounded ; again 
attacked by Gen. Lee, at Spottsylvania Court House, May 12 ; the Confederates, 



868- UxN^ITED STATES OF AMERICA 

under Gen. Breckenridge, defeated the Federals, under Gen. Sigel, "in the 
Shenandoah valley. May 15 ; the Federals made an unsuccessful attempt to 
turn the Confederates' left wing near Coal Harbour, June I; again attacked them 
on the Chickahominy, June 6 ; Gen. Grant transferred his army to the 
south side of the James River ; Gen. Baldy Smith attacked Petersburg with 
15,000 men, and carried the outer defences, defeated in attempting the inner 
with great loss, June 15. The naval engagement between the Kearsage 
and Alabama, the latter vessel sunk, June 19. Maryland invaded by the Con- 
federates in July ; President Lincoln called for 500,000 volunteers ; the Con- 
federates, under Gen. Hood, attacked the Federals, under Gen. Sherman, before 
Atlanta, unsuccessfully, July 20. A general assault upon St Petersburg, by the 
Federals, under Gen. Grant, the Confederates defeated them with great 
slaughter, July 31 ; Mobile attacked by the fleet, under Admiral Farragut ; fort 
Gaimes surrendered, the iron-clad Tecumseh blown up by a torpedo, Aug. 5. 
Atlanta captured by Gen. Sherman, Sept. 4. The Confederates, under Gen. 
Early, defeated by the Federals, under Gen. Sheridan, Sept. 18 ; the Federal 
steamer captured the Florida in the neutral port of Bahia, Oct. 7 ; again defeated 
at Cedar Creek, Oct. 19, and at Fisher's Hill, Oct. 21; Gen. Sherman abandoned 
Atlanta, and commenced his march through Georgia, Nov. 13 ; and captured 
Savannah with 153 cannon and 25,000 bales of cotton, Dec- 20 ; the fleet, 
under Admiral Porter, arrived at Wilmington, attacked fort Fisher, Dec. 24 and 
25, but withdrew after Gen. Butler had reported the place impracticable ; the 
attack renewed, Jan. 13, 1865; captured, 15 th ; President Davis proclaimed a 
general fast, Jan. 25 ; Gen. Lee made an urgent call for arms, Jan. 25 ; Gen. 
Sherman began his march to Charleston, Jan. 19 ; reached Columbia, Feb. 16 ; 
Charleston abandoned, Feb. 17; Wilmington captured, Feb. 22; Fayetteville 
captured, March li ; Goldsboro, March 21; President Davis convened the Con- 
federate Congress, March 15 ; Gen. Grant broke through the defences of Peters- 
burg, April 3 ; Richmond surrendered, April 3 ; the Confederate army, under Gen. 
Lee, surrendered, April 9 ; that under Gen. Joseph E. Johnston surrendered to 
Gen. Sherman, in North Carolina, April 18 ; President Davis captured in Georgia, 
May 10 ; the close of the civil war recognized by England, June 2. 

PRESIDENTS. Millard Fillmore, Vice-pre- 
General George Washington, first sident, sworn into office 

President, elected ... April 6 1789 next day ... ... July 10 1850 

General Washington again Mar. 4 1793 Gen. Franklin Pierce March4 1853 

John Adams ... ... — • — I797 James Buchanan ... 185 7 

. Thomas Jefferson ... 1801 Abraham Lincoln ... 1861 

— — re-elected ■ 1805 Abraham Lincoln re-elected 

James Madison ... • 1809 (shot April 14, 1865, and 

— — re-elected • 181 3 died the next day) ... 1864 

James Monroe ... 1817 Andrew Johnson, Vice-pre- 

— — re-elected 1821 sident, sworn into the 

John Quincy Adams 1825 office April 15 1865 

Gen. Andrew Jackson 1829 Gen. Ulysses S. Grant March 4 1869 

— — re-elected 1833 vice-presidents. 

Martin Van Buren ... ■ 1837 John Adams 1789 

Gen. William H. Harrison Thomas Jefferson ... ... 1797 

(died April 4, following) 1841 Aaron Burr ... ... ... 1801 

John Tyler (the Vice-presi- George Clinton 1805 

dent) assumed the office April 4 1 841 Elbridge Gerry 1813 

James Knox Polk ... March 4 1845 Daniel T. Tompkins ... ... 1817 

Gen. Zachary Taylor (died John C. Calhoun ... ... ... 1825 

July 9, 1850) ... ■ 1849 Martin Van Buren ... ... 1833 



UNITED STATES 



UNIVERSITIES 



1837 

I84I 


John C. Breckinridge 
Hannibal Hamlin 


... 1857 
... 1861 


1845 

1849 

1853 


Andrew Johnson ... 
Lafayette S. Foster 
Schuyler Colfax ... 


... 1865 
... 1865 
... 1869 



Richard M. Johnson 
John Tyler 
George M. Dallas 
Millard Fillmore ... 
William R. King 

UNITED STATES, REBELLIONS IN. Since the organization of the Federal 
government there have been 10 attempts made to resist its authority. The first 
was in 1782, and was a conspiracy of some of the officers of the Federal army to 
consolidate the 13 States into one, and confer the supreme power on Washington. 
The second was in 1787, called 'Shay's Insurrection,' in Massachusetts. The third 
was in 1794, popularly called 'The Whisky Insurrection of Pennsylvania.' The 
fourth instance was in 18 14, by the Hartford Convention Federalists. The fifth, 
on which occasion the different sections of the- Union came into collision, was in 
1820, under the administration of President Monroe, and occurred on the question 
of the admission of Missouri into the Union. The sixth was a collision between 
the Legislature of Georgia and the Federal government in regard to certain lands 
given by the latter to the Creek Indians. The seventh was in 1830 with the 
Cherokees in Georgia. The eighth was the memorable nullifying ordinance of 
South Carolina in 1832. The ninth was in 1842, and occurred in Rhode Island, 
between the ' Suffrage Association ' and the State authorities. The tenth was in 
1856, on the part of the Mormons, who resisted the Federal authority. And the 
eleventh by the Southern States, i860. 

UNIVERSITIES, when founded. The following are some of the chief: — 



Aberdeen, 1494 
Abo, Finland, 1690 
Aix, 1413 ; re-established, 1642 
Alba Julia, 1629 
Alcala de Henares, 1508 
Almagro, 1553 
Altorf, 1622 
Andrew's, 141 1 
Angers, 1246 

Anjou, 1349 ; enlarged, 1364 
Athens, 1837 
Avignon, France, 1305 
Avila, 1482 
Bamburg, 1585 
Barcelona, 1430 
Basle, Switzerland, 1459 
Berlin, 1809 
Berne, 1834 

Besan9on, Burgundy, 1676 
Bologna, Italy, 433 ; enlarged, 1 119 
Bonn, 1818 
Bordeaux, 1441 
Bourges, 1463 
Breslau, 1702 

Bruges, Austrian Flanders, 1665 
Brussels, 1834 
Caen, 1436 
Cahor, France, 1320 
Cambridge, began, 636 ; revived, 1 1 lO 
Cambridge, New England, Harvard, 
projected, 1630; opened, 1638 



Catania, 1445 

Cervera, 1714 

Christiania, 181 1 

Coimbra, 1290 ; enlarged, 1573 

Cologne, Germany, refounded, 1389 

Compostella, 15 1 7 

Copenhagen, 1479 ; enlarged, 1593 

and 1569 
Cordova, Spain, 968 
Corfu, 1824 

Cracow, Poland, 700 ; enlarged, 1364 
Dijon, France, 1722 
Dillingen, Suabia, 1545 
Dole, Burgundy, 1426 
Dorpat, 1632 
Douai, 1562 
Dresden, Saxony, 1694 
Dublin Trinity College, 1591 
Durham, 1831 
Edinburgh, 1582 
Elbing, 1542 
Erfurt, 1390-2 
Erlangen, Franconia, 1743 
Evora, Portugal, 1578 
Ferrara, Italy, 1 39 1 
Florence, Italy, 1438 
Franeker, Friesland, 1585 
Frankfort on the Oder, 1506 
Freiberg, Germany, 1457 
Geneva, 1368 
Genoa, 181 2 



Sjo 



UNIVERSITIES' CORPORATION ACT 



Ghent, 1816 

Giessen, 1607 ; united to Marburg, 

1626 
Glasgow, 145 1 
Gottingen, 1734 
Granada, 1531 
Gratz, 1586 
Greifswald, 1456 
Grenoble, 1339 
Groningen, 16 14 
Halle, 1694 
Heidelburgh, 1387 
Helmstadt, 1570 
Helsingfors, 1828 
Ingolstadt, 1572 
Inspruck, 1672 
Jena, 1547-8 
Kiel, 1665 
Konigsberg, 1544 
Leipsic, 1409 
Lemberg, 1784 
Lerida, 1300 
Leyden, 1575 
Liege, 1816 
Lima, 16 14 
Lisbon, 1290 
London, 1836 
Louvain, 1423-6 
Lund, 1668 
Lyons, France, 830 
Madrid, 1836 
Marburg, Hesse, 1527 
Mechlin, 1440 
Mentz, 1482 
Montpelier, 1284 
Moscow, 1755 
Munich, 1826 
Munster, 1491 
Nantes, 1464 
Naples, 1216-20 
Orleans, 1305 
Oviedo, 1604 
Oxford, 879 
Paderborn, 1623 
Padua, Italy, 1228 



Palencia, 1209-12 ; removed to Sala- 
manca, 1249 

Paris, 1 1 69 

Parma, 1422 

Pau, 1722 

Pavia, 774 ; enlarged, 1361 

Perpignan, 1349 

Perugia, Italy, 1390 

Petersburg, Russia, 1747 

Pisa, Italy, 1338 ; enlarged 14S7 and 
1542 

Poictiers, 1430 

Prague, 1348 

Queen's, Ireland, Aug. 1849 

Quito, 1586 

Rheims, 1145 ; enlarged, 154S 

Rinteln, Schaumberg, 1621 

Rome, 1303 

Rostock, 1419 

Salamanca, 1240 

Salerno, 1233 

Saltzburgh, 1623 

Santiago, 1532 

Saragossa, 1474 

Sassari, 1766 

Siena, 1203 

Siguenza, Spain, 1470 

Seville, Spain, 1502 

Strasburg, 1538 

Stutgard, 1775 

Toledo, 1518-20 

Toulouse, 1223 

Treves, 1454 

Tiibingen, Wurtemburg, 1477 

Turin, 1412 

Valladolid, 1346 

Valencia, 1410 

Venice, 1592 

Vienna, 1365 

Upsala, Sweden, 1477 

Urbino, 1671 

Utrecht, Holland, 1634 

Warsaw, 1 81 6 

Wittenberg, 1502 

Wurzburg, 1403 

Zurich, 1834 

UNIVERSITIES' CORPORATION ACT, 13 Eliz. c. 29, 1570 ; amended, 22 
& 23 Vict. c. 19, Aug. 13, 1859. 

UNIVERSITY COLLEGE, London, created by William IV., by charter, Nov. 
28, 1836 ; reformed by Queen Victoria, Dec. 5, 1837 ; a supplementary charter 
granted, July 7, 1849. 

UNIVERSITY COLLEGE HOSPITAL, London, founded, 1833. 



I 



UNIVERSITY COLLEGE URSULINES 871 

UNIVERSITY COLLEGE, Oxford, founded, 1249; the hall began, 1640; 
library of, completed, 1669. 

UNIVERSITY. Local exammations, or middle-class examinations, authorized by 
a decree passed in the Convocation of Oxford, June l8, 1857 ; the first held at 
Oxford, June 21, 1858 ; adopted by Cambridge, Nov. 24, 1857 ; the first examin- 
ation held, Dec. 14, 1858. 

UNKIAR SKELESSI, treaty of, between Russia and Turkey, July 8, 1833. 

UNKNOWN TONGUES. Under a pretended inspiration, sundry disciples of the 
late Edward Irving suddenly held forth and harangued in a gibberish no one 
could understand, Oct. 16, 183 1 ; the fact being overlooked, that the gift of 
tongues to the apostles was the gift of the living languages of their times, to en- 
able them to preach to the Gentiles. 

UNTERWALDEN, Switzerland, rejected the constitution of 1798 ; defeated and 
massacred by the French, 1798. 

UPNOR CASTLE, Kent, built by Queen Elizabeth, for the defence of the 
Medway, 1560 ; attacked by the Dutch fleet unsuccessfully, 1667. 

UPSALA, Sweden, the cathedral erected, 1258 — 1435 ; length, 330 ft, width, 
140 ft, height, 105 ft. The University founded, June, 1477 ; Gustavus Vasa 
crowned here, Feb. 12, 1528 ; the luxury of dress forbidden at a State meeting, 
1546 ; the palace of Gustavus Vasa burned, 1702 ; the Royal Society established, 
1720. 

URANUS, the name now given by astronomers to the planet discovered by 
Herschel, March 13, 1781 ; named by him the ' Georgium Sidus,' in honour of 
the king ; he reported the discovery to the Royal Society, April 19 ; the distance 
of Uranus from the sun is twice that of Saturn. 

URBINO, Italy, St Evandus was made the ist Bishop of, a.d. 313 ; created an 
Archbishopric by Pius IV., 1563 ; the Dukedom was acquired by Federigo di 
Montefeltro in the 12th century ; given up by Frances Maria II. to the Church, and 
annexed to the Papal States, 163 1 ; Raphael born at, on Good Friday, April 6, 
1483 ; a manufactory of Majolica established here, 1475 ; captured by Napoleon, 
with sixty pieces of artillery, June 30, 1796 ; annexed to France, May 17, 1809, 

URGEL, Spain, made a Bishopric, a.d. 820 ; the city taken and sacked by the 
French army, 1794 ; captured by the Royalists, June 15, 1822 ; Regency estab- 
lished, Sept. 14 ; the Constitutionalists defeated, Aug. 10; flight of the Regency, 
Nov. 10 ; captured by Mina, Nov. 20, 1822 ; a regency established at, Sept., 
1822 ; Conde murdered by his aide-de-camp, Oct. 26, 1839. 

URGHUNDAUB, battle, Gen. Nott defeated the Affghan forces at, Jan. 12, 1842. 

URICONIUM, Wroxeter, Salop, spoken of by Ptolemy, a.d. 120; destroyed in 
the great campaign of Cathwin and Ceawlin, A.D. 577 ; the ruins of, discovered, 
1 701 ; excavation since made under the directions of a committee, which led to 
the discovery of the ancient city, Feb. 3, 1859. 

URIM and THUMMIM, light and perfection, the name given to an ornament 
worn by the Jewish high-priest, by virtue of which he gave oracular answers to 
the people after having consulted the Most High and receiving the answer by the 
Urim and Thummim, Exodus xxviii. 30 ; Lev. viii. 8 ; Num. xxvii. 21 ; Deut. 
xxxiii. 8. 

URINE employed in the manufacture of gunpowder and in the woollen manufac- 
ture : a statute for its preservation to manufacture saltpetre, 1626. Uric or 
lithic acid obtained from, by Scheel, 1776. 

URSULINES, an order of nuns, established, 1198. 



872 URUGUAY VACCINE INOCULATION 

URUGUAY, S. America, part of Buenos Ayres declared its independence, Aug. 
25, 1825 ; their independence recognized by the treaty of Montevideo, Aug. 27, 
1828 ; constitution of the Republic proclaimed, July 18, 1831 ; war with Brazil, 
Monterido blockaded by the English and French, 1848 ; peace with, 1849 ; 
Gen. Aribe defeated at, 1851 ; Gen. Florez elected President, March i, 1864; 
Dr Francisco Antonio Vidal, March i, 1866. 

USHANT, battle of, between the English and French fleets, when the latter with- 
drew into Brest harbour, July 27, 1778. The English were commanded by 
Admiral Keppel, who was tried for his failure in obtaining a more complete result, 
and honourably acquitted, Feb. Ii, 1779. The French fleet defeated by Admiral 
Howe off here, June i, 1794. 

USK CASTLE, Monmouthshire, built by Fitz-Baderon, of Monmouth, circa 
1080-6; demolished by the Parliamentarians, 1645. 

USURY, forbidden by law, 1341 ; 2s. per week fixed as the interest for 20s., 
1260 ; this limit restrained, 1275 ; fixed at 10 per cent, by 37 Lien. VIII. , c. 9, 
1545 ; and by 13 Eliz. c. 8, 1570 ; reduced to 8 per cent., 21 James I., c. 17, 
1623, when the word 'interest' was used in place of ' usury ; ' reduced to 6 per 
cent., by 12 Char. II., c. 13, 1660 ; and to 5 per cent., by 12 Anne, st. 2, c. 16, 
1713 ; all acts repealed by 17 & 18 Vict. c. 90, Aug. lo, 1854. 

UTAH, N. America, ceded to Mexico, 1848 ; made a Territory, Sept. 9, 1850. 
The Mormons formed a settlement in the Great Salt Lake Valley, July 23-4, 
1847 ; a bill organizing the State passed the Senate, Sept. 9, 1849 ; first meet- 
ing of the assembly, April 5, 1850 ; Brigham Young appointed President, Sept. 
9, 1850; the city incorporated, Jan, 9, 1851 ; Young sworn as governor, Feb. 
3 ; legislature opened, Sept. 22 ; met, Dec. 13, 1852 ; Cummings sent to re- 
place Brigham Young, April 5, 1858; the United States' forces left this State, 
1861 ; there are over 38,000 Mormons in the State. 

UTRECHT, Llolland, the Cathedral of St Martin built, 1382 , the first confedera- 
tion of the Dutch provinces formed, 1579 ; the University founded, 1636; the 
town of, surrendered to the Prussians, May 9, 1787 ; taken by the French, Jan. 
18, 1795; Town Hall built, 1830. 

UTRECHT, treaty of, terminating Queen Anne's wars, signed April 11, 1713 ; 
the Emperor of Germany signed the treaty, June i ; signed by Spain, July 13. 

UXBRIDGE, Middlesex, the Market House erected, 1561 ; removed by act of 
parliament, 1785, and the present erected ; meeting of commissioners to en- 
deavour to reconcile the King and the Parliament, held in the town, June 30, 
1645, was the head-quarters of the parliamentary army, 1647. 



V 



VACCINE INOCULATION established on the discovery of Dr Jenner, May 14, 
1 796 ; made public, 1 799 ; he received ;i^ 10, 000 for the discovery from parliament, 
June 3, 1802; royal Jennerian institution founded, Jan. 19, 1803; introduced into 
Persia, June 4, 1804 ; practised throughout Eui-ope, 1816 ; act respecting the 
adoption of, 3 & 4 Vict c. 29, passed July 23, 1840 ; amended by 4 & 5 Vict. c. 
24, June 21, 1841 ; an act passed to consolidate and amend the laws relating to, 
30 & 31 Vict. c. 84, Aug. 12, 1867 ; to take effect from Jan. i, 1868. 



VAGABONDAGE VALENTINIANS S73 

VAGABONDAGE, ordered to be repressed by 12 Rich. II. c. 7, 1388, and 11 Hen. 
VII. c. 2, 1495, and 19 Hen. VII. c. 12, 1503-4 ; strolling vagrants ordered by 
Edward HI. to be imprisoned, 1359. A vast number of poor were employed or 
maintained in and about the monasteries, and when they were seized upon by 
Henry VIII., the humbler dependents were turned loose to beg, starve, or thieve- 
they were then mercilessly punished : this accounts for 75,000 persons ha vine 
been put to death in the reign of the royal plunderer. He passed an act that a 
vagrant, after being whipped, was to take an oath to return to the place where he 
was born, or had last dwelt for three years, 22 Henry VIII. c. 12, 1530-31 ; a 
second time convicted, he was to lose the upper part of the gristle of his ricrht 
ear, 27 Henry VIII. c. 25, 1535-6 ; and a third time convicted to be punished 
with death. On account of the great increase of, an act was passed, every one 
refusing to labour to be branded with the letter V, and to be adjudged a slave for 
two years ; and if he ran away during that time, to be branded with the letter S. 
and to be a slave for life ; and if he then ran away, to suffer death, i Edw. VI. c. 
3, 1547. Vagrants were punished by whipping, jailing, boring the ears, and 
death for a second offence, 14 Eliz. c. 5, 1572-3 ; repealed and the House of Cor- 
rection established, 39 Eliz. c. 4, 1 597-8. The milder statutes were those of 
17 Geo. II. c. 5, 1744, 32, 35, and 59 Geo. III. ; new act passed, 5 Geo. IV. c. 
83, 1829. The number of vagrants in England in 1866, was 35,191 ; the vagrant 
act amended, 31 & 32 Vict. c. 52, July 13 , 1868. 
VALAIS, Switzerland, annexed to the German nation, 1032; insurrection in, 1798; 
made a republic, 1 802 ; incorporated with France, Nov. 12, 1810 ; united to 
Switzerland, March 15, 1815 ; constitution settled. May 27, 1815; amended, Sept. 
12, 1848; serious flood in, Sept. 16 — 18, 1852. 
VALE ROYAL ABBEY, Cheshire, founded by Edward I., 1277. 
VALEGGIO, battle, the Piedmontese defeated by the Austrians, July 25, 1848. 
VALENCAY, treaty of, between Napoleon and Ferdinand VII. of Spain, by which 

that graceless monarch was put in full possession of his throne, Dec. 11, 181 3. 
VALENCIA, Spain. This ancient Roman town taken by the Goths from the 
Moors, 714 ; taken by the Cid after a siege of 20 months, 1094-5 5 retaken by the 
Moors, Oct. 25, iioi. Captured by James I. of Arragon, Sept. 29, 1239.; fortified 
by Pedro IV., 1356 ; cathedral begun, 1381. This town with Arragon united to 
Spain, 1492; university founded, 1410 ; revived, 1470; museum erected, 1586 — 
1605 ; the city taken by the English under the Earl of Peterborough, 1705 ; sub- 
mitted to the Bourbons, 1707 ; insurrection and massacre of the French, June 5, 
1808 ; besieged by the French under Moncey unsuccessfully, June 28, 1808 ; taken 
by the French under Marshal Suchet, with 16,000 men and immense munitions of 
war, Jan. 9, 1812 ; evacuated, July 5, 1813 ; King Ferdinand returned to, March 
.20, 1814 ; decree of annulling the whole acts of the Cortes, May 4, 1814 ; insur- 
rection in, Jan. 17, 1817; suppressed, March 2 ; revolution in, Jan. 21, 1819. 
Queen Christina abdicated here in 1838. 
VALENCIENNES, France, taken by the French from the Spaniards, March 17, 
1677 ; besieged and taken by the allied armies under the Duke of York, after a 
siege of 84 days, June 14, and taken July 25, 1793; retaken, together with 
Conde, by the French, together with iioo emigrants arrayed against their 
country, 200 pieces of cannon, a million pounds' weight of powder, 8,000,000 
florins in money, 1000 head of cattle, and large stores of provisions, Aug. 30, 1794. 
VALENTINE'S DAY. Valentine, a Roman bishop, or, according to others, only 
presbyter of the church, was beheaded under Valerianus, a.d. 278, Feb. 14. It 
is said that on this day the birds choose their mates, whence, probably, came the 
custom of young people choosing valentines, or particular friends, on this day. 
VALENTINIANS, the followers of a priest called Valentinus, who, losing a bishop- 



874 VALENTIO, FATHER VALTELINA 

ric, felt so disappointed that he founded a specious idolatrous system of faith of 
his own, A.D. 200. He published a gospel and psalms. Some of his followers de- 
clared for, others against, baptism. 
VALENTIO, FATHER, so styled, was an English friar, a native of Yorkshire, 
whose name was Matthew Atkinson, called in religion Father Paul of St Francis. 
Under the penal statute, II & 12 William IH., he was condemned to perpetual 
imprisonment, in the latter end of the 17th centviry, for having exercised the 
functions of an ecclesiastic of the Church of Rome, on the information of his maid- 
servant, who received the reward, stipulated by the statute, of ;^loo, for betraying 
her master. Pursuant to his sentence he was conveyed to Hurst Castle, and there 
confined for life. This statute was passed in the reign of a monarch who is said 
to have established civil and religious liberty in England. The prisoner for wor- 
shipping God according to the custom of his fathers, had, as a great indulgence, 
the privilege of walking on the adjoining strand, by the warden of the place, by 
whom he was much respected, and to whom he rendered himself useful, by teach- 
ing his children Latin ; but certain strangers who happened to visit the castle took 
offence at this indulgence, which was the occasion of Mr Atkinson's voluntarily 
confining himself ever aftemvards to his own miserable apartment. Here he was 
so resigned and contented, as to persist in refusing the offers made by powerful 
friends to procure his enlargement. He was buried in the Roman Catholic bury- 
ing-ground contiguous to Winchester. The epitaph on Mr Atkinson, inscribed on 
his head-stone in St James's churchyard, Winchester, is as follows : — 

H. S. E. R. P. 

Paulus Atkinson, Fran- 

ciscanus, qui 15th Oct., 1729, 

Ktat. 74, in castro de Hurst, 

vitam finivit, postquam ibidem 

30 peregerat annos. 

It is said— and, it must be hoped, truly— that he was the last sufferer under the 
infamous statutes of William and Mary against religious liberty, no matter what 
creed applied against. 

VALLADOLID, Spam, a Roman town ; the modern town founded by Conde 
Pedro Ansurey, 1090- 1 ; the university founded, 1346; college of Santa Cruz 
founded, 1494. Columbus died here. May 20, 1506. The cathedral begun, 
1585 ; raised to a city, 1596 ; taken and sacked by the French, Dec. 26, 1808 ; 
Napoleon resided here from Jan. 6 to 17, 1809 ; occupied by the British, June 4, 
1813. 

VALLE CRUCIS ABBEY, Denbighshire, built, 1200. 

VALLS, Spain. The old town was founded in 1151 ; the modern in 1750. The 
town sacked by the French, under St Cyr, Feb. 25, 1809 ; the French defeated 
by Gen. Sarsfield, near the town, Jan. 16, 181 1. 

VALMY, battle, the French, commanded by Gen. Kellermann, defeated the 
Prussian forces, under the Duke of Brunswick, Sept. 20, 1792. 

VALPARAISO, S. America, almost destroyed by an earthquake, 1822 ; consti- 
tution proclaimed. May 25, 1833 ; a naval school established, 1845 ; great part 
of the town destroyed by fire, Nov. 13, 1858 ; bombarded by a Spanish fleet, 
March 31, 1866. 

VALTELINA, battle, the French, under Ney, engaged the Russians, under Toucz 
Koff ; the French lost 8000 men, and the Russians 6000, both sides occupied the 
same ground the next day, Aug. 19, 18 12. 



VALTELINE VAUXHALL GARDENS 875 

VALTELINE, Italy, massacre of the Valteline, or of the Protestants, by the 
Catholics, July 20, 1620 ; for three days neither man, woman, nor child was spared. 

VALTEZZA, battle, the Greeks defeated the Turkish army, after two days' fight- 
ing, May 27, 1 82 1. 

VANCOUVER'S ISLAND, N. America, visited by Captain Vancouver, 1792 ; 
ceded to Gt Britain by treaty, June 17, 1846 ; granted to the Hudson Bay Com- 
pany, 1848. Gold first discovered, 1856. The Island of St Juan taken posses- 
sion of by Gen. Herney, in the name of the United States, July i, 1859 ; united 
with British Columbia by 29 & 30 Vict. c. 67, Aug. 6, 1866. 

VANDALS, a Teutonic tribe, they crossed the Danube and laid waste the Roman 
provinces, a.d. 271 ; under Godegesilus, their first king, they invaded Gaul, 405, 
and overran Spain, 409 ; expelled, 427, and under their king, Genseric, sailed 
with their wives and families for Africa, where they arrived, 429 ; made peace 
with the Romans, 435 ; took Cailhage, Oct. 24, 439, and captured and sacked 
Rome, 455. They held possession of the city for 14 days, June 15 — 29, and 
carried off the golden candlesticks and the table of the Holy of Holies taken from 
Jerusalem by Titus ; captured Sardinia, 461. Peace concluded with Zeno, 47S > 
defeated by the Romans under Belisarius, June, 533) and Carthage retaken. 

VAN DIEMEN'S LAND, discovered by Tasman, Nov. 24, 1642. 6"^^ Tasmania. 

VARENNES, France, Louis XVI. was arrested here the 21st of June, 1791, and 
taken back to Paris, while endeavouring to pass the frontiers of France and join 
the Austrians and Prussians. 

VARNA, European Turkey. The Hungarians defeated by the Turks, 1444 ; be- 
sieged by the Russians, 21,000 strong with 96 guns, Aug. 5, 1828 ; capitulated, 
Oct. II, 162 pieces of cannon taken. The British and French troops encamped 
here previous to invading the Crimea, 1854 ; great destruction of the magazine and 
stores of the allied army, supposed to have been done by a Russian agent, Aug. 
10; the army sailed from, Sept. 7, 1854. 

VASA, a Swedish order of knighthood, instituted by Gustavus III., May 26, 1776. 

VASSALAGE, or VILLANAGE, the slavery that existed under the Saxons and 
Normans. Of those under the Normans, there were the free and the vassal serfs — ■ 
the last sold with the land, the former free to labour for whom they pleased. 
Abolished in England, temp. Elizabeth ; in Hungary, 1785 ; in Holstein, 1789; 
in Courland, Sept., 1818, and in Russia, 1861. — 3^^(? Villain. 

VATICAN, Rome, built by Charlemagne ; rebuilt by Innocent III., 1198— 1216 ; 
enlarged by Nicolas III., 1277-81 ; became the residence of the popes, 1378 ; the 
Sistine chapel built, 1474 ; the Belvedere Villa constructed by Innocent VIII., 
1484-92; Julius II. connected it with the Vatican, 1503-12. Library founded 
in the 15th century by Nicholas V. ; the present building erected by Sixtus V., 
1588 ; plundered by the French army, 1798. 

VAUCHAMPS, battle, The Russian and Prussian troops under Blucher, attacked 
by the French and defeated with a loss of 6000 men and 15 guns, Feb. 13, 1814. 

VAUDRY, or DE VALLE DEI ABBEY, Lincolnshire, founded by William, Earl 
of Albemarle, 1 147. 

VAUXHALL BRIDGE, designed by Rennie and Walker, first stone laid, May 
9, 181 1 ; the works suspended for a time, but again resumed, the Duke of Bruns- 
wick laying the first stone, Aug. 21, 1813 ; opened, June 4, 1816 ; it has 9 arches 
of 78 feet span, and cost ;^300,ooo. 

VAUXPIALL GARDENS, first called New Spring Gardens. Evelyn records his 
visit to them, July 2, 1661, and Pepys records a visit to, July 27, 1668, and Ad- 
dison writes of them, May 20, 1712 ; leased to Jonathan Tyers, 1728; first 



876 VEDAS VENEZUELA 

opened in the presence of Frederick Prince of Wales, June 7, 1732. First 
balloon ascent took place, 1802, price of admission was one guinea ; it was sub- 
sequently reduced to is. ; 20, 137 visitors paid for admission in one night, Aug. 2, 
1833 ; tire estate sold for ^20,200, Sept. 9, 1841 ; finally closed as a place of 
amusement, July 25, 1859 ; the properties sold by auction, Aug. 22, 1852 ; sold 
for building purposes, Aug. 20, 1859. 

VEDAS, or HINDOO SCRIPTURES, said by Sir Wm. Jones to be more than 
3000 years old ; the Institutes were composed, circa B. C. 700. 

VEGETABLES originally imported from the Netherlands, 1509. There were then 
no kitchen -gardens in England ; sugar was eaten with meat, to correct its pu- 
trescency, before they were introduced. Cauliflowers brought from Egypt, 1588; 
turnip cabbage, i6th century ; turnips well known, 1597 ; small turnips grown at 
Hackney, celebrated, 1597 ; the edible roots, carrots, turnips, and the like, were 
imported from Flanders down to the commencement of the reign of Henry VIII. ; 
the potato brought by Sir Walter Raleigh's colonists, 1584 ; in 1619 the potato 
was sold at is. per pound. 

VEINS, the lacteal, discovered by Asellius, 1640. 

VELLETRI, Italy. The Velitrae of the Romans, surrounded with a foss and 
Vallum by Coriolanus ; its walls destroyed, B.C. 338 ; Augustus born here, B.C. 
Sept. 22, 63 ; thecity almost depopulated by a plague, A. D. 1348; the cathedral of 
Santa Mana built, 1353 ; St Clement Church erected, 1660 ; Charles III. of 
Naples defeated the Austrian army under Prince Lobkowitz, 1 744. 

VELOCIPEDE, a species of carriage, impelled by the rider. An account of the 
machine invented by M.M. Blanchard and Magurier, appeared in the Journal de 
Paris, July 27, 1799; exhibited to Louis XVI., 1808 ; a machine of a like nature 
introduced by W. Drais, at Mannheim, 1817 ; one patenteed, called the Ac- 
celerator, 1819. The use of Bicycles and Tricycles introduced into Paris, 1867, 
and from thence to America the same year ; into England, 1868. 

VELLORE, Hindustan, built by Raja Narsingh, A.D. 1500 ; taken by Sivaji, 1677 ; 
revolt and massacre of 1 13 Europeans by the Sepoys at, June 10, 1806 ; 350 of 
the insurgents put to the sword by Colonel Gillespie. 

VENEREAL DISEASE, of uncertain origin ; reported to have first broken out 
in the French army, before Naples, 1494, whence the term Mai de Naples ; in 
England and the Netherlands called \h&Mal de France ; yet in the latter country 
it is said to have been known so early as the 12th century ; about the same pe- 
riod, too, at Florence, one of the Medici family died of it. Some imagine it was 
brought by Columbus from the new world, in 1493 ; there are grounds for be- 
lieving it was known to the Jews, Greeks, and Romans, long before America was 
discovered. 

VENETIAN HORSES, five in number, said to have been executed by Lysippus ; 
they were first on the Temple of the Sun at Corinth, and, in the first year of the 
Christian era, Augustus Caasar paid the weight of them in gold, the price he 
offered for every statue of this sculptor ; Nero placed them on a triumphal arch, 
and 300 years afterwards Constantine placed them in the Hippodrome ; in the 
I2th century the Venetians took Constantinople and these horses, and placed them 
on the fa9ade of the church of St Mark, where they remained for 600 years, until 
Napoleon, in 1805, brought them to Paris, and placed them on the triumphal 
arc in the Place Carrousel ; from thence they were taken by the allied forces and 
returned to Venice, 1814. 

VENETIANO, DOM., artist of Venice, who introduced the use of oil colours, 
assassinated there, 1476. 

VENEZUELA, S. America, discovered by Columbus, 1498 ; settled by the 



VENICE VERDE ISLANDS 877 

Spaniards, 1499 ; the town of Tucuyo established, 1545 ; Valencia, 1555. The 
Dutch took possession of Curagao, 1634. The exclusive right of commerce was 
granted to the Guipuzcoa, 1700 ; dissolved, 1778; governed by Spain to 1808; 
declared their independence, 1810; restored to Spain, 1812 ; insurrection in, 
under Gen. Bolivar, 1813 ; the sovereignty of the people declared, July, 1814 ; 
treaty of commerce with Gt Britain signed, April 18, 1825 ; declared their in- 
dependence, 1830 ; slave trade abolished, 1840 ; recognized by Spain, March 30, 
1845 ; Gen. Paez elected President, Sept. 8, 1861. Gold first discovered, June, 
1857. The negroes at Puerto Cabello revolted, but were defeated after a severe 
struggle, June 15, 1859 ; Gen. Falcon elected as President, June 17, 1863. The 
city of Cumana, with 800 inhabitants, destroyed by an earthquake, July 15, 1865. 

VENICE, Italy, inhabited by the Veneti, taken by the Romans, under Marcellus, 
B.C. 221 ; the Italian city founded, A.D. 413 ; the island soon after began to be 
inhabited by the people of Aquileia and Padua, 421 ; the two cities of Rivoalto 
and Melamocco incorporated under a Doge, 697 ; the cities are connected by 
canals, crossed by 306 bridges ; St Mark's church founded, 829-30 ; the Bell 
Tower begun, 902 ; destroyed by fire, 976 ; the first stone of the new Cathedral 
laid, 977 ; finished, 1155 > repaired, 1510 ; made a Cathedral, 1807. The Ducal 
government restored, 742; the city nearly destroyed by fire, 1 106; the Bank founded, 
1 157 ; the Arsenal built, 1307 — 1320 ; the Library founded by a donation of MSS. 
of Petrarch, 1362 ; building erected, 1536 ; the government nearly destroyed 
by the league of Cambray between the Pope and the Emperor of France, Dec. 10, 
1508 ; the Mint built, 1536 ; the public buildings on the Rialto destroyed by fire, 
Jan. 10, 15 13 ; again partially destroyed by an explosion at the Arsenal ; ceded 
to Austria by the treaty negotiated at Leoben, April i8, i797j aftei*wards confirmed 
at Campo Formio, Oct. 17, 1797 ; captured by the French, May 16, 1797, and 
surrendered to Austria. Annexed to France, Dec. 26, 1805 ; surrendered to 
AiTStria, 1814 ; insurrection, March, 1848 ; besieged and captured by the 
Austrians, Aug. 22, 1849 ; ceded to the Emperor of the French, July 4, 1 866 ; 
added to Italy, and the iron crown restored, Nov. 4 ; visit of Garibaldi to, Feb. 
28, 1867. The destruction by fire of Titian's Peter Martyr in the church 
of San Giovanni San Paolo, Aug., 1867 ; Victor Emanuel entered the city, 
Nov. 7. 

VENTILATION. Ventilators invented by the Rev. Dr Hales, 1740 ; various im- 
provements by Triewald, Chabonne, Amott, Perkins, Davy, Reid, and others, 
1741 — 1850 ; a commission appointed by parliament to inquire into this subject, 
1856 ; reported, Aug. 25, 1857 ; Mr Lesure introduced a new method, 1857, 
and Mr Wemyss, 1859. 

VENUS, Galileo discovered the phases of, 161 1 ; transit of, over the sun, observed 
at St Helena by Maskelyne, June 2, 1761 ; Cook's first voyage to Otaheite to ob- 
serve that of, 1769; the diurnal motion of Venus discovered by Casini, 1712 ; 
this planet will re-appear, Dec. 8, 1874 ; and again, Dec. 6, 1882. 

VENUS, a steam packet sailing between Dublin and Wateiford, lost with 7 pas- 
sengers on board, March i8, 1828. 

VERA CRUZ, Mexico, founded, 1518 ; incorporated, 1615 ; attacked by Nelson 
unsuccessfully, he lost his arm in this action, July 15, 1797- The castle of 
San Juan de Ulloa held by the Spaniards until Nov., 1825 ; captured by the 
French, under the Prince de Joinville, Nov. 27, 1838 ; and by the Americans, 
March 19, 1847 ; bombarded by, under Muramon, March 13, i860 ; taken by 
the French, Dec. 8, 1861 ; occupied by the allies, Jan. 7, 1862. The Emperor 
Maximilian landed here. May 29, 1864. 

VERDE ISLANDS, N. Atlantic Ocean, discovered by Dom Henrique of Portu- 
gal, 1446 ; a settlement made, 1500. 



SyS VERDIGRIS VESTAL 

VERDIGRIS, an act passed to encourage the manufacture of, in Gt Britain, and 
all foreign imported to be taxed, 21 Geo. III. c. 32, 1781. 

VERDUN, France, the treaty of, Aug., 843 ; united to France at the peace of 
Miinster, Oct. 24, 1648 ; captured by the allied Austrians and British, Sept. 2, 
1792 ; recaptured by the French next month, when 14 .young women under the 
age of 15 were guillotined for presenting the King of Prussia with bouquets 
when he entered the town, May 28, 1794. 

VERGENNER, America, first settled, 1766; incorporated, 1788; made a naval 
station, 1812. 

VERMONT, N. America, the French settled here, 1731 ; ceded by the French to 
the English, 1763 ; claimed by Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and New York, 
1764 ; decided to belong to the latter, 1764 ; declared independent, 1777 ; ac- 
knowledged, 1790; admitted into the Union, 1791 ; constitution settled, 1793. 

VERNON GALLERY, a collection of paintings presented to the nation by 
Robert Vernon, Dec. 22, 1847 ; first exhibited at the Royal Academy, 1848 ; 
removed to Marlborough House, 1850 ; and from thence to the South Kensington 
Museum, 1859 ; where they are now exhibited. 

VERONA, Italy, the Cathedral built by Charlemagne ; a new sacristy built, 1 160; 
the building reconsecrated by Pope Urban III., 1187 ; the roof finished, 1574; 
the church of St Zenone began in the 9th century, almost destroyed by the Hun- 
garians, 924; rebuilt, 11 78; the Ponte del Castel Vecchio, built, 1354; the 
palace Canossa built by Sanmicheli, began, 1527, completed, 1560 ; the city walls 
restored, 1520-24; the city almost destroyed by a flood, 1757 ; occupied by 
the French, 1796 ; ceded to Austria by the treaty of Venice, Oct. 18, 1797 ; sur- 
rendered to the French, who destroyed the ancient palace of Theodoric, 1801 ; 
taken by the Austrians, Feb. 14, 1814 ; refortified, 1815 ; the Sardinians, com- 
manded by Charles Albert, defeated the Austrians, May 6, 1848 ; ceded to the 
Italian kingdom, Oct. 3, 1866. 

VERSAILLES, France, palace of, built as a hunting-seat by Louis XIII., 
1637 ; in 1687, enlarged by Louis XIV., and made into a magnificent palace, 
finished 1 708 ; becoming the principal residence of the French monarchs, 
the States-General held their first sittings at, May 5, 1789; Louis XVI. and 
Marie Antoinette removed by the Insurgents, and the palace sacked, Oct. 5 & 6, 
1789 ; Napoleon expelled the council of five hundred with his soldiers, Nov. Ii, 
1 799 ; it was refurnished by Louis Philippe at his own expense. 

VERSAILLES, peace of, between France and Austria for the portion of Prussia 
signed, May i, 1756 ; preliminary treaty between England and North America 
agreed to, Jan. 20, 1783; definite treaty between England and North America 
signed, Sept. 3, 1783 ; and the same day a treaty of peace between England, 
France, and Spain, Sept. 3, 1783. 

VERVINS TREATY, between Henry IV. of France, and Philip of Spain, 
settling the war between the two countries. May 2, 1598. 

VESPERS, the Sicilian {see Sicilian Vespers), 1282, Easter-day, when all the 
French in the city were massacred, March 29. 

VESPERS, the Fatal, during the service of, held at Blackfriars, Oct. 16, 1623, no 
less than 100 persons were killed by the falling of the house of the French am- 
bassador, whilst a Roman CathoHc priest was officiating. 
VESTA, the planet, discovered by Dr Olbers of Bremen, March 28, 1807. 
VESTAL VIRGINS, the priestesses of Vesta, who took care of the celestial fire 
which burned night and day in her temple ; if incontinent, they were punished 
by being buried alive; the first four were appointed by Numa, B.C. 710 ; the 
vestal Cornelia Maximiliana was buried alive, 92 ; only 18 have suffered 



VESTRY ACT VICTORIA 879 

punishment since that time ; the office abolished by Theodosius the Great, circa 

A.D. 390. 

VESTRY ACT, 5S Geo. III., c. 69, June 3, 1818 ; amended, 59 Geo. III., c. 85, 
July 7, 1819 ; 16 & 17 Vict. c. 65, Aug. 15, 1853 ; select vestry act, 59 Geo. III., 
c. 12, March 31, 1819. 

VESUVIUS, Naples, this dangerous volcano made its first eruption destroying 
the cities of Herculaneum and Pompeii, with 250,000 inhabitants, A.D. 79 ; other 
eruptions followed in 203 — 272 ; a more extensive outbreak, which destroyed 
the whole country of Campania, occurred, 472 ; a violent outbreak happened, 
1 136 ; and then the mountain remained quiet. Monte Nuovo forced up in two 
days to the height of 413 feet, in 1538. Other eruptions with more or less violence 
happened in the following years : — 512, 685, 993, 1036, 1049, 1136, 1306, 1506, 
1538 ; an eruption at Puzzoli, which destroyed 4000 persons and swallowed up 
a large tract of land, Dec, 1631-32 ; eruptions again, Aug. 12, 1682 ; March 12, 
1694 ; July 2, 1701 ; May 20, 1707 ; Feb. 18, 1712 ; June 7, 1717 ; March 14, 
1730; May 20, 1737; Oct. 25, 1751 ; Dec. 3, 1754; Dec. 24, 1760 ; March 
28, 1766 ; Oct. 19, 1767 ; March 14, 1770. In the great eruption of Aug. 8, 1779, 
a flame of fire rose two miles high, a block of lava, 108 feet in circumference and 17 
feet high, was thrown up. Eruptions Oct. 12, 1784; Oct. 31, 1786 ; July, 1787; March 
14, 1794; the tower of Tolle de Greco destroyed June, 1794; Aug. 12, 1804; 
Sept. 4, 1S09 ; Dec. 24, 1813 ; Dec. 22, 181 7 ; a violent eruption caused a gulf 
or chasm of three miles round and 2000 feet deep, Oct. 22, 1822 ; March 6, 1838 ; 
April 22, 1845 ; Nov. 13, 1847; Feb 6, 1850. In a state of eruption for three 
weeks, doing considerable damage, eleven cones being in operation, began May 
3, 1S55 ; the town of Resina considerably damaged by an eruption, May 21, 
185S ; another happened, Aug., 1859 ; the town of Torre del Greco destroyed, 
Dec. 8, 1S61 ; Nov. 12, 1867 ; a number of houses and shops buried, Jan. 27, 
1868 ; and a land-slip buried the street of Santa Lucia, Jan. 28 ; another eruption 
broke out, Nov. 13. 

VETERINARY COLLEGE, London, founded, 1792 ; received a Royal charter, 
1844 ; medical association instituted, 1835 ; schools for the study first established 
at Lyons, 1 761 ; and at Alfort, 1766. 

VICARAGES. Perpetual curacies elevated to the rank of vicarages by the District 
Church Titles Amendment Act, 31 & 32 Vict. c. 117, July 31, 1868. 

VICE-CHANCELLOR OF ENGLAND, a new equity judge appointed by 53 
Geo. III.c. 24, March 23, 1813 ; took his seat, May 5, 1813 ; a similar officer 
was appointed in Ireland as early as 1232 ; two additional vice-chancellors were 
appointed by 5 Vict. c. 5, s. 19, Oct. 5) 1841 ; the term, vice-chancellor of 
England, ceased Aug. 1850 ; salaries to be paid out of the Consolidated Fund, 15 
& 16 Vict. c. 87, s. 16, July I, 1852. 

VICENZA, Italy, taken by the Venetians, 1405 ; Cathedral built, 1467 ; stormed 
and taken by the Austrians, who captured 44 cannon, 18 powder waggons, and 
681 muskets, June 11, 1848 ; the Teatro Olivipico, designed by Palladio, first 
stone laid. May 23, 1850. 

VICKSBURG, U. States, attacked by the Federal fleet, but repulsed with great 
loss, Dec. 28 & 29, 1862 ; attacked by Gen. Sherman with 40,000 men unsuc- 
cessfully, April, 1853 ; attacked by the fleet, under Admiral Porter, May 18. 
The Confederates, under Gen. Pemberton, capitulated, after a brave defence of 
48 days, July 4, 1863. 

VICTORIA, Australia, the coast first discovered by Capt. Cook, April 19, 1770 ; 
Lieut. Bass discovered the Straits which bears his name, Jan. 4, 1798 ; visited by 
Lieut. James Grant, Dec, 1800 ; Port Phillip discovered by Lieut. Murray, Feb. 
15, 1802 ; the first convict settlement formed under the direction of Lieut. 



8So VICTORIA CROSS VICTORY 

Governor Collins, Oct. 7-9, 1803 ; abandoned, 1804 ; Messrs Hume and 
Hovel travelled overland from Sydney, Oct. 17, and arrived here in Dec, 1824 ; 
Portland Bay settled by Messrs Heuty, 1834 ; first colonized by John Batman 
and J. D. Fawkner, and party, May, and Aug., 1835, called Van Diemen's 
Land, explored by Mr Mitchell, 1836 ; visited by Governor Bourke, in March, 
1837. The towns of Melbourne, Williamstown, and Hobson's Bay, gazetted at 
Sydney, April 10, 1837 ; Mr La Trobe appointed superintendent of Port 
Phillip, Sept. 29, 1839 ; proclaimed the boundary of New South Wales, 1843; 
first separated from the latter, and erected into the colony of Victoria, July r, 
1851. Gold first discovered, Sept. and Oct., 1851 ; meeting of the first legis- 
lature, Nov. II, 185 1 ; the Victoria Nugget found at Bendigo, Jan., 1852 ; rail- 
way opened from Melbourne to Hobson's Bay, Sept. 12, 1854 ; Exhibition 
opened, Oct., 1854; act of the legislature to amend the constitution confirmed 
by 18 & 19 Vict. c. 55, July 16, 1855 ; new constitution proclaimed, Nov. 
23, the Parliament assembled, Nov. 26, 1856 ; Ballot, Oct. 1856 ; Nichol- 
son's land act passed, i860 ; amended, 1862 ; the Lower House of the legislature 
came into collision with the Upper House upon the tariff bill, July 25, 1S65 ; the 
House dissolvedj Dec. 3. Proposed grant to Lady Darling of ^20,000, recom- 
mended by the Select Committee of the Legislative Assembly, May 4 ; Governor 
Darling recalled by the Home Government, Feb. 26, 1866 ; petition to the 
Queen, to be heard before a commission as to his act of government. May 16, 
1866 ; the assembly dissolved, Oct. 22 ; the Secretary of State refused permission 
for the acceptance by Lady Darling of the proposed grant, Dec. 8. 

GOVERNORS. 

Mr La Trobe ... Sept. 29, 1839 Sir Charles R. Darling Sept. 9, 1863 
Sir Charles Hotham June 21, 1854 Hon. John H. T. Sutton May 19, 1866 
Sir Henry Barkly... Sept. 24, 1856 

VICTORIA, Queen of England. —.S'f^ England. 

VICTORIA CROSS, order of, established by her Majesty Queen Victoria, as a 
reward for distinguished gallantry in the army and navy, Jan. 29, 1856; first 
grand distribution after the Crimean war in the presence of 6000 troops and many 
thousand spectators in Hyde Park, by her Majesty, June 26, 1857. 

VICTORIA DOCKS.— ^-^"^ Docks. 

VICTORIA INSTITUTE, or Philosophical Society of Gt Britain, first meeting 
of, May 24, 1866 ; inaiagural address delivered by the Rev. Walter Mitchell. 

VICTORIA PARK, London, an act passed, by which the Duke of Sutherland 
paid ^72,000 for York House, and this sum was devoted to the purchase of this 
park, 4 & 5 Vict. c. 27, June 21, 1841 ; amended, 5 & 6 Vict. c. 20, May 13, 
1842 ; opened, 1845. The public Drinking Fountain given by Miss Coutts, and 
designed by H. A. Darbishire, cost ;i£'5000, opened, June 28, 1862. 

VICTORIA, QUEEN, STEAM SHIP, on a voyage from Liverpool to Dublin, 
wrecked off the Cliffs of Howth, when 59 passengers were drowned, Feb. 15, 1853. 

VICTORIA THEATRE, formerly the Coburg, the first stone laid, Sept. 14, 
1816 ; opened. May 13, 1818 ; opened as the Victoria, under the management of 
Abbott and Egerton, July i, 1833 ; 16 persons killed through a false alarm of 
fire, Dec. 27, 1858. 

VICTORY, man of war of 100 giuis, lost in the Race of Alderney, and Admiral 
Belcher, with the crew of 1000 men, perished, Oct. 8, 1744 ; also the name of 
Nelson's flagship in the battle of Trafalgar, Oct. 21, 1805, in which he fell just 
before the close of the contest. 



VICTUALLERS VIENNA 88i 

VICTUALLERS' LICENSED ASYLUM, Old Kent-road, built from the design 
of Henry Rose ; the Duke of Sussex laid the first stone, May 29, 1828 ; incor- 
porated by charter, Dec. 15, 1842 ; the first stone of the ladies' wing being laid 
by Prince Albert, June 2, 1849 ; additional building, of which Prince Albert laid 
the first stone, June 23, 1858. The statue of the late Prince Consort unveiled 
by the Prince of Wales, Aug. 9, 1864 ; the first stone of the Smalley wing laid 
by the Duke of Edinburgh, Nov. 30, 1866. 

VICTUALLERS' LICENSED SCHOOL, Kennington Lane, founded, 1794; 

incorporated, May 3, 1836. 
VICTUALLERS. No time can be assigned when the name of licensed victualler 

was first given ; they Avere licensed by the justices in the reign of Edward IV. ; 

they were ordered to charge for a quart of the best beer \d., and 2 quarts of 

small beer \d., 1603 ; a duty of £10 imposed upon their license by the 2 Geo. 

II. c. 17, 1729, and to be licensed at a general meeting of justices; ordered to 

close their house at 11 o'clock at night, Feb. 14, 1826 ; regulated by 2 & 3 Vict. 

c. 47 (the Pohce Act), Aug. 17, 1839. 

VICTUALLING OFFICE, instituted, Dec. 10, 1663 ; some departments removed 
to Deptford, Aug., 1785, and the office to Somerset House, 1783. That at 
Plymouth burnt, July 22, 1779. 

VIENNA, Austria, the ancient town of, annexed by Charlemagne to his kingdom, 
791 ; made an imperial city by Frederick II., 1136 ; subjected to the house of 
Austria, 1 140; taken by Rudolph, 1297; the modern town founded by Henry 
I., Duke of Austria, 1 142, with the ransom of Richard I., King of England. 
The Cathedral of St Stephen's begun, 1359 ; completed, 1480 ; the Imperial 
Library founded, 1440-93 ; insurrection of the citizens, 1465 ; besieged unsuc- 
cessfully by the Hungarians, 1477 ; besieged and taken by Matthias, King of 
Hungary, 1484 ; besieged unsuccessfully by the Turks, under Solyman the Mag- 
nificent, with an army of 300,000 men, Sept. 26 — Oct. 14, 1529, and in 1532 ; and 
again by Kara Mustapha, the Grand Vizier, with 150,000 men, from July 24 to 
Sept. 12, 1683, when they were totally defeated by Sobieski ; treaty of, with 
Spain, April 30, 1725 ; treaty of alliance between the Emperor Charles VI., 
Great Britain, and Holland, by which the Pragmatic Sanction was guaranteed, 
March 16, 1731 ; treaty of, with France, between Charles VI. of Germany and 
Louis XV., Nov. 18, 1738 ; the Deaf and Dumb Institution founded by Joseph 
II., 1779; Napoleon entered this city, Nov. 13, 1805 ; entered a second time, 
May 13, 1809 ; treaty between Napoleon and PVancis I. of Austria, by which the 
latter power ceded the Tyrol, Dalmatia, and other territories to France as the Illyrian 
provinces, Oct. 14, 1809; the Congress of, held their meetings here from Nov. 3, 
1814, to June 9, 1815. Treaty signed between Gt Britain, Russia, Austria, and 
Prussia, March 23, 1815 ; that confirming the enlargement of Holland and vest- 
ing the sovereignty in the House of Orange, May 31, 1815 ; the treaty ceding 
Swedish Pomerania and Rugen to Prussia in exchange for Lauenberg, June 4, 
1815 ; the federative constitution of Vienna signed, June 8, 181 5. Insurrection 
in, March 14, 1848 ; return of the Emperor to, Aug. 12 ; fresh insurrection in, 
Oct. 4 ; bombarded, Oct. 28 ; capitulated, Oct. 31 ; conference of the allied 
powers to restore peace between Russia and Turkey, and her protectors' first 
meeting held, March 15, 1855 ; the negotiations broken off, April 26. The 
Emperor visited by the Prince of Wales, Feb. 12, 1862. Treaty signed at, by 
which the King of Denmark surrendered all his rights to the Elbe Duchies of 
Schleswig and Holstein, and the Duchy of Lauenburg, in favour of the Emperor 
of Austria and the King of Prussia, Oct. 30, 1864. The Emperor invested with 
the order of the Garter, July 25, 1867 ; the Sultan of Turkey arrived on a visit 
to the Emperor, July 27 ; left, proceeding by steam-boat across the Danube, 

56 



882 VIGO VINEGAR HILL 

July 31 ; public reception of the Emperor Francis Joseph, upon his return froift 
Paris, Nov. 8 ; arrival of the King and Queen of Greece on a visit, Nov. 12. 

VIGO, Spain, visited by Adm. Drake, 1585 and 1589 ; attacked by Sir George 
Rook, in company with the Dutch, the P'rench and Spanish fleets being in that 
port ; several sail of the line of galleons were taken, and a great spoil fell into 
the hands of the victors, Oct. 22, 1702; taken by Lord Cobham, Oct. II, 1719, 
but relinquished soon after ; it was taken by the French, Feb. 1 809, and again 
taken by the English, March 27, 1809. 

VILLAFRANCA, battle, between the English cavalry and the French, under Mar- 
shal Soult, which terminated in the defeat of the latter commander, April lO, 
1812. Meeting of Napoleon III. and the Emperor of Austria after the battle of 
Solferino, July ii, 1859 ; peace concluded, and Lombardy ceded to Sardinia. 

VILLAIN, the name of a vassal under the Normans ; of two classes, regardant^ 
that is, annexed to the manor or land, or else hi gross, that is, annexed to the 
person of their lord, and transferable from one person to another by deed ; 
Queen Elizabeth struck the first blow at this feudal bondage, by ordering that 
her bondsmen of the western counties should be made free at easy rates, IS74 ; 
but there were still some existing as late as 1617. 

VILLIERS, Duke of Buckingham, a favourite of Charles I., 1625; impeached by 
the Commons, 1626; stabbed by Felton at Portsmouth, Aug. 23, 1628. 

VIMIERA, battle, between the English, under Sir Arthur Wellesley, and the 
French forces in Portugal, under Marshal Junot, when the latter was defeated, 
Aug. 21, 1808 ; the command of the British army, owing to bad management at 
home, had three commanders-in-chief in three days, two superseding the con- 
queror at Vimiera. 

VINCENNES, France, a royal residence from 1164 ; Henry V. of England died 
here, 1422 ; chapel finished, 1552 ; fortress repaired by Louis Philippe, 1832^ 
1844 ; refortified, 1852. Due D'Enghein shot in the moat by order of Napoleon, 
March 20, 1804. 

VINCENT, ST, West Indies, discovered by Columbus, 1498 ; made a French 
settlement, 1714; ceded to the English, 1763 ; captured by the French, 1779 ; 
restored at the general peace of 1783. The French incited the Indians to revolt, 
1796 ; subdued, 1797. The volcano Scoiiffriire was in a state of eruption in 
1812. 

VINCENT, ST, naval battle. The English fleet, under Adm. Rodney, totally 
defeated the Spanish fleet, Jan. 16, 1780. 

VINE, a tree known from the earliest times. A colony from Ionia settled at 
Marseilles, and instructed the inhabitants of the south of France in its culture, — ■ 
according to some authorities, B.C. 600 ; others are of opinion that the vine is 
aboriginal in the south of France and Italy, as well as on the shores of the Medi- 
terranean generally. The Romans introduced the cultivation of the vine into 
every country they subdued ; there are still many traces of Roman vineyards 
remaining in England ; the planting of them was encouraged by an edict of the 
Emperor Probus in the 3rd century ; they are frequently mentioned in Domesday 
Book. Vines were first planted in Germany and the north of France, 276 ; 
planted in Madeira, 1420. The vine was taken to America by the Spaniards, 
although there is a wild indigenous vine in the northern part of that continent, 
but its fruit is unfit for wine. 

VINEGAR HILL, battle, in Ireland, between the English and the rebellious Irish, 
June 21, 1798 ; the combat was obstinate and sanguinary, and the king's troops, 
under Gen. Lake, suffered severely, as well as the Irish. 



VINTNERS' COMPANY VITTORIA 883 

VINTNERS' COMPANY, incorporated 37 Edw. III., July 15, 1363, for the 
exclusive importation of wines ; confirmed by 15 Hen. VI., 1437, and by 9 Jam. 
I., 161 1. The kings of England, France, Scotland, and Cyprus entertained by 
the Mayor, Henry Picard, a member of this company, 1356 ; Arms granted to, 
in 1442. The Hall in Thames Street partially destroyed in the fire of '1666 ; 
restored in 1668. 

VIOLIN, invented about 1200, according to some authorities. In the Privy 
Purse expenses of Hen. VIII. there is an account of £;^ "js. 6d. paid to three 
performers on, Sept., 1532, and /"40 ordered to be paid by his Majesty's 
treasurer, the Earl of Manchester, for two Cremona violins, Oct. 24, 1662. 

VIRGIN, festival of the Assumption instituted in 1372, by Pope Gregory XI. 

VIRGIN, The, instrument of torture, was an image of a woman magnificently 
dressed, and so formed, that upon being set in motion it pressed the victim to 
death in its arms. Hampton'' s Polybius attributes the invention to Nabis of Sparta, 
who died B.C. 192; it was subsequently made one of the implements of torture 
used by the Inquisition in Spain, in the 15th century; one was constructed at 
Nuremburg", 1533. 

VIRGINAL. A musical instrument like a small pianoforte with one string to each 
note, known on the continent in the early part of the i6th century. First music 
printed for, 161 1 ; Queen Elizabeth was a great player upon this instrument ; a 
pair was shipped from England for the Seraglio of the Grand Seignior, according 
to an announcement in the London Post, July 20, 1701. 

VIRGINIA, N. America, first discovered by M. J. Cabot about 1497 ; taken 
possession of and named by Raleigh, after Queen Elizabeth, July 13, 1584 ; first 
attempts to settle, 1585 ; colonies formed in, by grant from James I., April 10, 
1606 ; the first arrival of colonists in. May, 1607 ; many of the inhabitants mur- 
dered by the Indians, March 22, 1622 ; in 1626 it reverted to the crown, and 
afterwards becoming permanent, was the first British settlement in North America. 
Negroes first brought here by the Dutch, 1620 ; it submitted to Cromwell, 165 1 ; 
raw silk and copper ore imported from, Oct., 1630. University chartered, Jan. 
25, 1819 ; opened, March 25, 1825 ; made the seat of the Confederate govern- 
ment, July 20, 1 86 1. 

VIRGIN ISLANDS, Atlantic, discovered by Columbus, 1494 ; made an English 
settlement, 1666. The Danish islands of St Thomas and St John captured by 
them, 1 80 1, but restored, 1802 ; surrendered to the English, 1807, but restored, 
1815. Serious hurricane which almost destroyed the town, 1868. 

VIRGIN MARY, order of knighthood, begun 1233 ; at Rome, 1618. 

VIRGIN OF MOUNT CARMEL, order begun in France, 1607. 

VISCOUNTS. The first John Lord Beaumont created by Hen. VL, Feb. 12, 1439. 

VISIGOTHS, made the kingdom of Thoulouse their capital, 418. 

VISITATION of the abbeys and monasteries ordered by Hen. VIII., 1535 ; of the 
churches, by Ed. VI. 

VITERBO, Italy, the Etruscan Fanu7n VoltumncB, raised to the rank of a city 
by Celestine IH., 1194; a conclave met here and elected Urban IV., 1261 ; 
Clement IV., 1264 ; Gregory X., 1271 ; John XXL, 1276 ; Nicholas III., 1277; 
and Martin IV., 1 28 1. Palazzo Pubblico erected, 1264. 

VITTORIA, battle, in Spain, between Wellington and the French ; the former 
obtained a brilliant victory over Joseph Bonaparte and Marshal Jourdan ; the 
French lost 150 pieces of cannon, 415 waggons of ammunition, 40,000 pounds of 
gunpowder, all their baggage, cattle, treasure, and provisions, with Marshal 
Jourdan's baton as a marshal of France, and took 1000 prisoners, June 21, 1813. 



884 VIZAGAPATAM VOLUNTEERS 

VIZAGAPATAM, East Indies. The English garrison, 130 strong, with 200 Se- 
poys, surrendered, after a long defence, this town to the French, June 26, 1758. 

"VIZIER, the Grand, an officer of the Ottoman empire, first appointed, citxa 1370. 

VLADIMIR, the capital of Russia from 1157 to 1328. 

VOLCANOES. Ferro, one broke out in the island of, and emitted a large 
quantity of red-coloured water, Sept. 13, 1777. Mount Hecla, in a state of 
eruption in 1004 and 1 7S3 ; three new craters opened, from which pillars of fire 
rose to the height of 14,000 ft, April 15, 1846. Izalco, Central America, broke 
out, Feb. 23, 1770, and has remained in a state of activity since. Jorullo, 
Mexico, attained an elevation of 1600 ft, 1759. Monte Nuovo, 440 ft high, 
formed in two days, Sept., 1538. Saugay, Quito, 17,000 ft high, has been in a 
state of eruption since 1 728. 

VOLTA'S Galvanic discoveries, made known in England, 1793 ; the voltaic pile 
discovered by him, 1800 ; the electric spark first obtained from a soft-iron 
magnet, by Dr Faraday, Nov., 1831 ; and by Professor Forbes, March, 1832. 
A magneto-electric machine invented by Mr Saxton, 1833. 

VOLTURNO, battle. Gen. Garibaldi defeated the army of the King of Naples, 
Oct. I, 1S60. 

VOLUNTEERS. The oldest corps raised in England, is the Honourable Artillery 
Company, established, 1585; the number raised, in 1794, was 341,600. The Lon- 
don and Westminster Light Horse, were formed, March i, 1780. The Irish Vol- 
unteers formed in Dublin, Oct. 12, 1779 ; they were armed to the extent of 20,000, 
and were thanked by the Irish legislature for their patriotism and spirit. The 
Fencible Light Dragoons raised, 1794, and disbanded, 1800. The Clerk enwell 
Volunteers embodied, 1798-9. Geo. HI. reviewed 12,000 Volunteers, June 4, 
1800 ; an act passed to enable His Majesty to raise an additional military force, 
July 6, 1803; the number raised in the city of London alone was 35,000; 
a grand review held in Hyde Park, — 27,000 men were under arms, Oct. 23, 
1803. Permission given by the government to raise a force of, for the protec- 
tion of England, May 12, 1859 ; established generally throughout England, 
Nov. 14, 1859 ; an act passed for facilitating the acquisition of grounds for rifle 
practice, 23 & 24 Vict. c. 140, Aug. 28, i860; exempt from the payment of 
tolls, by 24 & 25 Vict. c. 126, Aug. 6, 1861 ; the Queen held a levee specially 
for receiving the officers of, March 7, i860 ; the Duke of Cambridge presided at 
a banquet at St James's Hall, given by the officers, March 7 ; ball at the Floral 
Hall, Covent Garden. A force of 18,000 reviewed by the Queen in Hyde Park, 
June 23. The first meeting of the National Rifle Association at Wimbledon com- 
mon, Mr Edward Ross gained the Queen's prize, July 2 — 9 ; 20,000 reviewed in 
the Queen's Park, Edinburgh, Aug. 7; 11,000 reviewed by the Earl Derby at 
Knowsley Park, Sept. i; reviewed at Brighton by Major-General Scarlett, and at 
Wimbledon by Colonel McMurdo, April i, 1S61 ; by Lord Clyde at Brighton, 
April 21, 1862 ; by Gen. Lord William Paulet, April 6, 1863 ; by the Duke of 
Cambridge at Wimbledon, July 18, 1863; an act passed to amend the acts 
relating to, 26 & 27 Vict. c. 65, July 21, 1863. Review held at Blackheath, Guild- 
ford, Surrey, 17,000 under arms, March 28, 1864; a force of 21,743 reviewed in 
Hyde Park by the Prince of Wales, May 28 ; reviewed by Sir R. W. Walpole, 
at Brighton, 24,000 being present, April 17, 1865 ; the Wimbledon meeting held, 
July 10 ; reviewed at Brighton in the presence of the Prince and Princess of 
Wales, by Lieut. -Gen. Sir H. Garrett, April 2, 1866 ; and in Hyde Park by the 
Duke of Cambridge, June 23. The annual meeting held at Wimbledon, July 
8; reception of, by the Belgians, Oct. 11. Annual review held at Dover, by 
Major Gen. M'Cleverty, April 22, 1867 ; at Windsor, June 10. The Wimbledon 
meeting began, July 8 ; the Volunteers reviewed by the Sultan, July 20. The 



VORTIGERN WAGER, COMMODORE 885 

county forces inspected by the Duke of Cambridge, at New Sefton Park, Oct. 5. 
The Easter Monday review lield at Portsmouth under Lieut. -Gen. Sir G. Buller, 
April 13, 1S68. The members of the Inns of Court reviewed at Wimbledon, April 
14; 27,000 Volunteers reviewed by the Queen in Windsor Park, June 20. Themeet- 
ing at Wimbledon began, July 13 ; review held, Lord Napier of Magdala being pre- 
sent, July 25; an attempt was made in Parliament to increase the Capitation Grant. 
The BELGIAN VOLUNTEERS visited London, embarking on board H.M. 
Serapis at Antwerp, July 10, and were brought up the river Thames in steamers 
provided by the reception committee, July 1 1 ; entertained by the Corporation of 
London in their Guildhall, July 12 ; visited Wimbledon, and were received by 
the Prince of Wales, July 13 ; entertained at Windsor Castle by order of the 
Queen, July 16 ; visited the Crystal Palace, July 17 ; ball in honour of, held 
at the Agricultural Hall, July 18 ; entertained by Miss Burdett Coutts at High- 
gate, July 19 ; visited Wimbledon to see the review of the English Volunteers 
by the Sultan, July 20 ; the officers entertained at the Mansion House by the 
Lord Mayor, July 20 ; departure of, from London, July 22 ; arrived in the 
Serapis at Antwerp, July 23. Volunteer force of seamen : an act passed for the 
establishment of, and for the government of the same, 22 & 23 Vict. c. 40, Aug. 
^3, 1859- 
VORTIGERN elected sole monarch of the Britons, 447 ; invited Saxon assistance, 
448 ; married Rowena, the daughter of Hengist, 450 ; burned in a castle in 
Wales by the Britons, 485. 

VOSSEM, Peace of, between France and Brandenburgh, June 16, 1673. 

VOTING PAPERS allowed to be used in universities elections, by 24 & 25 Vict, 
c. 53, Aug. I, i86i ; first used at the general election at Oxford university, July 
17, 1865. 

VULGATE edition of the Bible ( Vetus Latina) made in Africa in the 2nd century ; 
this was revised by Jerome at the request of Pope Damasus, 383 ; completed, 
404 ; revised by Alcuin, by command of Charlemagne, 802 ; subsequently revised 

. by many eminent scholars ; the first edition published under the superintendence 
of Pope Sixtus v., 1590 ; the second edition, with a preface written by Bellarmin, 
1592 ; declared authentic by the Council of Trent, April 8, 1546 ; the first Eng- 
lish edition printed at Rouen, 1635. 



w 



WADHAM COLLEGE, Oxford, founded, Dec. 20, 161 1, by Nicholas Wadham of 
Merefield, Somerset; confirmed by parliament, Aug. 16, i6l2; the Hall, the 
largest in the university, first stone laid, July 31, 1610; the chapel was conse- 
crated, April 29, 1613. The Royal Society was first organized here, and held its 
meetings over the gateway from 1652 to 1659. 

WADRINGTON, Oxfordshire, much injured by fire, 1742. 

WAFERS, made in Venice in the i6th centuiy. A reprieve from the council of, 
sealed with, 1599. — Notes and Quej-ies. 

WAGER, COMMODORE, destroyed the Spanish galleons at Cartagena, May 
28, 1798. 



WAGER OF BATTLE 



WAGES IN ENGLAND 



WAGER OF BATTLE, first known in the Sth century. Introduced into England by 
William I. The last case in which this right was asserted and allowed, was that 
of Ashfordw. Thornton, in the Court of King's Bench, 1817-18; abolished, 59 
Geo. III., c. 46, June 22, 1819. Wager of Law abolished, 3 & 4 Will. IV. c. 
42, s. 13, Aug. 14, 1833. 

WAGES. The earliest mention is not in inoney, but in kind, — Jacob to Laban, 
Gen. xxix. 15, 20; xxx. 28; xxxi. 7, 8, 41. The only mention of the rate of 
wages in the Scripture, is in the parable of the householder and the vineyard, one 
denarius per diem, Matt. xx. 2. — Agricultural, in 1833, in France : at Calais, looj. 
to 160J., with board and dwelling; shepherds, 250^'., with board; day-labourers, 
'7/id., and board. Havre, i6oj. to 240^., with board; Bordeaux labourers, I2d. 
to 15k, without board ; Marseilles, 200^. to 240^-., with board and dwelling. In 
Germany : Dantzic, farm servants, 52J-. to 64s. yearly, with board and dwelling; 
labourers, ^Ud. to jd. per day, without board or dwelling; Holstein, 73J. 6d. 
to looj-., with board; South Holland, farm servants, 200^-. to 250^., with board ; 
labourers, 3^/. to 4^. per day. Italy: Trieste, labourers, I2d. per day ; Lombardy, 
4^. to Sd., with board and dwelling; Genoa, labourers, ^d. to 8d., with board; 
Tuscany, farm servants, 40J. , with board and dwelling ; labourers, 6d. per day. 

WAGES IN ENGLAND. The Statute of Labourers was passed in the 25th year of 
Edw. III., tixing the wages of certain workmen, 1350. Haymakers had then 
id. a day; reapers of com, 2d. and ^d.; master carpenters, masons, tilers, and 
other coverers of houses, had 3^. per day (about gd. of our money) ; and their 
servants, i/id. ; a bailiff by the year, 13^-. ^d. ; shepherd, loj. ; driver of the 
plough, 7J-. By the 23rd Hen. VI., c. 12, 1444, the wages of a bailiff of 
husbandry was 23J'. ^d. per annum, and clothing of the price of 5^., with meat 
and drink ; chief hind, carter, or shepherd, 20s. , clothing, 4s. ; common servant 
of husbandry, l$s., clothing, 40a'. ; woman-servant, loj-., clothing, 4s. By the 
nth Hen. VII. c. 22, 1495, wages were a little advanced; for instance, a free 
mason, master carpenter, rough mason, bricklayer, master tiler, plumber, glazier, 
carver, or joiner, was allowed from Easter to Michaelmas to take 6d. a day, 
without meat and drink ; or with meat and drink, 40'. ; from Michaelmas to 
Easter, to abate id. A master having under him six men, was allowed id. 
per day extra. The wages of harvest-men in England at different periods, with 
the rate of increase, shown : 



o 2 
o 4 
o 7 
o 8 
o 10 

O II 



|Year. 

1350 pei^ diem 
1460 ,, 
1570 

1650 ,, 
1690 ,, 
1720 ,, 
1750 

Trades. Year. J. d. 

Carpenters, London 1800, 18 o 
Bricklayers ... 1800, 18 O 

Masons 1800, 17 o 

Plumbers 1800, 19 6 

Tailors, Manchester 1810, 18 6 
Shoemakers, ditto 1810, 16 O 
Hand-loom Weavers 18 10, 16 3 

Trades. Year. 

Spinners, ditto 1823, 

Woolcombers, Bradford 1823, 



Year. 
1760 
1780 
1790 
1800 
1850 
i860 



per 



diem 



Year. 
1836, 
1836, 



29 
26 



3 
9 

1836, 29 I 
1836, 29 II 
1832, 18 o 
1832, 15 o 
1832, 9 o 

s. d. 

26 7 ... 
17 3 •■■ 



1 6 

2 O 

3 o 

4 o 

Year. s. 

1 858 from 35 

— 35 

— 3c 
3C 

— 25 

— 25 



Year. 
1832, 



.f. d. 
29 10 
16 2 



WAGGONS WAITZEN S87 

Trades. Year. j. d. Year. j. d. 

Stocking-makers, Leicester ... 1S18, 12 9 ... 1833, 8 3 

Compositors, book-work ... 1809, 36 O .. 1836, 36 o 

Ditto morning papers 1809, 48 o ... 1836, 48 o 

Ditto evening papers ... ... 1809, 43 6 ... 1836, 43 6 

Labourers, Middlesex, out of 

London 1809, 11 o ... 1831, 9 o 

In Mancliester and Bradford ... 14 o to '5 o 
Factory hands, Manchester, Card- 
room men ... 1844, 13 6>4... 1849, 12 o 

Spinners and piecers ... ... 1844, 10 oj^... 1849, 12 o 

Mechanics, ... ... ... 1844, 22 4 ... 1849, 19 3 

Staffordshire, the average :— 

CoUiers 1846, 19 10 ... 1849, 16 3 

Filers, fumacers ... ... ... 1846, 30 o ... 1849, 25 11 

Bakers 1846, 38 o ... 1849, 29 o 

Rollers ... ... ... ... 1846, 62 o ... 1849, 36 o 

An act passed for the recovery of the wages of servants, 20 Geo. IL c. 19, 1747, 
The right of justices to fix the rate of wages repealed, 53 Geo. IIL c. 40, April 
15, 1813. Workmen to be paid in the current coin of the realm, i & 2 Will. 
IV. c. 37, Oct. 15, 1 83 1. Miners not to be paid in public-houses, 5 & 6 Vict. 
c. 99, ss. 10 — 12, Aug. 10, 1842 ; amended by 23 & 24 Vict. c. 151, ss. 28, 29, 
Aug. 28, i860. 

WAGGONS. The covered waggons for conveying the material of the Tabernacle 
were drawn by two oxen. Num. vii. 3, 8. Herodotus mentions them, xi. Ixiii. In 
the reign of Anne, a pole or shafts for the wheel-horses first brought into use, 
and not more than six horses were to be used at one time ; no waggon was per- 
mitted to carry more than 12 sacks of meal, each sack to contain five bushels, 
and no more, March 25, 1720; taxed in 1783. 

WAGHORN'S Overland Route to India; a lieutenant in the navy, who with unflag- 
ging zeal devoted himself to shorten the distance of the mails between India and 
England: he arrived in England by this route, Oct. 31, 1845, with the Bombay 
mail of the ist of that month ; he reached Suez on the 19th, Alexandria on the 
20th, and passing rapidly through Austria, Baden, Bavaria, Prussia, and Belgium, 
he reached London at half-past four in the morning of the 31st. The ordinary 
mail reached London, via Marseilles, Nov. 2 ; he declared he would yet bring 
the mail from Bombay in twenty-one days, but death cut short his honest en- 
deavours, Jan. 8, 1850. 

WAGRAM, battle between Napoleon and the Austrians, when the latter were 
utterly routed ; the combat was most sanguinary, and the French made 5000 
prisoners ; .both sides lost upwards of 25,000 men, in killed or wounded, — the 
Austrians taking refuge in Moravia, July 5 & 6, 1809 ; an armistice agreed to, 
July 18 ; and on Oct. 24 a treaty of peace was signed, of the most humiliating 
character to Austria. 

WAITHMAN, ALDERMAN, a granite obelisk erected to his memory at the 
south end of Farringdon-street, 1839. 

WAITS. The earliest historical instance known of these nocturnal musicians is 
at Exeter, where a company was established, 1400 ; and in the Privy Purse 
expenses of Hen. VIII. appears the following entry : Paid i8j-. 8(/. to the 
Waytes at Canterbury, Nov. 18, 1532 ; and in the household expenses of Thomas 
Kytson, Esq., paid to one of the Wayghtes of Cambridge, for his attendance at 
Christmas, 20J. , Jan., 1574. They were regularly appointed down to the year 
1820 in many places. 

WAITZEN, battle. The Hungarian army, 45,000 strong, with 120 pieces of 



888 WAKEFIELD WALES 

cannon, captured the town, April 9, 1849 ; and successfully defended the same 
against the Russians, under Duke Constantine, July 15 ; but were defeated by 
them, July 16, 1849. 

WAKEFIELD, Yorkshire. Castle built by Will. I., 1086 ; the parish church 
erected, 1470; St John's, I795; Grammar School founded, 1592 ; rebuilt, 1829; 
the worsted manufacture introduced, 1752; registery for deeds opened, 1704; 
Court House erected, 1806; the Corn Exchange erected, 1823; enlarged, 1837; 
and again, 1862 ; visited by serious floods, doing considerable damage, Nov. 16, 
1866. 

WAKEFIELD, battle, between Queen Margaret, wife of Hen. VI., and the Duke of 
York, in which the latter was killed, and 3000 of the Yorkists fell, Dec. 30, 1460. 

WAKEFIELD, convicted of carrying off Miss Turner, March 28, 1827. 

WAKES, these festivals, popular in England, ordered to be kept on the first Sun- 
day in Oct., 1536. 

WALBROOK, or St Stephen's, Church, London, the masterpiece of Sir Chris- 
topher Wren, began, 1672 ; finished, 1679; the walls include an area of only 82 
ft by 59, and 34 high ; its area is 5641 superficial ft, yet its supports occupy only 
819, the latter being to the former as 0'I45 ; the exterior is quite plain. There 
were churches preceding the present near this spot, to the west, the first built, 
II35 ; a second, 1423. 

WALCHEREN EXPEDITION. One of those unfortunate military attacks 
upon an active enemy, then too frequently displaying ministerial incapacity ; being 
nearly 40,000 men, with 39 sail-of-the-line, the force was fully adequate to the 
object in view, had it been commanded by an officer of the least ability or expe- 
rience. The Earl of Chatham, known only for his gambling propensities, was 
appointed to the command ; the French knew its destination was the Scheldt. 
Instead of masking Walcheren, and pushing on to the destruction of the naval 
docks and basins at Antwerp, the army was set down in the pestilential marches 
of Walcheren, before Flushing, in the autumn season, when they were most fatal. 
Though the fever of the place was well known, and that wine and bark were the 
only remedies, the army was unprovided with either. They left England, July 28, 
1809 ; and the force came before Flushing, and after an able and protracted 
resistance the town was captured, Aug. 15, and the fortifications destroyed, and 
on the 25th of December was abandoned, but not before one half of the army had 
succumbed to the fever, or become invalided for life. 

WALDENSES, a religious sect that early showed a true sense of the impositions 
in doctrine of the Papal Church, and in consequence became the objects of its 
vindictive malignity ; the Holy Office, the Inquisition, was established to convince, 
by the stake and fagot, those unfortunate people of the fidelity of the Roman 
Church to the professions it made, of being the only teachers of the divine prin- 
ciple, "Do as you would be done unto ;" Innocent III. first ordered the new 
doctrine to be preached against, 1204 ; the Inquisition was established under 
Chateauneuf ; Simon de Montfort led the executioners, and the Waldenses and 
Albigenses were pursued with fire and sword until their country was made a 
desert. The first inquisitor-general was Dominic de Guzman, 1208. The Bishop 
of Turin had permission of Otho to persecute, 12 10 ; the Pope ordered the 
serpents to be crushed, 1400 ; the inhabitants of the valleys of Italy successfully 
defended themselves against the armies brought against them, in the i6th and 
17th centuries, protected by England, returned to their homes, 1689 ; treaty 
passed in their favour between Gt Britain and Sardinia, 1832 ; made free to 
worship in their own way, i860. 

WALES, the country to which the remnant of tne ancient Britons principally 
retired after the Romans left England, for some took refuge in Cornwall, from 



WALES 889 

whence a part crossed over into Brittany; in 447 the Britons, among the mountains 
of Wales, were able to resist their Saxon invaders, nor was the country brought 
under the English crown until the reign of Hen. II., H57, when that monarch 
subdued South Wales; in 1282 Ed. I. conquered the entire country, then ruled by 
its last Prince, Llewellyn ; in 1284, Queen Eleanor, wife of Edward I., confined 
of a Prince at Carnarvon Castle, who was styled Prince of Wales. The 
ROMANS intrusted the supreme authority to Suetonius Paulinus, who con- 
quered most of the country, A.D. 58 ; Agricola defeated the Silures and Ordovices, 
78 ; Caswallon began to reign in 443 ; the Saxons made a severe attack upon 
the ancient Britons, 447 ; the barbarians from the North defeated by the Britons, 
448 ; Arthur elected king, 517 ; Mordred ap Llew ap Cynfarch appointed deputy 
by Arthur in 530 ; Cardigan inundated, 537 ; Chester taken, and the Welsh array 
defeated by Ethelfred, king of Northumberland, 599 ; Edwin, king of Deira, con- 
quered best part of Wales and obliged Cadwallon to flee to Ireland, 613 ; again 
defeated by Ethelbald, King of Mercia, 733 ; reign of Roderick the Great, 843 ; 
Burhred, a Mercian Prince, invaded the country, 846 ; invaded by Ethelwolf, 
871 ; death of Roderick the Great, 877; Wales divided, 877 ; the Danes defeated 
in Anglesey, 900 ; Athelstan attempted to invade the country, 933 ; the chiefs 
Jevaf and Jago ravaged North Wales, 949 ; fatal feud between the sons of 
Howel Dha and the sons of Edwall Voel, the latter proved victorious, 952 ; 
another batch of Irish marauders landed on Anglesey, 966 ; Jevaf deposed by 
his brother Jago, 967 ; again invaded by the Danes, 969 ; who took Anglesey, 
972, and laid it waste ; Alfred made an incursion into, 982 ; Meredith ap Owen 
reigned over the whole country, 986, paying an annual tribute to the Danes, 
9S8 ; Edwin the son of Eineon took several towns of repute, 989 ; another in- 
vasion of the Danes, 998 ; Aedan, prince of North Wales, became very powerful, 
1000 ; slain in battle by Llewellyn, 1015 ; the joint forces of the Irish and Scots 
defeated with great slaughter, 102 1 ; Harold invaded the country in 1055 > Rhys 
defeated and killed, 1056, and Rhys Ap Owen slain, 1074 ; the Earl of Chester 
invaded the coimtry, 1079 ; incursion of the Irish and Scots, 1080 ; battle of 
Llechryd fought and Rhys ap Tewdwr slain, 1087 ; Payne and Tuberville led 
some chartered forces against this town, 1094 ; the English, under the Earls of 
Chester and Shrewsbury, invaded the country, 1096 ; Nest, the wife of Gerald de 
Windsor, captured by Owen, son of Cadwgan ap Bleddyn, 1107 ; Owen as- 
sassinated, mo; a number of Flemings settled here, liio ; Grufydd ap Rhys 
claimed the sovereignty, II16 ; the Welsh on the death of Plenry I. endeavoured 
to bring about a revolution, 1135 ; Ovvain Gwynedd and Cadwaladr attempted 
to bring into subjection South Wales, 1135; Strongbow, Earl of Pembroke, in- 
vested with the powers of a count-palatine in Pembroke, 1 138 ; Henry II. sub- 
dued Wales, 1 157; the English fleet defeated off Anglesey, 1157 ; the princes 
of Wales coalesce for the recovery of their rights and independence, 1164; 
Henry II. invaded the country, 1 165 ; captured the Castle of Basingwerk, 
1 166 ; in Wales, Baldwin, Archbishop of Canterbury, preached the crusades, 
1 187; an unsuccessful attempt made on Powys Castle, 1191 ; the Earl of Chester 
marched into North Wales, 1210 ; North Wales invaded by King John of 
England, 1210; again, laying waste a great part of the Principality, 1215 ; 
the Flemings revolted, 1220 ; Powys castle taken by Llewellyn ap lorwerth's 
forces, 1233 ; William, Earl of Pembroke, killed, 1234 ; the country invaded by 
Henry III., 1257 ; Anglesey overrun again, 1245 ; the English army defeated by 
the Welsh, 1254 ; convention made of the Welsh nobility against the English, 
1258 ; Hay and Brecknock castles captured by Prince Edward, 1265 ; insurrection 
against Edward, Prince of Wales, 1272 ; the country invaded by Edw. I., 1277 ; 
the English ai^my under Edward encamped on Saltney marsh, 1277 ; the sons of 
Grufydd drowned in the river Dee by order of the Earl Warren and Roger Mor- 
timer, 1281 ; Hawarden castle surprised by Llewellyn, 1282 ; Llewellyn ap Gruf- 



890 WALES, PRINCE OF WALLINGFORD 

ydd, the last native Prince, defeated by the Enghsh ; Llewellyn killed, 1282 ; 
entirely subdued by Edw. I., 1283, and annexed to England, 1284 ; code of 
laws for the regulation of, passed, 12 Edw. L cc. I — 14, 1284 ; the first English 
Prince of Wales, son of Edward, born at Carnarvon castle, April 25, 1284 ; the 
Welsh under Sir Rhys ap Meredydd, defeated by the Earl .of Cornwall, 12S9 , 
the Madoc insurrection suppressed by Edw. I., 1294 ; rebellion of Owen Glen- 
dower, began, 1400 ; Ruthyn burned, Sept. 20, 1400 ; Radnor and other places 
taken, 1401 ; Carnarvon besieged, 1402 ; Harlech castle seized, 1404 ; retaken 
by the English army, 1408 ; Owen Glendower died, Sept. 20, 1415 ; Margaret 
of Anjou resided in Harlech castle, 1459 ; Denbigh burned, 1460 ; Earl of Rich- 
mond landed at Pembroke, Aug., 1485 ; Palatine jurisdiction in Wales abolished, 
1535 ; Monmouth made an English county, 1535 ; Brecknock, Denbigh, and 
Radnor made counties, 1535 ; 'The dominions of Wales for ever united to the 
kingdom of England, and the laws to be administered in Wales in same form as 
in England,' 27 Hen. VIII. c. 26, 1535 ; confirmed by 34 & 35 Hen. VIII. c. 

26, 1542 ; Dr Ferrars, Bishop of St David's, burnt for heresy, 1555 ; Vavasour 
Powel, a dissenting minister, apprehended while preaching, 1620 ; Beaumaris 
castle garrisoned for King Chas. I., 1642 ; Powys castle taken by Sir Thomas 
Myddelton, Oct., 1644 ; Hawarden castle surrendered to the Parliamentarians, 
1645 ; Chas. I. sought refuge in Denbigh, 1645 ; Rhuddler and Harlech castles 
surrendered to the forces of Parliament, 1647 ; the Welsh defeated by the parlia- 
mentary forces at the battle of St Pagan's, May 8, 1648 ; Beaumaris surrendered 
to Cromwell, since which time the interest of the kingdom have been identical 
with England, 1648 ; courts of the Marches abolished, I Will, and Mary, c. 

27, 1688. 

WALES, PRINCE OF. The first prince of England which received that title, was 
Edward the Black Prince, son of Edw. I., born in Carnarvon castle, April 25, 
1284. The title borne by the eldest son of the reigning sovereign ever since. 

WALLACE, Sir William, the Scottish patriot, defeated the English army, 1297 ; 
and again when under the command of the Earls of Surrey and Cressingham, 
Sept. II, 1297 ; Edward invaded the country with an army of 100,000 foot and 
8000 horse, and defeated Wallace, July, 1298 ; captured, and tried in West- 
minster Hall, Aug. 23, 1305 ; executed the same day. 

WALLACHIA, Europe, claimed the protection of Turkey, 1526 ; Nicholas 
Mavrocordatus appointed Hospodar, 1716; invaded by Russia, 1807; ceded to 
that Power by the treaty of Tilsit, July 7, 1807 ; annexed to Russia, Jan. 21, 
l8lO ; restored to Turkey, May 28, 1812 ; insurrection in, the forces being com- 
manded by Theodore Wladinursko, Feb., 1821 ; suppression of, April il, 1821 ; 
Gregory Ghika appointed by the Sultan as Hospodar, 1822 ; these provinces taken 
by Russia, 1828, and a Government established by Russia ; the principalities 
evacuated by Russia, by the treaty of Adrianople, but to retain the protectorate 
of, Sept. 14, 1829; the Hospodar elected by the inhabitants for life, 1830 ; 
■united with Moldavia, Aug. 19, 1858 ; Alexander Couza elected, confirmed, Sept., 
1859 ; Wallachia and Moldavia united and called Roumania, i)ec. 23, 1861. 

WALLENSTEIN, Duke of Friedland, assassinated, 1634. 

WALLER'S PLOT, formed to seize the leading members of the House of Com- 
mons, the conscript fathers, and to deliver up the city to the King and the 
Cavaliers, discovered, May 31, 1643. Tomkins and Chaloner hanged, others im- 
prisoned ; Waller fined ;^io,ooo, and confined in the Tower for 12 months, and 
then banished the kingdom. 

WALLINGFORD, Berkshire, the principal stronghold of the Saxons ; taken 
and burnt by the Danes, 1006 ; incorporated by James I. ; confirmed by Chas. 
I. A free school founded by Mr Aid. Bigg, 1659 ; church built, 1769. 



WALLINGFORD CASTLE WARBECK, PERKIN 891 

WALLINGFORD CASTLE, Berkshire, built by William the Confessor, 1048-60. 
Stigand, Archbishop of Canterbury, and the Barons paid homage to William the 
Conqueror here, 1066 ; King John met his Barons here, 1192 ; given by Hen. 
VIIL to Cardinal Wolsey ; demolished by order of Parliament, 1653. 

WALLIS, Captain, set sail round the world in the Dolphin, July 26, 1766 ; 
returned, May 20, 1768 ; he discovered Otaheite, June 19, 1767. 

WALLOONS fled to England from the persecution of the savage Duke of Alva, 
the governor, for Philip II. of Spain, of the Low Countries, which they in- 
habited, 1566 ; some settled in Kent and Sussex, 1767. 

WALMER CASTLE, Kent, the official residence of the Lord Warden of the 
Cinque Ports, built, 1537; the Duke of Wellington died here, Sept. 14, 1852. 

WALNUT-TREE, introduced into England at a veiy early period. The black 
walnut brought from North America, 1628, or before ; one felled, 1627, which 
covered 76 square poles, or 2299 square yards, of ground, at Welwyn, Herts. 

WALPOLE, SIR ROBERT, appointed secretary at war, 1707 ; treasurer of the 
navy, 1709 ; expelled from the House of Commons for corruption, 171 1 ; com- 
mitted to the Towei", 1712 ; re-elected for Lynn, 1714 ; became first lord of the 
treasury and chancellor of the exchequer, 1715 ; resigned on a disagreement in 
the cabinet, April 10, 1717; resumed the head of the ministry, April 4, 1721 ; 
was minister until Feb. 3, 1742 ; took his seat in the House of Peers, Feb. 11, 
1741, as Earl of Orford ; died, 1745. 

WALSINGHAM, LORD, his house in Harley-street took fire, April 27, 183 1, 
when his Lordship perished, and Lady Walsingham died of the injuries she had 
received. 

WALSINGHAM PRIORY, Norfolk, built, 1070. 

WALTHAM, Essex. The Abbey founded by Harold, 1062; consecrated, 1059-60; 
confirmed by charter, 1062 ; the cross erected to the memory of Queen Eleanor, 
1292 ; repaired, 1757. The forest of, formerly called the forest of Essex, partly 
disafforested by King John ; the boundaries settled by a commission appointed 
by Chas. I., 1640 ; Inquisition returned, Sept. 8, 1640. The Government powder- 
mills exploded, April 27, 1 861. 

WALTON BRIDGE, built from the designs of Mr Dicker, 1750 ; destroyed by a 
high tide, Aug. 11, 1859. 

WALWORTH, JOHN, elected Alderman of Bridge ward, Nov. 11, 1368 ; sherift, 
Sept. 21, 1370 ; Lord Mayor of London, 1374 ; admitted the Kentish insurgents 
into the city, June 13, 1381 ; killed Wat Tyler, their leader, in Smithfield, June 
15, 1381- 

WANDEWASH, battle. The French, under Gen. Tally Tollendal, defeated by 
the English, commanded by Sir Eyre Coote, Jan. 22, 1760. 

WANDSWORTH, Surrey. The first Presbyterian congregation established at, 
Nov. 20, 1572 ; the parish church rebuilt, 1780 ; railway to Mersham, opened, 
1805. The Royal Victoria Patriotic Asylum for the reception of 300 orphan 
daughters of soldiers, the first stone laid, July, 1857 ; railway to the Crystal 
Palace, opened, June 10, 1854. 

WARBECK, PERKIN, he landed at Cork and assumed the name of Richard 
Plantagenet, 1492 ; invited by Charles VIIL of France to repair to Paris, 1493 ; the 
attempt made by him to land at Deal in Kent, with 600 men, failed, 169 were 
taken, July 3, 1495, and executed ; Warbeck retired to Flanders, and subse- 
quently to Scotland, James IV. gave him the hand of I^ady Gordon. The King 
invaded England in his behalf without success, 1496 ; landed in Cornwall, where 
• he was joined by 3000 men, and he took the title of Richard IV. ; appeared 
before the city of Exeter, with a force of 10,000 men, Sept. 17, 1497 ; surren- 



892 WARDEN MONASTERY WARK CASTLE 

dered himself a prisoner to Hen. VII., 1498 ; he was set in the stocks in West- 
minster and Cheapside, then sent to the Tower, 1499 ; for plotting with the Earl 
ofWanvick to escape, he was tried at Westminster Hall, Nov. 16, 1499, and 
hanged at Tyburn, Nov. 23, 1499. 

WARDEN MONASTERY, Bedfordshire, built, 1136. 

WARD, JOHN, of Hackney, expelled the House of Commons for forgery, 1726. 

WARDOUR CASTLE, Wiltshire, built by John Lord Lovell, 1392 ; successfully 
defended by Lady Arundel for Chas. I. , with a garrison of 25 men, against a 
force of 1300 men, at last honourably capitulated, 1643 ; retaken by the king's 
forces, 1644. 

WARDROBE, Doctors' Commons. The mansion built by Sir John Beauchamp; 
on his death, 1356, it was sold to Edw. HI., who made it his wardrobe. 
One established at Great Scotland Yard, 1485. 

WARDS AND LIVERIES. This court was erected in London by 32 Hen. 
VIII. c. 46, 1540, and 33 Hen. VIII. c. 22, 1541-2 ; abolished by 12 Chas. 11. 
c. 24, 1660. 

WAREHAM, Dorset. The castle and town taken by Robert de Lincoln for the 
Empress Maud, 1138 ; fortified by King John, 1216 ; burnt, 173X ; again, 1742; 
130 houses destroyed, 1762. 

WAREHOUSING SYSTEM, originally proposed by Sir Robert Walpole, 1733, 
but met with so much opposition, it was abandoned ; the same measure proposed 
by Dean Tucker, 1750, without effect; the first warehousing act passed, 43 
Geo. HI. c. 132, Aug. 11, 1803 ; amended by 6 Geo. IV. c. 1 12, July 5, 1825, 
and by 3 & 4 Will. IV. c. 57, Aug. 28, 1833 ; the privilege extended to Ireland, 
1824 ; now regulated by 16 & 17 Vict. c. 107, Aug. 20, 1853. The dates of the 
concession and names of the places are the following: — London, East India 
goods, 1799, tobacco, 1800; Liverpool, 1805; Bristol obtained the grant, 1805; 
and Hull, Newcastle, Plymouth, Portsmouth, Southampton, Gloucester, Bos- 
ton, Dover, Falmouth, Grimsby, Newhaven, 1805 ; Rochester, Lynn, White- 
haven, Ipswich, Lancaster, 1806; Exeter, Sunderland, Chester, 1807; Colchester, 
1808 ; Weymouth, 1809; Poole, 1810 ; Dartmouth, 181 1; Stockton, 1815 ; 
Shoreham, 1819 ; Whitby, 1820; Swansea, Milford, and Bideford, 1821 ; 
Chichester, Barnstaple, 1822 ; Cowes, Rye, Bridgwater, 1823 ; Yarmouth, Wis- 
beach, 1825; Goole, 1827; Chepstow, 1828; Carlisle, Maiden, Essex, 1830 ; 
Lyme, 1831 ; Bridport, 1832 ; Berwick, 1833; Cardiff, 1834; Ramsgate, 1835 ; 
Penzance, Shields, 1836 ; Truro, 1837 ; Faversham, Fleetwood, Hartlepool, 
Woodbridge, 1839 ; Arundel, Scarborough, 1840 ; Deal, Gainsborough, 1841 ; 
Carnarvon, Maryport, Preston, 1842; Workington, 1843; Manchester, Newport 
(Monmouth), 1844; Fowey, 1848; Folkestone, 1849. Scotland: — Greenock, 
Port-Glasgow, 1805; Leith, 1806; Dumfries, 1807; Aberdeen, i8i2; Grange- 
mouth, 181 5 ; Dundee, 1818 ; Glasgow, 1822 ; Montrose, 1823 ; Borrowstoness, 

1824; Inverness, 1835 ; Irvine, and ; Arbroath, 1836; Alloa, Perth, 1837; 

Peterhead, 1840; Banff, 1841 ; Kirkaldy, 1845 ; Ayr, l847- Ireland :— Dublin, 
Belfast, Cork, Wexford, Coleraine, 1824; Sligo, Limerick, Newry, Waterford, 
Drogheda, Galway, Londonderry, Dundalk, 1825 ; Ross, 1834; Westport, 1836; 
Ballina, 1845 ; Skibbereen, 1846 ; Tralee, 1848. 

WAREHOUSEMEN AND CLERKS' Schools for Orphans and Necessitous 
Children, founded, 1853. 

WARFARE OF CHRIST, Order of, begun in White Russia, 1325 ; Poland, 

1705- 
WARK CASTLE, Northumberland, built by .William Longespee, Earl of Sails- 
bury, circa 1220 ; Edw. I. resided at, 1296; the Countess of Salisbury successfully 



1 



WARRINGTON WASHINGTON 893 

defended it for Edw. III., 1341 ; it subsequently sustained 11 sieges by the Scots, 
and was taken seven times. 

WARRINGTON, Lancaster, founded, circa 1400 ; first bridge erected over the 
Mersey, by the 1st Earl Derby, 1496 ; a free Grammar School established, 1526 ; 
the Parliamentarians captured the town after a siege of 6 days, 1643 ; the Scottish 
army defeated by the English, under Gen. Lambert, 1648 ; the bridge rebuilt, 
1812 ; first lighted with gas, 1824; St Paul's Church erected, 1830 ; Library 
built, 1856 ; the Market erected, 1857 ; accident on the railway at, 7 persons 
killed, and 30 wounded, June 29, 1867. 

WARSAW, Poland, founded in the 12th century. A diet held at, 1566 ; sur- 
rendered to Chas. XII., 1703 ; insurrection of the citizens, who declared their 
independence, and drove out the Russian garrison with a loss of 2000 killed and 
500 wounded, and 36 cannon, April 17, 1794; besieged unsuccessfully by the 
King of Prussia, July, 1 794. Two battles were fought with great determination 
before the city, Oct. 10, 12, 1794 ; the Poles defeated by the Russians under 
Suwarroff, — 30,000 citizens of all ages murdered, besides 10,000 Poles who were 
made prisoners, Nov. 6, 1794. The city occupied by the French, 1806 ; Na- 
poleon entered the city, Dec. 18, 1806; made a Duchy and annexed to Saxony, 
Aug., 1807; serfdom abolished, 1807; captured by Austria, 1809; recaptured by 
the Poles, May 30, 1809; again visited by Napoleon, Dec. 10, 1812; taken by 
the Russians, Feb., 1813 ; annexed to Russia by the congress of Vienna, May 23, 
1815, and ruled by a Russian Viceroy; the Emperor of Russia proclaimed, June 
20,1815 ; the new constitution proclaimed, Dec. 24, 1815 ; insurrection in, Nov. 29, 
1830 ; the Czar dethroned by the Diet, Jan. 21, 1831 ; the Russians defeated at 
Growchow, losing 7000 men, Feb. 25, 1831; the Russian prisoners massacred by 
the mob, Aug. 15, 16 ; the Poles defeated and the town taken, Sept. 7, 8 ; the 
citadel built, 1832 ; conference held here between the Emperors of Russia, 
Austria, and the Regents of Prussia, Sept. 25, i860; popular demonstration by 
the inhabitants, iioo citizens killed by the soldiers, April 8, 1861; insurrection 
at, Jan., 1863; Gen. Berg appointed commander, Sept., 1863; an attempt made 
upon his life, Sept. 19, 1863. 

WARWICK, Warwickshire, fortified by the Romans, a.d. 50. The castle founded 
by Henry de Newburgh, 912 ; rebuilt, 1265 ; Caesar's tower is 147 ft high ; Guy's 
tower, 128 ft high, built, 1394. The town incorporated by Hen. VIII., 1546; 
a charter granted, 1554 ; Queen Elizabeth visited the town, 1572 ; James I. en- 
tertained by the town, 1617; serious fire which destroyed part of the town, Sept. 
8, 1694; Will. III. visited the town, 1695, and Queen Victoria, 1843; Shake- 
speare's Garden at New Place purchased for the nation for ^2000, Oct. 22, 1861. 

WARWICK, EARL OF, the king-maker, defeated and slain at the battle of 
Barnet, April 14, 1471. 

WARWICK HOUSE, Warwick Lane, Newgate Street, the residence of the king- 
maker, built, 1400; it was destroyed in the fire of 1666 ; rebuilt, 1668. 

WARWICK MAIL, robbed of ;^20,ooo in bank-notes, whilst standing at Fur- 
nival's inn, Holborn, Nov. 21, 1827. 

WARWICKSHIRE NATURAL HISTORY AND ARCH^OLOGICAL 
SOCIETY instituted at Warwick, May 24, 1836. 

WASHINGTON, N. America, founded by Act of Congress; 1790; the city 
founded, 1793; the House of Congress begun, 1793; destroyed by the British, 
1814; recommenced, 1815; finished, 1828. Congress met the first time. May 30, 
1808 ; taken by the English army under Gen. Ross, and the archives and library 
destroyed, as well as the public buildings, Aug. 24, 1814; the Columbian College 
incorporated, 1821 ; the National Institute founded, 1840 ; the library, containing 
35,000 volumes of books, several paintings, and 12,000 bronze medals, and part 



894 WATCH WATERLOO BRIDGE 

of the House of Congress destroyed by fire, Dec. 24, 1851 ; President Lincoln 
assassinated by Booth in Ford's Theatre, April 14, 1865. 
WATCH, none by night in London, 1189; first appointed in the city of, 1268; the 
setting of the midsummer watch on the eve of St John the Baptist was one of 
the sights of London ; on some occasions the force amounted to 5000 ; this custom 
was aboUshed, 1539, but revived, 1548; but it was shortly afterwards finally 
abolished, and substituted by a force organized by the <:ity Marshal, and subse- 
quently by the present police force, 1839. 
WATCHES invented at Nuremburg, in Germany, 1478, and from their shape called 
the Nuremburg Egg ; first used in astronomical observations, 1500. The Em- 
peror Chas. V. was the first who had anything that might be called a watch, 
though some call it a small table clock, 1530. The fusee universally adopted, 
1540. Watches first brought to England from Germany, 1597; first made in 
England, 1658; spring pocket ones invented by Hooke, 1658; Tompion in- 
vented the spiral or pendulum spring, 1658 ; repeaters invented by Daniel Quare, 
a Quaker in London, 1676 ; exportation of, prohibited, 9 & 10 Will. IH. c. 28, 
1698. Harrison's improvement, 1739, 1749, 1753; i" 1 759 ^le made his celebrated 
time-piece which gained him ^20,000, the reward offered by the Board of 
Longitude, 1763 ; a tax was levied upon them in 1797, Imt meeting with much 
opposition was shortly afterwards repealed. 
WATER first conveyed to London by leaden pipes, 1237 ; nine conduits erected 
in the city, 1238; Cheapside conduit finished, 1285. Peter Maurice first ob- 
tained permission to supply Thames water to the citizens from his waterworks 
on London Bridge, 1582 ; destroyed by fire, Oct. 29, 1779. The Lord Mayor 
and Aldermen obtained permission to bring a fresh supply of water to the north 
parts of the city, 3 Jam- L c. 18, 1605; amended by 4 Jam. L c. 12, 1606; 
the power given by "these acts transferred to Mr Hugh Myddleton, March 28, 
1609 ; after five years of incessant labour and at a cost of ^ 500.000. the works 
were finished, and opened, Sept. 29, 1613. There were water-carriers at the dif- 
ferent conduits who supplied the citizens with watei. I-ondon supplied by eight 
companies, 1868 ; an act passed to regulate the supjily to the metropolis, 15 & 16 
Vict. c. 84, July I, 1852. 
WATER sold in the West Indies for one shilling a pailful, 1751; sold in the streets 

of Exeter for a penny as late as 1785- 
WATER COLOURS, the Society of, established, Nov. 30, 1804 ; the New So- 
ciety of, established, 1832. The Institute of, established, July 29, 1834. 
WATERFORD, Ireland, City of, founded, 155 ; rebuilt by the Danes, 879 ; de- 
stroyed by fire, 980; captured by Strongbow, 117I; who rebuilt and enlarged 
it, 1 175 ; made a Bishopric, 1096, Malchus, an Iiishman, appointed the first 
Bishop. Richard II. crowned at, 1399; William HI. resided at, and twice 
confirmed its privileges ; remarkable storm at, April 18, 1792 ; cathedral of, built, 
1096; interior of the cathedral burned, Oct. 25, 1815; united with Lismore, 
1363 ; the Chamber of Commerce founded, 1815 ; both Waterford and Lismore 
united with Cashel and Emly, Aug. 14, 1833 ; the theatie burnt, April 5, 1837 ; 
Bishopric abolished, 1833. 
WATERLOO, battle. The allied British force, under SVellington, 67,655 strong, 
with 156 guns, defeated the French, 74,100 strong, with 240 guns, under Na- 
poleon,— the allies lost 22,378 killed and wounded, Sunday, June 18, 1815. 
WATERLOO BRIDGE, London, built from the design ol John Rennie, F.R.S. ; 
first stone laid, Oct. 11, 181 1 ; it has nine semi-elliptical arches, each I20 ft 
span and 35 ft high, length 2456 ft. Opened upon the second anniversary of 
the battle of Waterloo by the Prince Regent, June 18, 181 7 ; cost ;^400,ooo. Toll 
reduced from a penny to a halfpenny, for foot passengeis, Feb 29, 1841. 



WATER METER WEAVING 895 

WATER METER. Mr T. Taylor patented his meter, Dec. 15, 1852. 

WATERMEN'S COMPANY. An act of parliament for regulating watermen was 
passed in 1514, 6 Hen. VIII. c. 7; in 1545 the King erected several almshouses 
for decayed members of this craft at Westminster; new regulations issued by 2 
& 3 Philip and Mary, c. 16, 1555 ; incorporated, 3 & 4 Philip and Mary, 1556; 
arms granted, Sept. 18, 1585. Another act passed regulating the proceedings of 
the members of the company, i James I. c. 16, i&)3; their Hall, at Three 
Cranes in Upper Thames-street, is first mentioned in this document ; relieved 
from impressment by order in council, Feb. 8, 1627. Hall destroyed, 1666; hall 
re-erected shortly after the fire. 

WATERSPOUT upon Mount St John, in Cumberland, Aug. 23, 1749; a very 
destructive one near Aix, in the department of Mont Blanc, July 8, 1809; one at 
Hautersbach, on the Glatz mountains in Germany, which destroyed many houses 
and lives, July 13, 1827; at Glenflash, near Killarney, Ireland, which destroyed 
three farm-houses and other buildings, with seventeen persons, Aug. 4, 1831 ; one at 
Clidagh mountains, county Kerry, Ireland, by which a large district was torn up, 
and nine persons lost, Aug. 4, 1 83 1. 

WATFORD MILLS destroyed by fire, two lives lost, June 9, 1814. 

WATSON, JAMES, tried for assaulting a patrol with a sword, on the night after 
the Spafields riots, and acquitted, Jan. 21, 181 7; tried for high treason in con- 
nection with the riots, and acquitted, June 16, 18 17. 

WAT TYLER'S INSURRECTION, on account of the oppression of the Poll Tax. 
The indecent conduct of one of the collectors to the daughter of Wat Tyler 
ignited the spark ; Wat Tyler knocked out his brains with his hammer. The 
rebels assembled on Blackheath under the command of Tyler, and demanded 
the total abolition of slavery for ever, the reduction of rent to i\d. an acre, 
full liberty to buy and sell in all markets, and a general pardon for all past 
offences, June 12, 1381 ; admitted into the city, burnt the Savoy and the Priory 
of St John's, Clerkenwell, June 13 ; murdered the Archbishop of Canterbury, 
June 14 ; killed in Smithfield by William Walworth, Lord Mayor, June 15. 

WAVRE, battle. The French, under Marshal Grouchy, defeated the Prussians, 
under Gen. Thielman, June 16, 1815. 

WAWZ, battle, between the Poles and Russians, when all the positions of the 
Icitter were taken by storm, and, besides the loss of 12,000 men, 2000 were made 
prisoners, March 31, 1831. 

WAX used by the Romans for covering their writing tablets (Ovid, Artis Amator. 
I. 437). Wax first used for candles about 1200; wax-tree brought from China 
before 1794. 

WAX CHANDLERS' COMPANY, incorporated, 2 Rich. HI., 1484; grant of 
arms to, 2 Hen. VIL, 1487; Hall rebuilt, 1S52. 

WAYGOOSE. This annual feast, given by master printers to their workmen, novy 
generally adopted by all trades, is of ancient origin. It was usually held in the 
autumn, hence the term " Wayzgoose," or stubble-goose, is mentioned by Moxon 
in his ' Mechanick Exercises,' 1683. 

WEARMOUTH MONASTERY, built by Bishop Benedict, 675. 

WEAVERS' COMPANY, incorporated,' temp. Hen. I.; confirmed, Hen. IL ; 
arms granted to, 1487; confirmed, 1590; again confirmed, Aug. lO, 1616. Hall 
rebuilt after the fire of 1666 ; taken down, i860. 

WEAVING. Allusions to this ancient craft are fi-equent in the Bible. The severe 
treatment they received on the continent caused many to flee into England ; two 
weavers from Brabaut settled at York, 1331. Edw. III., and subsequently Eliza- 
beth, encouraged these manufactures; the conduct of Philip and the revocation of the 



896 WEDGWOOD WARE WEIGHTS AND MEASURES 

Edict of Nantes caused many to settle in different towns in England. The Flem- 
ings introduced dying and drapery into Kent, Norfolk, Essex, and other 
counties, 1507-9. The weavers of London petition against the introduction of 
French goods, 1713. The power-loom invented by M. de Gennes, 1678; the fly 
shuttle invented by John Kay, 1735 ; his machine destroyed by a mob, 1753 ; the 
Jacquard loom invented, 1801; the hand-looms in England and Scotland in use 
were 240,000 in 1820, and in 1835, 55,000 power-looms. 

WEDGWOOD WARE first made at Burslem, 1759 ; improved, 1762. Queen's 
ware first made by this firm, 1763. Mr Wedgwood subsequently discovered the 
method of painting on vases without a glossy appearance. 

WEEK. A period of seven days is to be traced in the making of all things, Gen. 
viii. 10, and it is recognized by the Syrian Laban, Gen. xxix. 27. 

WEEKLY BILLS OF MORTALITY first issued in London, 1603. 

WEIGHTS AND MEASURES, invented before the Christian era; Charle- 
magne introduced into France a new system, ci7ra 807 ; a standard for weights 
and measures established by 9 Hen. III. c. 25, 1225 ; exemplified by the 51 Hen. 
III. s. I, 1266 ; confirmed by 31 Edw. I., 1302 ; altered by 18 Edw. II., 1325 ; 14 
Edw. III., c. 12, 1340; 25 Edw. III. c. 9, 1350. The Lord Mayor of London 
appointed to regulate the weights and scales used in merchandise by charter of 
Edw. I., 1273 ; their rights confirmed and extended by charter of Hen. VIII., 
April 13, 1531- The earliest mention of the 'Avoirdupois' weight occurs in a 
charter of 31 Edw. I., Feb. i, 1303, and also in the statute 27 Edw. III., s. 2, 
c. 10, 1353. This declares that there shall be but one weight, measure, and yard 
throughout the realm, and that after the ' Avoir du pois par balaunces.' The earliest 
standard of length was the Saxon girth or gyrd, the circumference of the body, 
altered by Hen. I. to the length of his arm (Ulna), iioi. By general consent the 
measure was altered in the reign of Hen. III., ' an English penny, called a ster- 
ling round, and without clipping, shall weight 32 wheat corns in the midst of the 
ear, and 20 pence do make an ounce, and 12 ounces a pound ; and 8 pounds do 
make a gallon of wine, and 8 gallons of wine do make a London bushel,' 1266. 
Every city and borough were obliged to keep a common balance and weight, 
also standards of weights and measures, 8 Hen. VI. c. 5, 1429. Standard 
weights and measures to be made of brass and sent to every officer of every city 
and borough, 7 Hen. VII. c. 4, 1491 ; power given to have the weights and 
measures brought before the mayor and officers of the different towns, &c., to be 
examined and marked, ii Hen. VII. c. 4, 1495 ; one measure and weight to be 
used throughout the kingdom by 12 Hen. VII. c. 5, 1496-7. A set of standards 
made for the Exchequer by order of Queen Elizabeth, 1587. Upon the union of 
Great Britain, by article 17, it was ordered that the same weights and measures 
should be used by all, 1706. Meat ordered to be sold by ' Haver du pois,' 24 
Hen. VIII. c. 3, 1532 ; all weights used in the city of London to be either 
■' Troy weights or Haver de paix, and to be made of iron, and to be stamped 
by the Keeper of the Guildhall, Morley Maior,' Nov. 6, 1599. The Guild- 
hall wine gallon 224 cubical inches, altered in 1688 to 231 inches, and in the 
reign of Queen Anne it was ordered that the wine gallon should contain 231 cubic 
inches ; 63 gallons were to constitute a hogshead, 126 gallons a butt or pipe, and 
252 gallons a tun of wine, 5 Anne, c. 27, s. 17, 1707. An act was passed to 
prevent the use of false weights and balances, 35 Geo. III. c. 102, June 22, 1795. 
The Coopers' Company had the right to measure and stamp all casks, &c. The 
plumbers to assay and try all lead weights by their charter, April 12, 161 1. 
The Founders' Company by their charter are empowered to seize and mark all 
brass weights, Jan. i, Sept. 18, 16 14. A committee appointed by the House of 
Commons to investigate the then system, but nothing was done. May 26, 1758 ; 
a second committee appointed, Dec. i, 1758; reported, April 6, 1759. Two bills 



WEISKERCHEN WELL 897 

brought into the House by Lord Carysfort, 1765, but they were not proceeded 
with ; another committee appointed, who reported fully upon tire subject, and 
made several recommendations, 1814. A commission of inquiry appointed in 
1816, made their first report, July 7, 1819 ; second report, Sept. 18, 1820 ; third 
report, May 29, 1821. A bill was brought into the House for establishing a 
uniformity in weights and measures, May 20, 1822. Upon these reports an Act 
was passed, altering and amending the weights and measures, 5 Geo. IV. c. 74, 
June 17, 1824; further equalized by 6 Geo. IV. c. 12, March 31, 1825. The 
imperial gallon was substituted for the old gallon of wine of 231 cubic inches, 
the ale and beer of 2S2, the corn gallon of 268^^, and the Scotch pint of 103A 
cubic inches ; the new gallon was declared to contain ten pounds of distilled 
water, avoirdupois, weighed in air, at a temperature of 62 degrees Fahrenheit, 
the barometer being at 30 inches ; the contents of the new gallon are found, 
therefore, to be 277*274 cubic inches, or rather more. Coal ordered to be sold by 
weight and not by measure, 5 & 6 Will. IV. c. 63, Sept. 9, 1835. The standards 
destroyed in the fire which burnt the Houses of Parliament, Oct. 16, 1834. A 
new commission appointed, May 11, 1838 ; made their report, Dec. 21, 1841. A 
bill brought in by Mr Wilson and the Chancellor of the Exchequer repeals so 
much of the act of the 5th of George IV., chap. 74, as relates to the restoration 
of the imperial standard yard and the standard pound troy respectively, in case of 
loss, destruction, defacement, or other injury. The restored standard yard is 
established, being the straight line or distance between the centres of the two 
gold plugs or pins in the bronze bar deposited in the office of the Exchequer. 
The weight of platinum marked 'P. S, 1844, i lb.' deposited in the office of 
the Exchequer, is to be the legal and genuine standard measure of weight, 
and the imperial standard pound avoirdupois. The provisions of the 5th 
George IV., chap. 74, not hereby repealed, are to remain in force. Copies of the 
old standards are to continue to be legal. A committee appointed to superintend 
the construction of the new parliamentary standards of length and weight, June 
20, 1843, made their report, March 28, 1854 ; an act passed legalizing, &c., the 
restored standards, 18 & 19 Vict. c. 72, July 30, 1855. The bullion standard 
altered, 16 & 17 Vict. c. 29, June 14, 1853. Inspectors of, appointed, 5 & 6 Will. 
IV. c. 63, Sept. 9, 1835 ; amended, 22 & 23 Vict. c. 56, Aug. 13, 1859. An 
act passed to amend the acts relating to the standard weights and measures, &c., 
29 & 30 Vict. c. 82, Aug. 6, 1866. A commission appointed to inquire into the 
condition of Exchequer Standards of weights and measures. May 9, 1867. 
First report of the Warden of the Standards made in 1867. The Metric System 
of weights and measures adopted in France, 1 794-8. The ancient system re- 
vised, Nov. 4, 1800; the Systime Wrz/t'/ adopted, March 28, 1812. The system 
made obligatory by law, July 4, 1837 ; to come in force, Jan. i, 1840. This 
system has since been adopted in the Netherlands, Belgium, Greece, Spain, 
Portugal, Italy, Mexico, Chili, Peru, New Granada, Ecuador (to commence, 
1866), Bolivia, Venezuela, French and Dutch Guiana, and partially in Germany, 
Denmark, and Switzerland. A bill was introduced by Mr Wm Ewart in the 
House of Commons, for legalizing the use of this system in this country, and made 
a law, 27 & 28 Vict. c. 117, July 29, 1864. (It is a permissive measure only.) 

WEISKERCHEN, battle. The Russians, imder Gen. Luders, defeated the Ma- 
gyars commanded by Bem, with a loss of 1300 killed and 2300 wounded, July 
31, 1849. 

WELCH MANUSCRIPTS SOCIETY, established for editing and publishing 
Bardic and Historical remains, at Abergavenny, 1S37. 

WELL, the celebrated Artesian, was commenced at Crenelle, near Paris, Jan. r, 
1834, and completed after seven years' labour : the water flowed in a great quan- • 
tity, of a temperature of about 25 degrees (80 to 86 Fah. ) ; the total depth about 

57 



89S WELLINGBOROUGH WELSHMEN 

1795 feet. The borer fell into the cavity when the perforation had been made to 
the depth of 115 metres — 377 feet. This was soon recovered, and was nothing to 
what occurred in 1837 ; then the length of the bars united together measured 
1260 feet ; not only these broke, but the enormous metal spoon used to bring 
the materials to the surface also fell to the bottom of the cavity, from a height of 
262 feet, and it required extraordinary exertions to recover it. This operation, 
which could only be worked with horse-power, occupied from May, 1837, to 
August, 1838. The immensity of this labour, for fifteen successive months, may 
be conceived, as the instrument had to act at a depth of 1500 feet. The works 
were continued without any fresh misfortune until April 8, 1840, when another 
part of the borer fell from a considerable height, with such force that it pene- 
trated the chalk below to the depth of 85 feet. A fourth accident occurred shortly 
before the successful termination, when the metal spoon again fell to the bottom 
of the bore, having nearly attained its extreme depth. It was put on one side by 
forcing it horizontally into the earth, so as not to obstruct the passage. This 
great work cost about 170,000 francs. 

WELLINGBOROUGH, Northampton. Charles I. resided here in 1626; the 
town burned, Aug. 14, 1831 ; and July 28, 1738, when 300 houses were de- 
stroyed. 

WELLINGTON, Duke of, born, May i, 1769. Administration of, commenced, 
Jan. 8, 1828 ; terminated, Nov. 16, 1830. Died, at Walmer Castle, Sept. 14, 1852 ; 
laid in state at Chelsea Hospital, Nov. 1 1 ; several persons killed and wounded 
by overcrowding, Nov. 13. Publicly buried in St Paul's, Nov. 18. 

WELLINGTON, the ship Duchess of, took fire in Sanger Roads, when the pilot, 

two officers, two passengers, and many of the crew, perished in the flames, Jan. 

27, 1816. 
WELLINGTON BARRACKS, St James's Park, built and occupied by troops, 

March i, 1834 ; the military chapel first opened, May 4, 1838. 
WELLINGTON COLLEGE, Hampshire, founded as a memorial to the Duke of 

Wellington by pubHc subscription, for the orphan sons of officers in the army ; 

p^i09,ooo subscribed. The first stone laid by Her Majesty, June 2, 1856, and 

the opening inaugurated, Jan. 29, 1859. 

WELLS, Somersetshire, founded by Ina, king of Wessex, 706 ; hospital founded by 
Bishop Eubbawith, 1421 ; alms-houses founded by Henry Llewellyn, 1614 ; 
town-hall built, 1780. 

WELLS, cathedral of, built by Ina, king of the West Saxons, 706 ; bishopric 
erected, 905 ; archdeaconry, iio5 ; imited with Bath, 1088 ; the first bishop was 
Athelm, afterwards Archbishop of Canterbury. Cathedral, Gothic, 415 feet long, 
155 wide, 160 high ; the west front is 147 ft. broad ; there are upwards of 300 
figures, 152 are life size. West front and nave built by Bishop Joceline, 1204-39 ; 
central tower, by Bishop Drokensford, 1320-37 ; North-west tower, by Bishop 
Eubbawith, 1408-20 ; South-west tower, by Bishop Harewell, 1366-84; cloisters, 
by Bishop Beckington, 1450-60; Chapter House, by Bishop de Marchia, 1292- 
1301 ; the Library, by Bishop Bubbawith, 1407- 1424; bishop's palace erected by 
Bishop Jocelyn, 1208-37; great hall built by Bishop Burnel, 1279; gate-house 
built by Bishop Beckington, 1443- 1464. The clock made by Peter Lightfoot, 
1325- 

WELLS STREET, Royalty Theatre in, opened. May 20, 1787. 

WELSH COPPER OFFICE, incorporated, 1694 ; hospital built, Gray's Inn Lane, 

1772. 
WELSHMEN forbidden to purchase land in England, 1401. 



WELSH TONGUE WESTMINSTER S99 

WELSH TONGUE. An act passed for translating the Bible into, 5 Eliz. c. 28, 
1562. 

WEM, Shropshire, greatly damaged by fire, 1676. 

WEMYSS, EARL OF, packet from Leithto London, wrecked, and ten passengers 
lost, off the Bramerton coast of Norfolk, Sept. i, 1S33. 

WENLOCK MONASTERY, Salop, founded, 680; abbey built, loSi. 

WENTWORTH, Thomas, Earl of Strafford, beheaded, Dec. 29, 1641. 

WERBURGH, ST, church of, Dublin, burned, Nov. 7, 1754. 

WESLEYANS. See Methodists. 

WESSEX, the kingdom of, founded by Cerdic, including Hampshire and 
the Isle of Wight, A.D. 500 ; Alfred succeeds to the throne of, 87 1 ; taken by the 
Danes under King Guthrun, 878 ; retaken by Alfred the same year. 

WEST COWES CASTLE, built, 1539. 

WESTERFIELD ISLANDS in, the Pacific Ocean discovered by Capt. Warden, 
1830. The inhabitants are peaceable, and enjoy a regular domestic government. 

WESTERHANGER HOUSE, Kent, built, 1246 ; works company chartered by 
21 George II. 

WESTERN EMPIRE divided by Valentinian I. into two divisions, the East and 
West, 364. 

WESTHAM ABBEY, Essex, founded, 1154. 

WEST INDIA DOCKS opened, July 12, iSo6.—See Docks. 

WEST INDIES, the name given to the chain of islands in the concavity between 
the Floridas on the north, and the mouth of the Orinoco on the southern main- 
land of the American continent ; St Salvador, in the Bahamas, being the first 
land made by Columbus, 1492. These islands formerly belonged to different 
powers, but they mostly now belong to Great Britain. The Bahamas, Cuba, Do- 
minica, Jamaica, Hispaniola, Porto Rico, St Kitts, Nevis, Antigua, Montserrat, 
Guadaloupe, Martinique, St Lucia, St Vincent, Barbadoes, Trinidad, Grenada, 
and Tobago, are the principal, but there are many small isles and keys, as they 
are locally denominated. Abolition of the slave trade at, 1806 ; town of Basseterre, 
St Kitts, almost destroyed by fire, July 3, 1867 ; Island of St Thomas visited by 
a hurricane, which destroyed 80 vessels, and 4 mail steamers belonging to the 
Royal Mail Company, and about 500 persons were killed, Oct. 29, 1867; Tor- 
tola almost destroyed by an earthquake, Oct. 30, 1867. 

WEST LOO, Cornwall, incorporated, 1574. 

WEST MALLING ABBEY, Kent, built 1090. 

WESTMARDEN, Sussex, totally burned, March 31, 1777. 

WESTMEATH, Ireland. The prioiy of St Mary founded, 1227, and an abbey 
founded, 1236 ; made a separate county by Henry VIII.; taken by Gen. Ginckell, 
1688; the town nearly destroyed by an explosion, 1697; insurrection in, 1798; 
bridge of the Shannon built, 1844. 

WESTMINSTER, Middlesex. The earliest notice of this city is in the Saxon 
charter of King Offa, A.D. 785. The land confirmed to the abbey by King Edgar, 
960; the road from Temple-bar to, repaired by Edward III., 1353. Made a 
bishopric by Henry VIII., but was abolished shortly afterwards. The re- 
sidence of the king fixed here, 1225 ; made a city by Queen Elizabeth, 1585 ; 
arms granted to, 1 661 ; the streets first lighted with oil lamps, 1708, and an act 
passed which enjoined every householder to furnish a light before his door, 1716. 
The infirmary instituted, 1728; the lying-in hospital, 1765. Inundated by the 
Thames, Feb. 2, 1791 ; Bridge-street, Great George-street, and Parliament-street 



900 WESTMINSTER ABBEY WESTMINSTER HALL 

altered and improved, 23 George II., 1750 ; Abingdon-street built, 45 Geo. III. 
c. 15, 1805. The palace court abolished, the last sitting held, Dec. 28, 1849 ; the 
flooring of the Catholic schools in St Peter's-street broke down at a meeting held 
for drawing prizes by lottery, many persons being injured, and two killed, Jan. 26, 
1865. 

WESTMINSTER ABBEY, founded by Edgar on the site of the temple of Apollo, 
951 ; rebuilt by Edward the Confessor, and dedicated to St Peter, Dec. 28, 1065 ; 
the Confessor buried, Jan. 6, 1066 ; William the Conqueror crowned, Dec. 25, 
1066 ; the first council held, 1076 ; Rufus crowned, Sept. 26, 1087 ; coronation of 
Henry I., Aug. 5, iioo; consecration of Bernard, Bishop of St David's, Sept. 19, 
II15. Queen Matilda buried. May I, 1118; canonization of Edward the Confessor 
and translation of his body, Oct. 13, 1163; coronation of Richard I., Sept. 3, I189; 
foundation of the lady chapel, May 16, 1220 ; Henry III. and Queen Eleanor 
married, June 20, 1236. The rebuilding of the cathedi'al inaugurated by Henry ' 
HI. ; 1245 ; the building of the chapter house begun, 1250 ; the Parliament held 
its sittings in this building, March 26, 1256 ; eastern cloister finished, 1345 ; the 
death of 26 monks by the Black Death, 1348 ; the nave and cloisters continued by 
Abbot Langham, 1350 ; Jerusalem chamber and the south and west cloisters re- 
built, 1363 ; the abbey reopened after the rebuilding, Dec. 8, 1378 ; death of 
Henry IV. in the Jerusalem chamber, March 20, 1413 ; Caxton exercised the art 
of printing in the abbey, 1477; Henry VII. 's chapel founded, Jan. 24, 1503; the 
monastery dissolved, and the cathedral founded by letters patent of Heniy VIII. , 
Dec. 17, 1540; the dean and chapter endowed, Aug. 5, 1542 ; the great refectory 
taken down, 1545 ; the last sitting of the House of Commons held in the chapter 
house, Jan. 28, 1547; the records removed to this place, 154S; the shrine of 
Edward the Confessor linished, Jan. 5, 1557, and the remains entombed in, March 
20; the sanctuary fell down, 1566 ; a fire happened in the cloisters which de- 
stroyed several MSS., 1694; the first stone of the new dormitory laid, 1722 ; 
finished, 1730; the building of the western towers completed, 1739 ; the gate- 
house removed, 1777; fii"e in the transept, doing considerable damage, July 9, 
1803 ; restoration finished, 1810 ; the last installation of the knights of the Bath in 
the building, 1812 ; a fire discovered in the Triforium, April 27, 1829 ; the re- 
storation of the chapter house begun, 1866. Length of the abbey, including Henry 
VII. 's chapel, 530 feet; height, 225 feet, 4 inches. Length of the nave, 166 feet ; 
breadth, 38 feet, 7 inches ; height, loi feet, 8 inches. Length of choir, 155 feet, 9 
mches ; breadth, 38 feet, 4 inches ; height, lOl feet, 2 inches. 

WESTMINSTER BRIDGE designed by Charles Labelye, begun, Sept., 1738; 
first stone laid by the Earl of Pembroke, Jan. 29, 1739 ; the last arch finished, 
Aug., 1746 ; the western pier sunk and repaired, Sept. i, 1747 : it was 1223 feet 
long by 44 wide, cost ^426, 650; opened, Nov. 18, 1750; repaired, 1832-3 ; the 
old balustrades and alcoves removed, and the roadway lowered, and wooden pal- 
ings erected, 1845-6. Act passed to erect the present bridge, 16 & 17 Vict. c. 
46, Aug. 4, 1856. The present bridge built from the designs of Mr Thos. 
Page; the first stone laid, 1854 ; the first half opened, March i, i860; com- 
pleted and opened, May 24, 1862 : length, 990 feet; breadth, 85 feet : it has 
seven arches, the centre one having a span of 120 feet. An act passed regulating 
the traffic upon, 27 & 28 Vict. c. 88, July 29, 1864. 

WESTMINSTER HALL, built by William Rufus, 1097, Henry de Yeveley, 
architect : it is 239 feet long, 68 feet wide, and 90 high. King Alexander HI. 
of Scotland entertained in this hall, 1256 and 1260 ; Sir William Wallace tried 
and condemned here, 1305 ; King Edward IV. kept his Christmas with great 
rejoicings in this ancient hall, 1483. Inundated by the Thames, Dec. 3, 1717 ; 
the roof repaired, 1748. The rebels were tried here, 1748; the scaffolding 
erected for the trial of, sold by the Duke of Lancaster for ^^400, Sept. 13, 1748. 



WESTMINSTER PALACE WHALES 901 

Repaired and beautified, 1782 ; inundated by the overflowing of the river 
Thames to so great a deptli, that the lawyers had to be conveyed away in boats, 
1791 ; repaired at an expense of ^13,000, 1802 ; again repaired and made the 
entrance to the new Houses of ParHament, 1S49. 

WESTMINSTER PALACE. The palace at Whiteliall sold to Walter de Grey 
for 400 marks, 1248; rebuilt by Edward the Confessor ; damaged by fire, 1263. 
The king resided here, 1360 ; the Princess Elizabeth of York born here, Feb. 11, 
1466 ; damaged by fire, 1512 ; conveyed to Plenry VIII. , Feb. 12, 1530; the 
trained bands reviewed by the king before the palace, 1532 ; a tournament held 
here, 1581 ; the Parliament formerly met in the Painted Chamber, but subse- 
quently removed to the Chapel of St Stephen, v/hich was begun by William of 
Wykeham, 1330 ; destroyed by fire, Oct. 16, 1834; the present Palace or Houses 
of Parliament built from the designs of Mr Barry, begun, 1840 ; the Peers held 
their first sittings in the House of Lords, April 15, 1847, and the House of Com- 
mons, Nov. 4, 1852. 

WESTMINSTER SCHOOL founded by Henry VIII., and a charter granted to, 
by Queen Elizabeth, June II, 1560. Three scholarships vt^ere founded by 
Archbp. Parker for the students of this school at Corpus Christi College, Cam- 
bridge, 1569 ; the building begun, 1599 ; a committee appointed by Parliament 
to govern this foundation, Nov. 15, 1645. The custom of performing plays on 
the founder's day, Nov. 17, is as old as the foundation of the school. The bicen- 
tenary celebrated, June 2, 1760 ; the tercentenary, Nov. 17, i860. 

WESTMORELAND SOCIETY, established for the education of poor children 
of that county, whose parents had settled in London, 1 746. 

WESTPHALIA, Germany, anciently a Dukedom of the kingdom of Saxony, 
ceded to Hesse Darmstadt, 1802 ; created a kingdom by Napoleon I., Dec. i, 
1807 ; constitution proclaimed, Dec. 15, 1807, his brother Jerome being ap- 
pointed king; Hanover annexed to, Maixh I, 1810 ; ceded to Prussia, 1814. 
189 persons killed by the explosion of a coal mine at Iserholm, Jan. 29, 1868. 

WESTPHALIA, Peace of, made at the close of the 30 years' war, with Sweden, 
Aug. 6, 1648 ; and with France, Oct. 24, 1648. 

WEST POINT, U.S., purchased by the United States, Sept. 10, 1790 ; amilitary . 
school established, 1794 ; burnt two years afterwards ; rebuilt and opened, March 
16, 1802. 

WETHERALL PRIORY, Cumberland, built, 10S6. 

WEXFORD, Ireland, captured by the English, and the first treaty between the 
Irish and English signed, 1169 ; a charter granted to, 1318 ; a Parliament held 
here by the Earl of Desmond, 1463 ; confirmed by James I., 1608 ; rebelled 
against the government ; taken by Cromwell, when many of the rebels were exe- 
cuted, 1649. Insurrection in, 1798 ; total defeat of the insurgents at Vinegar Hill. 

WEYMOUTH, Dorsetshire, granted by Henry I. to the monks of St Swithin at 
Winchester, 1347 ; it supplied 20 ships and 264 sailors for the siege of Calais ; 
castle built, 1539 ; six ships fitted out for the Spanisli Armada, 1588 ; bridge 
erected, 1770; visited by Geo. HI. and family, July 16, 1789; second visit, 
Sept. 29 — Oct. 29, 1804; the church of Melcombe Regis rebuilt, 1817. 

WHALEBONE found by the English at Cape Breton, 1321 ; first brought home, 
with oil, 161 7 ; the importation of, regulated by 9 & 10 Will. III. c. 45, 1698. 

WHALE FISHERY encouraged by Edward II., 1322, and Edward HI. ; the 
first discovery of, in Spitzbergen, by the Dutch, 1596 ; by the English, 161 1 ; an 
act passed to encourage the fishery, 25 Chas. II. c. 7, 1672 ; encouraged by act 
of parliament, 22 Geo. II. c. 45, 1749. 

WHALES. One driven ashore in the Humber, 1570 ; another on the coast of Nor- 



£ s. 


./. 


3 9 


4 


1-12 


lO 


2 5 


o 


5 6 


5 


3 7 


o 


2 4 


o 



902 WHALLEY ABBEY WHIG 

folk, 1751 ; one near Berwick, 1752 ; 13 driven ashore in a storm on the coast of 
England, Feb., 1762; one killed above London bridge, Sept., 1781 ; another, 
19 feet long, was killed at Execution Dock, Aug., 1796 ; a whale killed at Hull, 
Nov., 1797 ; another in the Thames, Sept., 1799 ; and another at Leith the same 
month; one exhibited to the populace near London bridge, March, 1809; 98 
driven on the beach at Lewis, in Scotland, April 25, 1832. 

WHALLEY ABBEY, Lancashire, built, 11 78. 

WHEAT sold for 20s. per quarter, equal to /^6 now, 1193, 1 194, and 1195 ; beans 
for I2d. a quarter, and oats for 4^., 1216. Wheat sold in some places for 12a'. a 
quarter, and not many years after for 20s. a bushel, as much as ;^4 now, 1286 ; 
for 4.0s. a qua,rter, as m'.ich as ;^S now, 1315 ; for ^3 a bushel, 1316 ; for 4.0s. a 
quarter, as much as 20s. a bushel now, 1335 ; in London for 4s. a quarter, 1493. 
In the reign of 

£ s. d. 

Philip and Mary, it sold for I 16 8 Anne, 1710 

Elizabeth I 10 o George I., 1720 

James I. .., ... ... I 11 6 George II., 1740 

Charles I., 1645 2 ii o George HI., 1810 

Charles II., 1665 ... 2 3 10 George IV., 1830 

James IL, 1685 215 Victoria, 1850 

William and Mary, 1695 271 

First imported into England, 1347. The highest price per quarter was in 1812, 
when it rose to £(i bs. 6d. ; the next year it was ^5 gj. ()d. ; in 1823, £2 ly. 4^/. ; 
1833, £2 I2s. lid. ; 1843, £2 los. 2d. ; 1853, £2 ly. ^d. The sliding scale 
permitted whenever the average price of corn in England was under ^3 2s. bd. 
per quarter; the duty was then ;!^i 5^-. 8.-/., from ^3 2s. od. to £^ 3^. od., 
£1 4s. Sd. ; reduced a shilling, July 15, 1828 ; a second was enacted, April 29, 
1842. The Free Trade Bill passed, Jime 26, 1S46. 

WHEEL, an instrument of refined torture, used first to protract the sufferings of 
those who were put to death by the Romish Church. Francis I. of France or- 
dered the example to be followed upon robbers. The wheel was placed hori- 
zontally upon an upright post which was fixed into the nave ; the sufferer was 
tied to the spokes, with his legs and arms extended in the way of a St Andrew's 
cross ; the bones of his legs and arms were then broken with an iron bar, and he 
was left to expire in agony, 1515- 

WHEELWRIGHTS' COMPANY incorporated by Charles II. , Feb. 3, 1670; the 
by-laws confirmed, April 3, 1714 ; a livery granted by the Court of Aldermen, 
Dec. 7, 1773. 

WHIG, see also Tory. These names, some historians assert, arose at the time of the 
Meal-tub plot, given to one of two parties who believed, or affected to believe, 
the truth of the plot, the others being of an opposite opinion, 1679 ; still the 
origin seems uncertain. Others state that Whig, in 16S0, Avas a name of reproach 
given by the court party to their antagonists for resembling the principles of the 
Whigs, or fanatical coventiclers, in Scotland ; and the other was given by the 
country party to that of the court, comparing them to the Tories, or Popish rob- 
bers in Ireland. They lormerly were called Whigs from Whiggamors, a name 
given to the Scots in the south-west, who for want of corn in that quarter used 
annually to repair to Leith, to buy stores that came from the north, and all that 
drove were called V/higgamors or Whigs, from the term Whiggam, which they 
used in driving their horses. Now, in the year 1638, the Presbyterian ministers 
incited an insurrection against the court, and marched with the people to Edin- 
burgh ; this was called the ' Whiggamors' inroad,' and after this all that opposed 
administration in Scotland were called Whigs, and from hence the term was 
adopted in England. The parties were at their greatest height, 1 704. 



WHIG CLUB WHITEFIELD'S TABERNACLE 903 

WHIG CLUB, established by Chas. James Fox. The next distinguished member 
was Francis, Duke of Bedford, who died 1802. 

WHIG CLUB, Ireland, styled the Northern Whig Club, 1794. The original 
members : — Lord Charlemont, Lord de Clifford, Lord Moira, Archibald Hamil- 
ton Rowan, Hon. Robert Stewart (Lord Castlereagh), William Todd Jones, Hon. 
E. Ward, Hon. R. Ward, Hon. H. Rowley, Rt. Hon. John O'Niell (afterwards 
Lord O'Niell), Right Hon. H. L. Rowley, Eldred Pottinger, William Brown- 
low, Savage Hall, William Sharman, John Forbes, Richard J. Ker, E. J. Agnew. 

WHIPPERS, a sect so called, circa 1350. 

WHIPPING, the punishment of, abolished for females, 57 Geo. III. c. 75, 181 7. 

WHIRLWIND, a violent, at Falmouth, which stripped the roof off every house 
in its way, tore up several trees, and threw a vessel lying in the harbour on her 
beam-ends, Jan. i, 1S03. A violent one near Cirencester, July 6, 1809. A 
dreadful one at Fernal Heath, Worcestershire, in width three quarters of a mile, 
much damage was done, and in one farm 200 trees were torn up by the roots, 
Sept. 22, 1 8 10. At Bonsell, in the Peak of Derbyshire, accompanied with a 
tremendous hail-storm. May 13, 1811. At Plasyollen, Shropshire, many trees 
\vere torn up and carried to a great distance, May 25, 181 1. 

WHISKY, or Aqua Vitse, distilled, circa 1350 ; an act was passed, 1556, against 
the distillation of, from malt ; allowed to use malt free of duty, Oct. i, 1855. 

WHIST, an English game of cards, originated in the 17th century, mentioned by 
Taylor, the Water Poet, 1650 ; Hoyle's fii^st treatise upon this game published, 
1744 ; the laws of short whist pubhshed by Mr J. Clay, M.P., 1865. 

WHITBY, Yorkshire, an abbey founded by Oswy, King of Northumberland, in 
the 7th century ; destroyed by the Danes ; restored, 1075 ; the tower of the 
church fell down, 1830. 

WHITEBAIT. The origin of this now annual ministerial dinner is said to have 
been first suggested by Captain Perry, the engineer of Dagenham Breach, who en- 
tertained the commissioners at the Breach House, circa 1724 ; in after years Mr 
Pitt was invited and other ministers, it thus became a ministerial feast. Not held 
in 1869. 

WHITE BOYS, or Levellers, in Ireland, a faction that committed great excesses, 
originating 1761 ; they wore their shirts outside their dresses, whence their name- 
Many of the ringleaders were executed, 1762. 

WHITECHAPEL. The Pavilion Theatre destroyed by fire, Feb. 14, 1856. 

WHITE CONDUIT HOUSE, Islington. The condttit erected, 1641 ; the 
tavern, circa 1720; first mentioned in the Daily Advertiser as a Tea Gardens, 
Aug. 10, 1754; rebtult, 1828; pulled down, Feb. 11, 1849, and rebuilt as a 
public-house, 1850. The lease and goodwill sold for £'&990, and the house 
pulled down. May 24, 1S64. 

WHITE CROSS. This order of knighthood founded by the Grand-Duke Fer- 
dinand HI. of Tuscany, 1814. 

WHITECROSS STREET PRISON, first stone laid by Mr Aid. Matthew Wood, 
July, 1813. 

WHITE EAGLE. This Polish order of knighthood founded by Vladimir IV., 
1325 ; the statutes confirmed by Pope Urban VIII., 1634; refounded, 1713; 
became extinct at the division of Poland; restored by proclamation, July 21, 
1807, and March 29, 1835. 

WHITE FALCON. This order was founded by Ernest Augustus, Duke of Saxe- 
Weimar and Eisenach, Aug. 2, 1 732. 

WHITEFIELD'S TABERNACLE, Tottenham Court Road, designed by the 



904 WHITE FRIARS WICKLIFFITES 

Rev. George Whitefield ; begun, 1756; opened, Nov. 7, 1756; enlarged, 1760; 
the founder preached his last sermon here, Sept. 2, 1769 ; the Rev. Edward 
Irving gave his missionary sermon here, May 13, 1824. The lease expired in 
1828; purchased for ;^20,ooo, 1830; closed, 1834; subsequently reopened ; 
damaged by fire, Feb. 23, 1857 ; repaired, 1862. Another in Tabernacle Walk, 
Finsbury, 1744; rebuilt, 1 868-9. 
WHITE FRIARS, an order of the Carmelite mendicants, one monastery of which 
order was established near the Temple, in London, west of Blackfriars, 1245, 
called Alsatia, and was one of the London sanctuaries. 

WHITEFRIARS' THEATRE, situated between the eastern gates of the Temple 
and Water-lane, pulled down, 1580, and a license granted to erect a new play- 
house, July 13, 1 61 3. 

WHITEHALL, London, or York Place, built by Hubert de Burgh about the 
commencement of the 13th century. It came subsequently into the hands of the 
Archbishop of York, and was taken from Cardinal Wolsey by Henry VIII., 
1529, when it became a residence of the sovereigns of England, Feb. 12, 1530. 
In the palace the king was clandestinely married to Anne Boleyn, Jan. 25, 1533. 
The banquetting-house built by Inigo Jones ; begun, 1619 ; finished, 1622 ; cost 
p^i 7,000. The whole, except the banquetting-house, was consumed, 1697. In 
front of this remnant of the palace Charles I. lost his head, Jan. 30, 1649. The 
Barebones Parliament held its sittings here, April, 1656. The banquetting-house 
was converted into a chapel by George I., 1723; repaired, 1829-30. India Office 
built from the designs of Scott ; opened, July 19, 1867. 

WHITEHALL PREACHERS first appointed by the universities, 1724. 

WHITE OAKS, battle. The Federals, ixnder Gen. McClellan, defeated by the 
Confederates, under Gen. Jackson, June 26, 1862. 

WHITE PLAINS, battle. The English army, under Sir William Howe, defeated 
the Americans at this place, Oct. 29, 1776. 

WHITE ROSE, the symbol of the house of York, in opposition to the Red, 
adopted by the house of Lancaster, between 1455 and 147 1. 

WHITE'S CLUB, established in St James's-street, 1698 ; burned down, April 
28, 1773; entertained the allied sovereigns, June 20, 1814; the building re- 
paired and ornamented by James Wyatt, 1851. 

WHITE TOWER, London. The keep of the Tower of London erected, 1070, by 
Gundulph, bishop of Rochester, 116 feet long by 96 wide and 92 high ; the walls 
are 1 1 feet in thickness, and contain winding staircases to the summit ; the north- 
east turret was once used as an observatory. — See Tower. 

WHITSUNTIDE, a Jewish festival held 50 days after the feast of unleavened 
bread ; first made a Christian festival, 813. 

WHITTINGTON CLUB, Arundel-street, Strand, founded, 1846 ; destroyed by 

fire, Dec. 3, 1854; subsequently rebuilt. 
WHITTINGTON COLLEGE, founded, Sept. 5, 142 1 ; erected in College Hill, 

1621 ; the present building erected at Highgate by the Mercers' Company, at a 

cost of ^20,000, 1826. 
WHITTY, the Rev. Mr, murdered at Golden, Tipperary, Ireland, July 25, 1832. 
WHITWORTH, MR JOSEPH, the noted Ordnance Engineer, presented 

;^loo,ooo for promoting Technical Education, March 28, 1868. 
WHORWELL MONASTERY, built, 979. 

WICKLIFFITES, the followers of Wickliffe, the parent of the English Reforma- 
tion, 1377- Wycliffe elected warden of Canterbury Hall, Oxford, 1365, from 



WIDOWS WILKES, JOHN 905 

which he was removed by the Pope ; made chaplain to Edward III., 1374 ; pro- 
tected by the brother of John of Gaunt, when persecuted by the church, 1376 ; he 
translated the Bible, 1380 ; died of apoplexy in his 60th year, Dec. 31, 1384. 
WIDOWS. The widow of a beneficed clergyman may occupy house or residence and 
garden for two months after the decease of her husband, i & 2 Vict. c. 106, s. 36. 
Societies for the relief of : One for musicians' widows, Isegun, 1738 ; for those of 
medical men, 1788; of naval men, 1739; of lawyers, 1817 ; of artists, 1827. The 
Suttee, or widow burning, abolished in India, 1828. Widow's Friend Society, 
established, i8o8 ; Arnold's Fund for the relief of, established, 1823. 

WIGAN, Lancashire, made a Roman station ; the town incorporated, 1295. The 
Royalists under the command of the Earl of Derby, defeated the Parliamentaiy 
forces under Col. Smeaton, 1643 ; again by Col. Ashton, 165 1 ; and the fortifica- 
tion destroyed in another engagement with the troops under Col. Lilbum. Sir 
Thomas Tyldesley was killed, and 400 prisoners taken, Aug. 25, 1651 ; town hall 
rebuilt, 1720 ; St George's church erected, 1781. Strike of the operatives : serious 
riots among the operatives, considerable property destroyed, Oct. 28, 1853; several 
of the rioters shot by the military, Oct. 31. Explosion of the Arley coal mine, 120 
persons killed, Feb. 19, 1854 ; an accident at the Douglas Bank collieiy, five men 
killed, Jan. 4, 1865 ; riots caused by the colliers on strike, March 20, 1868. 

WIGHT, ISLE OF, Hampshire, inhabited by the Cells, who were subjected by 
the Belgre ; captured by the Romans, under Vespasian, 43 ; conquered by Cerdic, 
the King of Wessex, 530 ; the inhabitants slaughtered by Cadwaller, 686 ; taken 
by the Danes, 7S7, 981 ; retaken by King Alfred in looi ; captured by the Danes, 
1003 ; conferred by Hen. I. npon Richard de Redvers, Earl of Devon, 1 102 ; 
sold to Edward I. by the Countess of Albemarle for 6000 marks, 1293. The 
French landed and burnt the towns of Newport and Yarmouth, but were de- 
feated and driven off, July 13, 1377 ; attempted to land, but were defeated, in 
1545. Sandown Fort erected, 1632. Yarmouth Castle erected by Hen. VIII. 
1545-6. Yarmouth church erected, 1543. Osborne House built as a marine 
residence for Queen Victoria, 1846-7. The carriage of the Princess Alice over- 
turned, but she was not seriously hurt, June i, 1863. 

WIGMORE CASTLE, Herefordshire, built by Edward the Elder, 924 ; repaired 
by William Fitzosborn, 1087. 

WIGS. Periwigs first worn, circa 1590. Many children were entrapped and their 
hair cut in order to make these wigs, 1595 ; ladies wore them, 1605-6 ; they in- 
creased in size, 1672. The judges wore full-bottomed wigs, 1674 ; first worn in 
America, 1685 ; voted by the Quakers in America as extravagant, Dec. 21, 1721 ; 
the Irish bishops left off wearing them, 1820. The first bishop who abandoned 
the use of, was Richard Bagot, bishop of Bath and Wells, 1825, but other autho- 
rities give the date 1831-; Bishop Blomfield and Archbishop Sumner wore them 
as late as Feb. 26, i860. 

WILD, JONATHAN, hanged, June 15, 1725. 

WILDERNESS, battles. The Confederates, imderGen. Lee, defeated the Federals, 
under Gen. Grant, in several engagements, and inflicted a loss of 40,000 in 
killed, wounded, and prisoners, May 6-10, 1864. 

WILKES, JOHN, published number 45 of the No7-th Briton, April 23, 1763, for 
which the Earl of Halifax issued a general warrant against him : by that illegal act 
he obtained ^^looo damages against the government; the paper publicly burned 
in Cheapside, Dec. 3, 1763. He was outlawed for being the author of a libel and 
of an immoral work, being expelled the House of Commons, Jan. 20, 1764 ; yet 
he was again elected for Middlesex, 1768 ; outlawry reversed by the King's 
Bench, June 6 ; again expelled the Commons, Feb. 3, 1769 ; re-elected for Mid- 
dlesex, Feb. 16; i-ejected by the Commons, and re-elected, March 16; rejected 



9o6 WILLIAM WILTSHIRE 

and re-elected, April 13 — for Wilkes, 1 143 — Col. Luttrell, 296; refused to attend 
the summons of the Speaker, miless as member for Middlesex, 1 771 ; served the 
office of Lord Mayor of London, 1774, and elected Chamberlain, 1779. 

WILLIAM L, II., III., and ISf.—See England, Kings of. 

WILLIAM, Prince, eldest son of Hemy I., with his newly-married bride, daughter 
of the Earl of Anjou, Richard and Mary, two other of the king's children, with 
180 of the nobility, lost by shipwreck in coming from Normandy, Nov. 25, II20. 

WILLIAM AND MARY. This passengers' vessel, trading between Bristol and 
Waterford, struck on the Wolvers, three miles north-west from the Holmes 
lighthouse, and went down shortly afterwards, with 60 persons, 50 being pas- 
sengers ; II persons only were saved, Oct. 24, 1817. 

WILLIAMS, Bishop, fined ^10,000 ; again ;^8ooo for libelling the privy comicil, 
July, 1637. 

WILLI AMSBURGH, South Carolina, damaged by a storm, July 17, 1758. 

WILLS. The custom of making wills was common among the ancient Jews. The 
will of Edward the Confessor is the earliest English will on record, 1066. The 
privilege of making, granted by Hen. I. to his subjects, but with various safe- 
guards, lest the feudal system should sustain detriment, iioo ; reference is made 
to the will of Bishop John de Kyrkeby in the Rolls of Parliament, 1290. By the 
common law of Hen. II., a man's effects were to be divided into three parts. 
Hen. VIII. removed some of the restriction remaining of the feudal system, 1541. 
The laws relating to, consolidated and amended, I Vict. c. 26, July 3, 1S37, and 
15 & 16 Vict. c. 24, June 17, 1852. The Trustee Act passed, 23 Vict. c. 55, 
Aug. 13, 1859. Wills of living persofis can now be deposited at the Will Office 
under the order of 1861. 

WILMINGTON, Earl, administration of, as first lord of the treasury, Feb., 
1742 ; he was succeeded in Aug. by Mr Pelham, who in Nov., 1744? fonned the 
Broad-bottom administration. 

WILMINGTON, U.S. Fort Fisher bombarded by the Federal fleet, under 
Admiral Porter, Dec. 24 and 25, 1864. The troops, under Gen. Butler, failed 
to take the fort ; dismissed from his command, Dec. 26 ; taken by the Federals, 
after 50 hours' bombardment, Jan. 15, 1865 ; the town abandoned, Feb. 22. 

WILMOT, Lord, arrested, Aug. 18, 1644 ; escaped beyond the sea after the battle 

of Worcester, 1651. 
WILNA, battle. The Polish army defeated by the Russians, under Gen. Sacken, 

with a loss of 1000 men, June 18, 1831. 
WILSON, SAMUEL, of London, bequeathed /20,ooo to be lent out in small sums 

to tradesmen, Oct. 27, 1766 ; this charity is managed by Lord Mayor, two senior 

Aldermen, Recorder, and Chamberlain. 

WILTON, near Great Bedvvin, greatly damaged by fire, Dec. 5, 1759. 

WILTSHIRE ARCH^OLOGICAL SOCIETY, instituted at Salisbury, 1853 ; 
Topographical Society, 1 840. 

WIMBLEDON, Surrey. The Manor granted to Cromwell, afterwards settled 
upon Queen Catherine Parr, 1 541 ; purchased by the Duchess of Marlborough 
for ;^l5,ooo, who rebuilt the mansion and bequeathed it to Earl Spencer, 1744; 
burned down, March 21, 1785 ; rebuilt, 1801. The Volunteers reviewed here 
by George III., July 4, 1799. The church rebuilt from the designs of G. G. 
Scott, 1834. The first meeting of the National Rifle Association held at, her 
Majesty firing the first shot, July 2, i860 ; since held annually. 



WINCHCOMBE ABBEY WINDOWS 



907 



WINCHCOMBE ABBEY, Gloucestershire, founded by Renulph, king of 
Mercia, 798. 

WINCHELSEA, Sussex, a monastery founded by Hen. HI.; inundated, 1236 • 
old town of, swallowed up by the sea, 1250 ; the present, founded by Edw. I, 
on the Hill, 1287; Greyfriars' monastery at, built before the reign of Edw. HI.; 
a battle took place off this town between the English fleet, under Edw. HI., and 
the Spanish fleet, Aug. 29, 1350; 800 of the French landed here, 1359; taken, 
1380 ; the castle of, built by Hen. VIII.; the town incorporated, 1543. 

WINCHESTER, Hampshire, the Venta BelgaJiim of the Romans ; made the 
capital of Wessex, 855; Alfred held his Witan here, S80; six mints established 
by Athelstan ; seriously damaged by fire, 1141; town incorporated by Hen. II., 
1 184 ; castle built by Will. I.; enlarged by Hen. HI., 1206; King John held a 
Parliament here, 1207; pillaged by the Barons, 1265; a Parliament held at, and the 
statutes of, passed, 1285 ; Edmund Earl of Kent beheaded here, 1330 ; Henry VIII. 
entertained Chas. V. of Spain, 1522; taken by the Royalists imder Sir William 
Waller, 1644; by the Parliamentarians under Cromwell, 1645; Morley's College 
founded, 1672 ; town hall built, 1713. Erected into a bishopric, 635. Cathedral 
commenced by Bishop Walkelin, 1079 ; completed, 1093'; altered and finished by 
William of Wykeham, 1405 ; length, 560 ft ; breadth, 208 ft; length of nave, 250 
ft ; tower, 135 ft. The tomb of William Rufus opened and the remains found, 
Aug. 27, 1868. College founded by William of Wykeham, 1387; building com- 
pleted, 1396. St Cross Hospital founded by Bishop Henry de Blois, 11 36; 
altered by Cardinal Beaufort, 1440 ; remodelled by the Court of Chancery, 1855. 
Hyde Abbey founded by King Alfred, 900; he was buried here, 901. 

WINCHESTER CASTLE, built by William the Conqueror, 1086; Stigand the 
Archbishop confined in, 1072 ; the Empress Matilda besieged here, escaped in a 
leaden coffin, I139 ; Richard I. resided at, 1 194, and Hen. HI., 1249 ; Depenser 
executed at, 1326, and Edmund of Woodstock, 1329; Arthur the son of Hen. 
VII. bom here, i486; visited by Chas. V., 1522; Queen Mary resided at, 1553; 
given by Jam. I. to Sir Benjamin Titchbourn, 1603; dismantled by the troops of 
Cromwell, 1645; Chas. II. began building a palace on the site of, 1683-4. 

WINCHESTER PALACE, Southwark, built by Bishop William Gififard, for his 

residence, 1107 ; made a prison for the Royalists; sold for £\'^Zo, Sept. 26, 
1849 ; partially pulled down, 1790, and 1840. 
WINCHESTER SCHOOL, founded by William of Wykeham; the first stone 

laid, March 26, 1387; first occupied by the scholars, March 28, 1393 ; Hen. VI. 

visited the school, 1442 and 1444, Hen. VII., 1522 ; Edw. VI. confirmed their 

privileges. Library founded, 1629 ; the School House rebuilt, 1683-87; statutes 

revived by Royal commission, 1857. 
WINDHAM, FRANCIS, presented with ^^looo for his care of Chas. II. after 

the battle of Worcester, 1660. 
WINDING-UP ACTS. An act passed to facilitate winding up the afi"airs of Joint 

Stock Companies, when unable to meet their pecuniary engagements, 7 & 8 Vict. 

c. Ill, Sept. 5, 1844 (the Joint Stock Companies winding-up Act), 11 & 12 Vict. 

c. 45, Aug. 14, 1848; amended, 12 & 13 Vict. c. 108, Aug. i, 1849; further 

amended, 20 & 21 Vict. c. 78, Aug. 25, 1857; again amended, 21 & 22 Vict. c. 

60, July 23, 1858. 
W^INDMILLS, first mentioned in England, 1180 ; King John authorized the 

erection of one, Dec. 3, 1 199 ; the right of erecting in Normandy restricted, 1216 ; 

known in Spain, France, and Germany, 1209 ; wind saw-mills invented, 1633. 

WINDOWS. Glass for windows discovered in several Roman villas in London and 
Pompeii, and glass is said to have been used in the third century ; imported and 



9o8 WINDS AND MONTHS WINDSOR CASTLE 

used in private houses, 1 177. Window tax ; a duty levied by 7 & 8 Will. III. c. 19, 
1696 ; a new duty fixed upon houses having 20 or more windows, 8 Anne, c. 4, 
1709; repealed and relevied by 20 Geo. II. c. 3, 1747 ; payment enforced, 21 
Geo. II. c. 10, 1748; the duties refixed by 48 Geo. III. c. 55, June i, 1808; 
the size regulated, April 5, 1785 ; repealed, and a house tax levied instead, 14 
& 15 Vict. c. 36, July 24, 1 85 1. 
WINDS AND MONTHS, said to have been both named by Charlemagne, 788 ; 
the English government established an office for atmospheric observation, 1854 ; 
Admu-al Fitz-Roy's weather-book published, 1862, Dove's Law of Storms. 

WINDSOR CASTLE, Berkshire. The castle began by William the Conqueror, 
about 1070, when he appointed Walter Fitz-Otho constable. Hen. I. held 
his court here, 1 1 10; William Rufus held his court, 1095, and confined the 
Earl of Northumberland a prisoner in the castle. Hen. I. rebuilt and en- 
larged the fortress, 1 107— 11 10 ; King John visited, March 3, 1200 ; he resided 
at Windsor at the time of his signing Magna Charta; Hen. III. enlarged and 
improved the castle, 1229-48; Bernard de Savoy appointed keeper, 1242; a 
grand tournament held in the park, July 9, 1307 ; Prince Edward (afterwards 
Edw. HI.), Nov. 23, 1312 ; the order of the Garter established here, June 24, 
1348 ; the castle extensively repaired from the design and under the directions of 
William of Wykeham, 1359 — 1374, workmen being pressed for the works of; 
Edward the Black Prince married to the Countess of Kent, Lady Joan, in the 
chapel, Oct. 10, 1361 ; Hen. VI. resided here, 1453 ; the works of the chapel 
proceeded with, 1 501-3 ; Hen. VII. received the King of Castile here, Jan. 31, 
1505; Hen. VIII. removed to, from Greenwich, 1510; the supply of water 
completed from Blackmore Park, Oct. 9, 1555 ; a d^yelling erected for the poor 
knights, 1558 ; Queen Elizabeth resided here during the plague, 1572 ; the castle 
repaired and a new garden laid out, 1598 ; Jam. I. first visited the castle, June 
22, 1603 ; Chas. I. left the castle, Feb., 1641 ; Colonel Venn appointed go- 
vernor by the Parliament, Oct., 1642 ; Chas. II. begiui to repair the castle, 1665, 
and appointed Sir C. Wren his architect ; the ditch filled up, and a terrace made 
along the front of the castle, 1676 ; an act passed for the completion, i Anne, c. 27, 
1701 ; the Duke of Kent appointed governor of, by Geo. I., Nov. 8, 1714; the 
castle altered and repaired from the design of Mr Wyatt, at a cost of ^150,000, 
1824 ; the first stone of King George IV.'s gateway by the King, Aug. 12, 1824 ; 
from this date to 1830, upwards of ^80,000 were expended on thebuildings. During 
her present Majesty's reign great improvements have been effected in the castle. 
The royal stables erected, to contain loo stalls and standings for 40 carriages, at 
an expense of ;^ 70,000 ; the gardens enlarged, 5 Vict. c. i, Oct. 5, 1841 ; 
Frogmore added to the estates, 5 Vict. c. 2, Oct. 5, 1841, and the Keppel estate, 
1843; the approaches to be improved by il & 12 Vict. c. 53, Aug. 14, 1848; 
a fire of a serious nature occurred in the Prince of Wales's tower, but was got 
under without extending its ravages, March 19, 1853 ; 27,000 Volunteers re- 
viewed in the Park by the Queen, June 20, 1 868. — The town of: a charter granted 
to the town by Edw. I., confirmed by Hen. VI., May 19, 1460 ; charter of Hen. 
VII., Dec. 4, 1509 ; the privilege of keeping swans on the river Thames granted 
to, at an early date. Corn market established, 1560 ; an act passed for paving 
the town, 27 Eliz., 1585 ; market house rebuilt, 1591 — 1594 ; charter granted 
by Jam. I., Aug. 26, 1604 ; a serious fire which destroyed part of the town, 
Sept., 1604 ; the High-street paved, 1629 ; riots in the forest, 1641, several of 
the deer killed ; rate levied upon the town for the support of the garrison, 1643 ; 
a mutiny amongst the soldiers in the town, Nov. 15, 1643 ; Chas. II. proclaimed 
king. May 12, 1660. Town Hall built, 1688; opened, Oct. 17, 1689; Dalchet 
ferry sold to the king, 1706; bridge built, 1770 ; rebuilt, 1812 ; an act for the 
better paving of the town, passed, 1769. A commission appointed to inquire 



WINDSOR WINIFRED'S WELL 909 

into the boundaries of the forest, 46 Geo. III. c. 153, July 22, 1806. An act 
passed for the better regulation of the forest, 53 Geo. III. c. 158, July 21, 1813, 
A bridge erected over the Thames connecting the town with Eton, the first stone 
laid, July 10, 1822 ; the boundaries of the borough enlarged by 2 & 3 Will. IV. 
c. 64, July II, 1832 ; the Great Western Railway obtained a bill for a station 
at Windsor, Aug. 14, 1848, and the town improved. The Crown Princess of 
Prussia laid the first stone of Windsor new church, Nov. 21, 1863. 

WINDSOR, Naval and Military Knights of. The Naval founded by Samuel 
Travers, for seven naval officers, who were to receive ^60 per annum, July 16, 
1724 ; added to the Military Knights by Geo. III., June 23, 1798; an act passed 
for making better provisions for, 30 & 31 Vict. c. 100, Aug. 15, 1867. The Poor 
Knights in future to be called Military Knights, Sept. 17, 1834. 

WINE, the invention attributed to Noah by the Jews, Gen. ix. 20, 21. Bacchus is 
said to have brought it from India to Greece, to whom the Hindoos give the 
name of Bala-Rama. The Armenians assert that Noah before the Deluge 
cultivated the vine outside the walls of PLrivan ; the Egyptians attribute the 
invention to Osiris, or the Sun ; the Chinese ascribe the making of the first wine 
in their country to their Emperor Yu, or Ta-you, 2200 years before the Christian 
era. The wine of Helbon, made at Damascus, is mentioned by Ezekiel, B.C. 590; 
known in the time of Richard III. as wine of Tyre, because it was exported by 
that place. Wine was produced in Carthage, B.C. 550 ; France, in the time of 
the Romans ; and in France, A.D. 50, Martial condemned that of Marsillia (Mar- 
seilles) as being smoky, but that of Vienne on the Rhone (called Vienna) was 
much valued, though not so the Rhone wines in general ; the wines of Tarragona, 
in Spain, now Tarracon, were said to approach Falernian in excellence. Wine 
made in England, 1 140; Malmsey brought to England, 1468. An act passed 
limiting the prices of, 28 Hen. VIII. c. 14, 1536 ; Rheims wine known, 1328, 
and used at the coronation of Francis II., 1559; Gascony and Guienne wine 
was sold in London at Sd. the gallon, and Malmsey at I.e. id., 1537. The fol- 
iowing are some of the prices paid for wines by Thomas Kytson, Esq., of Hen- 
grave, Dec, 1572 : Muscadell, lis. Sd. a gallon. Malmsey, lis., Sack, lis., 
Rhenish, 8;/. The French School of Medicine discussed the merits of the wines 
of Burgundy and Champagne, 1652, and settled them in favour of those of 
Champagne, 1778. The privilege of keeping more than two gallons at a time 
in stock, confined to the noblemen imder a penalty of ;^io. No taverns were 
permitted to retail wines to be drunk upon the premises, by the statute, 31 Edw. 
I., 1302 ; a gallon of wine was to consist of 8 pounds, and each pound of 12 
ounces, and each ounce of 12 pennyweights, by the 2 Hen. VI. c. 11, 1423. A 
tun of wine ought to contain 252 gallons ; all tuns and butts to be marked by the 
ganger, 28 Hen. VIII. c. 14, s. 5, 1536 ; the measure of a gallon of wine settled 
by 5 Anne, c. 27, s. 17, 1706; the price of, limited by 28 Hen. VIII. c. 14, 
1536. The largest importation was from France, 1685; 20,000 tuns, 1713 ; a 
duty of ^^24 sterling a tun was laid upon them, 1770 — 1782. The duty varied 
from ^60 to £g6 ; subsequently raised to ^144 7^. 6d. on French, ^^95 los. on 
Portuguese ; reduced, 1831, to 5^. 6d. a gallon upon all wines except Cape. The 
duty on French wines was 13^^. 8^^. a gallon, 1815 ; lowered to 7^. 31/., 1825 ; 
by the Methuen treaty the duty was equalized at ^s. 6d., and wine from the 
British colonies fixed at 2s. lod., 1831 ; reduced to 3^. on all wines, Jan. I, 1861. 

WINGFIELD CASTLE, Suffolk, built before 1066. 

WING OF ST MICHAEL, order of knighthood, begun in Portugal, 1172. 

WINIFRED'S W^ELL, Holywell, North Wales ; mentioned in 660. It is a 
natural well, to which extraordinary virtues have been ascribed by Popish super- 
stition ; St Winifred was the reputed niece of St Bruno, who lived in the 7lh 



910 WINNOWING MACHINE WITCHES AND WITCHCRAFT 

century, and her martyrdom is commemorated annually, June 22, and her 
translation to heaven, Nov. 3. St Bruno, her uncle, is said to have joined her 
head again so nicely to her body, that the saintess exhibited no marks of her de- 
capitation. 

WINNOWING MACHINE, introduced into England from Holland, 1 7 10. 

WINSTER, Derbyshire, 60 people met at a puppet-show near, when the upper 
floor of the house was blown up with gunpowder, and none of the people be- 
neath hurt, Jan. 27, 1785. 

WINYARD HALL, Stockton, the seat of the Marquis of Londonderry, de- 
stroyed by fire, the loss is said to be ;(^ 200,000, Feb. 19, 1841 ; rebuilt, 1845 ; the 
chapel destroyed by fire, Dec. 19, 1861. 

WIRE invented in Nuremburg, circa 1360, and mills erected for the manufacture, 
1563; introducedintoEnglandby the Dutch, 1565 ; and Chas. I., 1630, speaks of 
the Osmond iron. The manufacture of copper and brass, was begun in this 
country, at Esher, 1649 ; the first mills for the purpose in England, erected at 
Mortlake, by Dutchmen, 1662. Gold and silver wire are made of great 
tenuity ; 48 ounces of silver may be gilt with one of gold, and drawn into wire, 
of which two yards only will weigh a grain ; 8 grains of gold will cover without 
a flaw a silver wire of 13,000 feet long . Regulations concerning the making of 
gilt and silver, i Anne st. I, c. 17, 1701. The making of gold and silver, were 
regulated by 15 Geo. II. c. 20, 1742. Dr Wollaston communicated to the Royal 
Society, 1813, a wire suitable for micrometers. A duty fixed upon imported wire, 
43 Geo. III. c. 68, June 24, 1803 ; new duties imposed, 49 Geo. III. c. 98, June 
10, 1809 ; a wire drawer to pay £2 annually for a license, 24 Geo. III. c. 41, 
1784. 

WISCONSIN, N. America, first visited by the French, 1661 ; ceded to Great 
Britain, 1763 ; made a distinct territorial government, 1836 ; the city founded, 
June, 1837 ; admitted into the Union, April, 1848 ; the University founded, 1848. 

WITCHES and WITCHCRAFT. This, as all other coimtries, held the belief of 
this craft as a supernatural power. The Church of Rome was a bitter enemy 
to this belief, and sacrificed many victims to its shrine. Hen. VI. accused 
the Duchess of Gloucester of sorcery ; and Richard III., Jane Shore. It was 
declared to be felony by the 35 of Hen. VIII., 1541, and the 5 Eliz., 1562. 
James I. published his book called ' Dialogues on Demonology.' An act passed 
to punish, I James I. c. 12, 1603-4. Hundreds, nay thousands, of people have 
suff"ered for this supposed crime in every country in Europe. Two burnt at Lin- 
coln, March 11, 1619 ; several old women were murdered by the mob in 
Leicestershire for exercising witchcraft, June 20 — 24, 1 760. The statute of James 
repealed by 9 Geo. II. c. 5. Celebrated Trials for Witchcraft : — ^Jane 
Wenham was found guilty at Hertford, 1712, against the charge of the judge who 
tried hei", and who procured her a pardon ; she was committed by a stupid justice 
to Hertford jail on the charge of conversing with the devil in the shape of a cat, 
and making a maid that could not walk, leap over a five-barred gate, &c. ; the 
parson of the parish, the Rev. Mr Bragge, in his evidence, ' on the faith of a 
clergyman,' obedient no doubt to the feelings of the squire's justice, declared her 
to be a witch ; the judge told him, ' on the faith of a judge,' he thought him ' no 
conjuror ;' but all the judges were not so clear-minded or well-informed. In 
1 7 16, two persons, Mrs Mary Hickes and her daughter, the latter only nine years 
of age, were tried at the assizes at Huntingdon, and executed there on Saturday, 
July 28, of that year. The case is thus characterized by Gough : ' A substantial 
farmer apprehends his wife and favourite child ; the latter for some silly illusions 
practised on his weakness, the former for the antiquated folly of killing her neigh- 
bours in effigy ; and Judge Powell suffers them to be hanged on their own con- 



WITENAGEMOTS WOLVERHAMPTON 911 

fession, four years after his wiser brother had ventured liis own life to save that of 
an old woman at Hertford.' Huntingdon and Northampton were the last places 
that stuck to the text of witchcraft. Sir Henry Cromwell, as Lord of the manor 
of Warboys, after the conviction of sundry witches at Warboys in 1593, left their 
property, which was forfeited to him, to the corporation of Huntingdon, on con- 
dition that they should give 4.0s. every year to a doctor or bachelor in divinity 
of Queen's College, Cambridge, to preach a sermon at All Saints' church, in 
Huntingdon, on the annunciation of the blessed Virgin, against the sin of witch- 
craft, and to teach the people how they should discover and frustrate the machin- 
ations of witches and dealers with evil spirits. T/iis sermon continues to be 
preached. WiTCHES' Meetings : — In 1678 several persons were tried for witch- 
craft, who were said to have field meetings and dances in the night, at which the 
devil attended, accompanied by a clergyman called Gideon Penman, whom the 
devil called his chaplain, and whose office it was to follow the dancers, and beat 
up those that were slow. The first thing that the devil required of them was, to 
renounce their baptism, and by putting one hand on the head, and the other on 
the sole of the foot, to deliver up all between the two to his service. Some 
pregnant women, however, exempted the children, at which they said the devil 
was very much displeased. When they had done any mischief which the devil 
enjoined them, his way was to beat them most cruelly for their pains. To some 
of the ladies, however, he appeared in the shape of a proper gentleman. 

WITENAGEMOTS. This ancient Saxon council or parliament existed at an 
early period ; one held in London, 833. The family of Godwin, Earl of Kent, 
outlawed by, 1043, and i^estored, 1052 ; Edgar Atheling appointed king by, 
after the death of Harold, 1066. 

WITEPSK, battle, between the French under Marshal Victor, and a Russian 
army, Nov. 14, 1812 ; the French lost 3000 men. 

WITHAM PRIORY, Essex, built, 913. 

WITNESSES, two, recjuired to convict of high treason, 25 Edward HI., 1352 ; 
witness is obliged to answer all questions relevant to the issue, although it may 
subject him to a civil action, 46 Geo. HI. c. 37, May 5, 1806 ; witnesses compelled 
to attend at any part of the realm, 6 & 7 Vict. c. 82, s. 5 et seq., Aug. 22, 1843. 
See also 17 & 18 Vict. c. 34, July 10, 1854 ; 19 & 20 Vict. c. 54 and 113, 1856. 

WITTENBERG, Prussia. The University founded, 1502. Captured by the French, 
Oct. 19, 1806. Besieged by the Russians under Bulow, Sept. 15, 1813, raised, 
Oct. 12, 1813 ; captured by, Jan. 15, 1814 ; ceded to Prussia, May 18, 1815. 

WITTON CASTLE, Durham, destroyed by fire, Dec. 22, 1796. 

WOAD first cultivated in England, 1582 ; mode of fixing of its colour discovered, 
1753- 

WOBURN, Bedfordshire. Abbey founded,'ii45 ; the town destroyed by fire, 1724. 

WODROW SOCIETY instituted at Edinburgh, for the publication of the works 
of the early writers of the Reformed Church of Scotland, 1841. 

WOLFE, General, killed on the taking of Quebec, at the moment of victory, Sept. 
13. 1759- 

WOLSELY, SIR WILLIAM, dro\Amed in his coach on the turnpike road near 
Lichfield, by the breaking away of a mill-dam at the moment he was passing, 
the torrent from which swept away the vehicle, July 14, 1728. 

WOLSEY COLLEGE, Ipswich, founded, 1529. 

WOLVERHAMPTON, Staffordshire. Cathedral built, 1529 ; new church burned, 
Nov. I, 1758; made a borough, 1832; deanery abolished, 1846; incorporated, 
1847 ; hospital built, 1848 ; Queen Victoria visited the town, Nov. 30, 1866. 



912 WOLVES WOOL 

WOLVES became extinct in Scotland in 1680; Ireland, 1710 ; found in France 
as late as 1830. At the time of the Anglo-Saxons wolves abounded in great 
numbers in England ; and in the loth century, in the reign of Athelstan, a place 
of retreat was erected at Flixton, in Yorkshire, in order to protect travellers from 
being devoured by wolves, and a reward paid for the destruction of, 961. Ed- 
ward I. issued a mandate for their destruction, 1289 ; found in some parts of 
England as late as 1485. 

W^OOD ENGRAVING known anterior to 1423 ; combined with printing, 1457 ; 
the first English works containing wood engravings printed by Caxton, 1476 ; 
the art neglected in the 17th century ; revived by Thomas Bewick in England, 
1773- 

WOODEN HORSE, a punishment inflicted upon deserters. It was formed of 
planks, 8 or 9 feet long, nailed together so as to form a sharp ridge or angle, re- 
presenting the back of a horse. It was supported by four legs or posts. It was 
in use in 1644. A soldier of the 43rd Light Infantry, for deserting, was sentenced 
to ride the wooden horse for half-an-hour every day for six days, witli a petticoat 
on him, a broom in his hand, and a paper pinned on his back, bearing the in- 
scription, ' Such is the reward of my merit,' Dec. 10, 1757. 

WOODS first taxed by Parliament, 31 Hen. VI., 1452 ; may be inclosed, 22 Edw 
IV. c. 7, 1483 ; the timber ordered to be preserved, i Eliz. c. 15, 1558 ; re- 
pealed, 19 & 20 Vict. c. 64, July 21, 1856. The Woodmongers' Company 
of London was incorporated by James I., the 29th August, 1605 ; but, for its 
malpractices, they, in the year 1668, found it convenient, in order to avoid punish- 
ment, to surrender their charter. 

WOODS AND FORESTS. Commissioners appointed to inquire into the state of, 
and the revenues, 26 Geo. III. c. 87, 1786 ; made their first report, Jan. 25, 1787 ; 
amended, 30 Geo. III. c. 50, 1790; laws consolidated by 10 Geo. IV. c. 50, June 
19, 1829. The office of Surveyor-General united to the Commissioners appointed 
for Vv^'oods and Forests, Land Revenues, Works and Buildings, 2 Will. IV. c. 
II, Feb. 13, 1832. The Board of Public Works and Buildings made a separate 
commission, by ii & 12 Vict. c. 102, Sept. 4, 1848; the offices separated by 
14 & 15 Vict. c. 42, Aug. I, 1851. 

WOODSTOCK PARK, near Blenheim, the first park laid out in England, 1123. 
King Ethelred held a parliament at Woodstock palace, 866 ; Alfred the Great 
translated Boethis de Consolatioite Philosophic here, 888. The palace beautified 
by Henry I. ; Fair Rosamond, mistress of Henry II., resided in, 1191. Edmund, 
second son of Edward I., was born at this palace, 1330 ; also Edward, eldest son 
of Edward III., 1331 ; the Princess Elizabeth was here confined by her sister. 
Queen Mary, 1554. Given by Henry IV. to Thomas Chaucer, 1411. A magnifi- 
cent mansion erected at the expense of the nation, 3 & 4 Anne, c. 4, 1704, for the 
Duke of Marlborough, to commemorate the victory he obtained at Blenheim. 

WOOD-STREET COMPTER built by the Corporation of London, 1555, and 
rebuilt, 1670 ; the jDrisoners removed to Giltspur-street Compter, 1 791. 

WOOL. The manufacture of wool mentioned several times in sacred history. 
The Romans of both sexes wore woollen clothes, a.D. 270. They introduced 
the manufactory of, in Yorkshire and Winchester, 300. The woollen cloth of 
Lerida was highly esteemed in England, 1243. The manufacture increased in 
this country, the weaving of, being introduced by John Kempe and other artisans 
from Flanders, in the reign of Edward III., 1331 ; two establishments founded 
in Yorkshire by workmen from Brabant, 1336; the manufacture encouraged by 
II Edw. III., Feb. 20, 1337; the exportation prohibited, 1337 ; blankets made 
in England, circa 1340 ; wool staples established in Ireland, at Cork, Drogheda, 
Dublin, and Waterford, 1313 ; Black wall Plall, London, appointed a cloth 



WOOLLEN GOODS WORCESTER 913 

market, 1357 ; statutes passed for the weighing of, 25 Edvv. III. c. 9, 1350 ; 27 
Edw. III. St. 2, 1353 ; 31 Edw. IIL s. i, c. 2, 1357 ; the weight to be the same 
throughout the kingdom with the exception of the County of Lancaster, 13 Rich. 
II. s. I, c. 9, 1389. No cloth but that manufactured in Wales or Ireland 
permitted to be imported into England, 1463 ; first legislative prohibition of 
the export of wool from Ireland, 1521 ; the art of dyeing woollen first brought to 
England, 160S ; Medleys, or mixed broad cloth, first made in this country, 1614 ; 
the manufacture of fine cloth begun at Sedan, in France, under the patronage of 
Cardinal Mazarine, 1646 ; the importation of wool from Ireland prohibited, 14 
Charles II. c. 18, 1662 ; the exportation of English wool, and the importation 
of Irish wool, prohibited, 1696 ; British and Irish woollens prohibited in France, 
1677 ; all persons obliged to be buried in woollen, or the persons directing the 
burial otherwise to forfeit £<i, 29 Charles II. 1678 ; the manufacture of cloth 
greatly improved in England by Flemish settlers, 16S8 ; the making of cloth 
injudiciously restrained in Ireland, 11 Will. III., 1698 ; the exportation from Ire- 
land wholly prohibited except to certain ports of England, 1701 ; English 
manufacture encouraged by 10 Anne, c. 16, 1712, and 2 Geo. I.e. 15, 1714; 
the duty on wool imported from Ireland, repealed, 1739; the Wool-combers' 
Act passed, permitting them to exercise their trade in any town in Gt. Britain, 35 
Geo. III. c. 124, June 26, 1795 ; the non-exportation law repealed, 4 Geo. IV. c. 72, 
July 1 1, 1823. One pound of wool has been spun to the length that follows : a lee of 
woollen yarn measures in length 80 yards ; a hank of ditto, by the custom of 
Nonvich, consists of seven lees ; twenty-four hanks in the pound is esteemed 
good spinning in the schools, 13,440 yards ; seventy hanks in the pound is es- 
teemed superfine spinning at Norwich, 39,200 yards, or 21 miles ; one hundred 
and fifty hanks in the pound was spun in 1754 by Mary Powyle, of East Dereton, 
in Norfolk, and this was thought so extraordinary, that an account of it is regis- 
tered at the Royal Society, 85,000 yards, or 48 miles ; three hundred hanks in 
the pound was afterwards spun by Miss Ives. 

WOOLLEN GOODS. The trade largely increased in England, 1197; guilds 
of Weavers and Fullers established in the reign of Hen. I. ; the following 
statutes were passed to protect the trade in : 5 & 6 EdAv. VI. c. 7, 1552, 2 & 3 
Phil. &Mary, c. 13, 1555 ; 39 Eliz. c. 14, 1597. 

WOOLWICH, Kent. The first dockyard established here, 15 12; Queen Eliza- 
beth visited the yard to see the ship-of-war Elizabeth launched, July 3, 1559 ; 
the Royal Sovircig7i, the largest ship afloat, built here, 1637 ; the v/orks visited 
by the King, May 28, 1667 ; Prince Rupert fortified with 60 pieces of ordinance, 
June 13, 1667 ; the Arsenal begun, the buildings covering nearly 60 acres of 
ground, 1719 ; called the Royal, 1805 ; the church rebuilt, 1732 ; the Military 
Academy founded, 1741 ; incorporated with the borough of Greenwich, 2 Will. 
IV. c. 45, June 7, 1832 ; the white hemp stoi'ehouse in the Arsenal burnt, July 
8, 1 813 ; four men killed by an explosion of gimpowder at, June 18, 1814 ; 
another explosion at, during the preparation of the fire-works to celebrate the 
peace with Russia, three men killed. May 6, 1856 ; two persons killed by an ex- 
plosion of Boxer's cartridges, and 20 hurt, Oct. 5, 1868 ; the Dockyard closed, 
1869. 

WOOLCOMBERS' FESTIVAL, Feb. 3, in memory of Bishop Blase, who 
landed at St Blazy, in Cornwall, 289; he was Bishop of Sebastia, in Armenia ; 
decapitated in the above year. 

WORCESTER, Worcestershire. City of, built, 255 ; rebuilt by Ethelred, after 
being destroyed by the Danes, 894 ; made a bishop's see, 680 ; insurrection in, 
1041 ; city and castle burned, III3; burnt by King Stephen, 1 149 ; plundered 
by the Danes, 1401 ; the French and Welsh defeated here by Prince Henry, 
1405 ; declared for Charles I., defeated by the Parliamentarians, July 23, 1646; 

58 



914 WORCESTER WORSHIP 

a large cloth manufacture carried on here in the reign of Henry VHI. ; a work- 
house erected under the provisions of the 2 & 3 Anne, c. 8, 1703 ; a stack of 
chimneys fell on the court-house and killed several persons, March 15, 1757 ; 
the town injured by an explosion of gimpowder, Aug. 11, 1762 ; destroyed by 
fire, Nov., 1791 ; Porcelain first made here ; the bridge built at a cost of 
;;^30,ooo, 1 781 ; the Fenians attempted to blow up the Townhall, Jan. i, 1868. 
Cathedral of, rebuilt by St Oswald, 983 ; burnt down by Hardicanute's army, 
1041 ; rebuilt by St Wulstan, 1084; finished, 1218 ; the cloisters erected, 1372, 
in the Gothic style, 514 feet long, 78 wide, and 167 high. The see founded by 
Ethelred, king of the Mercians, 679, being taken out of the see of Lichfield. 

WORCESTER, battle, between Charles II. and the parliamentary army under 
Cromwell ; the larger part of the king's army was composed of Scotch. Crom- 
well crossed the bridge at Upton with his forces, and getting between Wales and 
the royal army, to which he feared they would retreat, he signally defeated them ; 
the streets being strewed with their dead ; 8000 prisoners were taken, and the 
country people killed the stragglers, 158 colours were captured, Sept. 3, 165 1 ; 
Charles escaped into Normandy. 

WORCESTER COLLEGE, Oxford, founded by Sir Thomas Cookes, 1713 ; in- 
corporated, July 29, 1714- 

WORCESTER Training Ship, for educating boys ; a boat with a crew of 22 
cadets upset in a squall, when ten cadets were drowned, Feb. 28, 1865. 

WORKING MEN'S COLLEGE, established by the Rev. F. D. Maurice, in 
London, 1855- 

WORKSHOP ACT, passed for regulating the hours of labour for children, young 
persons, and women. No child under eight years of age to be employed in any 
handicraft ; and no child to be employed for a longer period in any day than 6^ 
hours. No young person to be employed more than 12 hours, with lYz hour for 
meals, between 5 and 9 ; and not to be employed on Sundays, or after 2 o'clock 
on Saturdays, 30 & 31 Vict. c. 146, Aug. 21, 1867. 

WORKS OF ART and Scientific and Literary Collections, the destruction of, 
made a misdemeanour by 8 & 9 Vict. c. 44, July 21, 1845. 

WORKSOP ABBEY, Nottinghamshire, built by Wm. de Luvetot, 1103. 

WORMS, Germany, destroyed by Attila ; rebuilt by Clovis, 496 ; cathedral begun, 
circa 780; completed, mo; length, 470 feet, breadth, no feet. Captured and 
burnt by Louis XIV., 1689 ; captured by the French, 1792 and 1793. 

WORMS, Diet of, to which Luther was summoned, March 16, 1 521 ; he returned 
to the city, accompanied by 2000 persons, and appeared, with his counsel Jerome 
Schueff, before the diet of princes and priests presided over by the Emperor 
Charles V. ; he defended his writings and opinions, April 17 & 18, 1521 ; he then 
left the city in triumph, and lived in seclusion for nearly a year; he entered 
Wittenberg, March 3, 1522, and published his Translation of the New Testa- 
ment, Sept. 21 ; at the diet of Nuremberg his death Avas demanded by the Papal 
Nuncio, but the council refused to listen to him ; he died, Feb. 13, 1546. 

WORMSEED, the Artemisia santo7tica which comes from Barbary, the best kind 
from the Levant ; it is used for worms, and has been known since 1390. 

WORMWOOD, or Artemisia absiiithium, common in England, and once used for 
impregnating beer with bitter before the hop-plant came into use ; it is known to 
have been used for this purpose in 1402 ; the root has been used in epilepsy. 

WORSHIP, in a religious sense, of very early date ; uncertain whether that of 
images was not the abuse of a pure theistical worship ; Roman Catholic image 
worship first introduced into England, 763; the Saxon worship preceded Christianity 



WORSTED STUFFS WURTEMBERG 915 

in England ; image worship forbidden in Hungary, 1785. The following are the 
days of worship observed by different sects : — Sunday by Christians, Monday the 
Greeks, Tuesday the Persians, Wednesday tlie Assyrians, Thursday tire Egypt- 
ians, Friday the Turlvs, Saturday the Jews. 

WORSTED STUFFS, derived their name from the town of Worstead, in Nor- 
folk, where they were first manufactured ; they are mentioned in the second year 
of Edward IIL, 132S ; they had become an article of importation, 1364 ; many 
privileges were granted to the workers of, 1377 ; Messrs Wright and ilawksley 
had a patent for making, 1793 ; since much improved by several inventors. 
Beds were formerly made of this material ; Lady de Spencer gave a worsted bed 
to her daughter, 1439 ; and Lady Elizabeth Andrews left one by will to William 
Wyndsore, 1474. 

WOUNDING maliciously, adjudged to death by all the old statutes ; by Lord 
EUenborough's Act, so called, persons cutting, stabbing, maiming, or disfiguring 
another, are declared guilty of felony, without benefit of clergy. This severe 
Act was softened by the qualification, that such act or acts must be done with 
such an intent, that if they had killed the act would have been murder. Persons 
guilty of maliciously shooting in a dwelling, acts relating to, 14 Geo. IIL, 1802 ; 
43 Geo. III. c. 58, June 24, 1S03 ; 7 & 8 Geo. IV. c. 27, June 21, 1828 ; ex- 
tended to Ireland, 9 Geo. IV. c. 55, July 15, 1828 ; to Scotland, 6 Geo. IV. c. 
126, July 5, 1825; amended, 10 Geo. IV. c. 38, June 4, 1829, and consolidated, 
24 & 25 Vict. c. 100, s. 18, Aug. 6, 1861. 

WRECKS. By the ancient law the goods and vessel belonged to the king, 17 
Edward II. c. 11, 1324; but Hen. II. issued a charter, declaring that in case of 
wreck, if any one escaped alive, then if the goods were claimed within three 
months, they should remain with the owners. Provisions made by 12 Anne, st. 2, 
c. 18, 1 7 13, for the restoi'ation of property ; further provisions made by the Mer- 
chant Shipping Act, 17 & 18 Vict. c. 104, Aug. 10, 1854 ; amended by 18 & 19 
Vict. c. 91, Aug. 14, 1855. 

WRICKENTON COx\L-PIT, explosion at, 47 persons killed, and many wounded, 
May 9, 1833. 

WRITING. Mr Astle, in his work upon Writing, gives it as his opinion that this 
art was first practised by the Phcenicians, and communicated by them to the 
Egyptians. This author adds that before the time when Mizraim went into 
Egypt, B.C. 2188, and 160 years after the flood, Tamit had invented letters in 
PhcKnicia. The fii'st record of writing in the Holy Scriptures is in Exodus xvii. 
14 (and the Hebrew word means to draw characters or letters), and there is no 
evidence to induce us to believe that this was a new art ; on the contrary we should 
infer that it was well known. We find that Moses wrote the judgments of the 
Lord. The Romans made use of the tabellse and stili. 

WROXETER, Worcestershire. The remains of the Roman town of Uriconium 
discovered by Mr Thomas Wright, Feb. 3, 1859. 

WURTEMBERG, Germany, made a county of itself, 1078, a duchy at the diet of 
Worms, 1495, a kingdom, 1806 ; in 1772 the Protestant duke turned sides, and 
became a Romanist ; the Duke of Wurtemberg married the Princess Royal of 
England, May 17, 1797 ; in 1802 and 1S05 he was made a king by Bonaparte, 
and proclaimed, Jan. i, 1806 ; the kingdom obtained a free constitution, Sept. 
25, 18 19. This state, like most other German ones, has been repeatedly op- 
pressed by Austria ; Charles V. turned the Duke Ulrich out of his dominions in 
1519, and seized upon them himself; he was restored in 1534 by the assistance of 
France and Hesse-Cassel. William I. made king, Jan. i, 1806 ; died, June 25, 
1864. Charles, his son, succeeded to the throne, June 25, 1864. 

58* 



9i6 WURTZBURG XIMENES 

WURTZBURG, Bavaria. Cathedral erected, 1189 ; altered and enlarged, 1240. 
The university founded, 1403. Given to the Elector of Bavaria, 1803 ; ceded 
by the treaty of Presburgh to the Archduke Ferdinand, 1805 ; taken by the 
French, commanded by Marshal Jourdan, Sept. i, 1796; retaken by the 
Austrians, with 800 men and 122 cannon, Sept. 3, 1796 ; ceded to Bavaria, 
Sept. 5, 1802 ; taken by the allies, March 21, 1814 ; restored to Bavaria by 
the treaty of 181 5. 

WURTZCHEN, battle, between Napoleon, Emperor of France, and the allied 
Austrians and Prussians, in which the latter were defeated with great slaughter, 
May 20, 1813 ; the allied armies afterwards made their retreat across the Oder. 

WYATT'S INSURRECTION in Kent, headed by Sir Thomas Wyatt, to oppose 
the maiTiage of Queen Mary with Philip II. of Spain, Jan. 25, 1554 ; he was joined 
at Rochester by 500 of the city trained bands ; marched to Southwark, Feb. 3 ; 
reached Kingston on the 6th ; he crossed the Thames and made his way through 
the Strand as far as Ludgate, where he was defeated ; surrendered, and was 
executed at the Tower, April 11 ; about 400 of his followers were killed or 
executed between Feb. 7 and March 12. 

WYMONDHAM MONASTERY, Norfolk, founded by WiUiam de Albini, 1105. 



X 



XANTHIAN MARBLES, discovered at Xanthus, in Lycia, by Sir Charles Fel- 
lows ; they are considered as being the work of this nation before it was con- 
quered by the Persians, B.C. 545. 

XANTHOXYLUM, or toothache-tree, brought into England from North Caro- 
lina about 1737-8 ; the Xanthoriza apiifolia, or yellow-root, introduced into 
England from America, 1768 ; and the Xylomelum from Australia, 1787- 

XAVIER, St Francis, a native of Xavier, at the foot of the Pyrenees ; he studied 
at Beauvais, and was the friend and associate of Ignatius Loyola, the founder of 
the notorious society of the Jesuits ; he was selected by Loyola as one of the 
Missionaries to India, where he arrived. May 6, 1542 ; he visited Japan, April 
15, 1549; he died on the coast of China, Dec. 2, 1552, and was buried at St 
Paul, Goa, March 15, 1554; canonized, 1622; festival celebrated, Dec. 3. 

XERES, a city of Spain, the vicinity of which is noted for its excellent wines, cor- 
rupted by the English to sherries. There have been exported from Spain in ten 
months, 27, 149 butts, 25,063 of which came to England, and 314 to English pos- 
sessions and dependencies. 379 butts were sent to the countries formerly con- 
stituting old Spanish America ; 324 to the United States ; 28 to France ; and 
1038 to all other parts. Estimating the average value at 100 dollars per butt on 
board, the total value of the wine exported during the ten months is 54,298,320 
reals (;^542, 983) ; of which 50,127,716 reals (£$01,2.']']) worth was sent to 
England, and 56,666 reals (;^S66) worth to France. 

XIMENES, a celebrated statesman of Spain, of Terrelaguna, Old Castile ; in 
1437, he entered holy orders, assumed the habit of St Francis, and persevered at 
court, where he got into all the austerity of his order ; in 1495, he was nominated 
to the bishopric of Toledo, but it made no change in his conduct ; made a car- 



XIMERA YARMOUTH 917 

dinal by Pope Julius II., 1507; died, Nov. 8, 1517 ; he was the greatest prime 
minister and the best man that ever governed in the court of Spain. 
XIMERA, battle. The Spaniards, under Ballasteros, defeated the French, com- 
manded by General Regnier, but the loss on both sides was very considerable, 
Scot. 10, iSii. 



Y 



YACHTS and YACHTING. The Royal Yacht Squadron permitted to "carry 
the white ensign, 1S29 ; ordered by William IV. to be called the Royal Yacht 
Squadron, 1832 ; it now ranks highest, and commands the finest fleet ; there are 
30 clubs in the United Kingdom, and 1840 yachts ; the tonnage of, fixed by 3 & 
4 Will. IV. c. 55, s. 16, Aug. 28, 1833. The foreign Yacht Clubs : The Imperial, 
of St Petersburg, the Grand Duke Constantine being President, 12 yachts ; 
the Royal Netherlands ; the New York Yacht Club, 41 vessels ; the Royal 
Belgian and the Berrnudian ; the Royal Canadian, 11 vessels ; Sydney, New 
South Wales, 8 ; France (Cannes le Cercle Nautique de la Mediterranee, 12 
vessels ; the Nova Scotia at Halifax, 12 vessels. The celebrated race between 
the American yacht America, 170 tons, commanded by J. C. Stevens, Esq., 
and the yachts of the Royal Yacht Club, off Cowes, — the America defeated them 
all, Aug. 22, 185 1 ; also the Titania, the iron yacht of R. Stephenson, Aug. 28. 
Tlie great American ocean yacht race won by the He7irieita ; they left New 
York, Dec. 12, 1S66, arriving at Cowes after a voyage of 14 days 4 hours and 
4 minutes ; her competitors, the Flechvitig 2Si^ the Vesta, arrived 12 hours after- 
wards ; the stakes amounted to ;!^i8,ooo, Dec. 25. The race between the Ameri- 
can yacht Sappho, and the English Cambria, the latter winning, Aug. 25, 1868, 

YANI KOURGANE, battle. The Russians, under Col. Abramow, defeated the 
Bokharains, 20,000 strong, with great loss, 5 (17) July, 1867. 

YARD, the measure is stated by some to have been the length of the arm of 
Henry I. ; there has been no alteration in this measure since the time of Henry 
HI. It was ordered by parliament that the old standard of 1760, in the custody 
of the clerk of the House of Commons, should continue to be the standard of 
extension, of lineal, superficial, and solid measures, 5 Geo. IV., June 17, 1824. — 
See Weights and Measures. 

YARM, Yorkshire. The town almost destroyed by a flood, Feb. 17, 1753 ; over- 
flowed by the river Tees, destroying the bridge across the river, and causing 
great damage, Nov., 1 771. 

YARMOUTH, Norfolk, town of, a royal demesne in the reign of William the Con- 
queror; a provost appointed, 1 109. It received a charter from King John, 1208, and 
one from Henry HI., Sept. 28, 1261. Charles II. granted his first charter to the 
town, Jan. 8, 1664 ; second, Feb. 10, 1668 ; third, July 22, 1684. The charters 
of the town confirmed by Queen Anne, and the chief bailiff to be called mayor, 
1702; the last charter was granted by Queen Anne, March 11, 1703. Ordered 
to be enclosed with a wall by Edward I., April 28, 1298. In 1348, the plague 
carried off 7000 persons ; and it appeared again in 1579 and 1664. St Nicholas' 
church founded, iioi ; repaired and rededicated, April 7, 12S6 ; further re- 
paired, 1744. The market-place paved, 1385. Henry VIII. erected a castle 
here ; demolished, 1621. Queen Elizabeth ordered the walls of the town to be 



9i8 YARMOUTH CASTLE YELLOW DYE 

repaired, 1587. The insurgents, under Kett, defeated, Aug. 27, 1549. The 
theatre built, 1778. The first stone of the hospital laid, 1S09. A pillar erected 
to the memory of Nelson, 181 7. The town first lighted with gas, 1824. The 
railway opened to Norwich, May, 1844. The suspension-bridge over the Bure, 
costing ;^4000, gave way under a number of persons who had assembled upon it, 
and 79 lives were lost, May 2, 1845. 

YARMOUTH CASTLE, Isle of Wight, built by Henry VI H., 1545-6. 
YARROW MONASTERY, Durham, built, 674. 

YEAR,a term of timewhich varied with different countries and nations; Julius Ceesar, 
in the 45th year B. C. , corrected the errors of the Roman year, established by Romu- 
lus, 738 years B.C. : the common solar year is 365 days, 6 hours, being the timewhich 
the earth takes to pass from one tropic until it returns to the same again. The side- 
real year is the time the earth takes to pass from any fixed star until it returns 
to the same again ; 365 days, 6 hours, 9 minutes, 9*6 seconds, consisting of 
sidereal days, each of which is uniformly 23 houi'S, 56 minutes, 4*092 seconds. 
The true length of the solar or equinoctial year is 365 days, 5 hours, 48 minutes, 
5 1 '6 seconds, or decimally, 365 '242264 days of mean solar time ; the length of 
the sidereal year is 365 days, 6 hours, 9 minutes, 11 '5 seconds, or 365 '256383 
days : the anomalistic year is 365 days, 6 hours, 13 minutes, 58'8 seconds, or 
365 "259708 days : the above lengths of the equinoctial and sidereal years are 
only mean lengths, the anomalistic is the true one, as it does not vary, which the 
others must do. The astronojjiical consists of 12 synodical months, or 354 days, 
8 hours, 48 minutes, 38 seconds, being nearly 1 1 days shorter than the hmar year. 
The lunar civil common year is 12 lunar months, or 354 days. The lunar civil 
intercalary year contains 13 lunar months, or 384 days ; the common civil year, 
365 days ; the leap year, 366 days. The Jewish. This was in the earlier time of 
the Jewish history of very uncertain length, sometimes of three months only : 
their sacred year began in March ; the vague year had 360 days, and began in 
Oct. ; the Athenian in June; the Macedonian on the 24th of September; the 
Christians of Egypt on the 30th or 29th of August ; the Persians and Armenians on 
the nth of August ; modern nations generally on the 1st of January. In the time 
of William I., the English began it on the 25th December, and the legal year 
began on the 25th of March : the Scotch began on the 1st of January. The 
lunar year was in use among the Chaldeans, Persians, and ancient Jews ; the 
latter had a sabbatical year, it being the seventh, when the people were to suffer 
the ground to lie fallow ; every seventh sabbatical year was their year of Jubilee. 
The Platonic year believed among the Chaldeans, being the time in which all 
the planets will return to the same point from which they set out, and have the 
same aspects and configurations ; the duration according to some would be 
15,000 common years, others thought longer; this alluded to the space of time 
in which the equinoxes will perform a complete revolution, or the procession of 
the equinoxes be perfected : Tycho Brahe computed the time at 25,816 solar 
years ; Cassini at 24,000 ; this retrocession some call 50 seconds of a degree, but 
more accurate observations state the secular retrocession to amount to 1 degree, 
23 minutes, 30 seconds, or 50 seconds i degree every year. The Egyptians 
stated that the sun had once risen in the west, and would do so again in 20,000 
years ! — See Calendar. 

YEAR of the Reign, first used by William I. in all public documents, 1066 ; the 
phrase of 'our Lord,' by Charles HI., emperor of Germany, 879. 

YEAVEING, battle, between the Scotch, under Sir Robert Umfraville, and the Earl 
of Westmoreland, when 430 English routed 4000 Scotch, and took 160 prisoners, 
1415- 

YELLOW DYE, for cotton, invented by Dr R. Williams, 1773. 



YELLOW FEVER YORK 919 

YELLOW FEVER broke out in England, 664, and extended to Ireland, 665 ; 
raged in the West Indies with uncommon mortality, 1732, 1745, 1852 ; in 
Grenada and St Vincent with much violence, Feb. 18, 1793, 511 sailors died in 
March; in Philadelphia, Oct., 1792; it again broke out in 1 793, 1797, 1798, and 
in New York, 1803 and 1805 ; at Malaga, Spain, 1803 ; at Gibraltar, 1804 and 
1814; in the Mauritius, 1815 ; at Cadiz in 1800 and 1819 ; at Santa Cruz, 
Teneriffe, 1200 died of it, Feb., 1811 ; at Lima, 1854-5 ; at Cape Coast, 1S65 ; 
Lisbon, 1857. 

YEOMAN OF THE GUARDS first instituted by Henry VII., Oct. 30, 1485 ; 
the Earl of Oxford, first captain. Called buffetiers, since corrupted to beef-eaters, 
being in charge of the buffet or sideboard of plate. The number fixed by Charles 
II. at 100 men. 

YEOMANRY CAVALRY. This corps was formed, 1793 ; the laws relating to, 
consolidated, 44 Geo. III. c. 54, June 5, 1804 ; the number of days of muster 
reduced,56 Geo. III. c. 39,May2i, 1816 ; amended,7 Geo. IV. c. 58, May26, 1826. 

YEOVIL, Somersetshire, fire at, which destroyed 17 houses, Sept. 21, 1815. 
YEZDEGIRD, the Persian era, began, June 16, 632; reformed in 1075 ; the dif- 
ference being 1 12 days apart from the truth, as the year consisted of 365 days only. 

YOKOHAMA, Japan. The English embassy removed to this town, June 25, 
1862. Major Baldwin and Lieut. Bird, officers in the 20th regiment, murdered 
near here, Nov. 20, 1864. The town partially destroyed by fire, Nov. 26, 1866. 

YORK, Admiral Sir Joseph Sydney, drowned by the upsetting of his boat, near 
Portsmouth, May 5, 1831. 

YORK, Duke of, born, 1763 ; commanded unsuccessfully on the continent, I794 
and 1799 ; charges preferred against him in the House of Commons by Mr 
Wardle, member for Oakhampton, Jan. 28, 1809; resigned the commandership- 
in-chief of the forces, March 18, 1809; had ;i^40,ooo annuity settled on him, 
1792; restored to be commander-in-chief by his brother, 1811 ; died, 1827. 
YORK, Indiaman, lost in going into Limerick, Ireland, Nov. 14, 1758- 
YORK. The Eboracum of the Romans. Founded by Julius Agricola,'A.D. 78 ; the 
Emperor Hadrian resided here, 120; the Emperor Severus, 207 ; he died here, 
2 10 ; Carausius proclaimed emperor, 288 ; Constantius Chlorus fixed his residence 
here, 304; the town taken by the Scots, 326; the Romans evacvaated the town, 
420; King Arthur kept his Christmas here, 524; Edwin, King of Northumbria, 
crowned at York, 621 ; baptized on Easter Day, 627 ; Archbishop Egbert founded 
the library of York Minster, about 767 ; the town taken by the Danes in the 
9th and loth centuries ; Tostig dethroned and 200 of his body-guard massacred, 
1065 ; Harold Hardrada took York, 1066; the citizens resisted the Normans, 1068, 
but were defeated by William the Conqueror, who destroyed the fortifications, 
and built Clifford tower, 106S ; the Normans defeated by the Danes, Sept., 1069; 
recaptured after a six months' siege, 1070 ; St Mary's abbey built by William 
II., 1088 ; rebuilt, 1270 ; the cathedral, 39 churches, and St Leonard's hospital, 
with a great part of the city, destroyed by fire,June4, 1 137 ; Henry II. held a parlia- 
ment here, 1156; Malcolm, King of Scotland, did homage here for his crown, 
1 174; the Jews massacred, 1190; the city incorporated, 1199; Alexander HI. 
married to Margaret, daughter of Henry HI., in the Minster, Dec. 26, 125 1 ; 
representatives first summoned to parliament, Sept., 12S3 ; Edward II. kept his 
Christmas here, 1311 ; Edward HI. married Philippa, the daughter of William 
of Hainault, in the Minster, Jan. 24, 1328; William de Selby made the first Lord 
Mayor of York, by Richard II., 1389 ; the courts of chancery and king's bench 
removed to this city, 1392 ; the citizens rebelled against Henry IV., and city de- 
pi-ived of its privileges, 1405 ; the Guildhall erected, 1446 ; Edward IV. visited 
the city, 1464, and again, 1478; insurrection, 1536; the council of the 



520 YORK YORK BUILDINGS WATER-WORKS 

North held its courts m the Guildhall, 1537; Henry VIII. entertained by the 
corporation, Sept. 15, 1541 ; ordered all the shrines in the various churches to be 
taken down, Sept. 26, 1541; Ouse bridge erected, 1566; James I. entertained by 
the corporation, April 16, 1603; Charles I. visited the town, and touched 200 
persons for the king's evil on Good Friday, 1639; a great council assembled here 
in the hall of the deanery, Sept. 24, 1640; Charles I. resided here, March 19, 
1642; Queen Henrietta Maria arrived in York, Feb. 22, 1643; besieged by the 
parliamentary army and surrendered, July 16, 1644; the castle demolished, 1644; 
Clifford's tower was destroyed by the blowing up of the magazine, 1684 ; the 
Roman Catholic chapels partially destroyed by a mob, Nov. 29, 1686 ; the fam- 
ous petition from, to reduce the public expenditure, Dec, 1779; the mansion- 
house erected, 1725; the assembly-rooms begun, March i, 1730; the theatre 
erected, 1 765 ; enlarged, 1 822 ; the subscription library instituted, 1 794 ; the 
musical festival inaugurated, 1823; walls repaired, 1833; the railway station 
built, 1841 ; meeting of the Royal Agricultural Society at. Prince Albert in the 
chair, July 13, 1848; a grand banquet given to Prince Albert, and the Lord 
Mayor of London, and others, in aid of the Great Exhibition, October 26, 1850 ; 
the Prince and Princess of Wales entertained by the corporation, Aug. 9, 
1866; meeting of the Church congress at, Oct. 9, 1866. — The Cathedral : founded 
by King Edwin, A.D. 626; impaired by fire, 1069; rebuilt by Archbishop 
Thomas, circa 1080; partially burned, 1 137; the crypt built by Archbishop 
Rogers, 1171 ; the present building begun by Walter de Grey, 1215 ; the founda- 
tion of the nave laid by Archbishop le Romayne, April 6, 1291 ; the west front 
completed, 1338; the choir begun, 1361; finished, 1405; the towers completed, and 
the cathedral reconsecrated by Archbishop Neville, July 3, 1472 ; the choir set on 
fire by Jonathan Martin, a lunatic, Feb. 2, 1829 ; repaired and reopened, May 6, 
1832 ; the south-west tower set on fire by a workman whilst repairing the clock, 
the roof of the nave with the belfry destroyed. May 30, 1840 ; rebuilt, 1843 : the 
length is 486 feet; breadth,io6 feet; area,63,8oo; chapter-house erected,«mz 1320. 
— Archbishopi'ic during the Roman occupation, Sampson being appointed by 
Lucius, circa A.D. 180; re-established by Edwin, King of Northumberland ; 
Pauhnus appointed to the see, 627 ; the metropolitan see of the Scotch bishops 
mitil 1464 ; the archbishop allowed to style himself the primate of England, while 
the archbishop of Canterbury is primate of all England. 

YORK, in the State of Maine, U. S., was the first chartered town in America ; the 
charter of incorporation granted by Sir Fernando Georges, 1 641. 

YORK AND LANCASTER, civil wars of the houses of, the first contest took 
place 1455, and the last, 1471 ; the White Roses or Yorkists were victorious over 
the Red, or house of Lancaster ; 30 sanguinary battles were fought in this contest. 

YORK BUILDINGS WATER-WORKS was an edifice with a high wooden 
tower, erected for raising Thames water for the supply of the Strand and its neigh- 
bourhood. The works were under the superintendence of a comipany, incorpor- 
ated by an act of parhament, 1691. The site of the water-works was at the 
bottom of Buckingham-street, Strand. In the 27th year of Charles II., Ralph 
Bucknall and Ralph Waine, gentlemen, obtained a license under the great seal to 
erect water-works near the river Thames, in and upon part of the ground of York 
House, or York House garden, for the term of ninety-nine years. These patentees 
soon divided their property into twelve shares, and on the 6th July, 16S8, into 
forty--eight shares. In the 2nd & 3rd Will. & Mary, an act was passed "for 
incorporating the proprietors of the water-works in York Buildings ; and for en- 
couraging and settling the said works." The company continued its operations 
under this act till the l6th October, 1719, v/hen the old proprietors sold their 
water-works in York Buildings for ^7000 to Messrs Case Billingsley, Benj. Brad- 

■ ley, James Bradley, John liardwar, Robert Thompson, and Edmund Watts. 



YORKSHIRE ZANTE 921 

The company, however, was not dissolved, but immediately entered in its cor- 
porate capacity on other speculations. Hence, on the 27th of the same month, it 
was ordered and enacted "That this company, in order to improve their under- 
taking of raising the Thames water in York Buildings, will forthwith lay open a 
subscription at Mercers' Hall, for raising a joint-stock or fund of ^1,200,000 for 
purchasing forfeited and other estates in Great Britain, to be a fund for granting 
annuities for life, and for assuring lives." In 1720, this fund received several ad- 
ditions to the amount of ;i^59,575, making the total ;i^i, 259,575. The remaining 
Scotch estates belonging to the company were not sold till 1783, and realized 
^102,537. 

YORKSHIRE. ^^/7c?;:////r(z/ Society instituted at York, 1837; Geological, i^2>^ ; 
Philosophical, 1822. 

YORKSHIRE SOCIETY SCHOOLS, established for the education of the sons 
of Yorkshire pai'ents reduced by misfortune or death, 1812. 

YORK TOWN, America, defended by Gen. Cornwallis with 7000 men against 
Gen. Washington and a French force under tlie Duke de Lauzan, together num- 
bering 30,000 men ; siege began, Oct. 6, 1781 ; capitulated, Oct. 19; taken 
by the Americans, April 27, 1813, but soon afterwards again occupied by the 
British. 

YOUGHALL, Ireland, had its barracks blown up by accident, Sept., 1793, when 
the face of Mr Armstrong, the quartermaster, was so burnt, that the whole of his 
skin was scorched ; he was much marked with the small-pox before the accident 
happened, but, on getting a new skin, it became perfectly smooth, without any 
remains of the small-pox marks . 

YUCATAN, Mexico, constituted an independent state. May 16, 1841 ; annexed 
to Mexico, Jan. 14, 1844. 

YVRES, battle, between Henry IV. of France and the Catholic League, when the 
latter were completely routed ; Henry then advanced to Paris, which he ixduced 
to the point of surrendering tln-ough famine, when the Duke of Parma marched 
to the aid of the League, by his master's orders, and Henry was obliged to aban- 
don the siege, March 14, 1590. 



z 



ZAMA, battle, the greatest in the second Punic war, when the Carthaginians, 
under Hannibal, were defeated by the Romans, under Scipio, nfear Carthage, 
B.C. 202. 

ZAMBESI, South Africa, explored by Dr Livingstone, who discovered the Victoria 
Falls, Aug. 9, i860. 

ZANTE, one of the Ionian Islands, the Zacynthus of the Romans, was once 
subjected to the republic of Venice, before the French revolution ; ceded to 
France by the treaty of Campo Formio, Oct. 17, 1797 ; taken by a Turco-Rus- 
sian fleet, and made the republic of the Seven Islands, 1799 j surrendered by the 
French to the Russians, with Ragusa, Aug. 14, 1807 ; submitted to the English, 
Oct. 3, 1809; put by the congress of Vienna under the protection of England, 
Nov. 5, 1815 ; the constitution of, ratified by the Prince Regent of England, Feb. 
22, 1817. Forty people killed and several hundred wounded, and 80 houses 



922 ZANZALEANS ZODIAC 

destroyed, by an earthquake, Dec. 29, 1S20 ; another earthquake destroyed 240 
houses in the town of Zante, Oct. 30, 1S40. 

ZANZALEANS, a Syrian sect, that arose imder one Zanzalea, 53.5 ; the sect be- 
came very numerous ; the doctrine they taught, that a baptism by water was of 
no effect, that it was necessary to be baptized with fire. 

ZECCA, at Venice, built, 1570. 

ZECHARIAIl, the son of Berechiah, and grandson of Iddo, one of the 12 minor 
prophets, wrote his prophecies, B.C. 520—510. 

ZEDWITZ, in Germany, the Cathohc church of, the post-office, and 4000 private 
dweUings, destroyed by fire at, Dec. 12, 1814. 

ZELICHOW, battle, between the Poles and Russians, in the last contest for Polish 
freedom. The combat was desperate and sanguinary. The Russians, com- 
manded by tlie celebrated Diebitch, were defeated, with a loss of 12,000 killed, 
wounded, and missing — their commander himself narrowly escaping capture, 
April 6, 1 83 1. 

ZELL, Hanover, the prison of the unfortunate and injured Queen Caroline Matilda 
of Denmark, who was by a right royal marriage given to a poor imbecile 
monarch of Denmark. She was the sister of George III. of England, and was 
handed over at the age of 17, to be the victim of the c^ueen-dowager, Juliana 
Maria of Brunswick-Wolfenbuttle, who found her intrigues opposed by Queen 
Matilda and the Counts Erandt and Struensee, whom she contrived to sacrifice to 
her objects. The queen, at the instance of her brother, the king of England, 
embarked. May 10, 1772, for Zell, where she died at the early age of 24. 

ZEPHANIAH, one of the minor prophets, B.C. 642 — 611. 

ZEUTA, battle, between Prince Eugene and the Turks, fought, 1697 ; it was the 
means of bringing on the peace of Carlovitz, Jan., 1699. 

ZINC. Henkel discovered a method to extract it from its ores, 1720 ; a mine of, 
discovered near Craven, in Yorkshire, 1809; known in China at a very remote 
period ; the export of this metal in 1864 reached 103,760 cwts. ; a mass of zinc 
ore, weighing 16,000 lbs., exhibited at the Great Exhibition of 1861. 

ZINCOGRAPHY introduced into England, 1815 ; partially superseded copper- 
plate printing, 1819-20. 

ZINDIKITES, a sect of Mahometans, who were a species of heretics from that 
creed. They maintained that there was no God, that the four elements were 
eternal, that man is a mixture of them, and returns into them at his death, 950. 

ZINZENDORF, Count Nicholas Lewis, founder of the Moravians or Hernhutters, 
born, 1700 ; he began his theological teaching, 1722 ; banished his country, 1736 ; 
he visited England, becoming known to Wesley, 1 738 ; his banishment revoked, 
1747 ; returned to England, after visiting most of the principal towns on the 
continent, and obtained an act of parliament to protect his followers ; he died at 
Llernhutt, 1760. 

ZISKA, JOHN, the leader of the Hussites, and avenger of the death of JohnHuss, 
at the head of 40,000 men, whom he led to victory against his Catholic perse- 
cutors. His aim was to put down the intolerable pest of ecclesiastical tyranny. 
Going to meet the Emperor Sigismund at a conference, he was seized with the 
plague and died, Oct. 11, 1424. 

ZIZYPHUS VULGARIS, brought to England from the south of Europe, circa 
1639. The Zizyphus palenius is commonly called Christ's Thorn, and was 
brought to England from Africa about 1597. 

ZODIAC, said to have been invented 547 B.C., and that Anaximander was the in- 



ZOE ZWINGLIANS 923 

ventor. The light called the zodiacal light of recent observations, sometimes 
observed, is thought to be electrical. Figure of, discovered by M. Biot, at the 
temple of Denderah, 1820 ; removed to France, 1821, 

ZOE, daughter of Constantino IX., emperor of the East, who caused her husband 
to be poisoned, and married her gallant, a low-lived money-broker, placing him 
on the throne of the East as Michael IV., 1034, at 60 years of age. She took for 
a third husband Constantine, who succeeded to the imperial crown of the East, 
1042. 

ZOOLOGICAL GARDENS. The society established, 1826; a plot of ground 
granted by the government in Regent's Park, and laid out by Mr Burton, 1827 ; 
first opened to the public, March 27, 1829. The Tower Menagerie removed 
here, 1834. The museum removed here from Leicester Square, 1843. The in- 
cubation of the great pythoness, Jan. 14, 1862. The Surrey Gardens established 
by Edward Cross, 1832. The first picture of Vesuvius exhibited, 1837 ; first 
volcanic eruption displayed, 1839. Sold in 1856, and the music hall erected from 
the designs of Horace Jones, cost ;^i8,200 ; opened, July, 1856, and let to Mr 
Spurgeon for religious services ; 8 persons killed and 30 injured through an alarm 
of fire, Oct. 19, 1856 ; used temporarily for St Thomas's Hospital, 1864. 

ZORNDORF, battle, between the Prussians and Russians ; the first, under the re- 
nowned Frederick, who obtained a great victory, with the loss of 11,000 men 
only, the Russians lost 21,529, Aug. 25 — 26, 1758. 

ZOUAVES, origin of, in Algeria, 1S33. 

ZULLICHAN, battle. The Prussians, under Frederick the Great, defeated by 
Russian and Austrian armies, 1759. 

ZURICH, Switzerland, admitted into the Swiss Confederacy, 135 1. Zwinglius 
preached the pure gospel here, 1517 ; Samson, a vendor of indulgences, ex- 
pelled from the canton, 1518 ; eight persons poisoned with sacramental wine, 
which had been drugged by the sexton, Sept. 4, 1776 ; university founded, 1S34 ; 
insurrection in, upon the passing of the new educational law, Sept. 6, 1839 ; 
treaty of peace between Austria, France, and Sardinia, signed here, Nov. 10, 1859. 

ZURICH, battles. The French defeated by the Austrians, June 4, 1799 ; the 
Russians defeated here by Massena, Sept. 24, 1799 — the former lost 13,000 men 
and all the artillery. 

ZUTPHEN, Holland, besieged by the English ; Sir Philip Sidney mortally 
wounded, Sept. 22, 1586. 

ZWINGLIANS, the followers of Zwinglius the i-eformer, the Luther of Switzer- 
land, 1518; he was killed in a battle against the Popish opponents of the re- 
formed doctrines, on the field of Cappel, Oct. 11, 1531. 



THE END. 



JOHN CHILDS AND SON, PRINTERS. 



%.<^' 



^y 






> y -V 



a 












.^^' --. 



\.o^^' 






0' 



'•^ c<o'- 



^^ v^ 












i/. * 8 , . -^ A^^- 



3,^ 



^' ,y 



.t\ 



,n\ 



"^^-.<^' 



V' -v^ 



■''^ .^'' 



.V 



-v^ ..'■.,^^.^^ 






Kf' > • A' 



A^^' '^^' 



,■> '<' 



->^, 



^. 



#^ 






^^^ "^^ 



^^s* .^ 



'^. c"^- 



.^ 



-A V" 



rl 






'^^ <^' 






.'V' 



.0^ 



-^^^ 


V^" 




x^ 


<^.. 


* 


^^ 


* 0^ 


■^c 



♦,:« 









^"^^/t;;??:^"., '% ^^ j.^.^^^^^^ 






-' <^^ 



'' ' * « s ^ «;^* ■ 
,■0' 



'^A. O^ 



^^ <' 



